BOOK
SPEC - The Molecular Basis of Cancer 4e E-Book (12-Month Access)
John Mendelsohn | Peter M. Howley | Mark A. Israel | Joe W. Gray | Craig B. Thompson
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Stay current with the latest discoveries in molecular and genomic research. Sweeping revisions throughout include eight brand-new chapters on: Tumor Suppressor Genes; Inflammation and Cancer; Cancer Systems Biology: The Future; Biomarkers Assessing Risk of Cancer; Understanding and Using Information About Cancer Genomes; The Technology of Analyzing Nucleic Acids in Cancer; Molecular Abnormalities in Kidney Cancer; and Molecular Pathology.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| The Molecular Basis of Cancer | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xix | ||
| Contents | xxi | ||
| I Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genetics | 1 | ||
| 1 - Cancer: A Genetic Disorder | 3 | ||
| The Discovery of Cellular Oncogenes | 4 | ||
| Multistep Tumorigenesis | 6 | ||
| The Discovery of Tumor Suppressor Genes | 8 | ||
| Guardians of the Genome | 11 | ||
| Epigenetic Mechanisms Leading to Loss of Gene Function | 12 | ||
| Immortalized Proliferation | 13 | ||
| Non-genetic Mechanisms Accelerating Multistep Tumor Progression | 14 | ||
| Invasive and Metastatic Behaviors | 14 | ||
| Other Phenotypes of Neoplasia | 16 | ||
| References | 18.e1 | ||
| 2 - Oncogenes and Signal Transduction | 19 | ||
| Signaling: An Overview | 19 | ||
| Oncogenes | 20 | ||
| Signal Transduction by Protein Tyrosine Kinase Receptors | 21 | ||
| Signaling Pathways of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors | 22 | ||
| Oncogenes and Survival Signaling | 26 | ||
| Cytokine Receptor Signaling | 27 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 28 | ||
| Wnt Signaling | 30 | ||
| Hedgehog/Patched Signaling | 30 | ||
| Implications for Cancer Therapy | 31 | ||
| References | 34.e1 | ||
| 3 - Tumor Suppressor Genes | 35 | ||
| Introduction | 35 | ||
| Complications of Tumor Suppression | 37 | ||
| Interconnecting the pRB, p53, and mTORC1 Pathways | 39 | ||
| Epigenetic Modifications and Tumor Suppression | 43 | ||
| Conclusions | 45 | ||
| References | 46.e1 | ||
| 4 - DNA Repair Pathways and Human Cancer | 47 | ||
| Introduction | 47 | ||
| The Spectrum of DNA Damage | 47 | ||
| The Systematic Study of DNA Repair | 48 | ||
| DNA Repair and the DNA Damage Response | 56 | ||
| Prognostic and Predictive DNA Repair Biomarkers in Cancer Treatment | 60 | ||
| The Development of New DNA Repair Biomarkers | 62 | ||
| Multiple Mechanisms of Cisplatin Resistance | 63 | ||
| Conclusion | 64 | ||
| References | 66.e1 | ||
| 5 - Epigenetics and Cancer | 67 | ||
| The Molecular Basis for Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression | 67 | ||
| Abnormalities of DNA Methylation and Chromatin Organization in Cancer: The Cancer “Epigenome” | 69 | ||
| Translational Implications of Epigenetic Changes in Cancer | 72 | ||
| References | 78.e1 | ||
| 6 - Infectious Agents and Cancer | 79 | ||
| Overview of Cancer and Infectious Agents | 79 | ||
| Viruses and Cancer | 79 | ||
| Bacteria and Cancer | 98 | ||
| Parasites and Cancer | 99 | ||
| Perspectives | 99 | ||
| References | 102.e1 | ||
| 7 - Environmental Carcinogenesis | 103 | ||
| Introduction to Cancer and the Environment | 103 | ||
| Causes of Cancer | 104 | ||
| Classes and Types of Carcinogens | 107 | ||
| Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis | 115 | ||
| Endogenous Defense Systems against Chemical Carcinogenesis | 119 | ||
