Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Don’t take chances with your exam prep! Trust Review of Ophthalmology to help you study all the current information you need to know to ace your exams!
- Efficiently review a wide spectrum of topics with an organization by common ophthalmologic subspecialties.
- Maximize retention with a popular outline approach that distills key information on each topic alongside sample review questions.
- Review the findings of many important clinical studies with which you are expected to be familiar.
- Test your understanding of essential information with questions at the end of each chapter and answers at the end of the book.
- Study on the go, search the complete text online, and download images at www.expertconsult.com.
- Be fully prepared for current exam topics with information on the latest techniques in corneal surgery, macular degeneration treatment and trials, and expanded treatment options for many sections.
- View anatomic details, common ophthalmic test findings, and examples of classic histopathology specimens through brand-new illustrations and photographs.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Review of Ophthalmology | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vi | ||
| Acknowledgements | vii | ||
| 1 Optics | 1 | ||
| Properties of Light | 1 | ||
| Index of refraction (n): | 1 | ||
| Interference: | 1 | ||
| Coherence: | 1 | ||
| Polarization: | 1 | ||
| Diffraction: | 1 | ||
| Scattering: | 1 | ||
| Reflection: | 2 | ||
| Transmission: | 2 | ||
| Absorption: | 2 | ||
| Illumination: | 2 | ||
| Luminance: | 2 | ||
| Laser: | 2 | ||
| Refraction | 2 | ||
| Snell’s law: | 2 | ||
| Critical angle: | 2 | ||
| Total internal reflection: | 2 | ||
| Prisms | 3 | ||
| Prism diopter (PD, Δ): | 3 | ||
| Angle of minimum deviation: | 3 | ||
| Risley prism: | 3 | ||
| Fresnel prisms: | 3 | ||
| Prismatic effect of lenses (Figure 1-4): | 3 | ||
| Prentice’s rule: | 3 | ||
| Prismatic effect of bifocal glasses: | 4 | ||
| Chromatic effects: | 4 | ||
| Duochrome test: | 4 | ||
| Vector addition of prisms: | 4 | ||
| Vergence | 4 | ||
| Convergence (converging rays): | 4 | ||
| Divergence (diverging rays): | 4 | ||
| Parallel rays: | 4 | ||
| Diopter: | 4 | ||
| Lens: | 4 | ||
| Basic lens formula: | 4 | ||
| Objects and images: | 4 | ||
| Lenses: | 5 | ||
| Lens effectivity: | 5 | ||
| Vertex distance conversion: | 5 | ||
| Pure cylindrical lens: | 6 | ||
| Spherocylindrical lens: | 6 | ||
| Cylinder transposition: | 6 | ||
| Power cross diagram: | 6 | ||
| Combining cylinders at oblique axis: | 6 | ||
| Power of cylinder at oblique axis: | 6 | ||
| Aberrations | 6 | ||
| Spherical: | 6 | ||
| Coma: | 6 | ||
| Curvature of field: | 7 | ||
| Astigmatism of oblique incidence: | 7 | ||
| Distortion: | 7 | ||
| Chromatic: | 7 | ||
| Magnification | 7 | ||
| Transverse (linear or lateral): | 7 | ||
| Axial: | 7 | ||
| Angular: | 7 | ||
| Size of image seen through glasses: | 7 | ||
