Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
An all-inclusive guide to fundamentals and medical-surgical nursing for the LPN/LVN, Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 7th Edition covers the skills you need for clinical practice, from anatomy and physiology to nursing interventions and maternity, neonatal, pediatric, geriatric, mental health, and community health care. Guidelines for patient care are presented within the framework of the five-step nursing process; Nursing Care Plans are described within a case-study format to help you develop skills in clinical decision-making. Written by Kim Cooper and Kelly Gosnell, this text includes all of the content from their Foundations of Nursing and Adult Health Nursing books, including review questions to help you prepare for the NCLEX-PN® examination!
- Full-color, step-by-step instructions for over 100 skills show nursing techniques and procedures along with rationales for each.
- The 5-step Nursing Process connects specific disorders to patient care — with a summary at the end of each chapter.
- Nursing Care Plans emphasize patient goals and outcomes within a case-study format, and promotes clinical decision-making with critical thinking questions at the end of each care plan.
- Clear coverage of essential A&P is provided by an Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology chapter along with an overview of A&P in all body systems chapters.
- Student-friendly features enhance the learning of nursing skills with summary boxes for Patient Teaching, Health Promotion Considerations, Complementary and Alternative Therapy, Cultural Considerations, Older Adult Considerations, Home Care Considerations, Safety Alert, and Prioritization, Assignment, and Supervision.
- UNIQUE! Mathematics review in Dosage Calculation and Medication Administration chapter covers basic arithmetic skills prior to the discussion of medication administration.
- A focus on preparing for the NCLEX examination includes review questions and Get Ready for the NCLEX Examination! sections with key points organized by NCLEX Client Needs Categories.
- Evidence-Based Practice boxes provide synopses of nursing research articles and other scientific articles applicable to nursing, along with nursing implications for the LPN/LVN.
- Nursing Diagnosis boxes summarize nursing diagnoses for specific disorders along with the appropriate nursing interventions.
- UNIQUE! Delegation Considerations boxes provide parameters for delegation to nurse assistants, patient care technicians, and unlicensed assistive personnel.
- Medication Therapy tables provide quick access to actions, dosages, precautions, and nursing considerations for commonly used drugs.
- NEW! Reorganized chapters make it easier to follow and understand the material.
- NEW! Icons in page margins indicate videos, audios, and animations on the Evolve companion website that may be accessed for enhanced learning.
- UDATED illustrations include photographs of common nursing skills.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| IFC facing page | i | ||
| Dedication | ii | ||
| Foundations and Adult Health Nursing | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| Contributors and Reviewers | vi | ||
| LPN/LVN Advisory Board | viii | ||
| To the Instructor | ix | ||
| Organization and Standard Features | ix | ||
| Table of Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter Organization | ix | ||
| Nursing Process | ix | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | x | ||
| Lpn Threads | x | ||
| Teaching and Learning Package | x | ||
| For Students | x | ||
| For Instructors | x | ||
| To the Student | xii | ||
| Reading and Review Tools | xii | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | xii | ||
| Chapter Features | xii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| Unit I Fundamentals of Nursing | 1 | ||
| 1 The Evolution of Nursing | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key Terms | 1 | ||
| The History of Nursing and Nursing Education | 1 | ||
| Care of the Sick during Early Civilization | 1 | ||
| Nursing Education in the Nineteenth Century | 2 | ||
| Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) | 2 | ||
| Nursing From Occupation to Profession | 3 | ||
| Development of Nursing Education in the United States | 3 | ||
| Changes in Nursing during the Twentieth Century | 4 | ||
| Licensing | 4 | ||
| World War I | 5 | ||
| World War II | 5 | ||
| Contemporary Nursing | 5 | ||
| Nursing Caps, Uniforms, and Pins | 7 | ||
| Significant Changes in Nursing for the Twenty-First Century | 7 | ||
| Demographic Changes | 7 | ||
| Women’s Health Care Issues | 8 | ||
| Men in Nursing | 8 | ||
| Human Rights | 8 | ||
| Medically Underserved | 8 | ||
| Nursing Shortage | 9 | ||
| Development of Practical and Vocational Nursing | 9 | ||
| Attendant Nurses | 9 | ||
| Practical Nursing Programs | 9 | ||
| Organizational Influence | 9 | ||
| Program Credentialing | 10 | ||
| Contemporary Practical and Vocational Nursing Education | 10 | ||
| Career Advancement | 10 | ||
| Factors That Influenced Practical and Vocational Nursing | 10 | ||
| The Need for Trained Caregivers | 10 | ||
| World War I | 10 | ||
| The Self-Taught Practical Nurse | 11 | ||
| Duties of Licensed Practical Nurses and Licensed Vocational Nurses | 11 | ||
| Position Paper of the American Nurses Association | 11 | ||
| Licensure for Practical and Vocational Nursing | 11 | ||
| Laws That Monitor the Licensed Practical Nurse and the Licensed Vocational Nurse | 11 | ||
| Health Care Delivery Systems | 11 | ||
| Health Care System Defined | 12 | ||
| Wellness-Illness Continuum | 12 | ||
| Maslow’s Model of Health and Illness | 12 | ||
| Health Promotion and Illness Prevention | 12 | ||
| Continuity of Care | 13 | ||
| Delivery of Patient Care | 13 | ||
| Participants in the Health Care System | 13 | ||
| Professional Health Care Specialists | 13 | ||
| Registered Nurses | 13 | ||
| Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurses | 13 | ||
| Other Caregivers | 13 | ||
| Technologists, Medical Technicians, and Paraprofessionals | 14 | ||
| Economic Factors That Affect Health and Illness | 14 | ||
| Rising Health Care Costs | 14 | ||
| Increasing number of aging Americans. | 14 | ||
| Advances in technology. | 14 | ||
| Health care insurance. | 14 | ||
| Malpractice insurance. | 14 | ||
| Changes in Delivery System | 14 | ||
| Social and Environmental Factors That Affect Health and Illness | 15 | ||
| Health Promotion | 15 | ||
| Patients’ Rights | 15 | ||
| Health Care Providers’ Rights | 16 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Approach to Health Care | 16 | ||
| Care Plan | 16 | ||
| Communication | 16 | ||
| Documentation | 16 | ||
| Nursing Care Models | 17 | ||
| Contemporary Practical and Vocational Nursing Care | 17 | ||
| Practical/Vocational Nursing Defined | 17 | ||
| Objectives and Characteristics of Practical/Vocational Nursing Education | 18 | ||
| Roles and Responsibilities | 18 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 19 | ||
| Key Points | 19 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 19 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 19 | ||
| 2 Legal and Ethical Aspects of Nursing | 21 | ||
| Objectives | 21 | ||
| Key Terms | 21 | ||
| Legal Aspects of Nursing | 21 | ||
| Overview of the Legal System | 22 | ||
| Negligence | 22 | ||
| Malpractice | 22 | ||
| Overview of the Legal Process | 23 | ||
| Legal Relationships | 24 | ||
| Regulation of Practice | 25 | ||
| Legal Issues | 26 | ||
| Patients’ Rights | 26 | ||
| Informed Consent | 26 | ||
| Confidentiality | 28 | ||
| Medical Records | 28 | ||
| Invasion of Privacy | 29 | ||
| Reporting Abuse | 29 | ||
| How to Avoid a Lawsuit | 29 | ||
| Insurance | 30 | ||
| Professional Liability Insurance | 30 | ||
| Disciplinary Defense Insurance | 30 | ||
| The Disciplinary Process | 30 | ||
| Potential Sanctions Against a Nursing License | 30 | ||
| Ethical Aspects of Nursing | 31 | ||
| Advance Directives | 31 | ||
| Development of Ethical Principles | 33 | ||
| Ethical Principles in Nursing Practice | 34 | ||
| Codes of Ethics | 34 | ||
| Reporting Unethical Behavior | 35 | ||
| Ethical Issues | 35 | ||
| Practitioner-Assisted Suicide | 35 | ||
| Right to Refuse Treatment | 35 | ||
| Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders | 35 | ||
| Refusal to Treat | 35 | ||
| Conclusion | 36 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 36 | ||