| Cancer Prevention | 124 | ||
| Summary and Conclusions | 127 | ||
| References | 128.e1 | ||
| 8 - Animal Models: Flies, Fish, and Yeast | 129 | ||
| Why Use a Simple Model Organism | 129 | ||
| Genetic Conservation and Synteny | 129 | ||
| Forward Genetics, Reverse Genetics, and Transgenesis | 130 | ||
| Drug Screens | 133 | ||
| Conditional Models | 134 | ||
| Yeast | 134 | ||
| Flies | 138 | ||
| Fish | 141 | ||
| Conclusion | 143 | ||
| References | 144.e1 | ||
| 9 - Genetic Mouse Models of Cancer | 145 | ||
| Basis for Mouse Models of Cancer | 145 | ||
| Mouse Models of Cancer | 145 | ||
| Applications of Mouse Models to Cancer Biology | 149 | ||
| Future Directions of Cancer Models | 151 | ||
| Conclusions | 152 | ||
| References | 154.e1 | ||
| II Cancer Biology | 155 | ||
| 10 - Cancer Stem Cells and the Microenvironment | 157 | ||
| Identification of Cancer Stem Cells | 157 | ||
| Cytokine Networks Can Promote Cancer Stem Cell Self-Renewal | 161 | ||
| Summary | 162 | ||
| References | 164.e1 | ||
| 11 - Regulation of the Cell Cycle | 165 | ||
| Basic Principles of Cell Cycle Progression | 165 | ||
| The Cyclin-Dependent Kinases | 165 | ||
| Posttranslational Regulation of CDKs | 165 | ||
| Transcriptional Regulation by the E2F Transcription Factors | 168 | ||
| G1 Regulation/Restriction Point Control | 169 | ||
| Regulation of DNA Replication (S Phase) | 170 | ||
| G2/M Transition Regulation | 171 | ||
| Regulated Proteolysis in Cell Cycle Control | 173 | ||
| Deregulation of G1 Restriction Point Control in Cancer | 176 | ||
| Targeting the Cell Cycle as a Therapeutic Modality | 176 | ||
| Conclusions | 177 | ||
| References | 178.e1 | ||
| 12 - Cell Growth | 179 | ||
| What Is Cell Growth | 179 | ||
| Biochemical Pathways That Control Cell Growth | 180 | ||
| Beyond Cell Growth: Does mTOR Regulate Organ and Organism Growth | 186 | ||
| Key References | 190 | ||
| References | 190.e1 | ||
| 13 - The Metabolism of Cell Growth and Proliferation | 191 | ||
| Why Is Metabolism Important to an Understanding of Cancer | 191 | ||
| The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation | 191 | ||
| Regulation of Cell Metabolism | 193 | ||
| The Metabolic Profile of Cancer Cells | 194 | ||
| Genetic Mechanisms Driving Cancer Cell Metabolism | 201 | ||
| Clinical Implications of Metabolic Transformation | 205 | ||
| References | 208.e1 | ||
| 14 - Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Autophagy | 209 | ||
| The Ways Cells Die | 209 | ||
| Apoptosis | 211 | ||
| Necrosis | 216 | ||
| Autophagy | 220 | ||
| References | 228.e1 | ||
| 15 - Cellular Senescence | 229 | ||
| Biochemical and Morphological Characteristics of Senescent Cells | 229 | ||
| Replicative Senescence and the Hayflick Limit | 230 | ||
| Conclusions and Perspectives | 236 | ||
| References | 238.e1 | ||
| 16 - The Role of the Microenvironment in Tumor Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis | 239 | ||
| Promoting Microenvironments | 240 | ||
| Suppressive Microenvironments | 241 | ||
| The Tumor Organ | 242 | ||
| The Frontiers of the Microenvironment | 250 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 253 | ||
| References | 256.e1 | ||
| 17 - Tumor Angiogenesis | 257 | ||
| Vascular Development | 257 | ||
| Critical Signaling Factors—Targets for Therapy | 260 | ||
| Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis in Patients | 264 | ||
| Remaining Challenges | 266 | ||
| References | 268.e1 | ||
| 18 - Invasion and Metastasis | 269 | ||
| Generation of a Metastatic Cell | 269 | ||
| Tumor Invasion | 270 | ||