| Anisometropia: | 7 | ||
| Aniseikonia: | 7 | ||
| Knapp’s rule: | 7 | ||
| Telescopes: | 7 | ||
| Accommodation through telescope: | 8 | ||
| Mirrors | 8 | ||
| Law of reflection: | 8 | ||
| Objects and images: | 8 | ||
| Focal length: | 8 | ||
| Reflecting power: | 8 | ||
| Convex: | 8 | ||
| Concave: | 8 | ||
| Plano: | 8 | ||
| Central ray: | 8 | ||
| Eye as Optical System | 8 | ||
| Model Eye | 8 | ||
| Vision Measurements | 8 | ||
| Minimum visible: | 8 | ||
| Minimum discriminable: | 8 | ||
| Minimum separable: | 8 | ||
| Vernier acuity: | 9 | ||
| Snellen acuity: | 9 | ||
| ETDRS Chart: | 9 | ||
| Near acuity: | 9 | ||
| Acuity testing in children: | 9 | ||
| Factors other than disease that reduce measured visual acuity: | 9 | ||
| Legal blindness (in US): | 9 | ||
| Visual acuity is influenced by pupil size: | 9 | ||
| Laser inferometer: | 9 | ||
| Contrast sensitivity: | 9 | ||
| Refractive Error | 9 | ||
| Axial vs refractive: | 9 | ||
| Far point: | 10 | ||
| Astigmatism: | 10 | ||
| Correction of ametropia: | 10 | ||
| Acquired hyperopia: | 10 | ||
| Acquired myopia: | 10 | ||
| Night myopia: | 10 | ||
| Acquired astigmatism: | 10 | ||
| Accommodation | 10 | ||
| Amplitude of accommodation: | 10 | ||
| Range of accommodation: | 10 | ||
| Presbyopia: | 10 | ||
| Theories of accommodation: | 11 | ||
| Donder’s table: | 11 | ||
| Conditions that cause asthenopia (eye fatigue with sustained near effort): | 11 | ||
| Premature presbyopia (subnormal accommodation): | 11 | ||
| Color Vision | 11 | ||
| 3 components of color: | 11 | ||
| Hue: | 11 | ||
| Saturation: | 11 | ||
| Brightness: | 11 | ||
| Bezold-Brucke phenomenon: | 11 | ||
| Abney effect: | 11 | ||
| Luminosity curve: | 11 | ||
| Afterimages: | 11 | ||
| Color perception: | 11 | ||
| Prescribing Glasses | 11 | ||
| Children (Table 1-3): | 11 | ||
| Adults: | 12 | ||
| Minus cylinder grinding: | 12 | ||
| Match base curves: | 12 | ||
| Binocular balance: | 12 | ||
| Bifocal add: | 12 | ||
| Kestenbaum’s rule: | 12 | ||
| Aphakic spectacles: | 12 | ||
| Contact Lenses (Cl) | 12 | ||
| Toric lens: | 12 | ||
| Ballasted lens: | 12 | ||
| Sagittal depth/apical height: | 12 | ||
| Radius of curvature (base curve): | 12 | ||
| Overall diameter: | 12 | ||
| Oxygen transmission: | 12 | ||
| Accommodative demand: | 12 | ||
| Fitting rigid CL: | 13 | ||
| Power calculation: | 13 | ||
| Evaluating fit: | 13 | ||
| Low-Vision Aids | 13 | ||
| Kestenbaum’s rule: | 13 | ||
| Near devices: | 13 | ||
| Distance devices: | 13 | ||
| Intraocular Lenses (IOL) | 13 | ||
| Ophthalmic Instruments | 14 | ||
| Direct ophthalmoscope (Figure 1-19): | 14 | ||
| Indirect ophthalmoscope (Figure 1-20): | 14 | ||
| Retinoscope: | 14 | ||
| Slit-lamp biomicroscope (Figure 1-21): | 14 | ||
| Lensometer: | 15 | ||
| Keratometer: | 15 | ||
| Applanation tonometry: | 15 | ||
| A- and B-scan ultrasonography: | 15 | ||
| Ocular coherence tomography (OCT): | 15 | ||
| Equations | 15 | ||
| Vergence formula: | 15 | ||
