BOOK
Ebersole and Hess' Gerontological Nursing & Healthy Aging - E-Book
Theris A. Touhy | Kathleen F Jett
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Ebersole & Hess’ Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging is the only gerontological nursing text that follows a wellness-based, holistic approach to older adult care. Designed to facilitate healthy aging regardless of the situation or disease process, this text goes beyond simply tracking recommended treatments to address complications, alleviate discomfort, and help older adults lead healthy lives. Featuring evidence-based practice boxes, safety alerts, expanded tables, and careful attention to age, gender, and cultural differences, Ebersole & Hess’ Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging is the most complete text on the market.
- Focus on health and wellness helps you gain an understanding of the patient’s experience.
- AACN and the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing core competencies integrated throughout.
- Consistent chapter organization and pedagogy, including Learning Objectives, Glossary, and Research and Study Questions/Activities.
- Evidence-Based Practice boxes summarize research findings that confirm effective practices or identify practices with unknown, ineffective, or harmful effects.
- Careful attention to age, cultural, and gender differences helps you understand these important considerations in caring for older adults
- Expanded tables, boxes, and forms, including the latest scales and guidelines for proper health assessment make information easy to find and use.
- Activities and discussion questions at the end of every chapter equip you with the information you need to assess the patient.
- UPDATED! Healthy People 2020 boxes integrate information about healthy aging.
- NEW! Safety Alerts highlight safe practices and quality of care QSEN competencies.
- NEW! Chapter on Neurologic Compromise expands content on stroke and Parkinson’s disease.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Ebersole and hess’ gerontological nursing & healthy aging fourth edition | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Table of contents | xi | ||
| 1 Foundations of healthy aging | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to healthy aging | 1 | ||
| Learning objectives | 1 | ||
| Glossary | 1 | ||
| Aging in the united states | 1 | ||
| Global aging | 2 | ||
| Moving toward healthy aging | 3 | ||
| Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs | 7 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 9 | ||
| Key concepts | 9 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 9 | ||
| References | 10 | ||
| 2 Gerontological nursing history, education, and roles | 11 | ||
| Learning objectives | 11 | ||
| Care of older adults: A nursing imperative | 11 | ||
| History of gerontological nursing | 13 | ||
| Early history | 13 | ||
| Current initiatives | 16 | ||
| Gerontological nursing education | 16 | ||
| Gerontological nursing research | 18 | ||
| Roles in gerontological nursing | 18 | ||
| Specialist roles | 19 | ||
| Generalist roles | 19 | ||
| Acute care | 19 | ||
| Community- and home-based care | 20 | ||
| Skilled nursing facilities/nursing homes | 20 | ||
| Certified nursing assistants and nurse aides | 22 | ||
| Gerontological nursing and gerontology organizations | 22 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 23 | ||
| Key concepts | 23 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 23 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| 3 Care across the continuum | 26 | ||
| Learning objectives | 26 | ||
| Glossary | 26 | ||
| Elder-friendly communities | 27 | ||
| Residential options in later life | 28 | ||
| Shared housing | 28 | ||
| Population-specific communities | 29 | ||
| Senior retirement communities | 29 | ||
| Community and home care | 30 | ||
| Adult day services | 30 | ||
| Residential care facilities | 30 | ||
| Assisted living | 31 | ||
| Continuing care retirement communities | 32 | ||
| Acute care | 32 | ||
| Nursing homes (long-term care facilities) | 32 | ||
| Costs of care | 33 | ||
| Quality of care | 34 | ||
| The culture change movement | 34 | ||
| Improving transitions across the continuum of care | 37 | ||
| Improving transitional care | 37 | ||
| Relocation | 38 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 39 | ||
