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Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology - E-Book

BOOK

Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology - E-Book

Marilyn Winterton Edmunds

(2014)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-0-323-29325-9
Edition
7
Language
English
Pages
512
Subjects
Respiratory medicine
Nursing
Nursing specialties

Abstract

Providing a framework for safe and effective drug administration, Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 7th Edition helps you understand the principles of pharmacology and avoid making medication errors. It promotes safety by showing how drugs and drug classes work, rather than asking you to simply memorize information about individual drugs. Safety is also emphasized with a section dedicated to math review and drug dosage calculation. This edition includes updated drug information, new review questions for the NCLEX examination, and a succinct, evidence-based approach to pharmacology. Written by nationally known nurse practitioner Marilyn Edmunds, Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology highlights "must-know" drugs -- the ones seen most often in clinical practice.

  • A focus on understanding drug classes rather than memorizing individual drugs helps you understand the actions and uses of drug classes and provides a framework for safe, effective practice as new drugs are introduced and as existing drugs are withdrawn from the market.

  • Coverage of math review and medication administration includes three chapters on math review and drug dosage calculation, to promote safe drug administration.

  • Unique! 30 must-know drugs -- those most commonly prescribed -- are highlighted with icons and listed inside the cover for quick reference.

  • Readability and clarity is attained through the use of a simplified vocabulary and shorter sentencesmake the content easier than ever to learn.

  • Vivid, full-color design includes 200 drawings and photographs.

  • Do Not Confuse drug list is is located on the inside cover for quick reference, helping you avoid drug errors with common look-alike or sound-alike drug names.

  • Consistent chapter format covers each drug class with Action, Uses, Adverse Reactions, Drug and Food Interactions, and Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching sections.

  • Application of the nursing process to each drug class includes Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation, and Patient and Family Teaching.

  • Key content is highlighted, as in all of Elsevier's LPN Threads textbooks, with features such as Clinical Goldmines, Clinical Pitfalls, Memory Joggers, Lifespan Considerations, and Complementary and Alternative Therapies boxes.

  • Case studies in all drug chapters offer practice in applying information to realistic clinical situations and help you prepare for the NCLEX-PN Examination.

  • Drug Calculation Review questions reinforce your drug calculation and math skills in the context of clinical practice.

  • Critical thinking questions at the end of each chapter promote higher-level thinking skills while reinforcing key concepts.

  • Canadian drug icons identify trade-name drugs available only in Canada.

