Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Prepare to administer drugs safely by mastering key pharmacology concepts and drug calculation skills! Pharmacology: A Patient-Centered Nursing Process Approach, 8th Edition covers nursing pharmacology within a real-world nursing context. Using a clear, streamlined approach, this text makes it easier to understand pharmacology with a detailed unit on dosage calculations, a nursing process framework for drug therapy, and summaries of prototype drugs. Written by nursing educators Joyce Kee, Evelyn Hayes, and Linda McCuistion, this edition includes a strong QSEN focus, enhanced coverage of prioritization, and more NCLEX® Examination–style questions on the subject of pharmacology.
- NEW QSEN focus emphasizes patient-centered care, safety, quality, and collaboration and teamwork.
- NEW content covers the most commonly used drugs, including updated Prototype Drug Charts and drug tables.
- Enhanced coverage of prioritization includes nursing interventions in the Nursing Process sections listed in order of priority.
- Updated illustrations include new drug labels in the Drug Calculations chapter.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Table of Contents | i | ||
| Pharmacology, 8/e | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Meet the Authors | vi | ||
| Joyce LeFever Kee | vi | ||
| Evelyn R. Hayes | vi | ||
| Linda E. McCuistion | vii | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Reviewers | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Organization | xiii | ||
| Additional Features | xiii | ||
| Teaching And Learning Resources | xiv | ||
| For Students | xiv | ||
| For Faculty Members | xiv | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Unit I Introduction to Pharmacology | 1 | ||
| 1 Drug Action: | 2 | ||
| Outline | 2 | ||
| Objectives | 2 | ||
| Key Terms | 2 | ||
| Pharmaceutic Phase | 3 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Phase | 3 | ||
| Absorption | 3 | ||
| Distribution | 4 | ||
| Protein Binding | 4 | ||
| Metabolism, or Biotransformation | 6 | ||
| Excretion, or Elimination | 7 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Phase | 7 | ||
| Dose Response and Maximal Efficacy | 7 | ||
| Onset, Peak, and Duration of Action | 7 | ||
| Receptor Theory | 8 | ||
| Agonists and Antagonists | 8 | ||
| Nonspecific and Nonselective Drug Effects | 8 | ||
| Categories of Drug Action | 8 | ||
| Therapeutic Index and Therapeutic Range (Therapeutic Window) | 9 | ||
| Peak and Trough Drug Levels | 9 | ||
| Loading Dose | 10 | ||
| Side Effects, Adverse Reactions, and Toxic Effects | 10 | ||
| Pharmacogenetics | 11 | ||
| Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis | 11 | ||
| Placebo Effect | 11 | ||
| Key Websites | 12 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 12 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 13 | ||
| Answers: | 13 | ||
| 2 The Drug Approval Process | 14 | ||
| Outline | 14 | ||
| Objectives | 14 | ||
| Key Terms | 14 | ||
| Drug Standards and Legislation | 14 | ||
| Drug Standards | 14 | ||
| Federal Legislation | 15 | ||
| 1938: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | 15 | ||
| 1952: Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the 1938 Act | 15 | ||
| 1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the 1938 Act | 15 | ||
| 1970: The Controlled Substances Act | 16 | ||
| 1978: Drug Regulation Reform Act | 16 | ||
| 1983: The Drug Enforcement Administration and the Orphan Drug Act | 16 | ||
| 1997: The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act | 16 | ||
| 2002: Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act | 17 | ||
| 2003: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | 17 | ||
| 2003: Pediatric Research Equity Act | 17 | ||
| 2007: Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act | 17 | ||
| 2009: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act | 17 | ||
| 2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | 17 | ||
| Nurse Practice Acts | 17 | ||
| Canadian Drug Regulation | 17 | ||
| Initiatives to Combat Drug Counterfeiting | 18 | ||
| Drug Names | 18 | ||
| Drug Resources | 18 | ||
| U.S. Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy Categories | 19 | ||
| Key Websites | 19 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 19 | ||
| Answers: | 20 | ||
| 3 Cultural and Pharmacogenetic Considerations | 21 | ||
| Outline | 21 | ||
| Objectives | 21 | ||
| Key Terms | 21 | ||
| Ethnopharmacology | 21 | ||
| Transcultural Nursing | 22 | ||
| The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model | 22 | ||
| Communication | 22 | ||
| Language | 22 | ||
| Vernacular English | 23 | ||
| Greetings and Communication Styles | 23 | ||
| Space | 23 | ||
| Social Organization | 23 | ||
| Time | 24 | ||
| Environmental Control | 24 | ||
| Biologic Variations | 24 | ||
| Key Websites | 27 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 27 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 27 | ||
| Answers: | 28 | ||
| 4 Drug Interactions and Over-the-Counter Drugs | 29 | ||
| Outline | 29 | ||
| Objectives | 29 | ||
| Key Terms | 29 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 29 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Interactions | 30 | ||
| Absorption | 30 | ||
| Distribution | 30 | ||
| Metabolism or Biotransformation | 31 | ||
| Excretion | 31 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Interactions | 32 | ||
| Additive Drug Effect | 32 | ||
| Synergistic Drug Effect or Potentiation | 33 | ||
| Antagonistic Drug Effect | 33 | ||
| Drug-Food Interactions | 34 | ||
| Drug-Laboratory Interactions | 34 | ||
| Drug-Induced Photosensitivity | 34 | ||
| Over-the-Counter Drugs | 36 | ||
| Cough and Cold Remedies | 38 | ||
| Sleep Aids | 38 | ||
| Weight-Control Drugs | 38 | ||