| Key concepts | 41 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 41 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| 4 Culture and aging | 43 | ||
| Learning objectives | 43 | ||
| Glossary | 43 | ||
| The gerontological explosion | 45 | ||
| Health disparities | 45 | ||
| Reducing health disparities | 46 | ||
| Increasing cultural competence | 46 | ||
| Awareness | 46 | ||
| Knowledge | 47 | ||
| Western or biomedical system | 48 | ||
| Personalistic or magicoreligious system | 48 | ||
| Naturalistic or holistic health system | 48 | ||
| Skills | 49 | ||
| Working with interpreters | 49 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 50 | ||
| Cross-cultural caring and long-term care | 52 | ||
| Culture, nursing, and maslow’s hierarchy of needs | 52 | ||
| Key concepts | 53 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 53 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 5 Theories of aging and physical changes | 55 | ||
| Learning objectives | 55 | ||
| Glossary | 55 | ||
| Biological theories of aging | 56 | ||
| Error (stochastic) theories | 56 | ||
| Wear-and-tear theory | 57 | ||
| Cross-link theory | 57 | ||
| Oxidative stress theory (free radical theory) | 57 | ||
| Programmed aging (nonstochastic theories) | 57 | ||
| Neuroendocrine-immunological theory | 57 | ||
| Physical changes that accompany aging | 57 | ||
| Integumentary | 57 | ||
| Epidermis | 58 | ||
| Dermis | 58 | ||
| Hypodermis: Subcutaneous layer | 58 | ||
| Hair and nails | 59 | ||
| Musculoskeletal | 59 | ||
| Structure, posture, and body composition | 60 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 60 | ||
| Cardiac | 60 | ||
| Blood vessels | 61 | ||
| Respiratory | 62 | ||
| Renal | 62 | ||
| Endocrine | 63 | ||
| Pancreas | 63 | ||
| Thyroid | 63 | ||
| Reproductive | 63 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 63 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 64 | ||
| Digestive | 64 | ||
| Mouth | 64 | ||
| Esophagus | 64 | ||
| Stomach | 64 | ||
| Intestines | 65 | ||
| Accessory organs | 65 | ||
| Neurological | 65 | ||
| Central nervous system (cns) | 65 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 66 | ||
| Sensory | 67 | ||
| Eye and vision | 67 | ||
| Extraocular. | 67 | ||
| Ocular. | 67 | ||
| Intraocular. | 68 | ||
| Ear and hearing | 68 | ||
| Immunological | 68 | ||
| Concluding statement | 69 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 69 | ||
| Key concepts | 70 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 70 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| 6 Social, psychological, spiritual, and cognitive aspects of aging | 72 | ||
| Learning objectives | 72 | ||
| Glossary | 72 | ||
| Social, psychological, spiritual, and cognitive aspects of aging | 73 | ||
| Life span development approach | 73 | ||
| Types of aging | 73 | ||
| Sociological theories of aging | 74 | ||
| Disengagement theory | 74 | ||
| Activity theory | 74 | ||
| Continuity theory | 74 | ||
| Age-stratification theory | 74 | ||
| Social exchange theory | 74 | ||
| Modernization theory | 75 | ||
| Symbolic interaction theories | 75 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 75 | ||
| Psychological theories of aging | 75 | ||
| Jung’s theories of personality | 75 | ||
| Developmental theories | 76 | ||
| Theory of gerotranscendence | 77 | ||
| Spirituality and aging | 77 | ||
| Spirituality and nursing | 78 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 79 | ||
| Assessment | 79 | ||
| Interventions | 79 | ||
| Nurturing the spirit of the nurse | 80 | ||
| Cognition and aging | 80 | ||
| Fluid and crystallized intelligence | 82 | ||
| Memory | 82 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 82 | ||
| Interventions to promote cognitive health | 82 | ||
| Learning in late life | 83 | ||
| Health literacy | 83 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 85 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 85 | ||
| Key concepts | 85 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 85 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| 2 Fundamentals of caring | 88 | ||
| 7 Assessment and documentation for optimal care | 88 | ||
| Learning objectives | 88 | ||
| Glossary | 88 | ||
| Assessment tools in gerontological nursing | 89 | ||
| Collecting assessment data | 89 | ||