  • Glossary includes all of the book's key terms plus additional terminology that will be helpful in clinical practice, with audio pronunciations on the Evolve companion website.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover cover
Inside front cover ifc1
Special Medication Precautions i
Evolve page ii
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 7/e iii
Copyright page iv
Acknowledgments v
Contributor and Reviewers vi
LPN Threads and Advisory Board vii
LPN Threads vii
LPN Advisory Board vii
Preface viii
Organization and Features viii
Teaching and Learning Package for the Instructor ix
TEACH Instructor Resources ix
For the Student ix
To the Student x
Reading and Review Tools x
Chapter Features x
TOC xi
Unit 1 General Principles of Pharmacology 1
1 Pharmacology and the Nursing Process in LPN Practice 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
The LPN’s Tasks and the Nursing Process 1
Assessment 2
Factors to Consider in Assessing the Patient 3
Diagnosis 4
Planning 4
Factors to Think About in Planning to Give a Medication 4
Implementation 5
The Right Drug 5
The Right Time 6
The Right Dose 6
The Right Patient 7
The Right Route 7
The Right Documentation (Record Keeping) 7
Evaluation 7
Factors to Think About in Evaluating Response to Medication 8
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 8
Key Points 8
Additional Learning Resources 8
Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination 9
Critical Thinking Questions 9
2 Patient Teaching and Health Literacy 10
Objectives 10
Key Terms 10
Overview 10
Compliance, Noncompliance, and Concordance 10
Communicating With the Patient 10
The Process Of Patient Education 11
Assessment Of Patient Education Needs 11
Preparing A Teaching Plan 12
Implementing The Teaching Plan 13
Verbal Education 13
Written Information 13
Audiovisual Resources 15
Nurse and Patient Use of the Internet 15
Evaluation Of Learning 15
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 16
Key Points 16
Additional Learning Resources 16
Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination 16
Critical Thinking Questions 16
3 Legal Aspects Affecting the Administration of Medications 17
Objectives 17
Key Terms 17
Pharmacology and Regulations 17
Federal Laws 17
Controlled Substances 17
Prescription, or Legend, Drugs 19
Over-the-Counter Medications 19
Canadian Drug Legislation 20
State Law and Health Care Agency Policies 21
Patient Charts 22
Kardex 23
Drug Distribution Systems 24
Narcotics Control Systems 24
The Drug Order 26
Medication Errors 27
Legislation To Protect Health Care Workers 29
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 29
Key Points 29
Additional Learning Resources 29
Review Questions for the NCLEX ® Examination 29
Critical Thinking Questions 30
4 Foundations and Principles of Pharmacology 31
Objectives 31
Key Terms 31
Overview 31
Drug Names 31
Types of Drug Actions 32
Drug Attachment (Drug-Receptor Binding) 32
Basic Drug Processes 32
The Process of Absorption 32
The Process of Distribution 33
The Process of Metabolism 34
The Process of Excretion or Elimination 34
Half-Life. 34
Basics of Drug Action 35
Bioequivalence 35
Drug Interactions 36
Food, Alcohol, and Drug Interactions 37
Alcohol-Medication Interactions. 37
Drug Effects on Laboratory Tests and Blood Substances. 37
Chronotherapy. 37
Patient Variables Affecting Drug Use 37
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 41
Key Points 41
Additional Learning Resources 41
Review Questions for the NCLEX ® Examination 41
Critical Thinking Questions 42
5 Lifespan and Cultural Modifications 43
Objectives 43
Key Terms 43
Overview 43
Patient Factors That May Affect Drug Action 43
Special Considerations for the Pediatric Patient 43
Absorption 44
Distribution 45
Metabolism 45
Excretion 45
Adverse Reactions 45
Special Considerations for the Geriatric Patient 46
Absorption 46
Distribution 46
Metabolism 47
Excretion 47
Adverse Reactions 47
Patient Teaching Considerations 48
Women’s Health Issues 48
Special Considerations for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 49
Specific Products Used Throughout the Lifespan 51
Immunizations 51
Antidiabetic Agents 52
Antihypertensive Agents 52
Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs 52
Smoking-Cessation Products 52
Weight-Loss Drugs 52