| Lens power (diopters): | 15 | ||
| Snell’s law: | 15 | ||
| Prismatic power: | 15 | ||
| Prentice’s rule: | 15 | ||
| Reduced schematic eye (calculations of retinal image size): | 16 | ||
| Spherical equivalent: | 16 | ||
| Refracting power of a spherical surface: | 16 | ||
| Reflecting power of a spherical mirror: | 16 | ||
| Power of a thin lens immersed in fluid: | 16 | ||
| Power of lens at new vertex distance: | 16 | ||
| Linear magnification: | 16 | ||
| Axial magnification: | 16 | ||
| Angular magnification: | 16 | ||
| Simple magnifier: | 16 | ||
| Telescope (Galilean and astronomical): | 16 | ||
| Total accommodation through telescope: | 16 | ||
| IOL power (SRK): | 16 | ||
| AC/A ratio (accommodative converge/accommodation): | 16 | ||
| Review Questions (Answers start on page 355) | 16 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 19 | ||
| 2 Pharmacology | 21 | ||
| Ocular Pharmacology | 21 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics: | 21 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics: | 21 | ||
| Bioavailability: | 21 | ||
| Therapeutic index: | 21 | ||
| Inhibitory quotient (IQ): | 21 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 21 | ||
| Topical: | 21 | ||
| Subconjunctival / sub-Tenon’s: | 22 | ||
| Retrobulbar / peribulbar: | 22 | ||
| Intraocular: | 22 | ||
| Systemic: | 22 | ||
| Concentration | 22 | ||
| Anesthetics | 22 | ||
| Mechanism: | 22 | ||
| Structure: | 22 | ||
| Topical: | 22 | ||
| Parenteral: | 22 | ||
| General: | 22 | ||
| Autonomic System | 23 | ||
| Sympathetic | 23 | ||
| Adrenergic receptors: | 23 | ||
| 3 Embryology / Pathology | 35 | ||
| Embryology | 35 | ||
| Formation of eye: | 35 | ||
| Embryonic plate (Figure 3.1): | 35 | ||
| Optic pit: | 35 | ||
| Optic vesicle: | 35 | ||
| Optic cup (Figure 3.2): | 35 | ||
| Embryonic fissure: | 35 | ||
| Hyaloid artery (Figure 3-3): | 35 | ||
| Primitive epithelial papillae: | 36 | ||
| Vitreous: | 36 | ||
| Retina: | 37 | ||
| Choroid: | 37 | ||
| Sclera: | 37 | ||
| Cornea: | 37 | ||
| Angle: | 37 | ||
| Lens: | 37 | ||
| Summary | 37 | ||
| Iris: | 37 | ||
| Ciliary body (CB): | 38 | ||
| Nasolacrimal system: | 38 | ||
| Eyelids: | 38 | ||
| Embryologic tissues and their components: | 38 | ||
| Pathology | 39 | ||
| Microbial studies | 39 | ||
| Stains | 39 | ||
| Gram: | 39 | ||
| Giemsa: | 39 | ||
| Acid fast (Ziehl-Neelsen): | 39 | ||
| Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS): | 39 | ||
| Gomori’s methenamine silver: | 39 | ||
| Calcofluor white: | 39 | ||
| KOH: | 39 | ||
| Culture Media | 40 | ||
| Blood agar: | 40 | ||
| Blood agar in 5–10% carbon dioxide: | 40 | ||
| Chocolate (contains hemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD]): | 40 | ||
| Thioglycolate: | 40 | ||
| Sabouraud’s: | 40 | ||
| Löwenstein-Jensen: | 40 | ||
| Loeffler’s: | 40 | ||
| Non-nutrient agar with E. coli overgrowth: | 40 | ||
| Cytology | 40 | ||
| Intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusions (Giemsa stain): | 40 | ||
| Intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions (Papanicolaou stain): | 40 | ||
| Tissue stains | 40 | ||
| Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E): | 40 | ||
| Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS): | 40 | ||
| Masson trichrome: | 40 | ||
| Congo red: | 40 | ||
| Crystal violet: | 40 | ||
| Alcian blue: | 40 | ||
| Colloidal iron: | 40 | ||
| Oil red O: | 40 | ||
| Sudan black: | 40 | ||
| Luxol fast blue: | 40 | ||
| Bodian: | 40 | ||
| Mucicarmine: | 40 | ||
| Verhoeff Van Gieson: | 40 | ||
| Movat’s pentachrome: | 40 | ||
| Wilder: | 40 | ||
| Alizarin red: | 40 | ||
| von Kossa: | 40 | ||
| Prussian blue: | 40 | ||
| Fontana-Masson: | 40 | ||
| S-100 protein: | 40 | ||
| Polarizing filters: | 40 | ||
| Tissue fixation | 40 | ||
| Orientation of globe: | 40 | ||
| Paraffin: | 40 | ||
| Glutaraldehyde: | 40 | ||
| Formalin and Bouin’s fixative: | 40 | ||
| Ethyl alcohol: | 41 | ||
| Fixation artifacts: | 41 | ||
| Hypersensitivity reactions (coombs and gell classification) | 41 | ||
| Type I: | 41 | ||
| Type II: | 41 | ||
| Type III: | 41 | ||
| Type IV: | 41 | ||
| Type V: | 41 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 41 | ||
| IgG: | 41 | ||
| IgA: | 41 | ||
| IgM: | 41 | ||
| IgD: | 41 | ||
| IgE: | 41 | ||
| Hla (human leukocyte antigen) system | 41 | ||
| Inflammation | 42 | ||
| Types of Inflammatory Cells | 42 | ||
| Neutrophils: | 42 | ||
| Eosinophils: | 42 | ||
| Mast cells: | 42 | ||
| Lymphocytes: | 42 | ||
| Plasma cells: | 42 | ||
| Macrophages: | 42 | ||
| Epithelioid histiocyte: | 42 | ||
| Giant cells: | 42 | ||
| Types of Inflammation | 42 | ||
| Acute: | 42 | ||
| Chronic: | 43 | ||
| Sequelae of Inflammation | 43 | ||
| Cornea: | 43 | ||
| Anterior chamber: | 43 | ||
| Lens: | 43 | ||
| Ciliary body: | 43 | ||
| Retina: | 43 | ||
| Phthisis: | 43 | ||
| Eyelid epithelial changes | 43 | ||
| Hyperkeratosis: | 43 | ||
| Parakeratosis: | 43 | ||
| Dyskeratosis: | 43 | ||
| Acanthosis: | 43 | ||
| Acantholysis: | 43 | ||
| Dysplasia: | 43 | ||
| Carcinoma in situ (CIN): | 43 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma: | 43 | ||
| Anaplasia: | 43 | ||
| Papillomatosis: | 43 | ||
| Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia: | 43 | ||
| Elastosis: | 43 | ||
| Aging changes | 44 | ||
| 4 Neuro-ophthalmology | 49 | ||
| Anatomy of the Visual Pathway | 49 | ||
| Optic nerve: | 49 | ||
| Chiasm: | 49 | ||
| Optic tract: | 50 | ||
| Lateral geniculate body: | 51 | ||
| Optic radiation: | 52 | ||
| Primary visual cortex (striate cortex, V1, Brodmann’s area 17): | 52 | ||
| Visual association areas: | 52 | ||
| Other areas: | 52 | ||
| Physiology | 52 | ||
| Testing | 52 | ||
| Color vision tests: | 52 | ||
| Photostress recovery test: | 54 | ||
| Contrast sensitivity: | 54 | ||
| Visually evoked cortical potentials / responses (VEP, VER): | 54 | ||
| Amsler grid: | 54 | ||
| Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): | 54 | ||
| Red glass test: | 54 | ||