| Key Points | 36 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 36 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 36 | ||
| 3 Documentation | 38 | ||
| Objectives | 38 | ||
| Key Terms | 38 | ||
| Purposes of Patient Records | 39 | ||
| Electronic Health Record | 40 | ||
| SBAR | 41 | ||
| Basic Guidelines for Documentation | 41 | ||
| Charting Rules | 41 | ||
| Legal Basis of Documentation | 42 | ||
| Common Medical Abbreviations and Terminology | 42 | ||
| Methods of Recording | 42 | ||
| Traditional Chart | 43 | ||
| Problem-Oriented Medical Record | 44 | ||
| Focus Charting Format | 45 | ||
| Charting by Exception | 46 | ||
| Record-Keeping Forms and Examples | 47 | ||
| Incident Reports | 47 | ||
| Twenty-Four–Hour Patient Care Records and Acuity Charting Forms | 47 | ||
| Discharge Summary Forms | 50 | ||
| Documentation and Clinical (Critical) Pathways | 51 | ||
| Home Health Care Documentation | 53 | ||
| Long-Term Health Care Documentation | 53 | ||
| Special Issues in Documentation | 53 | ||
| Record Ownership and Access | 53 | ||
| Confidentiality | 54 | ||
| Electronic Documentation Safeguards | 54 | ||
| Use of Fax Machines | 54 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 55 | ||
| Key Points | 55 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 56 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 56 | ||
| 4 Communication | 58 | ||
| Objectives | 58 | ||
| Key Terms | 58 | ||
| Overview of Communication | 58 | ||
| Verbal Communication | 59 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 59 | ||
| Voice | 59 | ||
| Eye Contact | 59 | ||
| Physical Appearance | 60 | ||
| Gestures. | 60 | ||
| Posture. | 60 | ||
| Consistency of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication | 61 | ||
| Styles of Communication | 61 | ||
| Assertive Communication | 61 | ||
| Aggressive Communication | 62 | ||
| Unassertive Communication | 62 | ||
| Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship | 62 | ||
| Communication Techniques | 62 | ||
| Nonverbal Therapeutic Communication Techniques | 63 | ||
| Listening | 63 | ||
| Silence | 63 | ||
| Touch | 64 | ||
| Verbal Therapeutic Communication Techniques | 64 | ||
| Conveying Acceptance | 64 | ||
| Questioning: Closed | 65 | ||
| Questioning: Open-Ended | 65 | ||
| Restating | 65 | ||
| Paraphrasing | 65 | ||
| Clarifying | 65 | ||
| Focusing | 67 | ||
| Reflecting | 67 | ||
| Stating Observations | 68 | ||
| Offering Information | 68 | ||
| Summarizing | 68 | ||
| Use of Humor | 68 | ||
| Factors That Affect Communication | 68 | ||
| Posturing and Positioning | 68 | ||
| Space and Territoriality | 69 | ||
| Environment | 69 | ||
| Level of Trust | 69 | ||
| Language Barriers | 69 | ||
| Culture | 70 | ||
| Age and Gender | 70 | ||
| Physiologic Factors | 71 | ||
| Psychosocial Factors | 72 | ||
| Blocks to Communication | 72 | ||
| NURSING PROCESS | 72 | ||
| Assessment | 72 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 72 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 72 | ||
| Implementation | 74 | ||
| Evaluation | 74 | ||
| Communication in Special Situations | 74 | ||
| Patients with Ventilator Dependence | 74 | ||
| Patients with Aphasia | 75 | ||
| Unresponsive Patients | 75 | ||
| Conclusion | 75 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 76 | ||
| Key Points | 76 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 76 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 76 | ||
| 5 Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | 78 | ||
| Objectives | 78 | ||
| Key Terms | 78 | ||
| Assessment Data | 78 | ||
| Types of Data | 79 | ||
| Sources of Data | 79 | ||
| Methods of Data Collection | 80 | ||
| Data Clustering | 80 | ||
| Diagnosis | 80 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Components of a Nursing Diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Title or label. | 81 | ||
| Definition. | 81 | ||
| Contributing, etiologic, and related factors and risk factors. | 82 | ||
| Defining characteristics. | 82 | ||
| Writing Nursing Diagnosis Statements | 82 | ||
| Actual nursing diagnosis. | 82 | ||
| Risk nursing diagnosis. | 83 | ||
| Syndrome nursing diagnosis. | 83 | ||
| Health promotion nursing diagnosis. | 83 | ||
| Other Types of Health Problems | 83 | ||
| Collaborative Problems | 83 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 83 | ||
| Differentiation of Medical and Nursing Diagnoses | 83 | ||
| Outcomes Identification | 84 | ||
| Planning | 85 | ||
| Priority Setting | 85 | ||
| Selecting Nursing Interventions | 85 | ||
| Writing Nursing Interventions | 86 | ||
| Communicating the Nursing Care Plan | 86 | ||
| Linear Care Plans versus Concept Maps | 86 | ||
| Implementation | 87 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 88 | ||
| Evaluation | 88 | ||
| Standardized Languages: NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC | 88 | ||
| Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) | 89 | ||
| Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) | 89 | ||
| Role of the Licensed Practical/ Vocational Nurse | 89 | ||
| Nursing Diagnoses and Clinical Pathways | 90 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 90 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 92 | ||
| Key Points | 92 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 92 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 92 | ||
| 6 Cultural and Ethnic Considerations | 94 | ||
| Objectives | 94 | ||
| Key Terms | 94 | ||
| Culture Defined | 94 | ||
| Cultural Competence and Transcultural Nursing | 95 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity | 96 | ||
| Ethnic and Racial Groups in the United States | 97 | ||
| Culturally Related Assessments | 97 | ||
| Communication | 97 | ||
| Space | 99 | ||
| Time | 99 | ||
| Social Organization | 100 | ||
| Religious Beliefs and Health Care | 100 | ||
| Health Practices | 105 | ||
| Biological Variations | 107 | ||
| The Nursing Process and Cultural Factors | 107 | ||
| Cultural Practices of Specific Groups | 108 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 114 | ||
| Key Points | 114 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 114 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 114 | ||
| Unit II Fundamentals of Clinical Practice | 116 | ||
| 7 Asepsis and Infection Control | 116 | ||
| Objectives | 116 | ||
| Key Terms | 116 | ||
| Asepsis | 116 | ||
| Infection | 117 | ||
| Infectious Agent | 117 | ||
| Bacteria | 117 | ||
| Viruses | 119 | ||
| Fungi | 121 | ||
| Protozoa | 121 | ||
| Reservoir | 121 | ||
| Portal of Exit | 121 | ||
| Mode of Transmission | 121 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 122 | ||
| Host | 122 | ||
| Infectious Process | 123 | ||
| Inflammatory Response | 124 | ||
| Health Care–Associated Infections | 124 | ||
| Infection Prevention and Control Team | 125 | ||
| Infection Control Nurse | 125 | ||
| Occupational Health Service | 125 | ||
| Standard Precautions | 126 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 126 | ||
| Gloving | 131 | ||
| Latex Allergy | 131 | ||
| Gowning | 132 | ||
| Mask and Protective Eyewear | 132 | ||
| Disposing of Contaminated Equipment | 134 | ||
| Handling Linen | 135 | ||
| Isolation Technique | 135 | ||
| Pulmonary Tuberculosis Precautions | 137 | ||
| Surgical Asepsis | 139 | ||
| Principles of Sterile Technique | 141 | ||
| Surgical Hand Scrub | 141 | ||
| Managing Sterile Packages | 145 | ||
| Preparing a Sterile Field | 145 | ||
| Pouring Sterile Solutions | 146 | ||
| Donning a Sterile Gown | 147 | ||
| Donning Sterile Gloves | 147 | ||
| Closed Gloving | 147 | ||
| Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization | 147 | ||
| Cleaning | 147 | ||
| Disinfection | 152 | ||
| Sterilization | 152 | ||
| Patient Teaching for Infection Prevention and Control | 153 | ||
| Infection Prevention and Control for Home and Hospice Settings | 153 | ||
| Nursing Process | 154 | ||
| Assessment | 154 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 154 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 155 | ||
| Implementation | 155 | ||
| Evaluation | 155 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 156 | ||
| Key Points | 156 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 157 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 157 | ||
| 8 Body Mechanics and Patient Mobility | 159 | ||
| Objectives | 159 | ||
| Key Terms | 159 | ||
| Use of Appropriate Body Mechanics | 161 | ||