Antidepressant Medications 52
Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence) 52
Aspirin 52
Caffeine 52
Cultural Influences Related to Medications 53
Genetics 54
Spirituality and Religion 54
Why People Don’t Take Their Medicines 54
Get Ready for the NCLEX Examination! 56
Key Points 56
Additional Learning Resources 56
Review Questions for the NCLEX Examination 56
Critical Thinking Questions 56
6 Self-Care: 58
Objectives 58
Key Terms 58
Overview 58
Documenting Patient Health Care Practices 58
Over-the-Counter Medications 59
Product Labeling 59
Patient Teaching 59
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Including Herbal Therapies 60
Herbal Therapies and Supplements 61
Product Labeling 61
Concerns about Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements 61
Pros and Cons 62
Aromatherapy 62
Drugs for Health Promotion: Vitamins and Minerals 64
Pros and Cons 66
Calcium 67
Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 67
Iron 67
Summary 67
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 68
Key Points 68
Additional Learning Resources 68
Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination 68
Critical Thinking Questions 68
Unit 2 Principles of Medication Administration 70
7 Review of Mathematical Principles 70
Objectives 70
Key Terms 70
Overview 70
Multiplication and Division 70
Roman Numerals 71
Fractions 71
Basic Principles 71
Adding Fractions 73
Subtracting Fractions 73
Multiplying Fractions 73
Dividing Fractions 74
Decimal Fractions 74
Adding and Subtracting Decimal Fractions 74
Multiplying and Dividing Decimal Fractions 75
Ratios 75
Proportions 75
Percents 76
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 77
Key Points 77
Additional Learning Resources 77
Review Questions for the NCLEX ® Examination 77
Critical Thinking Questions 78
8 Mathematical Calculations Used in Pharmacology 79
Objectives 79
Key Terms 79
Overview 79
Metric System 79
Converting Temperature Readings 80
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 81
Key Points 81
Additional Learning Resources 81
Review Questions for the NCLEX ® Examination 81
Critical Thinking Questions 81
9 Calculating Drug Dosages 83
Objectives 83
Key Terms 83
Overview 83
Calculation Methods 83
Fraction Method 83
Ratio Or Proportion Method 84
“Desired Over Available” Method 84
Calculating Dosages 84
Oral Medications 84
Capsules and Tablets 85
Liquids 85
Parenteral Medications 86
Insulin 87
Intravenous Infusions 88
Flow Rates. 88
Flow Rates for Infants and Children. 88
Total Infusion Time. 89
Other Factors Influencing Flow Rates. 89
Calculating Dosages For Infants And Children 89
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 90
Key Points 90
Additional Learning Resources 91
Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination 91
Drug Calculation Review 91
Critical Thinking Questions 91
10 Preparing and Administering Medications 93
Objectives 93
Key Terms 93
Overview 93
Enteral Medications 93
Oral Administration 93
Procedure for Administering Oral Medications 94
Solid-Form Oral Medications 94
Liquid-Form Oral Medications 97
Nasogastric Administration 97
Procedure for Administering Nasogastric, Peg, and Jejunum Tube Medications 97
Rectal Administration 98
Parenteral Medications 101
Standard Precautions 101
Parenteral Administration 101
Basic Equipment 103
Syringes 103
Needles 103
Procedure for Preparing and Administering Parenteral Medications 105
Forms of Parenteral Medications 105
Administering Intradermal Medications 110
Equipment and Technique 110
Administering Subcutaneous Medications 111
Equipment and Sites for Injection 111
Technique 112
Administering Intramuscular Medications 113
Equipment 113
Sites for Injection 113
Technique 113
Administering Intravenous Medications 117
Equipment 117
Sites for Intravenous Needle Insertion 117
Venipuncture and Intravenous Infusion 117
Modifications in Technique for Specific Situations 117
Adding Medication by Syringe to an Infusion. 117
Adding Medication to a Plastic Bag or an IV Bottle. 118
Adding Medication to a Volume Control. 118
Adding a Medication by Piggyback Infusion. 122
Administration of Medication When There is Only an Intermittent Infusion Device. 122
Intravenous Infusion Rates 122
Additional Delivery Systems 124
General Nursing Actions for a Patient with an Intravenous Infusion 125
