Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A clear, comprehensive introduction to disease, Pathophysiology, 5th Edition explores the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of disorders. Units are organized by body system, and each begins with an illustrated review of anatomy and normal physiology. A discussion then follows on the disease processes and abnormalities that may occur, with a focus on the pathophysiologic concepts involved. Written by leading educators Lee-Ellen Copstead and Jacquelyn Banasik, Pathophysiology simplifies a rigorous subject with practical learning resources and includes coverage of the latest scientific findings and relevant research
- 900 full-color illustrations clarify complex pathophysiological concepts.
- Easy-to-read style includes many tables, boxes, and figures to highlight and simplify content.
- Key Questions at the beginning of each chapter highlight key objectives and help you develop and use critical thinking skills.
- Key Points boxes focus on the most important information.
- Geriatric Considerations boxes analyze the age-related changes associated with a specific body system.
- A chapter summary gives you a quick wrap-up of the key content in each chapter.
- NEW! Pediatric Considerations boxes with accompanying flow charts describe conditions and changes specific to young children.
- NEW! Updated content includes the latest information on new treatment advances, the relationship between stress and inflammation to cardiovascular disease, and much more throughout the text.
- NEW! Global Health Considerations tables include information on HIV/AIDS and depression/anxiety in women.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| Pathophysiology | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors\r | vii | ||
| Reviewers\r | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Organization | ix | ||
| Features | x | ||
| Ancillaries\r | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology | 1 | ||
| FRAMEWORK FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 2 | ||
| CONCEPTS OF NORMALITY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE | 4 | ||
| PATTERNS OF DISEASE IN POPULATIONS | 6 | ||
| REFERENCES | 10 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors | 12 | ||
| HOMEOSTASIS AND ALLOSTASIS | 12 | ||
| STRESS AS A CONCEPT | 13 | ||
| NEUROHORMONAL MEDIATORS OF STRESS AND ADAPTATION | 17 | ||
| ADAPTATION, COPING, AND ILLNESS | 20 | ||
| REFERENCES | 23 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Cell Structure and Function | 25 | ||
| PLASMA MEMBRANE | 26 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF CELLULAR COMPARTMENTS | 29 | ||
| CELLULAR METABOLISM | 34 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE | 38 | ||
| INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION AND GROWTH | 45 | ||
| REFERENCES | 56 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Cell Injury, Aging, and Death | 57 | ||
| REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY | 58 | ||
| CELLULAR ADAPTATION | 60 | ||
| IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY | 62 | ||
| ETIOLOGY OF CELLULAR INJURY | 66 | ||
| CELLULAR AGING | 71 | ||
| SOMATIC DEATH | 72 | ||
| REFERENCES | 73 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation | 74 | ||
| MOLECULAR GENETICS | 75 | ||
| REGULATION OF THE GENOME | 81 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION OF TISSUES | 83 | ||
| REFERENCES | 90 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Genetic and Developmental Disorders | 91 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE | 93 | ||
| GENETIC DISORDERS | 95 | ||
| CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES | 96 | ||
| MENDELIAN SINGLE-GENE DISORDERS | 100 | ||
| NONMENDELIAN SINGLE-GENE DISORDERS | 103 | ||
| POLYGENIC AND MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS | 107 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED CONGENITAL DISORDERS | 108 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS, COUNSELING, AND GENE THERAPY | 110 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Neoplasia | 113 | ||
| BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT GROWTH | 114 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CANCER RISK FACTORS | 116 | ||
| GENETIC MECHANISMS OF CANCER | 118 | ||
| MULTISTEP NATURE OF CARCINOGENESIS | 125 | ||
| METASTASIS | 129 | ||
| EFFECTS OF CANCER ON THE BODY | 131 | ||
| CANCER THERAPY | 135 | ||
| REFERENCES | 138 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Infectious Processes | 139 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONCEPTS | 140 | ||
| HOST-MICROBE RELATIONSHIP | 145 | ||
