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Pathophysiology - E-Book

Pathophysiology - E-Book

Kathryn L. McCance | Sue E. Huether

(2015)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

With easy-to-read, in-depth descriptions of disease, disease etiology, and disease processes, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 7th Edition helps you understand the most important and the most complex pathophysiology concepts. More than 1,200 full-color illustrations and photographs make it easier to identify normal anatomy and physiology, as well as alterations of function. This edition includes a NEW Epigenetics and Disease chapter along with additional What’s New boxes highlighting the latest advances in pathophysiology. Written by well-known educators Kathryn McCance and Sue Huether, and joined by a team of expert contributors, this resource is the most comprehensive and authoritative pathophysiology text available!

  • Over 1,200 full-color illustrations and photographs depict the clinical manifestations of disease and disease processes — more than in any other pathophysiology text.
  • A fully updated glossary includes 1,000 terms, and makes lookup easier by grouping together similar topics and terms.
  • Outstanding authors Kathryn McCance and Sue Huether have extensive backgrounds as researchers and instructors, and utilize expert contributors, consultants, and reviewers in developing this edition.
  • Chapter summary reviews provide concise synopses of the main points of each chapter.
  • Consistent presentation of diseases includes pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment.
  • Lifespan content includes ten separate pediatric chapters and special sections with aging and pediatrics content.
  • Algorithms and flowcharts of diseases and disorders make it easy to follow the sequential progression of disease processes.
  • Nutrition and Disease boxes explain the link between concepts of health promotion and disease.
  • EXTENSIVELY Updated content reflects advances in pathophysiology including tumor biology invasion and metastases, the epidemiology of cancer, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, thyroid and adrenal gland disorders, female reproductive disorders including benign breast diseases and breast cancer, and a separate chapter on male reproductive disorders and cancer.
  • NEW! Chapter on epigenetics and disease.
  • Additional What’s New boxes highlight the most current research and clinical development.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Brief Contents IFC1
What's New? IFC2
Evolve Page IFC3
About The Cover Image ii
Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children iii
Copyright iv
Contributors* v
Reviewers vii
Preface ix
FEATURES TO PROMOTE LEARNING xi
ART PROGRAM xi
ANCILLARIES xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction to Pathophysiology xv
Contents xvii
Interactive Review – Pathophysiology e1
Interactive Review – Unit I e2
Chapter 1 - Cellular Biology 1
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES 2
CELLULAR FUNCTIONS 2
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS 2
CELL-TO-CELL ADHESIONS 17
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 20
CELLULAR METABOLISM 25
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT: CELLULAR INTAKE AND OUTPUT 28
CELLULAR REPRODUCTION: THE CELL CYCLE 37
TISSUES 39
REFERENCES 48
Chapter 2 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology 49
CELLULAR ADAPTATION 50
CELLULAR INJURY 54
MANIFESTATIONS OF CELLULAR INJURY 83
CELLULAR DEATH 88
AGING AND ALTERED CELLULAR AND TISSUE BIOLOGY 93
SOMATIC DEATH 97
REFERENCES 100
Chapter 3 - The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases 103
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS 103
AGING AND DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS 104
ALTERATIONS IN WATER MOVEMENT 105
SODIUM, CHLORIDE, AND WATER BALANCE 108
ALTERATIONS IN SODIUM, CHLORIDE, AND WATER BALANCE 109
ALTERATIONS IN POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, PHOSPHATE, AND MAGNESIUM BALANCE 114
ACID-BASE BALANCE 122
REFERENCES 134
Interactive Review – Unit II e3
Chapter 4 - Genes and Genetic Diseases 135
DNA, RNA, AND PROTEINS: HEREDITY AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL 136
CHROMOSOMES 142
ELEMENTS OF FORMAL GENETICS 151
TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC DISEASES 151
LINKAGE ANALYSIS AND GENE IDENTIFICATION 159
REFERENCES 163
Chapter 5 - Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases 164
FACTORS INFLUENCING INCIDENCE OF DISEASE IN POPULATIONS 164
PRINCIPLES OF MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE 165
NATURE AND NURTURE: DISENTANGLING THE EFFECTS OF GENES AND ENVIRONMENT 169
GENETICS OF COMMON DISEASES 171
REFERENCES 182
Chapter 6 - Epigenetics and Disease 183
EPIGENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT 184
EPIGENETICS AND CANCER 186
GENOMIC IMPRINTING 187
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 188
REFERENCES 190
Interactive Review – Unit III e4
Chapter 7 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation 191
HUMAN DEFENSE MECHANISMS 192
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL BARRIERS 192
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE 195
LOCAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INFLAMMATION 213
SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION 213
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION 214
RESOLUTION AND REPAIR 215
AGING AND MECHANISMS OF SELF-DEFENSE 220
REFERENCES 223
Chapter 8 - Adaptive Immunity 224
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 225
RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE 227
GENERATION OF CLONAL DIVERSITY 236
INDUCTION OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE: CLONAL SELECTION 241
EFFECTOR MECHANISMS 251
AGING AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 257
REFERENCES 260