Failure to Infuse Properly. 125
Infiltration. 126
Air in the Tubing. 126
Signs of Infection. 126
Allergic Reactions. 126
Circulatory Problems. 126
Percutaneous Medications 126
Percutaneous Administration 126
Procedure for Administering Percutaneous Medications 127
Administering Topical Medications 127
Technique 127
Technique for Nitroglycerin Ointment 129
Transdermal Delivery Systems 129
Administering Medications to Mucous Membranes 130
Additional Guidelines 131
Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! 134
Key Points 134
Additional Learning Resources 134
Review Questions for the NCLEX ® Examination 134
Critical Thinking Questions 135
Unit 3 Drug Groups 136
11 Allergy and Respiratory Medications 136
Objectives 136
Key Terms 136
Overview 136
Respiratory System 136
Antihistamines 138
Overview 138
Action 138
Uses 138
Adverse Reactions 138
Drug Dosages 139
Drug Interactions 139
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching 139
n Assessment 139
n Diagnosis 139
n Planning 139
n Implementation 140
n Evaluation 140
n Patient and Family Teaching 142
Antitussives 142
Overview 142
Action 142
Uses 142
Adverse Reactions 142
Drug Interactions 142
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching 142
n Assessment 142
n Diagnosis 143
n Planning 143
n Implementation 143
n Evaluation 143
n Patient and Family Teaching 143
Asthma Medications 144
Overview 144
Asthma Prophylaxis (Prevention) Medication 144
Action 144
Uses 144
Adverse Reactions 144
Drug Interactions 145
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching 145
n Assessment 145
n Diagnosis 145
n Planning 145
n Implementation 145
n Evaluation 145
n Patient and Family Teaching 145
Bronchodilators 145
Sympathomimetics 146
Action 146
Uses 146
Adverse Reactions 146
Drug Interactions 146
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching 146
n Assessment 146
n Diagnosis 146
n Planning 146
n Implementation 146
n Evaluation 147
n Patient and Family Teaching 147
Xanthine Derivatives 147
Action 147
Uses 147
Adverse Reactions 147
DRUG INTERACTIONS 149
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching 149
n Assessment 149
n Diagnosis 149
n Planning 149
n Implementation 149
n Evaluation 150
n Patient and Family Teaching 150
Leukotriene Receptor Inhibitors 150
Action 150
Uses 150
Appendixes 443
Appendix A: Answers to NCLEX Review Questions 443
Chapter 1 443
Chapter 2 443
Chapter 3 443
Chapter 4 443
Chapter 5 443
Chapter 6 443
Chapter 7 443
Chapter 8 443
Chapter 9 443
Chapter 10 443
Chapter 11 443
Chapter 12 443
Chapter 13 443
Chapter 14 443
Chapter 15 443
Chapter 16 443
Chapter 17 443
Chapter 18 443
Chapter 19 443
Chapter 20 443
Chapter 21 443
Chapter 22 443
Chapter 23 443
Chapter 24 443
Appendix B: Answers to Drug Calculation Review Questions 444
Chapter 9: Calculating Drug Dosages 444
Chapter 11: ALLERGY AND RESPIRATORY MEDICATIONS 444
Chapter 12: Antiinfective Medications 445
Chapter 13: Antivirals, Antiretrovirals, And Antifungal Medications 446
Chapter 14: Antineoplastic Medications 447
Chapter 15: Cardiovascular And Renal Medications 447
Chapter 16: Central And Peripheral Nervous System Medications 448
Chapter 17: Medications For Pain Management 449
Chapter 18: Gastrointestinal Medications 449
Chapter 19: Hematologic Products 450
Chapter 20: Hormones And Steroids 451
Chapter 21: Immunologic Medications 452
Chapter 22: Antiinflammatory, Musculoskeletal, And Antiarthritis Medications 452
Chapter 23: Topical Preparations 453
Chapter 24: Vitamins And Minerals 453
Bibliography 455
Illustration Credits 457
Chapter 5 457
Chapter 9 457
Chapter 10 457
Chapter 11 457
Chapter 12 457
Chapter 13 457
Chapter 14 457
Chapter 15 457
Chapter 16 457
Chapter 17 457
Chapter 18 457
Chapter 19 457
Chapter 21 458
Chapter 22 458
Chapter 23 458
Glossary 459
A 459
B 460
C 460
D 460
E 461
F 461
G 461
H 461
I 462
L 462
M 462
N 463
O 463
P 464
R 464
S 465
T 465
U 466
V 466
W 466
X 466
Index 467
A 467
B 470
C 471
D 474
E 476
F 476
G 477
H 478
I 479
J 480
K 480
L 480
M 481
N 483
O 484
P 485
Q 488
R 488
S 489
T 490
U 492
V 492
W 493
X 493
Y 493
Z 493
Hale’s Lactation Risk Categories 494
L1: Safest 494
L2: Safer 494
L3: Moderately Safe 494
L4: Possibly Hazardous 494
L5: Contraindicated 494
Must Know Drugs ibc_3

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