| Adhesion | 270 | ||
| Matrix Degradation | 271 | ||
| Motility | 272 | ||
| Coordination of Cancer Invasion | 273 | ||
| The Metastatic Cascade | 273 | ||
| Intravasation | 274 | ||
| Transport | 274 | ||
| Arrest | 275 | ||
| Extravasation | 275 | ||
| Colonization | 275 | ||
| Organ Selectivity of Metastasis | 276 | ||
| Metastatic Progression | 277 | ||
| Colonization and Interactions with the Tumor Microenvironment | 280 | ||
| References | 284.e1 | ||
| 19 - Inflammation and Cancer | 285 | ||
| Introduction | 285 | ||
| Hematopoiesis and the Immune System | 285 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation and Tumor Incidence | 285 | ||
| Inflammation and the Metastatic Cascade | 287 | ||
| Immune Cells in Cancer | 288 | ||
| Nonhematopoietic Stromal Cell Types in the Tumor Microenvironment | 292 | ||
| Summary | 293 | ||
| Key References | 293 | ||
| References | 296.e1 | ||
| 20 - Cancer Systems Biology: The Future | 297 | ||
| Reverse Engineering Regulatory Networks | 300 | ||
| Interrogating Pathways and Networks | 304 | ||
| Using Regulatory Networks to Elucidate Drug Activity | 306 | ||
| Recent Trends and Future Perspectives | 307 | ||
| The Technologies of Cancer Systems Biology | 308 | ||
| References | 214.e1 | ||
| III Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics | 315 | ||
| 21 - Biomarkers for Assessing Risk of Cancer | 317 | ||
| Biomarkers of Exposure | 317 | ||
| Biomarkers of Effect | 319 | ||
| Biomarkers of Susceptibility | 320 | ||
| Integrative Multifactor Risk Prediction | 326 | ||
| Conclusion | 327 | ||
| References | 330.e1 | ||
| 22 - Protein Biomarkers for Detecting Cancer: Molecular Screening | 331 | ||
| Defining “Normal” | 332 | ||
| Completeness of Shotgun Biomarker Discovery Proteomics | 335 | ||
| MS Protein Profiling | 336 | ||
| The Proteomics Toolbox for Biomarker Discovery and Validation | 337 | ||
| Example: Biomarker Development Using a Mouse Model of Human Breast Cancer | 340 | ||
| Conclusions | 341 | ||
| References | 346.e1 | ||
| 23 - The Technology of Analyzing Nucleic Acids in Cancer | 347 | ||
| Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing | 347 | ||
| Challenges to NGS Analysis of Cancer Nucleic Acids | 349 | ||
| Applications of NGS to Study and Analyze Nucleic Acids | 351 | ||
| Conclusions | 354 | ||
| References | 356.e1 | ||
| 24 - Understanding and Using Information about Cancer Genomes | 357 | ||
| The Emerging Cancer Genome Landscape | 357 | ||
| Functional Assessment of Cancer Genomes | 359 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 364 | ||
| Summary | 367 | ||
| References | 368.e1 | ||
| 25 - High-Content Analysis with Cellular and Tissue Systems Biology: A Bridge between Cancer Cell Biology and Tissue-Based Diagnostics | 369 | ||
| High-Content Analysis (HCA) | 369 | ||
| Cellular Systems Biology in Cancer Research and Drug Discovery | 373 | ||
| Tissue Systems Biology in Cancer Diagnostics/Prognostics | 376 | ||
| Conclusion and Outlook | 386 | ||
| References | 392.e1 | ||
| IV Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets for Specific Cancers | 393 | ||
| 26 - Molecular Genetics of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 395 | ||
| Introduction | 395 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 395 | ||
| Overview of Molecular Genetics of ALL | 395 | ||
| Abnormalities of Chromosome Number (Ploidy) | 396 | ||
| Genetic Abnormalities in ALL | 396 | ||
| Clinical Implications of Genetic Lesions in ALL | 405 | ||
| Conclusions | 405 | ||
| References | 406.e1 | ||