| Key Websites | 39 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 39 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 40 | ||
| Answers: | 40 | ||
| 5 Drugs of Abuse | 41 | ||
| Outline | 41 | ||
| Objectives | 41 | ||
| Key Terms | 42 | ||
| Context of Drug Abuse | 42 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 42 | ||
| Definitions | 42 | ||
| Neurobiology of Addictive Drugs | 42 | ||
| Overview of Addictive States | 43 | ||
| Intoxication | 43 | ||
| Detoxification | 43 | ||
| Withdrawal Syndrome | 43 | ||
| Cessation and Maintenance of Abstinence | 43 | ||
| Stimulants | 44 | ||
| Nicotine | 44 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 44 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 44 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 44 | ||
| Treatment | 44 | ||
| Cocaine | 46 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 46 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 47 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 47 | ||
| Treatment | 49 | ||
| Amphetamines | 50 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 50 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 50 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 50 | ||
| Unit II A Nurse's Perspective of Pharmacology | 112 | ||
| 11 The Nursing Process in Patient-Centered Pharmacotherapy | 113 | ||
| Outline | 113 | ||
| Objectives | 113 | ||
| Key Terms | 113 | ||
| Nursing Process: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 114 | ||
| Assessment | 114 | ||
| Subjective Data | 114 | ||
| Objective Data | 115 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 115 | ||
| Planning | 115 | ||
| Implementation and Nursing Interventions | 116 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 116 | ||
| Evaluation | 118 | ||
| Key Websites | 118 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 118 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 119 | ||
| Answers: | 119 | ||
| 12 Safety and Quality in Pharmacotherapy | 120 | ||
| Outline | 120 | ||
| Objectives | 120 | ||
| Key Terms | 120 | ||
| “Five-Plus-Five” Rights of Medication Administration | 121 | ||
| Nurses’ Rights When Administering Medications | 124 | ||
| Culture of Safety | 125 | ||
| Joint Commission 2013 National Patient Safety Goals | 126 | ||
| Medication Reconciliation | 126 | ||
| Tips for Medication Reconciliation | 127 | ||
| Disposal of Medications | 127 | ||
| Sharps Safety | 127 | ||
| Safety Risks for Medication Administration | 128 | ||
| Counterfeit Drugs | 128 | ||
| Dosage Forms: To Crush or Not to Crush | 128 | ||
| High-Alert Medications | 128 | ||
| Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drug Names | 129 | ||
| Other Factors in Prevention of Medication Errors | 129 | ||
| Resources for Preventing Errors in Medication Administration | 130 | ||
| Pregnancy Categories | 130 | ||
| Factors That Modify Drug Response | 130 | ||
| Guidelines for Medication Administration | 130 | ||
| Key Websites | 131 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 132 | ||
| Answers: | 132 | ||
| 13 Medication Administration | 133 | ||
| Outline | 133 | ||
| Objectives | 133 | ||
| Key Terms | 133 | ||
| Self-Administration of Medication | 133 | ||
| Forms and Routes for Drug Administration | 134 | ||
| Tablets and Capsules | 134 | ||
| Liquids | 134 | ||
| Transdermal | 135 | ||
| Topical | 135 | ||
| Instillations | 135 | ||
| Inhalations | 136 | ||
| Nasogastric and Gastrostomy Tubes | 137 | ||
| Suppositories | 137 | ||
| Rectal Suppositories | 137 | ||
| Vaginal Suppositories | 138 | ||
| Parenteral | 138 | ||
| Intradermal | 138 | ||
| Action | 138 | ||
| Sites | 139 | ||
| Equipment | 139 | ||
| Technique | 139 | ||
| Subcutaneous | 139 | ||
| Action | 139 | ||
| Sites | 140 | ||
| Unit III Drug Calculations | 147 | ||
| 14 Medications and Calculations | 148 | ||
| Overview | 148 | ||
| Section 14A: Systems of Measurement with Conversion | 148 | ||
| Outline | 148 | ||
| Objectives | 148 | ||
| Key Terms | 148 | ||
| Metric System | 149 | ||
| Conversion within the Metric System | 149 | ||
| Metric Conversion | 149 | ||
| Household System | 149 | ||
| Household Conversion | 150 | ||
| Metric, Apothecary, and Household Equivalents | 150 | ||
| Answers to Practice Problems | 150 | ||
| Section 14B: Methods for Calculation | 152 | ||
| Objectives | 152 | ||
| Outline | 152 | ||
| Key Terms | 152 | ||
| Interpreting Oral and Injectable Drug Labels | 152 | ||
| Answers to Practice Problems | 163 | ||
| Section 14C: Calculations of Oral Dosages | 165 | ||
| Objectives | 165 | ||
| Outline | 165 | ||
| Key Terms | 165 | ||
| Tablets, Capsules, and Liquids | 165 | ||
| Interpreting Oral Drug Labels | 165 | ||
| Drug Differentiation | 165 | ||
| Preventing Medication Errors | 165 | ||
| Calculation for Tablet, Capsule, and Liquid Doses | 167 | ||
| Body Weight and Body Surface Area | 172 | ||
| Example | 172 | ||
| Answers to Practice Problems | 172 | ||
| Drugs Administered via Nasogastric Tube | 173 | ||
| Section 14D: Calculations of Injectable Dosages | 174 | ||
| Objectives | 174 | ||
| Outline | 174 | ||
| Key Terms | 174 | ||
| Injectable Preparations | 174 | ||
| Vials and Ampules | 174 | ||
| Syringes | 175 | ||
| Prefilled Drug Cartridges and Syringes | 176 | ||
| Needles | 176 | ||
| Angles for Injections | 176 | ||
| Interpreting Injectable Drug Labels | 177 | ||
| Intradermal Injections | 177 | ||
| Subcutaneous Injections | 177 | ||
| Calculations: Subcutaneous Injections | 178 | ||
| Insulin Injections | 179 | ||
| Types of Insulins | 179 | ||
| Mixing Insulins | 180 | ||
| Intramuscular Injections | 180 | ||
| Drug Solutions for Injection | 181 | ||
| Powdered Drug Reconstitution | 181 | ||
| Mixing Injectable Drugs | 183 | ||
| Method 1: Mixing Two Drugs in the Same Syringe from Two Vials | 183 | ||
