BOOK
Dairy Nutrition, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Robert Van Saun has assembled an expert panel of authors on the topic of dairy nutrition. Articles include: Feed analysis and its interpretation, Management and evaluation of ensiled forages, Feeding, evaluating and controlling the rumen, Control of energy intake and partitioning through lactation, Protein feeding and balancing diets for amino acids, Lipids feeding and milk fat depression, Dietary management of macrominerals in preventing disease, Trace mineral feeding and assessment, Transition cow feeding and management to prevent disease, Monitoring total mixed rations and feed delivery systems, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Dairy Nutrition | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Veterinary Clinics Of\rNorth America:\rFood Animal Practice\r\r | ix | ||
| Preface\r | xi | ||
| Feed Analyses and Their Interpretation | 487 | ||
| Key points | 487 | ||
| Factors affecting use of feed analyses | 487 | ||
| Chemical Analysis | 488 | ||
| Near Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis | 488 | ||
| Analysis Interpretation | 488 | ||
| Accuracy | 489 | ||
| Precision | 489 | ||
| Analytical Variation | 489 | ||
| Feed sampling | 490 | ||
| Individual Feed Sampling | 490 | ||
| Total Mixed Ration Sampling | 491 | ||
| Rolling Averages | 491 | ||
| Dry matter | 491 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 492 | ||
| Nonfiber Carbohydrates | 492 | ||
| Sugars | 493 | ||
| Starch | 493 | ||
| Fiber Measures | 496 | ||
| Ash contamination | 496 | ||
| Lignin | 497 | ||
| Crude fiber | 497 | ||
| Neutral Detergent-Soluble Fiber | 497 | ||
| Carbohydrate Composition | 497 | ||
| Protein | 498 | ||
| Fats | 498 | ||
| Digestibility and rate assays | 500 | ||
| Rate of Fermentation | 501 | ||
| Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility | 501 | ||
| Starch Digestibility | 502 | ||
| Gas Production | 502 | ||
| Measures for which we have no commonly available feed analyses | 503 | ||
| References | 503 | ||
| Management and Assessment of Ensiled Forages and High-Moisture Grain | 507 | ||
| Key points | 507 | ||
| Forage and grain crops ensiled for dairy production | 507 | ||
| Specific forage crop hybrids and varieties and impact of the growing environment | 507 | ||
| Forage Production Considerations | 507 | ||
| Forage categories | 508 | ||
| Corn utilization as ensiled forage or grain | 508 | ||
| Corn silage | 509 | ||
| Hybrids | 510 | ||
| Maturity, cut length, and kernel processing: | 511 | ||
| High cut | 512 | ||
| Silage fermentation/starch digestibility | 512 | ||
| Shredlage | 512 | ||
| High-moisture corn | 513 | ||
| SNAP | 514 | ||
| Stalklage | 514 | ||
| Legume silages | 515 | ||
| Alfalfa | 515 | ||
| Red clover | 516 | ||
| Soybean | 517 | ||
| Grass silages | 517 | ||
| Varieties | 517 | ||
| Legume-grass mixtures | 518 | ||
| Noncorn cereal silages | 518 | ||
| Varieties | 518 | ||
| Forage sorghum, sudangrass, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid for silage | 518 | ||
| Cereal crop forages | 518 | ||
| High-Moisture Ensiled Cereal Grains | 519 | ||
| Silage storage | 520 | ||
| Silage Production Considerations | 520 | ||
| The Fermentation Process | 520 | ||
| Silage Storage Systems | 521 | ||
| Harvesting and Ensiling Management | 522 | ||
| Immature corn silage because of effects of hail, frost, or drought | 522 | ||
| Managing flood-damaged corn for silage | 522 | ||
| Harvesting and feeding weather-impaired alfalfa | 523 | ||
| Factors That Affect Silage Quality | 523 | ||
| Silage Quality Issues | 524 | ||
| Forage Toxins | 526 | ||
| Nitrate poisoning in forages | 526 | ||
| Prussic acid poisoning in forages | 526 | ||
| Silage feed-out | 527 | ||
| Silage Feeding Considerations | 527 | ||
| Silo Safety | 527 | ||
| Sample collection | 528 | ||