| Positioning of Patients | 162 | ||
| Mobility Versus Immobility | 166 | ||
| Neurovascular Function | 166 | ||
| Performance of Range-of-Motion Exercises | 169 | ||
| Continuous Passive Motion Machines | 172 | ||
| Moving the Patient | 174 | ||
| Use of the Lift for Moving Patients | 179 | ||
| Nursing Process for Patient Mobility | 179 | ||
| Assessment | 179 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 181 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 181 | ||
| Implementation | 181 | ||
| Evaluation | 182 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 183 | ||
| Key Points | 183 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 183 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 183 | ||
| 9 Hygiene and Care of the Patient’s Environment | 185 | ||
| Objectives | 185 | ||
| Key Terms | 185 | ||
| Patient’s Room Environment | 186 | ||
| Maintaining Comfort | 186 | ||
| Room Equipment | 188 | ||
| Bathing | 190 | ||
| Cool Water Tub Bath | 191 | ||
| Warm Water Tub Bath | 191 | ||
| Hot Water Tub Bath | 191 | ||
| Sitz Bath | 191 | ||
| Other Baths | 191 | ||
| Back Care and Back Rub | 191 | ||
| Components of the Patient’s Hygiene | 200 | ||
| Care of the Skin | 200 | ||
| Data Collection | 200 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 200 | ||
| Definition and staging. | 201 | ||
| Stage I. | 201 | ||
| Stage II. | 202 | ||
| Stage III. | 202 | ||
| Stage IV. | 202 | ||
| Unstageable/unclassified. | 202 | ||
| Suspected deep tissue injury. | 202 | ||
| Interventions. | 202 | ||
| Oral Hygiene | 202 | ||
| Hair Care | 207 | ||
| Shaving the Patient | 207 | ||
| Hand, Foot, and Nail Care | 207 | ||
| Perineal Care | 207 | ||
| Perineal Care for the Patient With an Indwelling Catheter | 213 | ||
| Eye, Ear, and Nose Care | 213 | ||
| Care of the Eyes | 213 | ||
| Care of the Ears | 213 | ||
| Hearing aids. | 214 | ||
| Care of the Nose | 214 | ||
| Bed Making | 214 | ||
| Assisting the Patient with Elimination | 218 | ||
| Care of the Incontinent Patient | 220 | ||
| Nursing Process for Hygiene | 221 | ||
| Assessment | 222 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 222 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 222 | ||
| Implementation | 223 | ||
| Evaluation | 225 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 225 | ||
| Key Points | 225 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 225 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 226 | ||
| 10 Safety | 228 | ||
| Objectives | 228 | ||
| Key Terms | 228 | ||
| Safety in the Hospital or Health Care Environment | 228 | ||
| Falls | 229 | ||
| Infants and Children | 230 | ||
| Older Adults | 230 | ||
| Safety Reminder Devices | 231 | ||
| Latex Sensitivity | 238 | ||
| Electrical Hazards | 238 | ||
| Radiation | 238 | ||
| Mercury Spill | 238 | ||
| Workplace Safety | 239 | ||
| Fire Safety | 239 | ||
| Accidental Poisoning | 244 | ||
| Disaster Planning | 244 | ||
| Terrorism | 245 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 246 | ||
| Bioterrorist Attacks | 247 | ||
| Terrorism by Nuclear Exposure | 248 | ||
| Chemical Terrorism | 248 | ||
| Nursing Process for Patient Safety | 249 | ||
| Assessment | 249 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 249 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 249 | ||
| Implementation | 249 | ||
| Evaluation | 249 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 250 | ||
| Key Points | 250 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 251 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 251 | ||
| Unit III Introduction to Nursing Interventions | 253 | ||
| 11 Vital Signs | 253 | ||
| Objectives | 253 | ||
| Key Terms | 253 | ||
| Guidelines for Obtaining Vital Signs | 254 | ||
| When to Assess Vital Signs | 254 | ||
| Recording Vital Signs | 256 | ||
| Temperature | 256 | ||
| The Body’s Regulation of Temperature | 256 | ||
| Obtaining Temperature Measurements | 259 | ||
| Auscultating with the Stethoscope | 264 | ||
| Pulse | 265 | ||
| The Body’s Regulation of Pulse | 265 | ||
| Obtaining Pulse Measurements | 266 | ||
| Respiration | 269 | ||
| Respiratory Function | 269 | ||
| Assessment of Respiration | 271 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 272 | ||
| Factors That Determine Blood Pressure | 272 | ||
| Obtaining Blood Pressure Measurements | 274 | ||
| Assessment of Blood Pressure in the Lower Extremities | 276 | ||
| Electronic Measurement Devices | 278 | ||
| Self-Measurement | 278 | ||
| Height and Weight | 281 | ||
| Obtaining Weight Measurements | 281 | ||
| Obtaining Height Measurements | 282 | ||
| Nursing Process | 282 | ||
| Assessment | 282 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 282 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 282 | ||
| Implementation | 283 | ||
| Evaluation | 283 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 283 | ||
| Key Points | 283 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 283 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 283 | ||
| 12 Physical Assessment | 286 | ||
| Objectives | 286 | ||
| Key Terms | 286 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 286 | ||
| Disease and Diagnosis | 287 | ||
| Origins of Disease | 287 | ||
| Risk Factors for Development of Disease | 288 | ||
| Terms Used to Describe Disease | 288 | ||
| Frequently Noted Signs and Symptoms of Disease | 288 | ||
| Assessment | 290 | ||
| Medical Assessment | 290 | ||
| Nursing Assessment | 292 | ||
| Initiating the Nurse-Patient Relationship | 293 | ||
| The Interview | 294 | ||
| Nursing Health History | 295 | ||
| Biographic Data | 295 | ||
| Reasons for Seeking Health Care | 295 | ||
| Present Illness or Health Concerns | 296 | ||
| Health History | 296 | ||
| Family History | 296 | ||
| Environmental History | 296 | ||
| Psychosocial and Cultural History | 296 | ||
| Review of Systems | 296 | ||
| Nursing Physical Assessment | 298 | ||
| When to Perform a Nursing Physical Assessment | 298 | ||
| Where to Perform a Nursing Physical Assessment | 300 | ||
| Methods of Performing a Nursing Physical Assessment | 300 | ||
| Performing the Nursing Physical Assessment | 300 | ||
| Head-to-toe assessment. | 301 | ||
| Neurologic. | 301 | ||
| Vital signs. | 302 | ||
| Glasgow coma scale. | 302 | ||
| Skin and hair. | 302 | ||
| Head and neck. | 303 | ||
| Mouth and throat. | 303 | ||
| Eyes. | 303 | ||
| Ears. | 303 | ||
| Nose. | 304 | ||
| Chest, lungs, heart, and vascular system. | 304 | ||
| Breasts. | 304 | ||
| Lung sounds. | 304 | ||
| Spine. | 305 | ||
| Heart sounds. | 305 | ||
| Peripheral vascular system. | 306 | ||
| Gastrointestinal system. | 308 | ||
| Genitourinary system. | 309 | ||
| Rectum. | 309 | ||
| Legs and feet. | 310 | ||
| Documenting the Interview and the Assessment | 310 | ||
| Telephone Consultation | 310 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 311 | ||
| Key Points | 311 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 311 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 311 | ||
| 13 Admission, Transfer, and Discharge | 313 | ||
| Objectives | 313 | ||
| Key Terms | 313 | ||
| Common Patient Reactions to Hospitalization | 313 | ||
| Cultural Considerations for the Hospitalized Patient or Long-Term Care Resident | 314 | ||
| Admitting a Patient | 314 | ||
| Nursing Process for Patient Admission | 318 | ||
| Assessment | 318 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 318 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 319 | ||
| Implementation | 319 | ||
| Evaluation | 321 | ||
| Transferring a Patient | 321 | ||
| Nursing Process for Patient Transfer | 322 | ||
| Assessment | 322 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 322 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 322 | ||
| Implementation | 322 | ||
| Evaluation | 322 | ||
| Discharging a Patient | 323 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 323 | ||
| Referrals for Health Care Services | 326 | ||
| The Discharge Process | 327 | ||
| Nursing Process for Patient Discharge | 327 | ||
| Assessment | 327 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 327 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 327 | ||
| Implementation | 329 | ||
| Evaluation | 329 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 329 | ||
| Key Points | 329 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 329 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 329 | ||
| 14 Surgical Wound Care | 332 | ||