| Method 2: Mixing Two Drugs in the Same Syringe from One Vial and One Ampule | 184 | ||
| Method 3: Mixing Two Drugs in a Prefilled Cartridge from a Vial | 184 | ||
| Mixing Drugs in the Same Syringe | 184 | ||
| Procedure | 184 | ||
| Answers to Practice Problems | 187 | ||
| Section 14E: Calculations of Intravenous Fluids | 190 | ||
| Objectives | 190 | ||
| Outline | 190 | ||
| Key Terms | 190 | ||
| Continuous Intravenous Administration | 190 | ||
| Intravenous Sets | 190 | ||
| Calculating Intravenous Flow Rate | 191 | ||
| Method I: Three-Step | 191 | ||
| Method II: Two-Step | 191 | ||
| Method III: One-Step | 191 | ||
| Mixing Drugs for Continuous Intravenous Administration | 191 | ||
| Intermittent Intravenous Administration | 191 | ||
| Secondary Intravenous Sets without IV Pumps | 192 | ||
| Intermittent Infusion Adapters/Devices | 193 | ||
| Direct Intravenous Injections | 193 | ||
| Electronic Intravenous Regulators | 194 | ||
| Safety Considerations for IV Use | 195 | ||
| Infusion Pumps | 195 | ||
| Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 195 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 196 | ||
| Calculating Flow Rates for Intravenous Drugs | 196 | ||
| Answers to Practice Problems | 199 | ||
| Section 14F: Pediatric Drug Calculations | 202 | ||
| Objectives | 202 | ||
| Outline | 202 | ||
| Key Terms | 202 | ||
| Oral | 202 | ||
| Intramuscular | 202 | ||
| Pediatric Dosage Per Body Weight | 203 | ||
| Pediatric Dosage Per Body Surface Area | 203 | ||
| Pediatric Calculations for Injectables | 207 | ||
| Answers to Practice Problems | 208 | ||
| Unit IV Nutrition and Electrolytes | 210 | ||
| 15 Vitamin and Mineral Replacement | 211 | ||
| Outline | 211 | ||
| Objectives | 211 | ||
| Key Terms | 211 | ||
| Vitamins | 211 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 212 | ||
| Vitamin A | 214 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 214 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 214 | ||
| Vitamin D | 214 | ||
| Vitamin E | 215 | ||
| Vitamin K | 215 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 215 | ||
| Vitamin B Complex | 215 | ||
| Vitamin C | 216 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 216 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 216 | ||
| Folic Acid (Folate) | 216 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | 217 | ||
| Minerals | 218 | ||
| Iron | 218 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 218 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 220 | ||
| Copper | 220 | ||
| Zinc | 220 | ||
| Chromium | 220 | ||
| Selenium | 220 | ||
| Key Websites | 221 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 222 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 222 | ||
| Answers: | 222 | ||
| 16 Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement | 223 | ||
| Outline | 223 | ||
| Objectives | 223 | ||
| Key Terms | 223 | ||
| Homeostasis | 224 | ||
| Osmolality | 225 | ||
| Osmolality and Tonicity | 225 | ||
| Fluid Replacement | 225 | ||
| General Considerations | 225 | ||
| Intravenous Solutions | 225 | ||
| Types of Intravenous Solutions | 225 | ||
| Crystalloids | 225 | ||
| Colloids | 227 | ||
| Blood and Blood Products | 227 | ||
| Electrolytes | 230 | ||
| Potassium | 230 | ||
| Functions | 230 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 230 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 230 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 231 | ||
| Effect of Drugs on Potassium Balance | 233 | ||
| Sodium | 234 | ||
| Functions | 235 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 235 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 235 | ||
| Calcium | 236 | ||
| Functions | 236 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 236 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 237 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 237 | ||
| Effect of Drugs on Calcium Balance | 237 | ||
| Clinical Management of Calcium Imbalance | 237 | ||
| Magnesium | 239 | ||
| Functions | 239 | ||
| Effect of Drugs on Magnesium Balance | 239 | ||
| Chloride | 241 | ||
| Phosphorus | 241 | ||
| Key Websites | 241 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 241 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 242 | ||
| Answers: | 242 | ||
| 17 Nutritional Support | 243 | ||
| Outline | 243 | ||
| Objectives | 243 | ||
| Key Terms | 243 | ||
| Enteral Nutrition | 244 | ||
| Routes for Enteral Feedings | 244 | ||
| Enteral Solutions | 244 | ||
| Methods for Delivery | 245 | ||
| Complications | 246 | ||
| Enteral Safety | 246 | ||
| Enteral Medications | 246 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition | 248 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | 248 | ||
| Complications | 248 | ||
| Transitional Feeding: Parenteral to Enteral | 250 | ||
| Key Websites | 250 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 250 | ||
| Nclex Study Questions | 251 | ||
| Answers: | 251 | ||
| Unit V Autonomic Nervous System Agents | 252 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 252 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 252 | ||
| 18 Adrenergic Agonists and Adrenergic Blockers | 255 | ||
| Outline | 255 | ||
| Objectives | 255 | ||
| Key Terms | 255 | ||
| Adrenergic Agonists | 255 | ||
| Inactivation of Neurotransmitters | 257 | ||
| Classification of Sympathomimetics | 258 | ||
| Epinephrine | 258 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 258 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 258 | ||
| Albuterol | 258 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 259 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 259 | ||
| Central-Acting Alpha Agonists | 259 | ||
| Clonidine and Methyldopa | 259 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 260 | ||