| Advised Silage Analysis Equipment and Where to Access | 535 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Feeding, Evaluating, and Controlling Rumen Function | 539 | ||
| Key points | 539 | ||
| Introduction | 539 | ||
| Feed intake | 540 | ||
| Keys to Achieving High Intake on Total Mixed Rations | 541 | ||
| Keys for Achieving High Intake for Grazing Cattle | 542 | ||
| Keeping Production Up and Rumen Function Stable on Pasture | 542 | ||
| Summary | 543 | ||
| Feeding the rumen | 543 | ||
| Substrates and their fates in the rumen | 547 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 547 | ||
| Fiber | 549 | ||
| Protein and Nitrogen | 554 | ||
| Water | 559 | ||
| Cofactors (B vitamins) | 560 | ||
| Thiamin | 560 | ||
| Niacin | 561 | ||
| Biotin | 561 | ||
| The rumen out of control: acidosis | 561 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 562 | ||
| Individual cattle | 562 | ||
| Access to sugars | 562 | ||
| Access to rapidly fermentable starch | 562 | ||
| Adaptation | 563 | ||
| Diet structure | 563 | ||
| Herd diagnosis: subacute acidosis | 563 | ||
| Dung check | 563 | ||
| Lameness check | 563 | ||
| Check on bulk vat | 563 | ||
| History | 563 | ||
| Ration | 563 | ||
| Feeding behavior | 564 | ||
| Physical examination | 564 | ||
| Effects of Concentrates and Grains on Fermentation and Ruminal Acidosis Risk | 564 | ||
| Effects of Protein on Ruminal Acidosis | 565 | ||
| The rumen out of control: bloat | 565 | ||
| Fats | 565 | ||
| Controlling the rumen | 566 | ||
| Rumen Modifiers | 566 | ||
| Buffers and neutralizing agents | 567 | ||
| Monensin | 568 | ||
| Direct-fed microbials | 568 | ||
| Yeasts | 569 | ||
| Enzymes | 570 | ||
| Supplementary data | 570 | ||
| References | 570 | ||
| Carbohydrate Nutrition | 577 | ||
| Key points | 577 | ||
| Introduction | 577 | ||
| Control of feed intake | 578 | ||
| Physical Control | 579 | ||
| Metabolic Control | 579 | ||
| Endocrine Control | 579 | ||
| Other Factors | 580 | ||
| Control of energy partitioning | 581 | ||
| Insulin Concentration and Insulin Sensitivity | 581 | ||
| Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin | 582 | ||
| Milk Fat Depression | 582 | ||
| Changes in physiological state through lactation | 582 | ||
| Effects of diet on feed intake | 583 | ||
| Filling Effects of Diets | 583 | ||
| Importance of maintaining rumen fill | 584 | ||
| Physically effective fiber | 584 | ||
| Starch Concentration and Ruminal Fermentability | 585 | ||
| Factors affecting ruminal starch fermentability | 585 | ||
| Measurement of starch concentration and fermentability | 586 | ||
| Fat Type and Concentration | 587 | ||
| Effects of diet on energy intake and partitioning through lactation | 588 | ||
| Effect of Diet and Physiologic State on Energy Intake | 588 | ||
| Effect of Diet and Physiological State on Energy Partitioning | 589 | ||
| Recommendations | 590 | ||
| Far-off Dry Cows (8 Weeks–3 Weeks Prepartum) | 590 | ||
| Allocation of forages | 590 | ||
| Supplementation | 590 | ||
| Close-up Dry Cows (3 Weeks Prepartum to Parturition) | 591 | ||
| Protein Feeding and Balancing for Amino Acids in Lactating Dairy Cattle | 599 | ||
| Key points | 599 | ||
| Introduction | 599 | ||
| Amino Acids for Dairy Cows | 600 | ||
| Amino acid flow to the small intestine | 600 | ||
| Microbial Protein Synthesis in the Rumen | 601 | ||
| Rumen Undegradable Protein | 601 | ||
| Endogenous Protein | 603 | ||
| Protein in the Diet | 603 | ||
| Transformation of Dietary Protein in the Rumen | 604 | ||
| Supply Summary | 604 | ||
| Postrumen amino acid metabolism | 605 | ||
| Protein Digestion/Amino Acid Absorption | 605 | ||
| Intestinal Amino Acid Digestibility | 605 | ||
| Hepatic Metabolism | 605 | ||
| Mammary Metabolism | 606 | ||
| Fates of Amino Acids in the Cow | 606 | ||
| Amino acid requirements | 607 | ||
| Determining Amino Acid Requirements for Lactation | 608 | ||
| Metabolizable Protein Requirement | 609 | ||
| Limiting Amino Acids | 609 | ||
| The meaning and practical use of milk urea nitrogen | 612 | ||