| The health history | 91 | ||
| Physical assessment | 92 | ||
| Comprehensive physical assessment of the frail and medically complex elder | 92 | ||
| F—fluids | 92 | ||
| A—aeration | 93 | ||
| N—nutrition | 93 | ||
| C—communication | 94 | ||
| A—activity | 94 | ||
| P—pain | 94 | ||
| E—elimination | 94 | ||
| S—socialization and social skills | 94 | ||
| Mental status assessment | 94 | ||
| Cognitive measures | 94 | ||
| Mini-mental state examination. | 94 | ||
| Clock drawing test. | 94 | ||
| The mini-cog. | 95 | ||
| The global deterioration scale | 95 | ||
| Mood measures | 95 | ||
| Functional assessment | 96 | ||
| Activites of daily living | 96 | ||
| Instrumental activities of daily living | 98 | ||
| Integrated assessments | 99 | ||
| Older american’s resources and service | 99 | ||
| Social resources. | 100 | ||
| Economic resources. | 100 | ||
| Mental health. | 100 | ||
| Physical health. | 100 | ||
| Activities of daily living. | 100 | ||
| Fulmer spices | 100 | ||
| Resident assessment instrument (rai) | 100 | ||
| Oasis-c | 101 | ||
| Documentation for quality care | 101 | ||
| Documentation across health care settings | 101 | ||
| Documentation in acute care and acute rehabilitation care settings | 102 | ||
| Documentation in long-term care facilities | 102 | ||
| Documentation in home care | 102 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 102 | ||
| Key concepts | 103 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 103 | ||
| References | 104 | ||
| Appendix 7-1 chapters in which assessment topics are addressed | 105 | ||
| 8 Safe medication use | 106 | ||
| Learning objectives | 106 | ||
| Glossary | 106 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 107 | ||
| Absorption | 107 | ||
| Distribution | 108 | ||
| Metabolism | 109 | ||
| Excretion | 110 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 110 | ||
| Chronopharmacology | 112 | ||
| Medication-related problems and older adults | 112 | ||
| Polypharmacy | 112 | ||
| Drug interactions | 113 | ||
| Adverse drug reactions | 113 | ||
| Potentially inappropriate medication (pim) | 114 | ||
| Misuse of drugs | 115 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 116 | ||
| Assessment | 116 | ||
| Monitoring and evaluation | 117 | ||
| Patient education | 118 | ||
| Medication administration | 119 | ||
| Psychoactive medications | 120 | ||
| Antidepressants | 121 | ||
| Antianxiety agents | 121 | ||
| Antipsychotics (neuroleptics) | 122 | ||
| Movement disorders | 122 | ||
| Acute dystonia. | 122 | ||
| Akathisia. | 123 | ||
| Parkinsonian symptoms. | 123 | ||
| Tardive dyskinesia. | 123 | ||
| Mood stabilizers | 123 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 124 | ||
| Key concepts | 124 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 125 | ||
| References | 125 | ||
| 9 Nutrition and hydration | 127 | ||
| Learning objectives | 127 | ||
| Glossary | 127 | ||
| Nutrition | 127 | ||
| Age-related requirements | 128 | ||
| Myplate for older adults | 128 | ||
| Other dietary recommendations | 128 | ||
| Fats | 128 | ||
| Protein | 128 | ||
| Fiber | 129 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 129 | ||
| Obesity (overnutrition) | 130 | ||
| Malnutrition | 130 | ||
| Factors affecting fulfillment of nutritional needs | 132 | ||
| Age-associated changes | 132 | ||
| Taste | 132 | ||
| Smell | 132 | ||
| Digestive system | 132 | ||
| Buccal cavity | 132 | ||
| Regulation of appetite | 133 | ||
| Lifelong eating habits | 133 | ||
| Socialization | 133 | ||
| Chronic diseases and conditions | 133 | ||
| Socioeconomic deprivation | 134 | ||
| Transportation | 134 | ||
| Hospitalization and long-term care residence | 134 | ||
| Dementia | 136 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 136 | ||
| Nutritional screening and assessment | 136 | ||
| Interview | 137 | ||
| Diet histories | 139 | ||
| Physical examination | 139 | ||
| Anthropometrical measurements | 139 | ||
| Biochemical examination | 140 | ||
| Interventions | 140 | ||
| Pharmacological therapy | 140 | ||
| Patient education | 140 | ||
| Special considerations in nutrition for older people: Hydration, dysphagia, oral care | 140 | ||
| Hydration management | 140 | ||
| Dehydration | 141 | ||
| Risk factors for dehydration | 141 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 141 | ||
| Assessment | 141 | ||