| Potential acuity meter (PAM): | 54 | ||
| Purkinje vascular phenomena and blue field entopic test: | 54 | ||
| Visual Field (VF) Defects (Figure 4-9) | 54 | ||
| Types: | 54 | ||
| Localizing VF defects: | 55 | ||
| Neurologic VF defects: | 55 | ||
| Eye Movements under Supranuclear Control | 56 | ||
| Horizontal gaze center (Figures 4-10,4-11): | 56 | ||
| Saccadic system: | 56 | ||
| Smooth pursuit system: | 56 | ||
| Vergence system: | 56 | ||
| Position maintenance system (vestibulo-ocular reflex [VOR]): | 56 | ||
| Nonoptic reflex systems: | 57 | ||
| Diplopia | 58 | ||
| Types: | 58 | ||
| Etiology: | 58 | ||
| Differential diagnosis (DDx): | 58 | ||
| Restrictive syndromes: | 58 | ||
| Eye Movement Disorders | 58 | ||
| Central Disorders (Supranuclear) (Figure 4-13) | 58 | ||
| Horizontal Gaze Palsies | 58 | ||
| Congenital | 58 | ||
| Möbius’ Syndrome | 58 | ||
| Ocular Motor Apraxia | 58 | ||
| Associations: | 58 | ||
| Findings: | 58 | ||
| Acquired | 59 | ||
| Frontoparietal lesion (stroke, trauma, or infection): | 59 | ||
| Doll’s head testing and calorics: | 59 | ||
| Parieto-occipital lesion: | 59 | ||
| Tegmental lesion: | 59 | ||
| Pontine lesion (PPRF): | 59 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease: | 59 | ||
| Huntington’s chorea | 59 | ||
| Drug-induced: | 59 | ||
| Pseudogaze palsies: | 59 | ||
| Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) (Figure 4-14): | 59 | ||
| One-and-a-half syndrome (Fisher syndrome) (Figure 4-15): | 59 | ||
| Vertical Gaze Abnormalities | 60 | ||
| Parinaud’s Syndrome (Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome) | 60 | ||
| 5 Pediatrics / Strabismus | 91 | ||
| Pediatrics | 91 | ||
| Anatomy | 91 | ||
| Physiology | 91 | ||
| History: | 91 | ||
| Orbital Disorders | 92 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 92 | ||
| Anophthalmos | 92 | ||
| 6 Orbit / Lids / Adnexa | 157 | ||
| Anatomy | 157 | ||
| Dimensions | 157 | ||
| Orbit: | 157 | ||
| Optic nerve: | 157 | ||
| Proptosis: | 157 | ||
| Apertures | 157 | ||
| Superior orbital fissure: | 157 | ||
| Optic canal (orbital foramen): | 157 | ||
| Inferior orbital fissure: | 157 | ||
| Nasolacrimal canal: | 157 | ||
| Zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal canals: | 157 | ||
| Ethmoidal foramina: | 157 | ||
| Frontosphenoidal foramina: | 157 | ||
| Foramen ovale: | 157 | ||
| Foramen rotundum: | 157 | ||
| Foramen lacerum: | 157 | ||
| Vascular Supply to Eye | 157 | ||
| Ophthalmic artery: | 157 | ||
| Venous system: | 160 | ||
| Innervation of Eye | 160 | ||
| Ophthalmic division (V1): | 160 | ||
| Maxillary nerve (V2): | 160 | ||
| Parasympathetic innervation: | 160 | ||
| Sympathetic innervation: | 160 | ||
| Sinuses | 161 | ||
| Frontal: | 161 | ||
| Ethmoid: | 161 | ||
| Sphenoid: | 161 | ||
| Maxillary: | 161 | ||
| Soft Tissues | 161 | ||
| Periorbita: | 161 | ||
| Annulus of Zinn: | 161 | ||
| Adipose tissue: | 161 | ||
| Lacrimal gland: | 161 | ||
| Eyelid | 162 | ||