| Adrenergic Blockers (Antagonists) | 262 | ||
| Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers | 262 | ||
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 263 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 263 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 263 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 263 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 263 | ||
| Adrenergic Neuron Blockers | 263 | ||
| Key Websites | 266 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 267 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 267 | ||
| Answers: | 267 | ||
| 19 Cholinergic Agonists and Anticholinergics | 268 | ||
| Outline | 268 | ||
| Objectives | 268 | ||
| Key Terms | 268 | ||
| Cholinergic Agonists | 268 | ||
| Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists | 269 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 270 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 270 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 270 | ||
| Direct-Acting Cholinergics: Eye | 270 | ||
| Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists | 270 | ||
| Reversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors | 272 | ||
| Side Effects | 272 | ||
| Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors | 272 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 272 | ||
| Atropine | 274 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 274 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 274 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 274 | ||
| Antiparkinson-Anticholinergic Drugs | 274 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 275 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 275 | ||
| Anticholinergics for Treating Motion Sickness | 279 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 279 | ||
| Key Websites | 279 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 279 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 279 | ||
| Answers: | 280 | ||
| Unit VI Neurologic and Neuromuscular Agents | 281 | ||
| 20 Central Nervous System Stimulants | 284 | ||
| Outline | 284 | ||
| Objectives | 284 | ||
| Key Terms | 284 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 285 | ||
| Amphetamines | 285 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 285 | ||
| Amphetamine-Like Drugs for ADHD and Narcolepsy | 285 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 285 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 285 | ||
| Anorexiants, Lipase Inhibitors, Analeptics, and Respiratory Stimulants | 288 | ||
| Anorexiants | 288 | ||
| Unit VII Pain and Inflammation Management Agents | 335 | ||
| 25 Antiinflammatory Drugs | 336 | ||
| Outline | 336 | ||
| Objectives | 336 | ||
| Key Terms | 336 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 337 | ||
| Antiinflammatory Agents | 337 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 337 | ||
| Salicylates | 338 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 340 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 340 | ||
| Hypersensitivity to Salicylate Products | 340 | ||
| Para-Chlorobenzoic Acid | 342 | ||
| Phenylacetic Acid Derivatives | 342 | ||
| Propionic Acid Derivatives | 342 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 342 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 342 | ||
| Fenamates | 342 | ||
| Oxicams | 342 | ||
| General Side Effects and Adverse Reactions for First-Generation NSAIDs | 343 | ||
| Selective COX-2 Inhibitors (Second-Generation NSAIDs) | 344 | ||
| Use of NSAIDs in Older Adults | 344 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 344 | ||
| Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs | 345 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Agents | 345 | ||
| Immunomodulators | 345 | ||
| Antimalarials | 347 | ||
| Antigout Drugs | 348 | ||
| Antiinflammatory Gout Drug: Colchicine | 348 | ||
| Uric Acid Inhibitor | 348 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 348 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 348 | ||
| Uricosurics | 348 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 348 | ||
| Key Websites | 350 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 350 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 351 | ||
| Answers: | 351 | ||
| 26 Nonopioid and Opioid Analgesics | 352 | ||
| Outline | 352 | ||
| Objectives | 352 | ||
| Key Terms | 352 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 353 | ||
| Undertreatment of Pain | 353 | ||
| Nonopioid Analgesics | 354 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 354 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 355 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 355 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 355 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 356 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 356 | ||
| Opioid Analgesics | 356 | ||
| Morphine | 358 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 358 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 358 | ||
| Meperidine | 360 | ||
| Hydromorphone | 360 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 360 | ||
| Contraindications | 360 | ||
| Combination Drugs | 362 | ||
| Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 362 | ||
| Transdermal Opioid Analgesics | 362 | ||
| Analgesic Titration | 362 | ||
| Opioid Use in Special Populations | 362 | ||
| Children | 362 | ||
| Older Adults | 363 | ||
| Cognitively Impaired Individuals | 363 | ||
| Oncology Patients | 363 | ||
| Individuals with a History of Substance Abuse | 363 | ||
| Adjuvant Therapy | 363 | ||
| Treatment for Opioid-Addicted Individuals | 363 | ||
| Opioid Agonist-Antagonists | 363 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 365 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 365 | ||