| Objectives | 332 | ||
| Key Terms | 332 | ||
| Wound Classification | 332 | ||
| Wound Healing | 334 | ||
| Phases of Wound Healing | 334 | ||
| Process of Wound Healing | 334 | ||
| Factors That Affect Wound Healing | 335 | ||
| Surgical Wound | 335 | ||
| Standard Steps in Wound Care | 337 | ||
| Care of the Incision | 338 | ||
| Wet-to-Dry Dressing | 339 | ||
| Transparent Dressings | 341 | ||
| Irrigations | 343 | ||
| Complications of Wound Healing | 347 | ||
| Staple and Suture Removal | 348 | ||
| Exudate and Drainage | 348 | ||
| Drainage Systems | 351 | ||
| T-Tube Drainage System | 351 | ||
| Wound Vacuum-Assisted Closure | 353 | ||
| Bandages and Binders | 354 | ||
| Nursing Process | 357 | ||
| Assessment | 357 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 361 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 361 | ||
| Implementation | 362 | ||
| Evaluation | 362 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 364 | ||
| Key Points | 364 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 364 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 364 | ||
| 15 Specimen Collection and Diagnostic Testing | 366 | ||
| Objectives | 366 | ||
| Key Terms | 366 | ||
| Diagnostic Examination | 366 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 383 | ||
| Guidelines for Specimen Collection | 383 | ||
| Collecting a Midstream Urine Specimen | 385 | ||
| Collecting a Sterile Urine Specimen | 385 | ||
| Collecting a 24-Hour Urine Specimen | 387 | ||
| Measuring Blood Glucose Levels | 387 | ||
| Collecting a Stool Specimen | 387 | ||
| Determining the Presence of Occult Blood in Stool (Guaiac) | 390 | ||
| Determining the Presence of Occult Blood in Gastric Secretions or Emesis (Gastroccult Test) | 390 | ||
| Collecting a Sputum Specimen | 390 | ||
| Collecting a Sputum Specimen by Suction | 390 | ||
| Obtaining a Wound Culture | 390 | ||
| Collecting Specimens From the Nose and Throat | 397 | ||
| Collecting a Blood Specimen (Venipuncture) and Blood for Culture | 397 | ||
| Collection Methods | 400 | ||
| Collection Tubes | 400 | ||
| Types of collection tubes. | 400 | ||
| Labeling collection tubes. | 401 | ||
| Selecting a Venipuncture Site | 401 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 402 | ||
| Nursing Process for Specimen Collection and Diagnostic Testing | 402 | ||
| Assessment | 404 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 404 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 408 | ||
| All Specimens | 408 | ||
| 24-Hour Urine Collection | 408 | ||
| Urine and Stool Specimens | 408 | ||
| Sputum Specimen Obtained by Suction | 408 | ||
| Wound Drainage Specimen | 408 | ||
| Contrast Media Studies | 408 | ||
| Nuclear Imaging Studies (Scans) | 410 | ||
| Implementation | 410 | ||
| Evaluation | 410 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 411 | ||
| Key Points | 411 | ||
| Additional Resources | 412 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 412 | ||
| 16 Care of Patients Experiencing Urgent Alterations in Health | 414 | ||
| Objectives | 414 | ||
| Key Terms | 414 | ||
| Obtaining Medical Emergency Aid | 415 | ||
| Moral and Legal Responsibilities of the Nurse | 415 | ||
| Assessment of the Emergency Situation | 415 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) | 416 | ||
| Ethical Implications | 416 | ||
| Events Necessitating CPR | 416 | ||
| Initial Assessment and Response | 417 | ||
| The CABs of CPR | 417 | ||
| Circulation | 417 | ||
| Airway | 418 | ||
| Unit IV Nursing Care Across the Life Span | 697 | ||
| 23 Life Span Development | 697 | ||
| Objectives | 697 | ||
| Key Terms | 697 | ||
| Health Promotion Across the Life Span | 698 | ||
| Growth and Development | 699 | ||
| Patterns of Growth | 699 | ||
| Beginnings | 699 | ||
| Ethical Considerations | 699 | ||
| The Family | 700 | ||
| Types of Families | 700 | ||
| Nuclear Family | 700 | ||
| Extended Family | 701 | ||
| Single-Parent Family | 701 | ||
| Blended (Reconstituted) Family | 701 | ||
| Social Contract Family and Cohabitation | 701 | ||
| Homosexual Family | 701 | ||
| Adoptive Family | 701 | ||
| Grandfamilies | 701 | ||
| Foster Family | 701 | ||
| Family Patterns | 701 | ||
| Stages of Family Development | 702 | ||
| Engagement or Commitment Stage | 702 | ||
| Establishment Stage | 702 | ||
| Expectant Stage | 702 | ||
| Ethical considerations. | 703 | ||
| Parenthood Stage | 703 | ||
| Disengagement Stage of Parenthood | 703 | ||
| Senescence Stage | 703 | ||
| Causes of Family Stress | 703 | ||
| Chronic Illness | 704 | ||
| Working Mothers | 704 | ||
| Abuse | 704 | ||
| Divorce | 704 | ||
| Stages of Growth and Development | 705 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 705 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 705 | ||
| Communication and Language | 705 | ||
| Infancy: 1 to 12 Months | 706 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 706 | ||
| Vital signs. | 707 | ||
| Dentition. | 707 | ||
| Motor Development | 707 | ||
| Locomotion. | 707 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 707 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 707 | ||
| Health Promotion | 708 | ||
| Nutrition. | 708 | ||
| Sleep, play activity, and safety. | 709 | ||
| Toddler: 1 to 3 Years | 710 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 710 | ||
| Vital signs. | 710 | ||
| Neuromuscular Development | 710 | ||
| Toilet training. | 711 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 711 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 712 | ||
| Communication and Language | 712 | ||
| Health Promotion | 712 | ||
| Nutrition. | 712 | ||
| Sleep, play activity, and safety. | 712 | ||
| Preschool: 3 to 5 Years | 713 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 713 | ||
| Vital signs. | 713 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 714 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 714 | ||
| Communication and Language | 714 | ||
| Health Promotion | 715 | ||
| Nutrition. | 715 | ||
| Sleep, play activity, and safety. | 715 | ||
| School Age: 6 to 12 Years | 716 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 716 | ||
| Vital Signs. | 716 | ||
| Dentition. | 716 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 716 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 717 | ||
| Communication and Language | 717 | ||
| Health Promotion | 717 | ||
| Nutrition. | 717 | ||
| Sleep, play activity, and safety. | 718 | ||
| Adolescence: 12 to 19 Years | 719 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 719 | ||
| Vital signs. | 719 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 720 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 720 | ||
| Moral Development | 720 | ||
| Health Promotion | 721 | ||
| Nutrition. | 721 | ||
| Sleep, play activity, and safety. | 721 | ||
| Emotional health. | 721 | ||
| Early Adulthood: 20 to 40 Years | 722 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 722 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 723 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 723 | ||
| Health Promotion | 723 | ||
| Nutrition. | 723 | ||
| Rest and sleep. | 723 | ||
| Physical and dental examinations. | 723 | ||
| Safety. | 724 | ||
| Middle Adulthood: 40 to 65 Years | 724 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 724 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 725 | ||
| Health Promotion | 725 | ||
| Nutrition. | 725 | ||
| Physical and dental examinations. | 726 | ||
| Sleep and rest. | 726 | ||
| Late Adulthood: 65 Years and Older | 726 | ||
| Ageism | 727 | ||
| Biologic Theories of Aging | 727 | ||
| Autoimmunity theory. | 728 | ||
| Free radical theory. | 728 | ||
| Wear-and-tear theory. | 728 | ||
| Biologic programming theory. | 728 | ||
| Psychological Theories of Aging | 728 | ||
| Disengagement theory. | 728 | ||
| Activity theory. | 728 | ||
| Continuity theory. | 728 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 728 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 729 | ||
| Family Roles | 731 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 731 | ||
| Memory. | 731 | ||
| Health Promotion | 731 | ||
| Nutrition. | 732 | ||
| Activity. | 732 | ||
| Sleep. | 732 | ||
| Safety. | 732 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 732 | ||
| Key Points | 732 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 733 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 733 | ||