Chapter 9 - Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation 262
HYPERSENSITIVITY: ALLERGY, AUTOIMMUNITY, AND ALLOIMMUNITY 262
DEFICIENCIES IN IMMUNITY 281
REFERENCES 296
Chapter 10 - Infection 298
EMERGING INFECTIONS 299
MICROORGANISMS AND HUMANS: A DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP 300
MICROORGANISMS AND INFECTIONS 300
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) 322
COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST PATHOGENS 329
REFERENCES 336
Chapter 11 - Stress and Disease 338
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND GENERAL CONCEPTS 338
CONCEPTS OF STRESS 339
STRESS RESPONSE 343
STRESS, PERSONALITY, COPING, AND ILLNESS 355
AGING AND STRESS: STRESS-AGE SYNDROME 358
REFERENCES 360
Interactive Review – Unit IV e5
Chapter 12 - Cancer Biology 363
CANCER CHARACTERISTICS AND TERMINOLOGY 363
THE GENETIC BASIS OF CANCER 372
CANCER INVASION AND METASTASIS 387
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT OF CANCER 392
REFERENCES 400
Chapter 13 - Cancer Epidemiology 402
GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND TISSUE 403
INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY TRENDS 409
IN UTERO AND EARLY LIFE CONDITIONS 410
ENVIRONMENTAL-LIFESTYLE FACTORS 413
REFERENCES 437
Chapter 14 - Cancer in Children 442
INCIDENCE AND TYPES OF CANCER 442
ETIOLOGY 443
PROGNOSIS 445
REFERENCES 446
Interactive Review – Unit V e6
Chapter 15 - Structure and Function of the Neurologic System 447
OVERVIEW AND ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 447
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 448
NERVE IMPULSE 451
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 454
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 469
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 470
AGING AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 477
TESTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION 477
REFERENCES 483
Chapter 16 - Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function 484
PAIN 485
AGING AND PERCEPTION OF PAIN 495
TEMPERATURE REGULATION 495
AGING AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION 498
SLEEP 502
AGING AND SLEEP PATTERNS 504
SOMATOSENSORY FUNCTION AND THE SPECIAL SENSES 506
AGING AND VISION 509
AGING AND HEARING 515
AGING AND OLFACTION AND TASTE 518
REFERENCES 522
Chapter 17 - Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function 527
ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIVE SYSTEMS 527
ALTERATIONS IN CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS 555
ALTERATIONS IN NEUROMOTOR FUNCTION 559
REFERENCES 578
Chapter 18 - Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction 581
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS 581
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDERS 621
TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 626
REFERENCES 637
Chapter 19 - Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders* 641
SCHIZOPHRENIA 642
MOOD DISORDERS: DEPRESSION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER 647
ANXIETY DISORDERS 654
REFERENCES 658
Chapter 20 - Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children 660
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN CHILDREN 660
STRUCTURAL MALFORMATIONS 663
ALTERATIONS IN FUNCTION: ENCEPHALOPATHIES 670
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHILDREN 677
EPILEPSY 678
CHILDHOOD TUMORS 681
Interactive Review – Unit VI e7
Chapter 21 - Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation 689
MECHANISMS OF HORMONAL REGULATION 689
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS 696
AGING AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 711
REFERENCES 715
Chapter 22 - Alterations of Hormonal Regulation 717
MECHANISMS OF HORMONAL ALTERATIONS 717
ALTERATIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY SYSTEM 718
ALTERATIONS OF THYROID FUNCTION 724
ALTERATIONS OF PARATHYROID FUNCTION 731
DYSFUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS: DIABETES MELLITUS 734
ALTERATIONS OF ADRENAL FUNCTION 752
REFERENCES 763
Interactive Review – Unit VII e8
Chapter 23 - Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems 768
DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 768
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 771
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BREAST 782
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 784
TESTS OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION 791
Aging and Reproductive Function 791
REFERENCES 798
Chapter 24 - Alterations of the Female Reproductive System 800
ABNORMALITIES OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DEVELOPMENT 800
ALTERATIONS OF SEXUAL MATURATION 802
DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 804
DISORDERS OF THE BREAST 836
REFERENCES 876
Chapter 25 - Alterations of the Male Reproductive System 885
ALTERATIONS OF SEXUAL MATURATION 885
DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 888
DISORDERS OF THE MALE BREAST 913
REFERENCES 916
Chapter 26 - Sexually Transmitted Infections 918
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED UROGENITAL INFECTIONS 919
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS 940
REFERENCES 943
Interactive Review – Unit VIII e9
Chapter 27 - Structure and Function of the Hematologic System 945
COMPONENTS OF THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM 945
DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD CELLS 954
MECHANISMS OF HEMOSTASIS 965
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM 973
AGING AND THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM 975
References 981
Chapter 28 - Alterations of Erythrocyte Function 982
ANEMIA 982
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS 1002
REFERENCES 1006
Chapter 29 - Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function 1008
ALTERATIONS OF LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION 1008