| Opioid Antagonists | 365 | ||
| Headaches: Migraine and Cluster | 365 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 366 | ||
| Treatment of Migraine Headaches | 366 | ||
| Key Websites | 368 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 368 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 368 | ||
| Answers: | 368 | ||
| Unit VIII Psychiatric Agents | 369 | ||
| 27 Antipsychotics and Anxiolytics | 370 | ||
| Outline | 370 | ||
| Objectives | 370 | ||
| Key Terms | 370 | ||
| Psychosis | 371 | ||
| Antipsychotic Agents | 371 | ||
| Pharmacophysiologic Mechanisms of Action | 371 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 371 | ||
| Extrapyramidal Syndrome | 371 | ||
| Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome | 372 | ||
| Phenothiazines | 372 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 373 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 373 | ||
| Nonphenothiazines | 373 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 374 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 374 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 374 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 375 | ||
| Antipsychotic Dosage for Older Adults | 377 | ||
| Atypical (Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonists) Antipsychotics | 377 | ||
| Anxiolytics | 380 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures | 380 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 381 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 381 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 381 | ||
| Miscellaneous Anxiolytics | 381 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 383 | ||
| Key Websites | 384 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 384 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 384 | ||
| Answers: | 385 | ||
| 28 Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers | 386 | ||
| Outline | 386 | ||
| Objectives | 386 | ||
| Key Terms | 386 | ||
| Depression | 386 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 387 | ||
| Herbal Supplements for Depression | 387 | ||
| Antidepressant Agents | 387 | ||
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | 387 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 387 | ||
| Unit IX Antibacterial and Antiinfective Agents | 399 | ||
| 29 Penicillins and Cephalosporins | 400 | ||
| Outline | 400 | ||
| Objectives | 400 | ||
| Key Terms | 400 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 400 | ||
| Antibacterial Drugs | 401 | ||
| Antibacterials/Antibiotics | 401 | ||
| Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action | 401 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 401 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 401 | ||
| Body Defenses | 401 | ||
| Resistance to Antibacterials | 402 | ||
| Use of Antibiotic Combinations | 403 | ||
| General Adverse Reactions to Antibacterials | 403 | ||
| Narrow-Spectrum and Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics | 403 | ||
| Penicillins and Cephalosporins | 404 | ||
| Penicillins | 404 | ||
| Broad-Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins) | 404 | ||
| Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins (Antistaphylococcal Penicillins) | 404 | ||
| Extended-Spectrum Penicillins (Antipseudomonal Penicillins) | 405 | ||
| Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors | 407 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 407 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 407 | ||
| Geriatrics | 407 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 407 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 407 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 407 | ||
| First-, Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins | 407 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 408 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 409 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 409 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 409 | ||
| Key Websites | 412 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 412 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 413 | ||
| Answers: | 413 | ||
| 30 Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, and Fluoroquinolones | 414 | ||
| Outline | 414 | ||
| Objectives | 414 | ||
| Key Terms | 414 | ||
| Macrolides, Lincosamides, Glycopeptides, and Ketolides | 415 | ||
| Macrolides | 415 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 415 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 415 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 415 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 415 | ||
| Extended Macrolide Group | 415 | ||
| Lincosamides | 418 | ||
| Unit X Additional Antiinfective Agents | 435 | ||
| 32 Antituberculars, Antifungals, Peptides, and Metronidazole | 436 | ||
| Outline | 436 | ||
| Objectives | 436 | ||
| Key Terms | 436 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 437 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 437 | ||
| Antitubercular Drugs | 437 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 437 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 437 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 438 | ||
| Antifungal Drugs | 441 | ||
| Polyenes | 441 | ||
| Amphotericin B | 441 | ||
| Unit XI Immunologic Agents | 467 | ||
| Immune System Structure | 467 | ||
| Immune System Function | 467 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 467 | ||
| Antigen-Antibody Interactions | 467 | ||
| Acquiring Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 467 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 468 | ||
| Protection Provided by Cell-Mediated Immunity | 468 | ||
| 35 HIV- and AIDS-Related Drugs | 469 | ||
| Outline | 469 | ||
| Objectives | 469 | ||