| 24 Loss, Grief, Dying, and Death | 735 | ||
| Objectives | 735 | ||
| Key Terms | 735 | ||
| Changes in Health Care Related to Dying and Death | 736 | ||
| Historical Overview | 736 | ||
| Loss | 736 | ||
| Grief | 737 | ||
| Sense of Presence | 738 | ||
| Grief Attacks | 738 | ||
| Nurses’ Grief | 738 | ||
| Stages of Grief and Dying | 739 | ||
| Complicated Grief | 741 | ||
| Supportive Care during the Dying and Grieving Process | 741 | ||
| Assessment | 741 | ||
| Physical assessment. | 741 | ||
| Emotional assessment. | 741 | ||
| Intellectual assessment. | 741 | ||
| Sociocultural assessment. | 744 | ||
| Spiritual assessment. | 744 | ||
| Shock and Denial | 745 | ||
| Nursing Process in Loss And Grief | 745 | ||
| Assessment | 745 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 746 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 746 | ||
| Implementation | 747 | ||
| Evaluation | 747 | ||
| Special Supportive Care | 748 | ||
| Perinatal Death | 748 | ||
| Pediatric Death | 748 | ||
| Suicide | 750 | ||
| Gerontologic Death | 750 | ||
| Sudden or Unexpected Death | 750 | ||
| Issues Related to Dying and Death | 750 | ||
| Euthanasia | 750 | ||
| Do Not Resuscitate | 750 | ||
| Advance Directives | 751 | ||
| Organ Donations | 751 | ||
| Rights of Dying Patients | 751 | ||
| Fraudulent Methods of Treatment | 752 | ||
| The Dying Patient | 752 | ||
| Communicating with the Dying Patient | 752 | ||
| Assisting the Patient in Saying Good-Bye | 752 | ||
| Palliative Care | 753 | ||
| Physical Care | 753 | ||
| Assessments and Interventions | 754 | ||
| Inquest | 756 | ||
| Postmortem Care | 756 | ||
| Documentation | 758 | ||
| The Grieving Family | 758 | ||
| Support | 758 | ||
| Resolution of Grief | 759 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 759 | ||
| Key Points | 759 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 759 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 760 | ||
| 25 Health Promotion and Pregnancy | 762 | ||
| Objectives | 762 | ||
| Key Terms | 762 | ||
| Physiology of Pregnancy | 762 | ||
| Fertilization | 763 | ||
| Implantation | 763 | ||
| Embryonic and Fetal Development | 764 | ||
| Embryonic and Fetal Physiology | 764 | ||
| Placenta | 764 | ||
| Fetal Membranes | 764 | ||
| Umbilical Cord | 772 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid | 772 | ||
| Assessment of Fetal Well-Being | 772 | ||
| Fetal Heart Tones | 772 | ||
| Fundal Height | 772 | ||
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Levels | 773 | ||
| Ultrasound Scan | 774 | ||
| Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening (Quadruple Marker Screening) | 774 | ||
| Nuchal Translucency Testing | 775 | ||
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | 775 | ||
| Amniocentesis | 775 | ||
| Nonstress Test | 776 | ||
| Contraction Stress Test | 776 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 776 | ||
| Biophysical Profile | 776 | ||
| Maternal Physiology | 776 | ||
| Hormonal Changes | 776 | ||
| Uterus | 777 | ||
| Breasts | 777 | ||
| Cycles of Pregnancy and Childbirth | 778 | ||
| Antepartal Assessment | 778 | ||
| General Physical Assessment | 778 | ||
| Genetic Counseling | 778 | ||
| Obstetric Assessment | 778 | ||
| Gynecologic Examination | 779 | ||
| Determination of Pregnancy | 779 | ||
| Presumptive Signs | 779 | ||
| Probable Signs | 779 | ||
| Positive Signs | 780 | ||
| Determination of the Estimated Date of Birth | 780 | ||
| Obstetric Terminology | 780 | ||
| Antepartal Care | 781 | ||
| Health Promotion | 781 | ||
| Danger Signs during Pregnancy | 782 | ||
| Nutritional and Metabolic Health Pattern | 783 | ||
| Pica | 783 | ||
| Common Discomforts | 783 | ||
| Skin Changes | 783 | ||
| Changes in the Cardiovascular System | 784 | ||
| Changes in the Respiratory System | 784 | ||
| Changes in the Musculoskeletal System | 784 | ||
| Hygiene Practices | 785 | ||
| Elimination | 786 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 786 | ||
| Urinary System | 786 | ||
| Activity and Exercise | 786 | ||
| Rest and Sleep | 787 | ||
| Sexuality and Reproductive System | 787 | ||
| Breast Changes | 787 | ||
| Sexual Activity | 787 | ||
| Vaginal Bleeding | 788 | ||
| Coping and Stress Tolerance | 788 | ||
| Roles, Relationships, and Adaptation | 789 | ||
| Self-Perception and Self-Concept | 789 | ||
| Cognitive and Perceptual Changes | 789 | ||
| Preparation for Childbirth | 789 | ||
| Childbirth Preparation Classes | 790 | ||
| Cultural Variations in Prenatal Care | 790 | ||
| Nursing Process for Normal Pregnancy | 791 | ||
| Assessment | 791 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 791 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 791 | ||
| Implementation | 792 | ||
| Evaluation | 793 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 794 | ||
| Key Points | 794 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 794 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 794 | ||
| Fill in the Blank | 796 | ||
| 26 Labor and Delivery | 797 | ||
| Objectives | 797 | ||
| Key Terms | 797 | ||
| Birth Planning | 797 | ||
| Birth Setting Choices | 797 | ||
| Hospitals | 797 | ||
| Birthing Centers | 798 | ||
| Home | 798 | ||
| Normal Labor | 798 | ||
| Onset | 798 | ||
| Signs of Impending Labor | 798 | ||
| False Labor Versus True Labor | 799 | ||
| Labor and Delivery | 799 | ||
| Standard Precautions during Childbirth | 799 | ||
| Process of Labor and Delivery | 800 | ||
| Passageway | 800 | ||
| Pelvis. | 800 | ||
| Soft tissues. | 801 | ||
| Passenger | 801 | ||
| Fetus. | 801 | ||
| Fetal attitude. | 802 | ||
| Fetal presentation. | 802 | ||
| Fetal position. | 802 | ||
| Placenta. | 804 | ||
| Powers | 805 | ||
| Primary powers. | 805 | ||
| Secondary powers. | 806 | ||
| Position of the Woman in Labor | 806 | ||
| Psyche | 808 | ||
| Mechanisms of Labor | 808 | ||
| Stages of Labor and Delivery | 808 | ||
| First Stage: Dilation | 808 | ||
| Second Stage: Delivery of the Fetus | 809 | ||
| Third Stage: Delivery of the Placenta | 812 | ||
| Fourth Stage: Stabilization | 812 | ||
| Monitoring Fetal Status | 815 | ||
| Electronic Fetal Monitoring | 815 | ||
| Fetal Distress | 817 | ||
| Response of the Newborn to Birth | 819 | ||
| Nursing Assessment and Interventions | 820 | ||
| Health Perception and Health Management | 820 | ||
| Nutritional and Metabolic Pattern | 820 | ||
| Elimination | 821 | ||
| Activity and Exercise | 821 | ||
| Vaginal Examination | 821 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 821 | ||
| Coping and Stress Tolerance | 821 | ||
| Roles and Relationships | 822 | ||
| Doulas | 822 | ||
| Father or Partner During Labor | 822 | ||
| Self-Perception | 823 | ||
| Women With a History of Sexual Abuse | 823 | ||
| Cognitive and Perceptual Issues | 824 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 824 | ||
| Technique | 824 | ||
| Adverse Effects of General Anesthesia | 826 | ||
| Methods to Minimize Adverse Effects | 826 | ||
| Values and Beliefs | 826 | ||
| Non–English-Speaking Women in Labor | 826 | ||
| Precipitous Labor and Emergency Birth | 826 | ||
| Nursing Process for Normal Labor | 827 | ||
| Assessment | 827 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 827 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 827 | ||
| Implementation | 827 | ||
| Evaluation | 828 | ||
| Medical Interventions | 828 | ||
| Induction | 829 | ||
| Amniotomy | 829 | ||
| Prostaglandin Gel Application | 829 | ||
| Oxytocin Stimulation | 830 | ||
| Forceps Delivery | 830 | ||
| Vacuum Extraction | 831 | ||
| Cesarean Delivery | 831 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 832 | ||
| Key Points | 832 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 832 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 832 | ||
| True Labor or False Labor | 833 | ||
| 27 Care of the Mother and Newborn | 834 | ||
| Objectives | 834 | ||
| Key Terms | 834 | ||
| Anatomic and Physiologic Changes of the Mother | 834 | ||
| Reproductive Organs | 834 | ||
| Uterus | 834 | ||
| Cervix, Vagina, and Perineum | 835 | ||
| Lacerations of the genital tract. | 836 | ||
| Perineal lacerations. | 836 | ||
| Vaginal and urethral lacerations. | 837 | ||
| Cervical injuries. | 837 | ||
| Breasts | 837 | ||
| Other Body Systems | 837 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 837 | ||
| Urinary | 837 | ||
| Neurologic | 837 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 838 | ||
| Endocrine | 838 | ||
| Musculoskeletal | 839 | ||