| Normal Milk Urea Nitrogen Values | 613 | ||
| Reproductive Concerns | 613 | ||
| Factors Affecting Milk Urea Nitrogen | 613 | ||
| Ration Factors | 613 | ||
| Recommended Milk Urea Nitrogen Levels | 614 | ||
| Use of Milk Urea Nitrogen Levels | 614 | ||
| Practical application | 615 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 616 | ||
| References | 616 | ||
| Lipid Feeding and Milk Fat Depression | 623 | ||
| Key points | 623 | ||
| Feed lipids | 623 | ||
| Key Definitions and Nomenclature | 623 | ||
| Lipid Components | 624 | ||
| Fatty Acids | 624 | ||
| Sources of Lipid Intake by Cattle | 626 | ||
| Grain and forage lipids | 626 | ||
| Fat supplements | 626 | ||
| Uses and Benefits of Fat Supplements | 627 | ||
| Fat metabolism in the rumen | 628 | ||
| Key Definitions and Nomenclature | 628 | ||
| Lipolysis and Biohydrogenation in the Rumen | 628 | ||
| Key Points About Biohydrogenation in the Rumen | 630 | ||
| Milk fat depression | 630 | ||
| Previous Theories on Etiology | 630 | ||
| The Biohydrogenation Theory of Milk Fat Depression | 631 | ||
| Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causing Milk Fat Depression | 632 | ||
| Recovery from Milk Fat Depression | 633 | ||
| Nutritional factors that cause milk fat depression | 634 | ||
| Key Nutritional Factors Targeted for Increased Risk of Milk Fat Depression | 634 | ||
| Fats | 634 | ||
| Starch | 636 | ||
| Forages/Fiber | 637 | ||
| Yeasts/Management | 637 | ||
| Summary of Corn Silage Characteristics Often Associated with Increased Risk of Milk Fat Depression | 638 | ||
| Feeding Strategies | 638 | ||
| Interactions Among Risk Factors | 638 | ||
| References | 639 | ||
| Calcium and Magnesium Physiology and Nutrition in Relation to the Prevention of Milk Fever and Tetany (Dietary Management o ... | 643 | ||
| Key points | 643 | ||
| Introduction | 644 | ||
| Calcium and Magnesium Homeostasis, a Priority at Cellular and Animal Levels | 644 | ||
| Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in dairy cows | 644 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 644 | ||
| Milk Fever Is Neither a Nutritional Nor an Age-Related Degenerative Condition | 645 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia | 645 | ||
| Tetany | 646 | ||
| Calcium and magnesium homeostasis | 646 | ||
| Calcium Homeostasis | 646 | ||
| Main framework of the homeostatic system of calcium in dairy cows | 646 | ||
| Blood calcium monitoring and the action of parathormone | 646 | ||
| Calcitriol actions on the gastrointestinal tract and bone tissue | 647 | ||
| Hormonal control of bone remodeling | 647 | ||
| Magnesium Homeostasis | 647 | ||
| Magnesium absorption | 647 | ||
| Renal regulation of magnesium surplus | 648 | ||
| Transepithelial transport of calcium and magnesium | 649 | ||
| Transepithelial Transport of Calcium | 649 | ||
| Gastrointestinal calcium absorption | 649 | ||
| Renal calcium reabsorption | 649 | ||
| Transepithelial Transport of Magnesium | 649 | ||
| Ruminal magnesium absorption | 649 | ||
| Renal magnesium reabsorption | 652 | ||
| Physiologic background of milk fever and tetany | 653 | ||
| Mechanisms of Calcemia Control and Milk Fever | 653 | ||
| Calcium metabolism in the course of the lactation | 653 | ||
| Limitations of bone mobilization | 653 | ||
| Reaction of bone tissue to a hypocalcemic signal | 653 | ||
| Delayed adaptations in the mechanisms of control | 654 | ||
| Delayed adaptation of gastrointestinal calcium absorption | 654 | ||
| Delay of bone remodeling reaction | 654 | ||
| Metabolic acidification activates calcium metabolism | 654 | ||
| pH sensitivity of renal calcium transport | 654 | ||
| Activation of calcium metabolism before calving | 654 | ||
| Link between active gastrointestinal absorption before calving and milk fever incidence | 654 | ||
| Summary of adaptive mechanisms and milk fever etiology | 655 | ||
| Magnesium Absorption and Tetany | 656 | ||