| Interventions | 143 | ||
| Dysphagia | 143 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 143 | ||
| Assessment | 143 | ||
| Interventions | 144 | ||
| Feeding tubes | 144 | ||
| Oral care | 145 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 146 | ||
| Assessment | 146 | ||
| Interventions | 146 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 148 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 148 | ||
| Key concepts | 149 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 149 | ||
| References | 149 | ||
| 10 Elimination | 151 | ||
| Learning objectives | 151 | ||
| Glossary | 151 | ||
| Elimination | 151 | ||
| Bladder function | 152 | ||
| Age-related changes | 152 | ||
| Urinary incontinence | 152 | ||
| Prevalence of ui | 152 | ||
| Risk factors for ui | 153 | ||
| Consequences of ui | 153 | ||
| Types of ui | 154 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 155 | ||
| Assessment | 155 | ||
| Interventions | 155 | ||
| Behavioral | 155 | ||
| Lifestyle modifications | 160 | ||
| Urinary catheters | 160 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 161 | ||
| Absorbent products | 161 | ||
| Pharmacological | 161 | ||
| Surgical | 162 | ||
| Nonsurgical devices | 162 | ||
| Bowel elimination | 162 | ||
| Fecal impaction | 162 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 163 | ||
| Assessment | 163 | ||
| Interventions | 164 | ||
| Exercise | 164 | ||
| Positioning | 165 | ||
| Regularity | 165 | ||
| Laxatives | 165 | ||
| Enemas | 166 | ||
| Fecal incontinence | 167 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healhty aging | 167 | ||
| Assessment | 167 | ||
| Interventions | 167 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 167 | ||
| Key concepts | 167 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 167 | ||
| References | 168 | ||
| 11 Rest, sleep, and activity | 169 | ||
| Learning objectives | 169 | ||
| Glossary | 169 | ||
| Rest and sleep | 169 | ||
| Biorhythm and sleep | 170 | ||
| Sleep and aging | 170 | ||
| Sleep disorders | 171 | ||
| Insomnia | 171 | ||
| Sleep apnea | 171 | ||
| Assessment. | 172 | ||
| Interventions. | 172 | ||
| Restless legs syndrome | 172 | ||
| Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder | 173 | ||
| Circadian rhythm sleep disorders | 173 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 173 | ||
| Assessment | 173 | ||
| Interventions | 174 | ||
| Nonpharmacological treatment | 174 | ||
| Pharmacological treatment | 174 | ||
| Activity | 175 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 176 | ||
| Assessment | 176 | ||
| Interventions | 177 | ||
| Guidelines for physical activity | 177 | ||
| Special considerations | 177 | ||
| Exercise prescription | 178 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 178 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 178 | ||
| Key concepts | 180 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 181 | ||
| References | 181 | ||
| 12 Promoting healthy skin and feet | 182 | ||
| Learning objectives | 182 | ||
| Glossary | 182 | ||
| Skin | 182 | ||
| Common skin problems | 183 | ||
| Xerosis | 183 | ||
| Pruritus | 183 | ||
| Scabies | 183 | ||
| Purpura | 183 | ||
| Keratoses | 184 | ||
| Herpes zoster | 184 | ||
| Photo damage of the skin | 184 | ||
| Skin cancers | 184 | ||
| Actinic keratosis | 185 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma | 185 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 185 | ||
| Melanoma | 185 | ||
| Cancer | 185 | ||
| Other skin conditions | 186 | ||
| Candidiasis (candida albicans) | 186 | ||
| Pressure ulcers | 187 | ||
| Definition | 187 | ||
| Prevalence | 187 | ||
| Cost and regulatory requirements | 187 | ||
| Characteristics | 187 | ||
| Classification | 187 | ||
| Risk factors | 189 | ||
| Prevention | 189 | ||
| Consequences | 189 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 190 | ||
| Assessment | 190 | ||
| Interventions | 190 | ||
| Healthy feet | 191 | ||
| Common foot problems | 191 | ||
| Corns, calluses, and bunions | 191 | ||
| Hammer toes | 192 | ||
| Fungal infections | 192 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 192 | ||
| Assessment | 192 | ||
| Interventions | 193 | ||
| Care of the toenails | 193 | ||
| Key concepts | 194 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 194 | ||
| References | 194 | ||