| Integumentary | 839 | ||
| Immune | 839 | ||
| Transfer From the Recovery Area | 839 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of and Interventions for the Mother | 839 | ||
| Health Management and Health Perception | 839 | ||
| Parent-Newborn Relationships | 840 | ||
| Maternal Self-Image | 840 | ||
| Promoting Parenting Skills | 841 | ||
| Nutritional and Metabolic Issues | 844 | ||
| Recovery Stage | 844 | ||
| Later Postpartum Stage | 844 | ||
| Hygiene | 844 | ||
| Elimination | 845 | ||
| Recovery Stage | 845 | ||
| Later Postpartum Stage | 845 | ||
| Maintenance of Safety | 846 | ||
| Activity and Exercise | 846 | ||
| Recovery Stage | 846 | ||
| Later Postpartum Stage | 847 | ||
| Rest and Sleep | 847 | ||
| Reproductive Issues | 848 | ||
| Recovery Stage | 848 | ||
| Later Postpartum Stage | 848 | ||
| Lactation and breastfeeding. | 850 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 853 | ||
| Coping and Stress Tolerance | 853 | ||
| Signs of Potential Problems | 853 | ||
| Roles and Relationships | 854 | ||
| Self-Perception | 854 | ||
| Cognitive and Perceptual Issues | 854 | ||
| Nursing Process for the Postpartum Mother | 855 | ||
| Assessment | 855 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 855 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 855 | ||
| Implementation | 855 | ||
| Evaluation | 856 | ||
| Values and Beliefs | 857 | ||
| Preventing Infant Abduction | 857 | ||
| Discharge: before 24 Hours and after 48 Hours | 858 | ||
| Laws Relating to Discharge | 858 | ||
| Maternal Follow-Up Care | 859 | ||
| Well-Baby Follow-Up Care | 859 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Healthy Newborn | 859 | ||
| Assessment Immediately after Delivery | 859 | ||
| Characteristics | 859 | ||
| Body Size and Shape | 859 | ||
| Vital Signs | 859 | ||
| Skin | 859 | ||
| Color. | 859 | ||
| Appearance. | 860 | ||
| Head | 860 | ||
| Face. | 860 | ||
| Eyes. | 861 | ||
| Ears. | 861 | ||
| Umbilical Cord | 861 | ||
| Providing cord care. | 861 | ||
| Reflexes | 861 | ||
| Genitalia | 862 | ||
| Spine | 862 | ||
| Extremities | 862 | ||
| Nursing Assessment and Interventions for the Newborn | 865 | ||
| Health Management and Health Perception | 865 | ||
| Nutritional and Metabolic Issues | 866 | ||
| Nutritional Requirements | 866 | ||
| Hypothermia | 867 | ||
| Hygiene | 867 | ||
| Elimination | 868 | ||
| Rest and Sleep | 869 | ||
| Activity and Exercise | 869 | ||
| Parent-Child Attachment | 870 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 872 | ||
| Key Points | 872 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 872 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 872 | ||
| Fill in the Blank | 874 | ||
| 28 Care of the High-Risk Mother, Newborn, and Family With Special Needs | 875 | ||
| Objectives | 875 | ||
| Key Terms | 875 | ||
| Complications of Pregnancy | 877 | ||
| Hyperemesis Gravidarum | 878 | ||
| Etiology | 878 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 878 | ||
| Assessment | 878 | ||
| Medical Management | 878 | ||
| Nursing Interventions and Patient Teaching | 878 | ||
| Prognosis | 879 | ||
| Multifetal Pregnancy | 879 | ||
| Etiology | 879 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 879 | ||
| Unit V Fundamentals of Mental Health Nursing | 1110 | ||
| 33 Concepts of Mental Health | 1110 | ||
| Objectives | 1110 | ||
| Key Terms | 1110 | ||
| Historical Overview | 1111 | ||
| Basic Concepts Related to Mental Health | 1113 | ||
| Mental Health Continuum | 1113 | ||
| Personality and Self-Concept | 1114 | ||
| Stress | 1115 | ||
| Anxiety | 1115 | ||
| Motivation | 1116 | ||
| Frustration | 1116 | ||
| Conflict | 1116 | ||
| Adaptation and Coping | 1116 | ||
| How Illness Affects Mental Health | 1116 | ||
| Illness Behaviors | 1118 | ||
| Crisis | 1119 | ||
| Application of the Nursing Process | 1120 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1121 | ||
| Key Points | 1121 | ||
| Additional Resources | 1121 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1121 | ||
| 34 Care of the Patient With a Psychiatric Disorder | 1123 | ||
| Objectives | 1123 | ||
| Key Terms | 1123 | ||
| Types of Psychiatric Disorders | 1124 | ||
| Organic Mental Disorders | 1124 | ||
| Delirium | 1124 | ||
| Dementia | 1124 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 1124 | ||
| Positive Behavior Patterns | 1128 | ||
| Negative Behavior Patterns | 1128 | ||
| Subtypes of Schizophrenia | 1129 | ||
| Stages of Schizophrenia | 1129 | ||
| Major Mood Disorders | 1129 | ||
| Depression | 1129 | ||
| Bipolar Disorders | 1130 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1130 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 1131 | ||
| Phobias | 1132 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 1133 | ||
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | 1133 | ||
| Personality Disorders | 1134 | ||
| Sexual Disorders | 1134 | ||
| Psychophysiologic (Somatoform) Disorders | 1135 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 1135 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 1135 | ||
| Bulimia Nervosa | 1136 | ||
| Treatment Methods | 1136 | ||
| Communication and the Therapeutic Relationship | 1136 | ||
| Psychotherapy | 1136 | ||
| Limits of Confidentiality | 1136 | ||
| Electroconvulsive Therapy | 1137 | ||
| Psychopharmacology | 1138 | ||
| Antidepressants | 1138 | ||
| Serotonin syndrome. | 1138 | ||
| Antimanic Agents | 1141 | ||
| Antipsychotic Agents | 1141 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 1141 | ||
| Alternative Therapies | 1141 | ||
| Application of the Nursing Process | 1142 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1142 | ||
| Key Points | 1142 | ||
| Additional Resources | 1143 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1143 | ||
| 35 Care of the Patient With an Addictive Personality | 1145 | ||
| Objectives | 1145 | ||
| Key Terms | 1145 | ||
| Addiction | 1145 | ||
| Stages of Dependence | 1146 | ||
| Early Stages | 1146 | ||
| Middle Stage | 1147 | ||
| Late Stage | 1147 | ||
| Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism | 1147 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 1148 | ||
| Disorders Associated with Alcoholism | 1148 | ||
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | 1148 | ||
| Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome | 1148 | ||
| Delirium Tremens | 1148 | ||
| Korsakoff Psychosis and Wernicke Encephalopathy | 1148 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1149 | ||
| Assessment | 1149 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1149 | ||
| Nursing Diagnoses | 1150 | ||
| Nursing Interventions | 1150 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 1151 | ||
| Group therapy. | 1152 | ||
| Alcoholics Anonymous. | 1152 | ||
| Treatment centers. | 1152 | ||
| Pain management. | 1152 | ||
| Drug Abuse | 1152 | ||
| Depressants | 1153 | ||
| Opioid Analgesics | 1154 | ||
| Stimulants | 1155 | ||
| Caffeine | 1155 | ||
| Nicotine | 1155 | ||
| Cocaine | 1156 | ||
| Amphetamines | 1156 | ||
| Hallucinogens | 1156 | ||
| Phencyclidine | 1156 | ||
| Lysergic Acid Diethylamide | 1156 | ||
| 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine | 1157 | ||
| Ketamine | 1157 | ||
| Mescaline and Psilocybin | 1157 | ||
| Cannabis | 1157 | ||
| Inhalants | 1158 | ||
| Chemically Impaired Nurses | 1158 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1161 | ||
| Key Points | 1161 | ||
| Additional Resources | 1161 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1161 | ||
| Unit VI Fundamentals of Community Health Nursing | 1164 | ||
| 36 Home Health Nursing | 1164 | ||
| Objectives | 1164 | ||
| Key Terms | 1164 | ||
| Home Health Care Defined | 1165 | ||
| Historical Overview | 1165 | ||
| Types of Home Care Agencies | 1166 | ||
| Changes in Home Health Care | 1168 | ||
| Service Components | 1169 | ||
| Skilled Nursing | 1169 | ||
| Service Goals | 1169 | ||
| Provider Attributes | 1169 | ||
| Role of the LPN/LVN | 1170 | ||
| Provider Attributes | 1170 | ||
| Functions | 1170 | ||
| Physical Therapy | 1171 | ||
| Speech-Language Therapy | 1171 | ||
| Occupational Therapy | 1171 | ||
| Medical Social Services | 1172 | ||
| Homemaker–Home Health Aide | 1172 | ||
| The Typical Home Health Process | 1172 | ||
| Referral | 1172 | ||
| Admission | 1172 | ||
| Care Plan | 1173 | ||
| Visits | 1173 | ||
| Documentation | 1173 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 1173 | ||