| TYPES OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS | 147 | ||
| REFERENCES | 156 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Inflammation and Immunity | 157 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 158 | ||
| EPITHELIAL BARRIERS | 158 | ||
| MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM | 158 | ||
| LYMPHOID SYSTEM | 159 | ||
| LEUKOCYTES | 161 | ||
| CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF IMMUNE FUNCTION | 168 | ||
| INNATE DEFENSES AND INFLAMMATION | 170 | ||
| INFLAMMATION | 172 | ||
| HEALING | 175 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES | 176 | ||
| SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF INFLAMMATION | 176 | ||
| SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY | 177 | ||
| MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX | 177 | ||
| ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BY MHC | 177 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY | 179 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY | 182 | ||
| PASSIVE AND ACTIVE IMMUNITY | 186 | ||
| INTEGRATED FUNCTION AND REGULATIONOF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 189 | ||
| INTEGRATED RESPONSE TO NEW ANTIGEN | 189 | ||
| REGULATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION | 192 | ||
| REFERENCES | 193 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Alterations in Immune Function | 195 | ||
| EXCESSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES | 196 | ||
| AUTOIMMUNITY | 196 | ||
| HYPERSENSITIVITY | 198 | ||
| DEFICIENT IMMUNE RESPONSES | 209 | ||
| PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS | 209 | ||
| SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS | 212 | ||
| REFERENCES | 213 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells | 214 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS | 215 | ||
| ETIOLOGY OF MYELOID AND LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS | 215 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT | 217 | ||
| MYELOID NEOPLASMS | 220 | ||
| LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS | 222 | ||
| REFERENCES | 231 | ||
| Chapter 12 - HIV Disease and AIDS | 232 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 233 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 237 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 240 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 243 | ||
| MONITORING THE PROGRESSION OF HIV | 244 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 246 | ||
| TREATMENT | 251 | ||
| REFERENCES | 254 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Alterations in Oxygen Transport | 255 | ||
| COMPOSITION OF BLOOD | 256 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS | 261 | ||
| GAS TRANSPORT AND ACID-BASE BALANCE | 265 | ||
| ANEMIA | 269 | ||
| GENERAL EFFECTS OF ANEMIA | 270 | ||
| ANEMIA RELATED TO DECREASED RED CELL PRODUCTION | 273 | ||
| ANEMIA RELATED TO INHERITED DISORDERS OF THE RED CELL | 276 | ||
| ANEMIA RELATED TO EXTRINSIC RED CELL DESTRUCTION OR LOSS | 280 | ||
| TRANSFUSION THERAPY | 282 | ||
| POLYCYTHEMIA\r | 283 | ||
| REFERENCES | 291 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation | 294 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF HEMOSTASIS | 294 | ||
| EVALUATION OF HEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION | 297 | ||
| VASCULAR AND PLATELET DISORDERS | 301 | ||
| COAGULATION DISORDERS | 304 | ||
| REFERENCES | 308 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Alterations in Blood Flow | 309 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS | 311 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF FLOW | 314 | ||
| CONTROL OF FLOW | 318 | ||
| GENERAL MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE ALTERED FLOW | 319 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN ARTERIAL FLOW | 322 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN VENOUS FLOW | 328 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN LYMPHATIC FLOW | 329 | ||
| REFERENCES | 331 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Alterations in Blood Pressure | 332 | ||
| ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE | 332 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION | 336 | ||
| HYPERTENSION | 338 | ||
| LOW BLOOD PRESSURE | 345 | ||
| REFERENCES | 346 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Cardiac Function | 349 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY | 350 | ||
| CARDIAC CYCLE | 352 | ||
| CORONARY CIRCULATION | 355 | ||
| CARDIAC MYOCYTES | 358 | ||
| MOLECULAR BASIS OF CONTRACTION | 362 | ||
| CARDIAC ENERGY METABOLISM | 363 | ||
| CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY | 364 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY | 368 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC OUTPUT | 369 | ||
| ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE HEART | 372 | ||
| TESTS OF CARDIAC FUNCTION | 372 | ||
| REFERENCES | 376 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Alterations in Cardiac Function | 378 | ||
| CORONARY HEART DISEASE | 379 | ||
| ENDOCARDIAL AND VALVULAR DISEASES | 390 | ||
| MYOCARDIAL DISEASES | 395 | ||
| PERICARDIAL DISEASES | 398 | ||
| CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES | 400 | ||
| REFERENCES | 407 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases | 408 | ||
| HEART FAILURE | 409 | ||
| CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS | 420 | ||
| REFERENCES | 431 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Shock | 432 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF SHOCK | 432 | ||
| TYPES OF SHOCK | 437 | ||
| ASSESSMENT AND HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING | 444 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF SHOCK | 446 | ||
| REFERENCES | 447 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange | 449 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY | 450 | ||
| PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW | 463 | ||
| DIFFUSION AND TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES | 464 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN PULMONARY FUNCTION | 467 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN PULMONARY VASCULATURE | 469 | ||
| PULMONARY MALIGNANCIES | 472 | ||
| REFERENCES | 474 | ||
| Chapter 22 - Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders | 475 | ||
| OBSTRUCTION FROM CONDITIONS IN THE WALL OF THE LUMEN | 476 | ||
| OBSTRUCTION RELATED TO LOSS OF LUNG PARENCHYMA | 487 | ||
| OBSTRUCTION OF THE AIRWAY LUMEN | 489 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 494 | ||
| REFERENCES | 495 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders | 497 | ||
| LUNG PARENCHYMA DISORDERS | 498 | ||
| FIBROTIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES | 498 | ||
| ATELECTATIC DISORDERS | 503 | ||
| PLEURAL SPACE DISORDERS\r | 507 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR, CHEST WALL, AND OBESITYDISORDERS | 509 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS | 509 | ||
| CHEST WALL DEFORMITIES | 510 | ||
| INFECTION OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNG\r | 512 | ||
| REFERENCES | 517 | ||
| Chapter 24 - Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances | 519 | ||
| BODY FLUID HOMEOSTASIS | 520 | ||
| FLUID IMBALANCES | 523 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS | 528 | ||
| ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES | 529 | ||
| REFERENCES | 538 | ||
| Chapter 25 - Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances | 539 | ||
| ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS | 540 | ||
| ACID-BASE IMBALANCES | 543 | ||
| REFERENCES | 548 | ||
| Chapter 26 - Renal Function | 549 | ||
| RENAL ANATOMY | 550 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF NEPHRON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 552 | ||
| REGULATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION | 558 | ||
| TRANSPORT ACROSS RENAL TUBULES | 562 | ||
| REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME AND OSMOLALITY | 565 | ||
| ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS | 568 | ||
| AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN RENAL FUNCTION | 568 | ||
| TESTS OF RENAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 568 | ||
| REFERENCES | 572 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Intrarenal Disorders | 574 | ||
| COMMON MANIFESTATIONS OF KIDNEY DISEASE | 575 | ||
| CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | 577 | ||
| NEOPLASMS | 578 | ||
| INFECTION | 581 | ||
| OBSTRUCTION | 583 | ||
| GLOMERULAR DISORDERS (GLOMERULOPATHIES) | 586 | ||
| REFERENCES | 591 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease | 593 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 594 | ||
| CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 601 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 604 | ||
| REFERENCES | 607 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract | 609 | ||
| LOWER URINARY TRACT | 610 | ||
| VOIDING DYSFUNCTION | 611 | ||
| CONGENITAL DISORDERS | 614 | ||
| NEOPLASMS | 616 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION | 618 | ||
| OBSTRUCTION | 621 | ||
| REFERENCES | 622 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Male Genital and Reproductive Function | 624 | ||