| 13 Promoting safety | 196 | ||
| Learning objectives | 196 | ||
| Glossary | 196 | ||
| Promotion of safety | 196 | ||
| Falls and fall risk reduction | 196 | ||
| Consequences of falls | 198 | ||
| Hip fractures | 198 | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | 198 | ||
| Fallophobia | 198 | ||
| Factors contributing to falls | 199 | ||
| Gait disturbances | 199 | ||
| Foot deformities | 199 | ||
| Postural and postprandial hypotension | 199 | ||
| Cognitive impairment | 200 | ||
| Vision and hearing | 200 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 201 | ||
| Screening and assessment | 201 | ||
| Fall risk assessment instruments | 201 | ||
| Postfall assessment | 202 | ||
| Interventions | 203 | ||
| Medication review | 205 | ||
| Environmental modifications | 205 | ||
| Assistive devices | 207 | ||
| Emerging technologies to enhance safety of older adults | 208 | ||
| Restraints and side rails | 209 | ||
| Definition and history | 209 | ||
| Consequences of restraints | 209 | ||
| Side rails | 209 | ||
| Restraint-free care | 210 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 210 | ||
| Environmental safety | 210 | ||
| Vulnerability to environmental temperatures | 213 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 213 | ||
| Temperature monitoring in older adults. | 214 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 214 | ||
| Hypothermia | 214 | ||
| 3 Coping with chronic disorders in late life | 223 | ||
| 14 Living with chronic illness | 223 | ||
| Learning objectives | 223 | ||
| Glossary | 223 | ||
| Chronic illness | 223 | ||
| Scope of the problem | 223 | ||
| Chronic and acute illnesses | 224 | ||
| Chronic illness and aging | 224 | ||
| Prevention | 225 | ||
| Wellness in chronic illness | 225 | ||
| Theoretical frameworks for chronic illness | 226 | ||
| Chronic illness trajectory | 226 | ||
| The shifting perspectives model of chronic illness | 226 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 227 | ||
| Assessment | 227 | ||
| Interventions | 228 | ||
| Improving care for chronic illness | 228 | ||
| Model chronic illness self-management programs | 229 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 229 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 231 | ||
| Key concepts | 231 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 231 | ||
| References | 231 | ||
| 15 Pain and comfort | 233 | ||
| Learning objectives | 233 | ||
| Glossary | 233 | ||
| Acute and persistent pain | 235 | ||
| Acute pain | 235 | ||
| Persistent pain | 235 | ||
| Herpes zoster | 236 | ||
| Pain in elders with cognitive impairments | 236 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 237 | ||
| Assessment | 237 | ||
| Assessment of pain in cognitively impaired or nonverbal older adults | 238 | ||
| Interventions | 239 | ||
| Pharmacological interventions | 240 | ||
| Nonopioid analgesics. | 240 | ||
| Opioid analgesics. | 241 | ||
| Adjuvant drugs. | 242 | ||
| Other agents. | 242 | ||
| Nonpharmacological measures of pain relief | 242 | ||
| Cutaneous nerve stimulation. | 242 | ||
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. | 242 | ||
| Acupuncture and acupressure. | 242 | ||
| Touch. | 243 | ||
| Biofeedback. | 243 | ||
| Distraction. | 243 | ||
| Relaxation, meditation, and imagery. | 243 | ||
| Pain clinics | 243 | ||
| Evaluation | 244 | ||
| Key concepts | 244 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 244 | ||
| References | 244 | ||
| 16 Diseases affecting vision and hearing | 246 | ||
| Learning objectives | 246 | ||
| Glossary | 246 | ||
| Vision | 247 | ||
| Diseases of the eye | 247 | ||
| Glaucoma | 247 | ||
| Screening and treatment. | 249 | ||
| Cataracts | 249 | ||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 250 | ||
| Screening and treatment. | 250 | ||
| Macular degeneration | 250 | ||
| Detached retina | 251 | ||
| Dry eye | 251 | ||
| Interventions to enhance vision | 251 | ||
| Use of contrasting colors | 252 | ||
| Low-vision assistive devices | 252 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nurses and healthy aging | 252 | ||
| Hearing impairment | 253 | ||
| Types of hearing loss | 253 | ||
| Tinnitus | 254 | ||
| Assessment | 255 | ||
| Interventions to enhance hearing | 255 | ||
| Hearing aids | 255 | ||
| Cochlear implants | 255 | ||