| 27 - Molecular Biology of Childhood Neoplasms | 407 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 407 | ||
| Wilms Tumor | 408 | ||
| Tumors of the Peripheral Nervous System: Neuroblastoma | 409 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 411 | ||
| Childhood Sarcomas: Osteosarcoma | 412 | ||
| Cancer Predisposition Syndromes | 413 | ||
| Molecular and Clinical Surveillance for Cancer Predisposition in Children | 418 | ||
| References | 420.e1 | ||
| 28 - Biology of Adult Myelocytic Leukemia and Myelodysplasia | 421 | ||
| Introduction | 421 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 421 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis of AML | 422 | ||
| Mutations Altering Signal Transduction | 425 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 428 | ||
| Concluding Remarks | 431 | ||
| References | 431 | ||
| 29 - Lymphoma | 433 | ||
| B- and T-Lymphocyte Development | 434 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma | 436 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis of Follicular Lymphoma | 442 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Mantle-Cell Lymphoma | 445 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis of the Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas | 450 | ||
| Translating Molecular Pathogenesis into Novel Treatment Platforms | 452 | ||
| Future Directions | 452 | ||
| References | 454.e1 | ||
| 30 - Multiple Myeloma | 455 | ||
| Mutated Genes in Multiple Myeloma | 456 | ||
| Final Remarks | 463 | ||
| References | 466.e1 | ||
| 31 - Molecular Mechanisms of Esophageal Cancer | 467 | ||
| Introduction | 467 | ||
| Histology | 467 | ||
| Etiology and Molecular Mechanisms of Esophageal Cancer | 467 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation and Esophageal Cancer | 468 | ||
| Environmental Carcinogenic Exposures and Esophageal Cancer | 470 | ||
| References | 474.e1 | ||
| 32 - Molecular Basis of Lung Cancer | 475 | ||
| Molecular Epidemiology and Etiology | 475 | ||
| Genomics: Tools for Identification, Prediction, and Prognosis | 476 | ||
| Epigenetic Changes in Lung Carcinogenesis | 479 | ||
| Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Signaling Pathways in Lung Cancer | 482 | ||
| Translation of Molecular Data to the Clinic: Rationale-Based Targeted Therapy | 488 | ||
| References | 490.e1 | ||
| 33 - The Molecular Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancer | 491 | ||
| Epidemiology and Clinical Considerations | 491 | ||
| Oncogenic Progression of HNSCC | 491 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis of HNSCC: Interfacing Genomic Pathways | 493 | ||
| Cell Cycle and Proliferation: TP53/CDKN2A/RB/CCND1/TERT | 493 | ||
| Apoptosis and Survival: EGFR/RAS-MAPK/PIK3CA-AKT/CASP8 | 495 | ||
| Differentiation and Mesenchymal Transition: NOTCH/TP63 | 496 | ||
| Invasion and Metastasis: MMP/TGFβ-SMAD/NFκB/CSMD/VEGF | 497 | ||
| Future Directions | 498 | ||
| References | 498.e1 | ||
| 34 - Colon and Rectal Cancer | 499 | ||
| Epidemiology | 499 | ||
| Recurrent Somatic Alterations in Colorectal Cancer | 507 | ||
| Multistep Genetic Models of Colorectal Tumor Development | 510 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Molecular Genetic Insights | 511 | ||
| Summary and Future Directions | 512 | ||
| References | 514.e1 | ||
| 35 - Molecular Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma | 515 | ||
| Molecular Alterations in Pancreatic Cancer | 515 | ||
| Conclusion | 521 | ||
| References | 522.e1 | ||
| 36 - The Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer | 523 | ||
| Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer Initiation and Progression | 523 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Risk Factors | 524 | ||
| Environment | 524 | ||
| Molecular Subtyping | 524 | ||
| Molecular Basis of Breast Cancer | 527 | ||
| Conclusion and Outlook | 530 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 530 | ||
| References | 530.e1 | ||
| 37 - Molecular Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer | 531 | ||
| Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of Ovarian Cancer Cells | 532 | ||
| Immortalization | 535 | ||
| Genomic Abnormalities in Sporadic Ovarian Cancers | 535 | ||
| Interaction of Ovarian Cancer Cells with the Microenvironment | 541 | ||
| Immunologic and Inflammatory Factors | 544 | ||
| Conclusion | 545 | ||
| References | 548.e1 | ||
| 38 - Molecular Basis of Prostate Cancer | 549 | ||
| Pathology | 549 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 550 | ||
| Polycomb Group Transcriptional Repression | 556 | ||
| Future Directions | 558 | ||
| References | 560.e1 | ||
| 39 - Molecular Abnormalities in Kidney Cancer | 561 | ||
| Kidney Cancer Histopathology | 561 | ||
| von Hippel-Lindau Disease | 562 | ||
| Common Somatic Alterations in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma | 566 | ||
| Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes | 566 | ||
| Multistep Genetic Models of Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma | 568 | ||
| Common Somatic Alterations in Non–Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma | 568 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Molecular Insights | 569 | ||
| Therapy (Clear Cell) | 569 | ||
| Therapy (Non–Clear Cell) | 570 | ||
| Prognostic and Predictive Markers | 570 | ||
| Summary and Future Directions | 570 | ||
| References | 572.e1 | ||
| 40 - The Biology of Primary Brain Tumors | 573 | ||
| Hereditary Syndromes and Central Nervous System Oncogenesis | 573 | ||
| Molecular Biology of the Most Common Primary Central Nervous System Tumors | 574 | ||
| Molecular Pathophysiology of Primary Brain Tumors | 578 | ||
| Therapeutic Resistance of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors | 579 | ||
| Future Directions/Perspective | 579 | ||
| References | 580.e1 | ||
| 41 - Epithelial Skin Cancer | 581 | ||
| Skin Cancer Research Has Helped Define the Biology of Cancer Pathogenesis | 581 | ||
| The Molecular Origin of Skin Tumors Is Revealed by Hereditary Syndromes | 581 | ||
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | 583 | ||
| Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 584 | ||
| Defining the Cell of Origin for Cutaneous Cancers | 586 | ||
| Importance of the Microenvironment in Cutaneous Cancer | 588 | ||
| Perspective | 588 | ||
| References | 590.e1 | ||
| 42 - Molecular Basis for Treating Cutaneous Molecular | 591 | ||
| Introduction | 591 | ||
| Melanoma Background | 591 | ||
| Melanoma Pathology | 592 | ||
| Melanoma Therapy and Molecular Targets | 592 | ||
| Epigenetic Pathways: MicroRNA | 596 | ||
| Conclusions | 598 | ||
| References | 600.e1 | ||
| 43 - Thyroid Cancer | 601 | ||
| Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma | 601 | ||
| Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma | 604 | ||
| Other Molecular Mechanisms Active in Thyroid Carcinoma | 605 | ||
| Therapeutic Targeting | 606 | ||
| Future Directions | 606 | ||
| References | 608.e1 | ||
| 44 - Soft Tissue Sarcomas | 609 | ||
| Introduction | 609 | ||
| Synovial Sarcoma | 609 | ||
| Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma | 612 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor | 613 | ||
| Conclusion | 616 | ||
| References | 618.e1 | ||
| V Molecular Basis of Cancer Therapy | 619 | ||
| 45 - From Bench to Bedside with Targeted Therapies | 621 | ||
| Drug Development | 621 | ||
| Next Steps in Drug Development | 626 | ||
| Conclusion | 633 | ||
| References | 634.e1 | ||
| 46 - Cancer Therapeutics | 635 | ||
| Molecular Basis of the Therapeutic Index | 635 | ||
| Drugs Affecting Growth Factors and Growth Factor Receptors | 639 | ||
| Drugs That Target Cancer Stem Cells | 643 | ||
| Drugs That Target the Immune System | 643 | ||
| Drugs That Alter Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Function | 643 | ||
| Drugs that Affect the Mitotic Apparatus | 646 | ||
| Drugs That Affect Protein Synthesis and Degradation | 648 | ||
| References | 650.e1 | ||
| 47 - Natural and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Therapies | 651 | ||
| Pharmacologic and Physiologic Causes of Treatment Failure | 651 | ||
| Cellular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance | 652 | ||
| References | 660.e1 | ||
| 48 - Phase I Trials Today | 661 | ||
| Introduction | 661 | ||
| Types of Phase I Clinical Trials | 661 | ||
| Phase I Cancer Clinical Trial Designs | 664 | ||
| Statistical Considerations of Phase I Studies | 667 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Markers in Phase I Studies: Tissue Analysis | 667 | ||
| Recent Therapeutic Successes with Phase I Trials | 670 | ||
| Challenges and Perspectives | 671 | ||
| Imaging Techniques in Phase I Studies | 672 | ||
| Conclusion | 673 | ||
| References | 676.e1 | ||
| 49 - Pharmacogenomics | 677 | ||
| Introduction | 677 | ||
| Pharmacogenomics in Oncology | 677 | ||
| Genotyping and Phenotyping | 678 | ||
| Pharmacogenomic Discovery Approaches | 678 | ||
| Clinical Relevance of Pharmacogenomic Findings During Implementation | 681 | ||
| Conclusions | 681 | ||
| References | 682.e1 | ||
| 50 - Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Cancer | 683 | ||
| Introduction | 683 | ||
| Antibody Structure and Function | 683 | ||
| Development of Monoclonal Antibodies | 683 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action of Anti-Cancer Antibodies | 684 | ||
| Antibodies Targeting Solid Tumors | 687 | ||
| Antibodies Targeting Hematological Malignancies | 688 | ||
| Antibodies Targeting Immune Cells | 689 | ||
| Antibodies Targeting Angiogenesis | 690 | ||
| Antibody Engineering | 691 | ||
| Summary and Future Directions | 692 | ||
| References | 694.e1 | ||
| 51 - Cancer and the Cellular Immune Response | 695 | ||
| Introduction | 695 | ||
| Innate Recognition of Microbial Pathogens by Toll-Like Receptors | 696 | ||
| The Nature of Antitumor Immunity | 699 | ||
| Cancer Vaccines, Cytokines, and Immunotherapy | 699 | ||
| Adoptive Immunotherapy of Cancer | 701 | ||
| Immune Regulatory Cells and Molecules in Human Cancer | 703 | ||
| Immune Checkpoint Blockade | 704 | ||
| Future Cancer Immunotherapies Will Use Basic Principles of Cellular Immunity | 706 | ||
| References | 708.e1 | ||
| 52 - Cancer Immunotherapy with Vaccines and Checkpoint Blockade | 709 | ||
| Cancer Antigens—the Difference between Tumor and Self | 710 | ||
| Evidence Pro and Con for Immune Surveillance of Cancer | 712 | ||
| Immune Tolerance and Immune Evasion—the Immune Hallmarks of Cancer | 713 | ||
| Inhibition of Antitumor Immunity by Regulatory T Cells | 715 | ||
| Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines | 717 | ||