| Key Terms | 469 | ||
| HIV Infection: Pathophysiology | 470 | ||
| HIV Life Cycle | 472 | ||
| HIV Transmission | 472 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 472 | ||
| HIV Resistance Testing | 473 | ||
| Additional Laboratory Evaluation | 473 | ||
| Classification | 473 | ||
| Treatment Goals | 473 | ||
| Indications for Antiretroviral Therapy | 473 | ||
| Classes of Antiretroviral Medications | 473 | ||
| Antiretroviral Agents | 474 | ||
| Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | 474 | ||
| Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | 474 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors | 476 | ||
| Entry Inhibitors | 476 | ||
| CCR5 Co-Receptor Antagonists | 477 | ||
| Integrase Inhibitors | 478 | ||
| Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome | 478 | ||
| Nurse’s Role in Antiretroviral Therapy | 483 | ||
| Opportunistic Infections | 485 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnancy | 486 | ||
| Occupational Exposure to HIV and Postexposure Prophylaxis | 486 | ||
| HIV Prevention Breakthroughs | 487 | ||
| Key Websites | 487 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 487 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 488 | ||
| Answers: | 488 | ||
| 36 Vaccines | 489 | ||
| Outline | 489 | ||
| Objectives | 489 | ||
| Key Terms | 489 | ||
| Active Immunity | 490 | ||
| Passive Immunity | 490 | ||
| Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | 490 | ||
| Childhood Immunizations | 493 | ||
| Adult Immunizations | 493 | ||
| Immunization before International Travel | 493 | ||
| Reporting of Diseases and Adverse Reactions | 493 | ||
| Varicella Vaccine | 494 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 494 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 494 | ||
| Contraindications | 494 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 495 | ||
| Newer Developments and the Future of Vaccines | 495 | ||
| Key Websites | 497 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 497 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 498 | ||
| Answers: | 499 | ||
| Unit XII Antineoplastic Agents | 500 | ||
| Cell Cycle | 500 | ||
| Growth Rate | 500 | ||
| Anticancer Therapy | 500 | ||
| 37 Anticancer Drugs | 502 | ||
| Outline | 502 | ||
| Objectives | 502 | ||
| Key Terms | 502 | ||
| Genetic, Infective, Environmental, and Dietary Influences | 503 | ||
| Cell Cycle–Nonspecific and Cell Cycle–Specific Anticancer Drugs | 504 | ||
| Cancer Chemotherapy | 505 | ||
| Combination Chemotherapy | 505 | ||
| General Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 505 | ||
| Anticancer Therapy in Outpatient Settings and in the Home | 505 | ||
| Alkylating Drugs | 507 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide | 510 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 510 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 510 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 510 | ||
| Antimetabolites | 513 | ||
| Fluorouracil | 513 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 513 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 515 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 515 | ||
| Antitumor Antibiotics | 518 | ||
| Doxorubicin | 518 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 519 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 519 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 519 | ||
| Plant Alkaloids | 521 | ||
| Vincristine | 521 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 521 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 523 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 523 | ||
| Targeted Therapies | 524 | ||
| Liposomal Chemotherapy | 524 | ||
| Hormonal Agents | 524 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 524 | ||
| Sex Hormones | 525 | ||
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues | 525 | ||
| Antiandrogens | 525 | ||
| Aromatase Inhibitors | 525 | ||
| Miscellaneous Chemotherapy Agents | 525 | ||
| Vaccines | 525 | ||
| Key Websites | 528 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 528 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 528 | ||
| Answers: | 529 | ||
| 38 Targeted Therapies to Treat Cancer | 530 | ||
| Outline | 530 | ||
| Objectives | 530 | ||
| Key Terms | 530 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 531 | ||
| Normal Cell Growth Regulation | 531 | ||
| Genetic Control over Cell Division | 531 | ||
| Genetic Control over Cell Death | 533 | ||
| Growth Regulation and Cancer | 534 | ||
| Loss of Genetic Control of Cell Growth. | 534 | ||
| Loss of Apoptosis. | 534 | ||
| Targeted Therapy Drugs | 534 | ||
| Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors | 534 | ||
| Dasatinib | 538 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 538 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 538 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. | 538 | ||
| Drug Interactions. | 538 | ||
| Multikinase Inhibitors | 540 | ||
| Sorafenib | 540 | ||
| Unit XIII Respiratory Agents | 571 | ||
| Lung Compliance | 572 | ||
| Control of Respiration | 572 | ||
| Bronchial Smooth Muscle | 572 | ||
| 40 Drugs for Upper Respiratory Disorders | 573 | ||
| Outline | 573 | ||
| Objectives | 573 | ||
| Key Terms | 573 | ||
| Common Cold, Acute Rhinitis, and Allergic Rhinitis | 573 | ||
| Antihistamines | 574 | ||
| First-Generation Antihistamines | 574 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 574 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 574 | ||
| Side Effects of Most First-Generation Antihistamines. | 574 | ||
| Second-Generation Antihistamines | 574 | ||
| Nasal and Systemic Decongestants | 574 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 577 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 577 | ||
| Intranasal Glucocorticoids | 577 | ||