| Modeling magnesium absorption as effected by potassium content in the diet | 656 | ||
| Effect of ruminal ammonium and sodium on magnesium absorption | 656 | ||
| Ruminal ammonium | 656 | ||
| Dietary sodium | 656 | ||
| Practical approaches to milk fever prevention | 658 | ||
| Supranutritional Supply of Forms of Vitamin D | 658 | ||
| Calcium Infusions and Oral Acute Calcium Applications | 658 | ||
| Intravenous infusions of Calcium | 659 | ||
| Oral acute Calcium applications | 659 | ||
| Decreased Dietary Calcium Supply Weeks Before Calving | 660 | ||
| Low calcium diets | 660 | ||
| Reduction of calcium availability using nutritional antagonists of calcium availability | 660 | ||
| Zeolites | 660 | ||
| Bypass phytic acid | 660 | ||
| Reduction of Dietary Cation-Anion Difference | 660 | ||
| Extent of decrease of dietary cation-anion difference and effectiveness of milk fever prevention | 661 | ||
| Mode of action of dietary cation-anion difference | 661 | ||
| Magnesium as a Risk Factor for Milk Fever | 662 | ||
| Summary of Milk Fever Prevention Strategies | 663 | ||
| Practical recommendations for the prevention of tetany | 663 | ||
| References | 663 | ||
| Trace Mineral Feeding and Assessment | 671 | ||
| Key points | 671 | ||
| Introduction | 671 | ||
| Which trace elements are required by dairy cows? | 672 | ||
| Requirements for the Trace Elements for Dairy Cows | 672 | ||
| Determination of Requirements | 673 | ||
| Holsteins, Jerseys, and Cu | 674 | ||
| Trace mineral concentration in common dairy feeds | 674 | ||
| Sampling Feeds | 676 | ||
| Analysis of Feeds | 676 | ||
| Forms of trace minerals in rations: organic trace minerals versus inorganics | 677 | ||
| Production and Reproduction | 677 | ||
| Organic Trace Minerals and Immune Function | 677 | ||
| Assessing trace mineral status of cattle | 677 | ||
| Se in Blood or Plasma/Serum | 677 | ||
| Cu and Zn in Serum/Plasma | 678 | ||
| Trace Elements in the Liver | 678 | ||
| Procedure for liver biopsy in cows | 678 | ||
| Location | 678 | ||
| Site preparation | 679 | ||
| Local nerve block | 679 | ||
| Skin incision | 679 | ||
| Biopsy procedure | 679 | ||
| Handling the biopsy | 680 | ||
| Effect of exsanguination on liver Fe | 682 | ||
| Hair | 682 | ||
| Milk | 682 | ||
| Interpretation of trace mineral concentrations in animals and feeds | 682 | ||
| Who to Sample | 683 | ||
| Sample Herd | 683 | ||
| Observations of liver trace mineral concentrations | 683 | ||
| Summary | 685 | ||
| References | 685 | ||
| Transition Cow Nutrition and Feeding Management for Disease Prevention | 689 | ||
| Key points | 689 | ||
| Introduction | 689 | ||
| Perspectives on dry cow feeding and management | 690 | ||
| Defining Nutritional Requirements | 691 | ||
| Gestational energy | 691 | ||
| Gestational protein | 693 | ||
| Grouping Management | 693 | ||
| Outcome Expectations and Assessment | 695 | ||
| Prepartum nutrition and postpartum disease | 695 | ||
| Fetal and Maternal Metabolic Adaptations and Association with Disease Risks | 696 | ||
| Protein Metabolism in Transition | 696 | ||
| Role of Inflammation in Metabolic Regulation | 697 | ||
| Formulating transition diets | 701 | ||
| Nutritional Modeling | 701 | ||
| Defining the Animal | 701 | ||
| Frame size | 702 | ||
| Calf birth weight | 702 | ||
| Age and days carried calf | 702 | ||
| Dry matter intake expectation | 703 | ||
| Dietary Nutrient Specifications | 703 | ||
| Energy considerations | 703 | ||
| Protein metabolism and supply | 705 | ||
| Mineral recommendations | 706 | ||
| Vitamins | 706 | ||
| Transition cow feeding management considerations | 707 | ||
| Ensuring Adequate Nutrient Intake | 707 | ||
| Matching Diet Formulation to Grouping Strategy | 707 | ||
| Far-off dry cow group | 707 | ||
| Close-up dry cow group | 708 | ||
| Heifer group | 708 | ||
| 1-group system | 709 | ||
| Fresh cow group | 709 | ||
| Transition Cow Dietary Supplements | 709 | ||