| ANATOMY | 625 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 630 | ||
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY | 633 | ||
| REFERENCES | 638 | ||
| Chapter 31 - Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function | 639 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE PENIS AND MALE URETHRA\r | 640 | ||
| CONGENITAL ANOMALIES | 640 | ||
| ACQUIRED DISORDERS | 642 | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISORDERS | 645 | ||
| NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS | 645 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE SCROTUM AND TESTES | 646 | ||
| CONGENITAL DISORDERS | 646 | ||
| ACQUIRED DISORDERS | 646 | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISORDERS | 648 | ||
| NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS | 648 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE PROSTATE\r | 649 | ||
| REFERENCES | 653 | ||
| Chapter 32 - Female Genital and Reproductive Function | 654 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES | 655 | ||
| MENSTRUAL CYCLE | 658 | ||
| BREAST | 660 | ||
| PREGNANCY | 661 | ||
| MENOPAUSE | 667 | ||
| REFERENCES | 668 | ||
| Chapter 33 - Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function | 670 | ||
| MENSTRUAL DISORDERS | 671 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN UTERINE POSITIONAND PELVIC SUPPORT | 673 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT | 675 | ||
| BENIGN GROWTHS AND ABERRANT TISSUE OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT | 677 | ||
| CANCER OF THE FEMALE GENITAL STRUCTURES | 679 | ||
| DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY | 680 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE BREAST | 681 | ||
| REACTIVE-INFLAMMATORY BREAST DISORDERS | 681 | ||
| BENIGN BREAST DISORDERS | 682 | ||
| MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE BREAST | 683 | ||
| REFERENCES | 686 | ||
| Chapter 34 - Sexually Transmitted Infections | 688 | ||
| URETHRITIS, CERVICITIS, SALPINGITIS, AND PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | 689 | ||
| DISEASES WITH SYSTEMIC INVOLVEMENT | 690 | ||
| DISEASES WITH LOCALIZED LESIONS | 693 | ||
| ENTERIC INFECTIONS | 694 | ||
| REFERENCES | 695 | ||
| Chapter 35 - Gastrointestinal Function | 696 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 698 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY | 701 | ||
| SECRETORY FUNCTION | 711 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION | 712 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN | 716 | ||
| REFERENCES | 718 | ||
| Chapter 36 - Gastrointestinal Disorders | 720 | ||
| MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS | 721 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS\r | 724 | ||
| ORAL INFECTIONS | 724 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS | 724 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN THE INTEGRITY OF THEGASTROINTESTINAL TRACT WALL | 726 | ||
| INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES | 726 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 729 | ||
| ENTEROCOLITIS | 730 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN MOTILITY OF THEGASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 732 | ||
| MOTILITY DISORDERS | 732 | ||
| DISORDERS OF MALABSORPTION | 734 | ||
| MUCOSAL DISORDERS | 734 | ||
| MALABSORPTION DISORDERS AFTER SURGICAL INTERVENTION | 734 | ||
| NEOPLASMS OF THE GASTROINTESTINALTRACT | 736 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL, GASTRIC, AND SMALL INTESTINAL CANCERS | 736 | ||
| COLONIC POLYPS AND COLON CANCER | 737 | ||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OFGASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS | 738 | ||
| STRESS OF LIFESTYLE CHANGES | 738 | ||
| REFERENCES | 739 | ||
| Chapter 37 - Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas | 741 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THEPANCREATICOBILIARY SYSTEM | 741 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY OF THE PANCREATICOBILIARY SYSTEM | 742 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF BILE | 742 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE PANCREAS | 743 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE GALLBLADDER | 744 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHOLESTEROL GALLSTONE FORMATION | 744 | ||
| CHOLELITHIASIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS | 746 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE PANCREAS | 748 | ||
| PANCREATITIS | 748 | ||
| REFERENCES | 752 | ||
| Chapter 38 - Liver Diseases | 753 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE LIVER | 754 | ||
| GENERAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LIVER DISEASE | 756 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE LIVER | 767 | ||
| HEPATITIS | 767 | ||
| CIRRHOSIS | 772 | ||
| TOXIC LIVER DISORDERS | 773 | ||
| OTHER STRUCTURAL LIVER CONDITIONS | 775 | ||
| TRANSPLANTATION | 776 | ||
| AGE-RELATED LIVER DISORDERS | 778 | ||
| LIVER DISEASES AND PEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS | 778 | ||
| LIVER DISEASES AND GERIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS | 780 | ||
| REFERENCES | 781 | ||
| Chapter 39 - Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation | 783 | ||
| HORMONE STRUCTURE AND ACTION | 784 | ||
| HORMONE REGULATION | 786 | ||
| HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 788 | ||
| THYROID HORMONES | 793 | ||
| STEROID HORMONES | 795 | ||
| CATEGORIES OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE | 797 | ||
| REFERENCES | 798 | ||
| Chapter 40 - Disorders of Endocrine Function | 799 | ||
| BASIC CONCEPTS OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS | 800 | ||
| GROWTH HORMONE DISORDERS | 801 | ||
| THYROID HORMONE DISORDERS | 803 | ||
| ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONE DISORDERS | 806 | ||
| ADRENAL MEDULLA DISORDER | 811 | ||
| PARATHYROID GLAND DISORDERS | 811 | ||
| ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE DISORDERS | 813 | ||
| REFERENCES | 815 | ||
| Chapter 41 - Diabetes Mellitus | 816 | ||
| REGULATION OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM | 817 | ||
| GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE DISORDERS | 821 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS | 826 | ||
| TREATMENT AND EDUCATION | 828 | ||
| PEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS | 834 | ||
| GERIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS | 835 | ||
| REFERENCES | 837 | ||
| Chapter 42 - Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition | 839 | ||
| METABOLIC PROCESSES | 840 | ||
| NUTRIENT METABOLISM | 841 | ||
| OBESITY | 846 | ||
| AGING AND METABOLIC FUNCTION | 847 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL ALTERATIONS OF PHYSIOLOGIC STRESS | 848 | ||
| EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION | 850 | ||
| EPIGENETICS IN METABOLISM AND NUTRITION | 851 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ALTERED HEALTH STATES | 853 | ||
| REFERENCES | 855 | ||
| Chapter 43 - Structure and Function of the Nervous System | 857 | ||
| STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION | 858 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 858 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 869 | ||
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 874 | ||
| NEURONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 877 | ||
| NEURONS AND SUPPORTIVE CELLS | 877 | ||
| NEURONAL COMMUNICATION | 880 | ||
| NEURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGING, AND INJURY | 887 | ||
| SENSORY FUNCTION | 889 | ||
| SENSORY RECEPTORS | 889 | ||
| SENSORY PATHWAYS | 890 | ||
| SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX | 891 | ||
| MOTOR FUNCTION | 892 | ||
| MOTOR NEURONS | 892 | ||
| SPINAL REFLEXES | 892 | ||
| CENTRAL CONTROL OF MOTOR FUNCTION | 893 | ||
| CONSCIOUSNESS, MEMORY, AND SLEEP | 895 | ||
| CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY | 895 | ||
| SLEEP | 895 | ||
| REFERENCES | 897 | ||
| Chapter 44 - Acute Disorders of Brain Function | 898 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF BRAIN INJURY | 899 | ||
| MANIFESTATIONS OF BRAIN INJURY | 907 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 910 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 910 | ||
| TYPES OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 910 | ||
| PRIMARY INJURY | 910 | ||
| SECONDARY INJURY | 912 | ||
| TREATMENT | 912 | ||
| Chapter 45 - Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function | 922 | ||
| BRAIN AND CEREBELLAR DISORDERS | 922 | ||
| SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVE DISORDERS | 932 | ||
| REFERENCES | 940 | ||
| Chapter 46 - Alterations in Special Sensory Function | 942 | ||
| HEARING AND BALANCE | 943 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EAR | 943 | ||
| GENERAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT | 944 | ||
| HEARING IMPAIRMENT DISORDERS | 945 | ||
| OTITIS MEDIA | 947 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT | 948 | ||
| VISION | 948 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE EYE | 948 | ||
| VISUAL PATHWAYS | 949 | ||
| GENERAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT | 950 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE EYE | 950 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH VISION IMPAIRMENT | 955 | ||
| SMELL AND TASTE | 957 | ||
| REFERENCES | 958 | ||
| Chapter 47 - Pain | 959 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN | 960 | ||
| TYPES OF PAIN | 965 | ||
| ACUTE PAIN | 966 | ||
| CHRONIC PAIN | 967 | ||
| CANCER-RELATED PAIN | 969 | ||
| NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 969 | ||
| ISCHEMIC PAIN | 970 | ||
| REFERRED PAIN | 970 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO PAIN | 970 | ||
| PAIN IN THE YOUNG AND THE ELDERLY | 971 | ||
| TREATMENT MODALITIES | 971 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC AND NONPHARMACOLOGIC PAIN MANAGEMENT | 971 | ||
| REFERENCES | 973 | ||
| Chapter 48 - Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses | 974 | ||
| THOUGHT DISORDER, DELIRIUM, AND DEMENTIA | 975 | ||
| WOMEN AND MENTAL ILLNESS | 986 | ||
| CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS | 987 | ||
| GERIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS | 987 | ||
| REFERENCES | 988 | ||
| Chapter 49 - Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses | 990 | ||
| ANXIETY DISORDERS | 990 | ||
| NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS | 996 | ||
| REFERENCES | 998 | ||
| Chapter 50 - Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System | 1000 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BONE | 1001 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF JOINTS | 1005 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE | 1010 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS | 1011 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE | 1012 | ||
| MECHANICS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION | 1013 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1018 | ||
| Chapter 51 - Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease | 1019 | ||
| SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES | 1020 | ||
| INERT SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES | 1020 | ||
| CONTRACTILE SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES | 1022 | ||
| BONE INJURIES AND INFECTIONS | 1023 | ||
| BONE AND JOINT TRAUMA | 1023 | ||
| INFECTIONS OF THE BONE | 1029 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN BONE STRUCTURE AND MASS | 1031 | ||
| BONE STRUCTURE DISORDERS | 1031 | ||
| METABOLIC BONE DISEASES | 1032 | ||
| BONE TUMORS | 1035 | ||
| DISEASES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE | 1036 | ||
| MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | 1036 | ||
| OTHER DISORDERS OF MUSCLE | 1037 | ||
| CHRONIC MUSCLE PAIN | 1037 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1038 | ||
| Chapter 52 - Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders | 1039 | ||
| LOCAL DISORDERS OF JOINT FUNCTION | 1039 | ||
| SYSTEMIC DISORDERS OF JOINT FUNCTION | 1042 | ||
| JOINT DYSFUNCTION SECONDARY TO OTHER DISEASES | 1049 | ||
| PEDIATRIC JOINT DISORDERS | 1052 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1053 | ||
| Chapter 53 - Alterations in the Integumentary System | 1054 | ||
| AGE-RELATED CHANGES | 1055 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM | 1057 | ||
| SELECTED SKIN DISORDERS | 1059 | ||
| INFECTIOUS PROCESSES | 1060 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS | 1065 | ||
| ALLERGIC SKIN RESPONSES | 1068 | ||
| PARASITIC INFESTATIONS | 1070 | ||
| OTHER DISORDERS OF THE DERMIS | 1073 | ||
| SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DARK SKIN | 1078 | ||
| INTEGUMENTARY MANIFESTATIONSOF SYSTEMIC DISEASE | 1079 | ||
| SKIN | 1079 | ||
| HAIR | 1080 | ||
| NAILS | 1081 | ||
| TREATMENT IMPLICATIONS | 1082 | ||
| TOPICAL TREATMENT | 1082 | ||
| INTRALESIONAL INJECTION | 1083 | ||
| SELECTION OF A DELIVERY SYSTEM | 1083 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROIDS | 1083 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS | 1083 | ||
| INFANCY | 1083 | ||
| CHILDHOOD SKIN DISORDERS | 1084 | ||
| ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD | 1087 | ||
| GERIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1087 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1089 | ||
| Chapter 54 - Burn Injuries | 1090 | ||
| THERMAL INJURY | 1091 | ||
| ELECTRICAL INJURY | 1105 | ||
| CHEMICAL INJURY | 1107 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1108 | ||
| Appendix - Clinical and Laboratory Values | 1111 | ||
| Glossary\r | 1117 | ||
| Index\r | 1147 | ||
| Prefixes and Suffixes Commonly Used in Medical Terminology | 1184 | ||
| Word Roots Commonly Used in Medical Terminology | IBC |