| Antitussives | 578 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 578 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 578 | ||
| Expectorants | 578 | ||
| Sinusitis | 581 | ||
| Acute Pharyngitis | 581 | ||
| Key Websites | 581 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 582 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 582 | ||
| Answers: | 582 | ||
| 41 Drugs for Lower Respiratory Disorders | 583 | ||
| Outline | 583 | ||
| Objectives | 583 | ||
| Key Terms | 583 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 584 | ||
| Bronchial Asthma | 585 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 585 | ||
| Sympathomimetics: Alpha- and Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists | 586 | ||
| Albuterol | 586 | ||
| Metaproterenol | 586 | ||
| Isoproterenol | 586 | ||
| Use of an Aerosol Inhaler | 586 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 586 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 588 | ||
| Methylxanthine (Xanthine) Derivatives | 589 | ||
| Theophylline | 589 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 589 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 590 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 590 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 590 | ||
| Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Synthesis Inhibitors | 590 | ||
| Glucocorticoids (Steroids) | 595 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 595 | ||
| Cromolyn and Nedocromil | 597 | ||
| Drug Therapy for Asthma According to Severity | 597 | ||
| Drug Therapy for Asthma According to Age | 597 | ||
| Young Children | 597 | ||
| Older Adults | 597 | ||
| Mucolytics | 597 | ||
| Antimicrobials | 597 | ||
| Key Websites | 597 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 598 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 598 | ||
| Answers: | 598 | ||
| Unit XIV Cardiovascular Agents | 599 | ||
| Heart | 599 | ||
| Conduction of Electrical Impulses | 599 | ||
| Regulation of Heart Rate and Blood Flow | 600 | ||
| Circulation | 600 | ||
| Blood | 600 | ||
| 42 Cardiac Glycosides, Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics | 601 | ||
| Outline | 601 | ||
| Objectives | 601 | ||
| Key Terms | 601 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 602 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures to Treat Heart Failure | 603 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 603 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Hormone or Peptide. | 603 | ||
| Brain Natriuretic Peptide. | 603 | ||
| Digoxin | 603 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 603 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 603 | ||
| Digitalis (Digoxin) Toxicity | 603 | ||
| Antidote for Cardiac/Digitalis Glycosides | 603 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 604 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 604 | ||
| Other Agents Used to Treat Heart Failure | 605 | ||
| Antianginal Drugs | 607 | ||
| Types of Angina Pectoris | 607 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures to Control Angina | 607 | ||
| Types of Antianginal Drugs | 607 | ||
| Nitrates | 607 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 608 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 608 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 608 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 608 | ||
| Beta Blockers | 608 | ||
| Unit XV Gastrointestinal Agents | 674 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 674 | ||
| Esophagus | 674 | ||
| Stomach | 674 | ||
| Small Intestine | 674 | ||
| Large Intestine | 674 | ||
| Drugs For Gastrointestinal Disorders | 675 | ||
| 47 Drugs for Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders | 676 | ||
| Outline | 676 | ||
| Objectives | 676 | ||
| Key Terms | 676 | ||
| Vomiting | 676 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures | 677 | ||
| Nonprescription Antiemetics | 677 | ||
| Prescription Antiemetics | 678 | ||
| Antihistamines and Anticholinergics | 678 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. | 680 | ||
| Dopamine Antagonists | 680 | ||
| Phenothiazine Antiemetics | 680 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 680 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 680 | ||
| Drug and Laboratory Interactions. | 681 | ||
| Unit XVI Eye, Ear, and Skin Agents | 707 | ||
| Overview of the Eye | 707 | ||
| Overview of the Ear | 707 | ||
| Overview of the Skin | 707 | ||
| 49 Drugs for Eye and Ear Disorders | 709 | ||
| Outline | 709 | ||
| Objectives | 709 | ||
| Key Terms | 709 | ||
| Drugs for Disorders of the Eye | 710 | ||
| Diagnostic Stains | 710 | ||
| Topical Anesthetics | 710 | ||
| Antiinfectives | 710 | ||
| Antiinflammatories | 710 | ||
| Decongestants | 710 | ||
| Lubricants | 714 | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 714 | ||
| Antiglaucoma Agents | 714 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogues | 715 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. | 715 | ||
| Cholinergic Agents | 715 | ||
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 716 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Effects | 716 | ||
| Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists | 718 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Effects | 718 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 718 | ||
| Unit XVII Endocrine Agents | 739 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 739 | ||
| Anterior Pituitary Gland | 740 | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | 740 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | 740 | ||