| Assistive listening and adaptive devices | 256 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 257 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 258 | ||
| Key concepts | 258 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 258 | ||
| References | 258 | ||
| 17 Metabolic disorders | 260 | ||
| Learning objectives | 260 | ||
| Glossary | 260 | ||
| Thyroid disease | 261 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 261 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 261 | ||
| Complications | 261 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 261 | ||
| Diabetes | 262 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 263 | ||
| Complications | 263 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 264 | ||
| Assessment | 265 | ||
| Management | 265 | ||
| Nutrition | 267 | ||
| Exercise | 268 | ||
| Medications | 268 | ||
| Long-term care and the elder with diabetes | 269 | ||
| Key concepts | 269 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 269 | ||
| References | 270 | ||
| 18 Bone and joint problems | 271 | ||
| Learning objectives | 271 | ||
| Glossary | 271 | ||
| Musculoskeletal system | 272 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 272 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 273 | ||
| Reducing osteoporosis-related risk and injury | 273 | ||
| Pharmacological interventions | 274 | ||
| The arthritides | 275 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 275 | ||
| Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis | 276 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 277 | ||
| Gout | 277 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 278 | ||
| Assessment | 278 | ||
| Interventions | 279 | ||
| Complementary and alternative interventions | 279 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 279 | ||
| Key concepts | 279 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 280 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| 19 Cardiovascular and respiratory disorders | 281 | ||
| Learning objectives | 281 | ||
| Glossary | 281 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 282 | ||
| Hypertension | 282 | ||
| Heart disease | 283 | ||
| Heart failure | 284 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 285 | ||
| Assessment | 285 | ||
| Interventions | 285 | ||
| Respiratory disorders | 287 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 287 | ||
| Pneumonia | 287 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 288 | ||
| Assessment | 288 | ||
| Interventions | 289 | ||
| Interdisciplinary care | 289 | ||
| Applicaton of maslow’s hierarchy | 291 | ||
| Tuberculosis (TB) | 291 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing in long-term care settings | 291 | ||
| Key concepts | 294 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 294 | ||
| References | 294 | ||
| 20 Neurological disorders | 296 | ||
| Learning objectives | 296 | ||
| Glossary | 296 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 297 | ||
| Etiology | 298 | ||
| Ischemic events | 298 | ||
| Hemorrhagic events | 299 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of cerebrovascular disease | 299 | ||
| Complications | 299 | ||
| Management | 299 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 300 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 301 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 302 | ||
| Management | 303 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 303 | ||
| Communication and elders with neurological disorders | 304 | ||
| Aphasia | 305 | ||
| Dysarthria | 305 | ||
| Alternative and augmentative speech AIDS | 306 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 306 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 307 | ||
| Key concepts | 307 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 307 | ||
| References | 307 | ||
| 21 Cognitive impairment | 309 | ||
| Learning objectives | 309 | ||
| Glossary | 309 | ||
| Cognitive impairment | 309 | ||
| The three d’s | 310 | ||
| Cognitive assessment | 311 | ||
| Considerations in cognitive assessment | 311 | ||
| Delirium | 311 | ||
| Etiology | 311 | ||
| Incidence and prevalence | 311 | ||
| Recognition of delirium | 312 | ||
| Risk factors for delirium | 312 | ||
| Clinical subtypes of delirium | 312 | ||
| Consequences of delirium | 312 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 313 | ||