| Quality Assurance, Assessment, and Improvement | 1174 | ||
| Reimbursement Sources | 1174 | ||
| Medicare | 1174 | ||
| Medicaid | 1175 | ||
| Third Party | 1175 | ||
| Private Pay | 1175 | ||
| Other Sources | 1175 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 1175 | ||
| Nursing Process for Home Health Care | 1175 | ||
| Assessment | 1176 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 1176 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 1177 | ||
| Implementation | 1177 | ||
| Evaluation | 1177 | ||
| Conclusion | 1177 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1178 | ||
| Key Points | 1178 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1178 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1178 | ||
| 37 Long-Term Care | 1180 | ||
| Objectives | 1180 | ||
| Key Terms | 1180 | ||
| Settings for Long-Term Care | 1181 | ||
| The Home | 1181 | ||
| Role of the Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse and the Registered Nurse in the Home Care Setting | 1183 | ||
| Hospice | 1183 | ||
| Community Resources | 1183 | ||
| Adult Daycare | 1183 | ||
| Transportation Services | 1184 | ||
| Respite Care | 1184 | ||
| Residential Care Settings | 1184 | ||
| Assisted Living | 1184 | ||
| Continuing Care Retirement Communities | 1185 | ||
| Institutional Settings | 1185 | ||
| Subacute Unit | 1185 | ||
| Long-Term Care Facility | 1186 | ||
| The long-term interdisciplinary care team. | 1186 | ||
| Legal, Ethical, and Financial Issues | 1188 | ||
| Functional assessment and documentation. | 1189 | ||
| Nursing Process | 1189 | ||
| Assessment | 1189 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 1190 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 1190 | ||
| Implementation | 1190 | ||
| Evaluation | 1191 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1191 | ||
| Key Points | 1191 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1191 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1191 | ||
| 38 Rehabilitation Nursing | 1193 | ||
| Objectives | 1193 | ||
| Key Terms | 1193 | ||
| Need for Rehabilitation | 1194 | ||
| Chronic Illness and Disability | 1194 | ||
| Chronicity | 1194 | ||
| Scope of Individuals Requiring Rehabilitation | 1194 | ||
| Goals of Rehabilitation | 1195 | ||
| Cornerstones of Rehabilitation | 1195 | ||
| Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan | 1195 | ||
| Rehabilitation Team | 1195 | ||
| Models of Team Functioning | 1196 | ||
| Rehabilitation Nurse | 1197 | ||
| Nursing Assessment | 1197 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 1198 | ||
| Nursing Interventions | 1198 | ||
| Family and Family-Centered Care | 1198 | ||
| Cross-Cultural Rehabilitation | 1198 | ||
| Issues in Rehabilitation | 1199 | ||
| Chronic Conditions Necessitating Rehabilitation Therapy | 1199 | ||
| Cardiac Rehabilitation | 1199 | ||
| Pulmonary Rehabilitation | 1199 | ||
| Polytrauma and Rehabilitation Nursing | 1200 | ||
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | 1200 | ||
| Disability | 1201 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injuries | 1201 | ||
| Postural Hypotension | 1202 | ||
| Autonomic Dysreflexia | 1202 | ||
| Heterotopic Ossification | 1204 | ||
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | 1204 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injuries | 1204 | ||
| Pediatric Rehabilitation Nursing | 1205 | ||
| Gerontologic Rehabilitation Nursing | 1207 | ||
| Conclusion | 1207 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1207 | ||
| Key Points | 1207 | ||
| Additional Resources | 1207 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1207 | ||
| 39 Hospice Care | 1209 | ||
| Objectives | 1209 | ||
| Key Terms | 1209 | ||
| Historical Overview | 1209 | ||
| Palliative Versus Curative Care | 1210 | ||
| Criteria for Admission to Hospice | 1211 | ||
| Goals of Hospice | 1212 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Team | 1212 | ||
| Medical Director | 1213 | ||
| Nurse Coordinator and Hospice Nurses | 1213 | ||
| Social Worker | 1214 | ||
| Spiritual Coordinator | 1214 | ||
| Volunteer Coordinator | 1214 | ||
| Bereavement Coordinator | 1214 | ||
| Hospice Pharmacist | 1215 | ||
| Nutrition Consultant | 1215 | ||
| Hospice Aide | 1215 | ||
| Other Services | 1215 | ||
| Palliative Care/Hospice | 1215 | ||
| Pain | 1216 | ||
| Nursing Interventions and Patient Teaching | 1217 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 1217 | ||
| Nursing Interventions and Patient Teaching | 1218 | ||
| Constipation | 1219 | ||
| Unit VII Adult Health Nursing | 1226 | ||
| 40 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology | 1226 | ||
| Objectives | 1226 | ||
| Key Terms | 1226 | ||
| Anatomical Terminology | 1226 | ||
| Body Planes | 1227 | ||
| Body Cavities | 1227 | ||
| Ventral Cavity | 1228 | ||
| Dorsal Cavity | 1228 | ||
| Abdominal Regions | 1228 | ||
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | 1228 | ||
| Structural Levels of Organization | 1228 | ||
| Cells | 1229 | ||
| Structural Parts of Cells | 1230 | ||
| Plasma membrane. | 1230 | ||
| Cytoplasm. | 1230 | ||
| Nucleus. | 1230 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum. | 1231 | ||
| Ribosomes. | 1231 | ||
| Mitochondria. | 1231 | ||
| Lysosomes. | 1231 | ||
| Golgi apparatus. | 1231 | ||
| Centrioles. | 1231 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 1231 | ||
| Cell Division | 1231 | ||
| Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes | 1232 | ||
| Active transport processes. | 1232 | ||
| Passive transport processes. | 1232 | ||
| Tissues | 1234 | ||
| Epithelial Tissue | 1234 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 1234 | ||
| Muscle Tissue | 1234 | ||
| Nervous Tissue | 1236 | ||
| Membranes | 1236 | ||
| Epithelial Membranes | 1236 | ||
| Mucous membranes. | 1236 | ||
| Serous membranes. | 1236 | ||
| Connective Tissue Membranes (Synovial Membranes) | 1236 | ||
| Organs and Systems | 1236 | ||
| Matching | 1239 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1238 | ||
| Key Points | 1238 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1238 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX-PN® Examination | 1238 | ||
| 41 Care of the Surgical Patient | 1240 | ||
| Objectives | 1240 | ||
| Key Terms | 1240 | ||
| Perioperative Nursing | 1242 | ||
| Influencing Factors | 1242 | ||
| Age | 1242 | ||
| Physical Condition | 1242 | ||
| Nutritional Factors | 1242 | ||
| Psychosocial Needs | 1243 | ||
| Socioeconomic and Cultural Needs | 1243 | ||
| Medications | 1244 | ||
| Education and Experience | 1245 | ||
| Preoperative Phase | 1245 | ||
| Preoperative Teaching | 1246 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation | 1247 | ||
| Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Imaging | 1248 | ||
| Informed Consent | 1248 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Preparation | 1248 | ||
| Skin Preparation | 1249 | ||
| Latex Allergy Considerations | 1249 | ||
| Respiratory Preparation | 1251 | ||
| Cardiovascular Considerations | 1253 | ||
| Vital Signs | 1256 | ||
| Genitourinary Considerations | 1256 | ||
| Surgical Wounds | 1259 | ||
| Pain | 1259 | ||
| Tubes | 1259 | ||
| Preoperative Medication | 1259 | ||
| Anesthesia | 1259 | ||
| General anesthesia. | 1259 | ||
| Regional anesthesia. | 1262 | ||
| Local anesthesia. | 1263 | ||
| Conscious sedation. | 1263 | ||
| Positioning the patient for surgery. | 1264 | ||
| Preoperative Checklist | 1265 | ||
| Eliminating Wrong Site and Wrong Procedure Surgery | 1265 | ||
| Transport to the Operating Room | 1265 | ||
| Preparing for the Postoperative Patient | 1265 | ||
| Intraoperative Phase | 1267 | ||
| Holding Area | 1267 | ||
| The Nurse’s Role | 1267 | ||
| Postoperative Phase | 1268 | ||
| Immediate Postoperative Phase | 1268 | ||
| Later Postoperative Phase | 1269 | ||
| Immediate Assessments | 1269 | ||
| Incision | 1271 | ||
| Ventilation | 1272 | ||
| Pain | 1272 | ||
| Urinary Function | 1273 | ||
| Venous Stasis | 1274 | ||
| Activity | 1274 | ||
| Assessment. | 1275 | ||
| Nursing interventions. | 1275 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Status | 1275 | ||
| Fluids and Electrolytes | 1276 | ||
| Nursing Process for the Surgical Patient | 1276 | ||
| Assessment | 1276 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 1276 | ||
| Expected Outcomes and Planning | 1277 | ||
| Implementation | 1277 | ||
| Evaluation | 1277 | ||
| Discharge: Providing General Information | 1277 | ||