| Lamellae of upper eyelid: (Figure 6-10) | 162 | ||
| Skin: | 162 | ||
| Orbicularis oculi: (Figure 6-11) | 162 | ||
| Other muscles of forehead and eyebrow: | 163 | ||
| Orbital septum: | 163 | ||
| Upper eyelid retractors: | 164 | ||
| Lower eyelid retractors: | 164 | ||
| Tarsus: | 165 | ||
| Medial canthal tendon: | 165 | ||
| Lateral canthal tendon: | 165 | ||
| Eyelid margin: | 165 | ||
| Vascular supply: | 165 | ||
| Innervation: | 165 | ||
| Lymphatic drainage: | 165 | ||
| Glands of the eyelids: | 166 | ||
| Nasolacrimal System | 166 | ||
| Puncta: | 166 | ||
| Canaliculi: | 166 | ||
| Nasolacrimal sac: | 166 | ||
| Nasolacrimal duct: | 166 | ||
| Lacrimal pump: | 166 | ||
| Imaging | 167 | ||
| Ultrasound | 167 | ||
| MRI | 167 | ||
| Relaxation times: | 167 | ||
| 7 Cornea / External Disease | 191 | ||
| Anatomy / Physiology | 191 | ||
| Conjunctiva | 191 | ||
| Palpebral conjunctiva: | 191 | ||
| Bulbar conjunctiva: | 191 | ||
| Plica semilunaris: | 191 | ||
| Caruncle: | 191 | ||
| Precorneal Tear Film | 191 | ||
| Layers: | 191 | ||
| Cornea (Figure 7-1) | 191 | ||
| Average measurements: | 191 | ||
| Epithelium: | 191 | ||
| Basal lamina: | 192 | ||
| Bowman’s membrane: | 192 | ||
| Stroma: | 192 | ||
| Descemet’s membrane: | 192 | ||
| Endothelium: | 192 | ||
| Innervation: | 193 | ||
| Stains: | 193 | ||
| Special techniques: | 193 | ||
| Limbus | 193 | ||
| Sclera | 193 | ||
| Thickness: | 193 | ||
| 3 layers (ill defined): | 193 | ||
| Conjunctival Disorders | 193 | ||
| Inflammation | 193 | ||
| Follicles | 193 | ||
| Papillae | 194 | ||
| Chemosis | 194 | ||
| Phlyctenule | 194 | ||
| Etiology: | 194 | ||
| 8 Uveitis | 229 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 229 | ||
| Inflammatory reaction: | 229 | ||
| Retinal S-antigen: | 229 | ||
| Classification | 229 | ||
| Pathology: | 229 | ||
| 9 Glaucoma | 251 | ||
| Anatomy/physiology | 251 | ||
| Ciliary body (CB) | 251 | ||
| Functions | 251 | ||
| Outflow Pathways | 252 | ||
| Trabecular meshwork (traditional pathway): | 252 | ||
| Uveoscleral outflow (15–20% of total outflow): | 252 | ||
| Angle Structures | 252 | ||
| Schwalbe’s line: | 252 | ||
| Trabecular meshwork (TM): | 252 | ||
| Schlemm’s canal: | 253 | ||
| DDx of blood in Schlemm’s canal: | 253 | ||
| Scleral spur (SS): | 253 | ||
| Ciliary body (CB): | 253 | ||
| Angle Abnormalities | 253 | ||
| Peripheral anterior synechia (PAS): | 253 | ||
| Normal vessels: | 253 | ||
| Abnormal vessels: | 253 | ||
| Angle recession: | 253 | ||
| Cyclodialysis cleft: | 253 | ||
| Iridodialysis: | 253 | ||
| Optic Nerve (Figure 9-2) | 253 | ||
| Testing | 253 | ||
| Intraocular Pressure | 253 | ||
| Goldmann equation: | 253 | ||
| Tonometry | 254 | ||
| Indentation | 254 | ||
| Applanation: | 254 | ||
| Noncontact | 254 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 254 | ||
| Classification systems | 254 | ||
| Types of lenses | 255 | ||
| Grading system of shallow/flat anterior chamber | 255 | ||