| Confounding issues to nutritional programs | 710 | ||
| Body Condition Score | 711 | ||
| Management Factors | 711 | ||
| Environmental Conditions | 712 | ||
| Summary | 713 | ||
| References | 714 | ||
| Monitoring Total Mixed Rations and Feed Delivery Systems | 721 | ||
| Key points | 721 | ||
| The Total Mixed Ration Audit | 722 | ||
| Reducing variation in corn silage and haylage | 722 | ||
| TMR sampling | 725 | ||
| Penn State Particle Separator procedure and data analysis | 725 | ||
| The 9 factors causing Total Mixed Ration variation | 727 | ||
| Worn Mixer Augers, Kicker (Deflector) Plates, and Knives | 727 | ||
| Worn augers | 727 | ||
| Worn kicker plates | 729 | ||
| Worn knives | 731 | ||
| Mix Time After the Last Added Ingredient | 731 | ||
| Unlevel Mixers | 732 | ||
| Loading Position on the Mixer Box | 734 | ||
| Load Size | 736 | ||
| Overfilling of mixer wagons | 736 | ||
| Underfilling vertical mixers | 737 | ||
| Hay Quality and Processing | 738 | ||
| Loading Sequence | 738 | ||
| Liquid Distribution | 740 | ||
| Vertical Mixer Auger Speed | 741 | ||
| Summary | 743 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 743 | ||
| Supplementary data | 743 | ||
| References | 743 | ||
| Nonnutritional Factors Influencing Response to the Nutritional Program | 745 | ||
| Key points | 745 | ||
| Animal shelter design basics | 745 | ||
| Factors influencing feed intake | 746 | ||
| The feeding area: group housing | 747 | ||
| Elevated Feed Bunks | 749 | ||
| Renovating Elevated Feed Bunks | 750 | ||
| Good access to water | 750 | ||
| The resting area | 752 | ||
| Improving Existing Freestall Dimensions | 754 | ||
| Adding length | 755 | ||
| Adding width | 756 | ||
| Improving stall dividers | 756 | ||
| Improving neck rail position | 756 | ||
| Improving brisket locator position | 756 | ||
| Good ventilation | 756 | ||
| Heat stress abatement | 757 | ||
| Shade | 758 | ||
| Increased Air Exchange and Air Velocity | 759 | ||
| Tunnel ventilation | 759 | ||
| Natural ventilation with increased airspeed | 759 | ||
| Axial circulation fans | 760 | ||
| High-volume low-speed circulation fans | 760 | ||
| Evaporative Cooling | 761 | ||
| Confident footing | 761 | ||
| Summary | 762 | ||
| Dairy facility design resources | 762 | ||
| References | 762 | ||
| Undertaking Nutritional Diagnostic Investigations | 765 | ||
| Key points | 765 | ||
| Introduction | 765 | ||
| Initial herd nutritional investigation database | 765 | ||
| Herd Signalment | 765 | ||
| Herd Problem Definition | 766 | ||
| Herd Production Records | 766 | ||
| Disease Rates | 767 | ||
| Evaluating the cow environment | 767 | ||
| Basic Evaluation of the Cow Environment | 767 | ||
| Access to Quality Water | 769 | ||
| Evaluating individual feed ingredients | 770 | ||
| Initial Evaluation of Feed Ingredients | 770 | ||
| Butyric Acid in Silages | 770 | ||
| Feed Ingredient Dry Matter | 771 | ||
| Forage Particle Length | 774 | ||
| Total Mixed Ration Sorting Analysis | 775 | ||
| Grain Particle Size | 776 | ||
| Presenting Feed Ingredient Test Results | 776 | ||
| Diet evaluation | 777 | ||
| Estimating Amounts of Feed Ingredients Eaten | 778 | ||
| Estimating the Nutrient Analysis of Feed Ingredients | 779 | ||
| Estimating Total Nutrient Intake by the Cows | 779 | ||
| Evaluating the accuracy of total mixed ration mixing | 780 | ||
| Initial Evaluation of Mixing Accuracy | 780 | ||
| Total Mixed Ration Bunk Sampling | 780 | ||
| Evaluating Consistency of Feed Delivery | 782 | ||
| Evaluating Frequency of Feed Delivery | 782 | ||
| Evaluating the Amount of Feed Offered | 782 | ||
| Evaluation of the cows | 784 | ||
| Body Condition Scoring | 785 | ||
| Cud Chewing Activity | 786 | ||
| Manure Evaluation | 786 | ||
| Locomotion Scoring | 787 | ||
| Examination of Affected Cows | 787 | ||
| Herd-based biological testing procedures | 787 | ||
| Combining herd data to make final recommendations | 787 | ||
| References | 788 | ||
| Index | 789 |