| Gonadotropic Hormones | 740 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 740 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Gland | 740 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 740 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 740 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 741 | ||
| Pancreas | 741 | ||
| Drugs for Endocrine Disorders | 741 | ||
| 51 Endocrine Drugs: | 742 | ||
| Outline | 742 | ||
| Objectives | 742 | ||
| Key Terms | 742 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 743 | ||
| Anterior Lobe | 743 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 743 | ||
| Drug Therapy: Growth Hormone Deficiency | 743 | ||
| Drug Therapy: Growth Hormone Excess | 743 | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | 743 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | 743 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 744 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 745 | ||
| Drug Interactions. | 745 | ||
| Posterior Lobe | 745 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 746 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 747 | ||
| Drug Therapy: Hypothyroidism | 747 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 748 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 748 | ||
| Drug Interactions. | 748 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 748 | ||
| Drug Therapy: Hyperthyroidism | 749 | ||
| Drug Interactions. | 749 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 749 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 749 | ||
| Calcitriol | 749 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 750 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 750 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 751 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 751 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 752 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 753 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 753 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. | 753 | ||
| Drug Interactions. | 753 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 755 | ||
| Key Websites | 756 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 756 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 757 | ||
| Answers: | 757 | ||
| 52 Antidiabetics | 758 | ||
| Outline | 758 | ||
| Objectives | 758 | ||
| Key Terms | 758 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 759 | ||
| Insulin | 759 | ||
| Beta Cell Secretion of Insulin | 759 | ||
| Commercially Prepared Insulin | 759 | ||
| Administration of Insulin | 760 | ||
| Types of Insulin | 760 | ||
| Insulin Resistance | 761 | ||
| Storage of Insulin | 761 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 761 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 761 | ||
| Sliding-Scale Insulin Coverage | 761 | ||
| Drug Interactions. | 761 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions: Hypoglycemic Reactions and Ketoacidosis. | 762 | ||
| Insulin Pen Injectors | 763 | ||
| Insulin Pumps | 764 | ||
| Insulin Jet Injectors | 764 | ||
| Oral Antidiabetic Drugs (Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs) | 765 | ||
| First- and Second-Generation Sulfonylureas | 765 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 766 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 766 | ||
| Side Effects, Adverse Reactions, and Contraindications. | 768 | ||
| Drug Interactions. | 768 | ||
| Nonsulfonylureas | 768 | ||
| Biguanides: Metformin (Glucophage) | 768 | ||
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Acarbose (Precose) and Miglitol (Glyset) | 769 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 769 | ||
| Meglitinides | 769 | ||
| Incretin Modifier | 770 | ||
| Guidelines for Oral Antidiabetic (Hypoglycemic) Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes | 770 | ||
| Other Antidiabetic Agents | 770 | ||
| Hyperglycemic Drugs | 771 | ||
| Glucagon | 771 | ||
| Diazoxide | 771 | ||
| Key Websites | 771 | ||
| Critical Thinking Case Study | 772 | ||
| NCLEX Study Questions | 772 | ||
| Answers: | 772 | ||
| Unit XVIII Reproductive and Gender-Related Agents | 773 | ||
| Female Reproductive Processes | 773 | ||
| The Menstrual Cycle | 773 | ||
| Male Reproductive Processes | 774 | ||
| Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology | 774 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproductive Functioning and Spermatogenesis | 774 | ||
| Sexual Function | 775 | ||
| Process of Fertilization | 775 | ||
| 53 Female Reproductive Cycle I: | 777 | ||
| Outline | 777 | ||
| Objectives | 777 | ||
| Key Terms | 777 | ||
| Physiology of Pregnancy | 778 | ||
| Therapeutic Drug and Herbal Use in Pregnancy | 780 | ||
| Iron | 780 | ||
| Unit XIX Emergency Agents | 908 | ||
| 59 Adult and Pediatric Emergency Drugs | 909 | ||
| Outline | 909 | ||
| Objectives | 909 | ||
| Key Terms | 909 | ||
| Oxygen as an Emergency Drug | 910 | ||
| Emergency Drugs for Cardiac Disorders | 910 | ||
| Aspirin | 911 | ||
| Nitroglycerin | 911 | ||
| Morphine Sulfate | 911 | ||
| Atropine Sulfate | 912 | ||
| Pediatric Implications | 912 | ||
| Adenosine | 912 | ||
| Diltiazem | 913 | ||
| Amiodarone | 913 | ||
| Appendices | 927 | ||
| Appendix A Therapeutic Drug Monitoring* | 927 | ||
| Appendix B Selected Potential Weapons of Bioterrorism | 932 | ||
| References | 934 | ||
| Index | 939 | ||
| A | 939 | ||
| B | 942 | ||
| C | 943 | ||
| D | 946 | ||
| E | 948 | ||
| F | 949 | ||
| G | 950 | ||
| H | 951 | ||
| I | 953 | ||
| J | 954 | ||
| K | 954 | ||
| L | 954 | ||
| M | 955 | ||
| N | 957 | ||
| O | 959 | ||
| P | 960 | ||
| Q | 966 | ||
| R | 966 | ||
| S | 967 | ||
| T | 969 | ||
| U | 970 | ||
| V | 970 | ||
| W | 971 | ||
| X | 971 | ||
| Y | 971 | ||
| Z | 971 | ||
| List of Features | 976 | ||
| Prototype Drug Charts | 976 | ||
| Nursing Process | 976 | ||
| Herbal Alerts | IBC1 | ||
| Safety: Preventing Medication Errors | IBC1 |