| Visual Fields | 255 | ||
| Types: | 255 | ||
| Goldmann (kinetic and static): | 255 | ||
| Humphrey (static): | 255 | ||
| Tangent screen (usually kinetic): | 255 | ||
| VF defect: | 255 | ||
| Optic Nerve Head (ONH) Analyzers | 256 | ||
| Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO; Heidelberg retinal tomograph [HRT]; TopSS): | 256 | ||
| Optical coherence tomography (OCT): | 256 | ||
| Scanning laser polarimetry (SLP; Nerve Fiber Analyzer, GDx): | 256 | ||
| Optic nerve blood flow measurement: | 256 | ||
| Pathology | 257 | ||
| Glaucoma | 257 | ||
| Schnabel’s Cavernous Optic Atrophy | 257 | ||
| Pathology: | 257 | ||
| Gliosis of the Optic Nerve | 257 | ||
| Disorders | 257 | ||
| Childhood Glaucoma | 257 | ||
| Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) | 257 | ||
| Epidemiology: | 257 | ||
| Genetics: | 257 | ||
| Risk factors: | 258 | ||
| Pathogenesis: | 258 | ||
| Findings: | 258 | ||
| Visual fields: | 258 | ||
| Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 260 | ||
| Mechanism/Etiology: | 260 | ||
| Hyphema | 260 | ||
| Sickle cell | 260 | ||
| Ghost cells | 260 | ||
| Lytic glaucomas | 260 | ||
| Hemolytic: | 260 | ||
| Phacolytic: | 260 | ||
| Melanomalytic: | 260 | ||
| Melanocytomalytic: | 260 | ||
| Tumor cells | 260 | ||
| Pigmentary glaucoma (PG) (AD) | 260 | ||
| Mechanism: | 261 | ||
| 10 Anterior Segment | 273 | ||
| Iris, ciliary body, and anterior chamber (AC) angle | 273 | ||
| Anatomy | 273 | ||
| Limbus | 273 | ||
| Definitions: | 273 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Angle Structures | 273 | ||
| Disorders | 273 | ||
| Trauma | 273 | ||
| Hyphema | 273 | ||
| Etiology: | 273 | ||
| Findings: | 273 | ||
| Diagnosis: | 273 | ||
| Treatment: | 273 | ||
| Complications: | 273 | ||
| Sickle cell and hyphema: | 273 | ||
| Iris and Angle Trauma (Figure 10-2) | 274 | ||
| Iris sphincter tear: | 274 | ||
| Traumatic mydriasis: | 274 | ||
| Iridodialysis: | 274 | ||
| Angle recession: | 274 | ||
| Cyclodialysis: | 274 | ||
| Open Globe/Intraocular Foreign Body | 274 | ||
| Penetration: | 274 | ||
| Perforation: | 274 | ||
| Findings: | 274 | ||
| Types of foreign bodies: | 275 | ||
| Treatment: | 275 | ||
| Prognosis: | 275 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 276 | ||
| Mesodermal Dysgenesis Syndromes | 276 | ||
| Other Disorders | 276 | ||
| Corectopia | 276 | ||
| Iris Heterochromia | 276 | ||
| 11 Posterior segment | 289 | ||
| Anatomy | 289 | ||
| Vitreous | 289 | ||
| Vitreous base: | 289 | ||
| Vitreoretinal junctions: | 289 | ||
| Retina (Figure 11-3) | 289 | ||
| Neurosensory Retina (9 Layers): | 289 | ||
| Peripheral Retina: | 290 | ||
| Macula: | 290 | ||
| Fovea (Figures 11-6, 11.7): | 291 | ||
| Foveola: | 291 | ||
| Intercellular Junctions | 292 | ||
| Clinical Correlation | 292 | ||
| Hemorrhages | 292 | ||
| RPE: | 292 | ||
| Functions: | 292 | ||
| Bruch’s Membrane: | 292 | ||
| Layers: | 292 | ||
| Neuroglial Cells | 292 | ||
| Astrocytes: | 292 | ||
| Müller’s cells: | 292 | ||