| Ambulatory Surgery Discharge | 1279 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1280 | ||
| Key Points | 1280 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1280 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1280 | ||
| 42 Care of the Patient With an Integumentary Disorder | 1282 | ||
| Objectives | 1282 | ||
| Key Terms | 1282 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin | 1282 | ||
| Functions of the Skin | 1282 | ||
| Protection | 1282 | ||
| Temperature Regulation | 1283 | ||
| Vitamin D Synthesis | 1283 | ||
| Structure of the Skin | 1283 | ||
| Epidermis | 1283 | ||
| Dermis | 1284 | ||
| Subcutaneous Layer | 1284 | ||
| Appendages of the Skin | 1284 | ||
| Sudoriferous Glands | 1284 | ||
| Ceruminous Glands | 1284 | ||
| Sebaceous Glands | 1284 | ||
| Hair and Nails | 1284 | ||
| Assessment of the Skin | 1284 | ||
| Inspection and Palpation | 1284 | ||
| Assessment of Dark Skin | 1291 | ||
| Chief Complaint | 1291 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 1291 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 1292 | ||
| Nursing Interventions | 1292 | ||
| Wound Care | 1292 | ||
| Viral Disorders of the Skin | 1292 | ||
| Herpes Simplex | 1292 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 1292 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1294 | ||
| Assessment | 1294 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1294 | ||
| Medical Management | 1294 | ||
| Nursing Interventions and Patient Teaching | 1296 | ||
| Prognosis | 1297 | ||
| Herpes Zoster (Shingles) | 1297 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 1297 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1297 | ||
| Assessment | 1298 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1298 | ||
| Medical Management | 1298 | ||
| Nursing Interventions and Patient Teaching | 1298 | ||
| Unit VIII From Graduate to Professional, 2041 | 2041 | ||
| 57 Professional Roles and Leadership | 2041 | ||
| Objectives | 2041 | ||
| Key Terms | 2041 | ||
| Functioning as a Graduate | 2041 | ||
| Finding and Securing a Job | 2041 | ||
| Cover Letters | 2041 | ||
| Résumé | 2042 | ||
| Personal Interview | 2042 | ||
| Contracts and Starting Out | 2042 | ||
| Encountering Problems | 2043 | ||
| Work Schedule | 2044 | ||
| Advancement | 2045 | ||
| Terminating Employment | 2045 | ||
| Transition From Student to Graduate | 2045 | ||
| Know Your Role | 2045 | ||
| Confidentiality | 2045 | ||
| Role of the Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse in the Community | 2045 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 2047 | ||
| Continuing Education | 2047 | ||
| Certification Opportunities | 2048 | ||
| Certification in Managed Care | 2048 | ||
| Certification in Pharmacology | 2048 | ||
| Certification in Long-Term Care | 2048 | ||
| Certification in Intravenous Therapy | 2048 | ||
| LPN/LVN Refresher Course | 2048 | ||
| Further Education: LPN/LVN-to-RN Programs | 2049 | ||
| Licensure Examination | 2049 | ||
| Test Preparation | 2049 | ||
| Taking the Test | 2049 | ||
| After the Test | 2050 | ||
| Endorsement and Reciprocity | 2051 | ||
| Nurse Licensing Compact and Mutual Recognition | 2051 | ||
| Nurse Practice Acts | 2052 | ||
| State Board of Nursing | 2052 | ||
| Mentoring and Networking | 2052 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 2052 | ||
| Hospitals | 2052 | ||
| Long-Term Care Facilities | 2053 | ||
| Home Health | 2053 | ||
| Health Care Provider’s Office or Clinic | 2053 | ||
| Insurance Companies | 2054 | ||
| Temporary Agencies | 2054 | ||
| Travel Opportunities | 2054 | ||
| Pharmaceutical Sales | 2054 | ||
| Other Medical Sales | 2054 | ||
| The Military | 2054 | ||
| Adult Day Services | 2054 | ||
| Schools | 2054 | ||
| Public/Community Health | 2055 | ||
| Outpatient Surgery | 2055 | ||
| Private Duty | 2055 | ||
| Government (Civil Service) | 2055 | ||
| Occupational Health | 2055 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 2055 | ||
| Mental Health-Psychiatric Nursing | 2055 | ||
| Hospice | 2055 | ||
| Correctional Facility Nursing | 2056 | ||
| Leadership and Management | 2056 | ||
| Autocratic Style | 2056 | ||
| Democratic Style | 2056 | ||
| Laissez-Faire Style | 2057 | ||
| Situational Leadership | 2057 | ||
| Team Leading | 2057 | ||
| Delegation | 2057 | ||
| Time Management | 2057 | ||
| Nursing Informatics | 2057 | ||
| Transcribing Health Care Providers’ Orders | 2058 | ||
| Change-of-Shift Report | 2060 | ||
| Malpractice Insurance | 2060 | ||
| Burnout | 2061 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Burnout | 2062 | ||
| Strategies for Burnout Prevention | 2062 | ||
| Awareness. | 2062 | ||
| Balance. | 2062 | ||
| Choice. | 2062 | ||
| Compartmentalizing. | 2062 | ||
| Altruistic egoism. | 2062 | ||
| Focus. | 2062 | ||
| Goals. | 2063 | ||
| Hope. | 2063 | ||
| Integrity. | 2063 | ||
| Chemically Impaired Nurses | 2063 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 2063 | ||
| Key Points | 2063 | ||
| Additional Resources | 2064 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 2064 | ||
| Appendixes | 2067 | ||
| appendix A Abbreviations | 2067 | ||
| appendix B Laboratory Reference Values* | 2069 | ||
| appendix C Answers to Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 22 | 2081 | ||
| Chapter 23 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 24 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 25 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 26 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 27 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 28 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 29 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 30 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 31 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 32 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 33 | 2082 | ||
| Chapter 34 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 35 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 36 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 37 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 38 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 39 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 40 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 41 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 42 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 43 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 44 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 45 | 2083 | ||
| Chapter 46 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 47 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 48 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 49 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 50 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 51 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 52 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 53 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 54 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 55 | 2084 | ||
| Chapter 56 | 2085 | ||
| Chapter 57 | 2085 | ||
| References | 2087 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 2087 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 2087 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 2087 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 2087 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 2087 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 2089 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 2089 | ||
| Glossary | 2113 | ||
| A | 2113 | ||
| B | 2115 | ||
| C | 2116 | ||
| D | 2118 | ||
| E | 2120 | ||
| F | 2121 | ||
| G | 2122 | ||
| H | 2122 | ||
| I | 2124 | ||
| J | 2125 | ||
| K | 2125 | ||
| L | 2125 | ||
| M | 2126 | ||
| N | 2127 | ||
| O | 2128 | ||
| P | 2128 | ||
| Q | 2130 | ||
| R | 2130 | ||
| S | 2131 | ||
| T | 2133 | ||
| U | 2134 | ||
| V | 2134 | ||
| W | 2135 | ||
| Y | 2135 | ||
| Z | 2135 | ||
| Index | 2137 | ||
| A | 2137 | ||
| B | 2141 | ||
| C | 2143 | ||
| D | 2149 | ||
| E | 2153 | ||
| F | 2156 | ||
| G | 2157 | ||
| H | 2159 | ||
| I | 2163 | ||
| J | 2165 | ||
| K | 2165 | ||
| L | 2166 | ||
| M | 2168 | ||
| N | 2171 | ||
| O | 2173 | ||
| P | 2175 | ||
| Q | 2181 | ||
| R | 2181 | ||
| S | 2183 | ||
| T | 2187 | ||
| U | 2189 | ||
| V | 2190 | ||
| W | 2192 | ||
| X | 2192 | ||
| Y | 2192 | ||
| Z | 2192 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 |