| Evidence of Clinical Activity for PD-1 Blockade | 731 | ||
| Summary | 734 | ||
| References | 738.e1 | ||
| 53 - Interferons | 739 | ||
| Introduction | 739 | ||
| Induction, Genes, Receptors, and Signaling | 739 | ||
| Mechanisms of Antitumor Action of Induced Genes | 744 | ||
| Antitumor Effects in Humans | 750 | ||
| Perspective | 751 | ||
| References | 752.e1 | ||
| 54 - Gene Therapy and Oncolytic Viruses | 753 | ||
| Introduction | 753 | ||
| Killing Cancer Cells by Gene Replacement and Gene Knockout | 753 | ||
| Genes That Boost the Immune System | 759 | ||
| Naturally Occurring Viruses That Replicate Selectively in Cancer Cells | 760 | ||
| Viruses Engineered to Replicate Selectively | 761 | ||
| Challenges and Future Perspective | 763 | ||
| Conclusion | 765 | ||
| References | 768.e1 | ||
| 55 - RNA as a Therapeutic Molecule | 769 | ||
| Cancer as a Genetic Disease of Protein-Coding Genes and Noncoding RNAs | 769 | ||
| Main Types of Therapeutic RNA Molecules | 771 | ||
| In Search of the Right Way and the Right Type of Delivery | 775 | ||
| A Strategy for Using RNA as Therapeutic Molecules | 775 | ||
| References | 778.e1 | ||
| 56 - Heat Shock Protein 90 and the Proteasome: Housekeeping Proteins That Are Also Molecular Targets for Cancer Therapy | 779 | ||
| Introduction | 779 | ||
| Hsp90: a Chaperone of Cancer | 779 | ||
| The Proteasome as an Anticancer Molecular Target | 783 | ||
| Why Are Tumor Cells Uniquely Sensitive to Hsp90 and Proteasome Inhibition | 785 | ||
| Conclusion | 786 | ||
| References | 788.e1 | ||
| 57 - Hematopoietic Growth Factors and Cytokines | 789 | ||
| Erythropoietin | 789 | ||
| Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor | 793 | ||
| Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor | 793 | ||
| Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor | 794 | ||
| Stem-Cell Factor | 794 | ||
| Thrombopoietin | 794 | ||
| Interleukin-1 | 797 | ||
| Interleukin-2 | 797 | ||
| Interleukin-3 | 798 | ||
| Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 | 799 | ||
| Interleukin-5 | 799 | ||
| Interleukin-6 | 799 | ||
| Interleukin-7 | 799 | ||
| Interleukin-8 | 800 | ||
| Interleukin-9 | 800 | ||
| Interleukin-10 | 800 | ||
| Interleukin-11 | 801 | ||
| Interleukin-12 | 801 | ||
| Interleukin-15 | 802 | ||
| Interleukin-16 | 802 | ||
| Interleukin-17 | 802 | ||
| Interleukin-18 | 802 | ||
| Interleukin-19 | 803 | ||
| Interleukin-20 | 803 | ||
| Interleukin-21 | 803 | ||
| Interleukin-22 | 804 | ||
| Interleukin-23 | 804 | ||
| Interleukin-24 | 804 | ||
| Interleukin-25 | 805 | ||
| Interleukin-26 | 805 | ||
| Interleukin-27 | 805 | ||
| Interleukin-28 and Interleukin-29 | 805 | ||
| Interleukin-31 | 805 | ||
| Interleukin-32 | 805 | ||
| Interleukin-33 | 806 | ||
| Interleukin-35 | 806 | ||
| Interleukin-36 | 806 | ||
| Interleukin-37 | 806 | ||
| Interleukin-38 | 807 | ||
| Conclusion | 807 | ||
| References | 808.e1 | ||
| 58 - Cancer Chemoprevention | 809 | ||
| Molecular-Targeted Prevention | 809 | ||
| Biomarker Cancer Risk Models | 815 | ||
| Chemoprevention Trials | 816 | ||
| Conclusion | 821 | ||
| References | 824.e1 | ||
| 59 - Molecular Pathology | 825 | ||
| Processing Cancer Specimens for Microscopic Evaluation | 825 | ||
| Special Stains for Evaluating Cancer Tissues | 825 | ||
| Preparing Nucleic Acids from Cancer Specimens | 827 | ||
| Assays for Single Genes or Single Mutations | 828 | ||
| Multiplexed Approaches to Cancer Genotyping | 830 | ||
| Next-Generation DNA Sequencing | 832 | ||
| Future Directions | 834 | ||
| References | 834.e1 | ||
| Index | 835 | ||
| IBC | IBC |