| Microglia: | 292 | ||
| Arachnoidal cells: | 292 | ||
| Oligodendrocytes: | 292 | ||
| Schwann cells: | 292 | ||
| Choroid | 292 | ||
| Layers: | 293 | ||
| Physiology | 293 | ||
| Visual pigments: | 293 | ||
| Rod photoreceptor membranes: | 293 | ||
| Luminosity curves: | 293 | ||
| Electrophysiology | 293 | ||
| Electroretinogram (ERG) | 293 | ||
| Components (Figure 11-10): | 293 | ||
| Photopic (light adapted): | 294 | ||
| Scotopic (dark adapted): | 294 | ||
| Indications: | 295 | ||
| Disease states (Figure 11-14, Table 11-2): | 295 | ||
| Pattern ERG (PERG): | 296 | ||
| Electro-oculogram (EOG) | 296 | ||
| Arden ratio: | 297 | ||
| Procedure: | 297 | ||
| Retinal Imaging | 297 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) | 297 | ||
| Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT) | 297 | ||
| Retinal Thickness Analyzer (RTA) | 297 | ||
| Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) | 298 | ||
| Ultrasound | 298 | ||
| A-scan: | 298 | ||
| B-scan: | 298 | ||
| Reflectivity: | 298 | ||
| Internal structure: | 298 | ||
| Sound attenuation: | 298 | ||
| After movement: | 299 | ||
| Vascularity: | 299 | ||
| Specific lesions: | 299 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiogram (FA) | 300 | ||
| Phases: | 300 | ||
| Characteristics: | 301 | ||
| Indocyanine Green (ICG) | 301 | ||
| Disorders | 302 | ||
| Vitreous Abnormalities | 302 | ||
| Asteroid Hyalosis | 302 | ||
| Pathology: | 302 | ||
| Synchisis Scintillans (Cholesterol Bulbi) | 302 | ||
| Primary Amyloidosis | 302 | ||
| Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD) | 302 | ||
| Mechanism: | 302 | ||
| Symptoms: | 302 | ||
| Findings: | 302 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage (VH) | 302 | ||
| Etiology: | 302 | ||
| Ochre membrane: | 302 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV) | 302 | ||
| Retinal Abnormalities | 302 | ||
| Congenital | 302 | ||
| Trauma | 302 | ||
| Commotio Retinae (Berlin’s Edema) | 302 | ||
| Contusion of RPE | 303 | ||
| Choroidal Rupture | 303 | ||
| Mechanism: | 303 | ||
| Direct: | 303 | ||
| Indirect: | 303 | ||
| Answers to Questions | 355 | ||
| Chapter 1 Optics | 355 | ||
| Chapter 2 Pharmacology | 357 | ||
| Chapter 3 Embryology/Pathology | 358 | ||
| Chapter 4 Neuro-Ophthalmology | 359 | ||
| Chapter 5 Pediatrics/Strabismus | 361 | ||
| Chapter 6 Orbit/Lids/Adnexa | 363 | ||
| Chapter 7 Cornea/External Disease | 365 | ||
| Chapter 8 Uveitis | 366 | ||
| Chapter 9 Glaucoma | 368 | ||
| Chapter 10 Anterior Segment | 369 | ||
| Chapter 11 Posterior Segment | 370 | ||
| Index | 373 | ||
| A | 373 | ||
| B | 374 | ||
| C | 375 | ||
| D | 377 | ||
| E | 377 | ||
| F | 378 | ||
| G | 379 | ||
| H | 379 | ||
| I | 380 | ||
| J | 380 | ||
| K | 381 | ||
| L | 381 | ||
| M | 382 | ||
| N | 383 | ||
| O | 383 | ||
| P | 384 | ||
| Q | 386 | ||
| R | 386 | ||
| S | 386 | ||
| T | 387 | ||
| U | 388 | ||
| V | 388 | ||
| W | 389 | ||
| X | 389 | ||
| Y | 389 | ||
| Z | 389 |