ALTERATIONS OF LYMPHOID FUNCTION 1023
ALTERATIONS OF SPLENIC FUNCTION 1036
ALTERATIONS OF PLATELETS AND COAGULATION 1037
REFERENCES 1053
Chapter 30 - Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children 1055
FETAL AND NEONATAL HEMATOPOIESIS 1055
POSTNATAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD 1056
DISORDERS OF ERYTHROCYTES 1058
DISORDERS OF COAGULATION AND PLATELETS 1070
LEUKEMIA AND LYMPHOMA 1074
REFERENCES 1081
Interactive Review – Unit IX e10
Chapter 31 - Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 1083
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1083
THE HEART 1085
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION 1106
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 1118
TESTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION 1119
AGING AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1123
REFERENCES 1127
Chapter 32 - Alterations of Cardiovascular Function 1129
DISEASES OF THE VEINS 1129
DISEASES OF THE ARTERIES 1132
DISORDERS OF THE HEART WALL 1163
MANIFESTATIONS OF HEART DISEASE 1175
REFERENCES 1189
Chapter 33 - Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children 1194
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1194
CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS 1198
ACQUIRED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 1218
REFERENCES 1224
Interactive Review – Unit X e11
Chapter 34 - Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System 1225
STRUCTURES OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM 1225
FUNCTIONS OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM 1232
TESTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION 1243
AGING AND THE PULMONARY SYSTEM 1244
REFERENCES 1247
Chapter 35 - Alterations of Pulmonary Function 1248
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PULMONARY ALTERATIONS 1248
DISORDERS OF THE CHEST WALL AND PLEURA 1253
PULMONARY DISORDERS 1255
REFERENCES 1286
Chapter 36 - Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children 1290
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 1290
DISORDERS OF THE UPPER AIRWAYS 1293
DISORDERS OF THE LOWER AIRWAYS 1301
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME 1313
REFERENCES 1315
Interactive Review – Unit XI e12
Chapter 37 - Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems 1319
STRUCTURES OF THE RENAL SYSTEM 1319
RENAL BLOOD FLOW 1326
KIDNEY FUNCTION 1327
TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION 1334
AGING AND RENAL FUNCTION 1336
REFERENCES 1338
Chapter 38 - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function 1340
URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION 1340
URINARY TRACT INFECTION 1349
GLOMERULAR DISORDERS 1352
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY 1359
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 1364
REFERENCES 1372
Chapter 39 - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children 1376
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM IN CHILDREN 1376
ALTERATIONS IN RENAL AND BLADDER FUNCTION IN CHILDREN 1378
REFERENCES 1391
Interactive Review – Unit XII e13
Chapter 40 - Structure and Function of the Digestive System 1393
THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 1393
ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION 1409
TESTS OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION 1415
AGING AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 1417
REFERENCES 1421
Chapter 41 - Alterations of Digestive Function 1423
DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 1423
DISORDERS OF THE ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION 1451
CANCER OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1466
REFERENCES 1478
Chapter 42 - Alterations of Digestive Function in Children 1486
DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 1486
DISORDERS OF THE LIVER 1500
REFERENCES 1506
Interactive Review – Unit XIII e14
Chapter 43 - Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System 1510
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BONES 1510
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF JOINTS 1520
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLES 1526
TESTS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION 1535
AGING AND THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 1536
REFERENCES 1538
Chapter 44 - Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function 1540
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES 1540
DISORDERS OF BONES 1550
DISORDERS OF JOINTS 1565
DISORDERS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1578
REFERENCES 1588
Chapter 45 - Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children 1591
MUSCULOSKELETAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN 1591
MUSCULOSKELETAL ALTERATIONS IN CHILDREN 1593
NONACCIDENTAL TRAUMA 1612
REFERENCES 1615
Interactive Review – Unit XIV e15
Chapter 46 - Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument 1616
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKIN 1616
AGING AND SKIN INTEGRITY 1619
DISORDERS OF THE SKIN 1627
DISORDERS OF THE HAIR 1646
DISORDERS OF THE NAIL 1647
REFERENCES 1649
Chapter 47 - Alterations of the Integument in Children 1653
ACNE VULGARIS 1653
DERMATITIS 1654
INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN 1656
INSECT BITES AND PARASITES 1661
HEMANGIOMAS AND CUTANEOUS VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS 1662
OTHER SKIN DISORDERS 1664
REFERENCES 1666
Interactive Review – Unit XV e16
Chapter 48 - Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults 1668
SHOCK 1668
MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME 1679
BURNS 1685
REFERENCES 1696
Chapter 49 - Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children 1699
SHOCK AND MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME 1699
BURNS 1715
REFERENCES 1725
Glossary 1728
Index 1748
Common Laboratory Values* IBC2
Common Laboratory Values—Cont’d IBC3