| Assessment | 313 | ||
| Interventions | 314 | ||
| Nonpharmacological | 314 | ||
| Pharmacological | 315 | ||
| Dementia | 316 | ||
| Incidence and prevalence | 318 | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 318 | ||
| Types of alheimer’s disease | 318 | ||
| Research | 319 | ||
| Diagnosis of alzheimer’s disease | 319 | ||
| Preclinical. | 320 | ||
| Mild cognitive impairment (mci). | 320 | ||
| Alzheimer’s dementia. | 320 | ||
| Cultural differences | 320 | ||
| Treatment | 320 | ||
| Medications. | 321 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 321 | ||
| Person-centered care | 321 | ||
| Communication | 322 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 324 | ||
| Behavior concerns and nursing models of care | 324 | ||
| Progressively lowered stress threshold model | 325 | ||
| Need-driven dementia-compromised behavior model | 325 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 326 | ||
| Assessment | 326 | ||
| Interventions | 326 | ||
| Nonpharmacological approaches | 327 | ||
| Activities of daily living | 328 | ||
| Bathing | 328 | ||
| Wandering | 328 | ||
| Caregiving for persons with dementia | 330 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 331 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 331 | ||
| Key concepts | 331 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 333 | ||
| References | 333 | ||
| 22 Mental health | 336 | ||
| Learning objectives | 336 | ||
| Glossary | 336 | ||
| Mental health | 336 | ||
| Factors influencing mental health care | 337 | ||
| Attitudes and beliefs | 337 | ||
| Settings of care | 338 | ||
| Cultural and ethnic disparities | 338 | ||
| Mental health disorders | 339 | ||
| Anxiety disorders | 339 | ||
| Prevalence | 339 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 339 | ||
| Assessment | 339 | ||
| Interventions | 340 | ||
| Pharmacological | 340 | ||
| Nonpharmacological | 340 | ||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 340 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 342 | ||
| Assessment | 342 | ||
| Interventions | 342 | ||
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 342 | ||
| Psychiatric symptoms in older adults | 342 | ||
| Paranoid symptoms | 342 | ||
| Delusions | 343 | ||
| Hallucinations | 343 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 343 | ||
| Assessment | 343 | ||
| Interventions | 343 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 344 | ||
| 4 Caring for elders and their caregivers | 361 | ||
| 23 Economic and legal issues | 361 | ||
| Learning objectives | 361 | ||
| Glossary | 361 | ||
| Social security | 362 | ||
| Supplemental security income | 363 | ||
| Medicare and medicaid | 363 | ||
| History | 363 | ||
| Medicare | 363 | ||
| Medicare a | 363 | ||
| Medicare b | 364 | ||
| Medicare c | 365 | ||
| Medicare d | 365 | ||
| Medicaid | 366 | ||
| Care for veterans | 366 | ||
| Tricare for life | 367 | ||
| Long-term care insurance | 367 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 367 | ||
| Case and care management | 367 | ||
| Multidisciplinary care team planning | 368 | ||
| Ensuring quality of care | 368 | ||
| Legal issues in gerontological nursing | 368 | ||
| Competence (capacity) | 368 | ||
| Power of attorney | 369 | ||
| Guardians and conservators | 369 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 369 | ||
| Elder mistreatment and neglect | 370 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 371 | ||
| Assessment | 371 | ||
| Interventions | 372 | ||
| Mandatory reporting | 372 | ||
| Prevention of mistreatment | 373 | ||
| Application of maslow’s hierarchy | 373 | ||
| Key concepts | 373 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 374 | ||
| References | 374 | ||
| Appendix 23-1 definitions of elder abuse and neglect | 375 | ||
| 24 Relationships, roles, and transitions | 377 | ||
| Learning objectives | 377 | ||
| Glossary | 377 | ||
| Relationships, roles, and transitions | 378 | ||
| Families | 378 | ||
| Types of families | 378 | ||
| Traditional couples | 378 | ||
| Divorce. | 379 | ||
| Nontraditional couples | 379 | ||
| Elders and their adult children | 380 | ||
| Never-married older adults | 380 | ||
| Grandparents | 380 | ||
| Siblings | 381 | ||
| Other kin | 381 | ||
| Fictive kin | 381 | ||
| Later life transitions | 381 | ||
| Retirement | 381 | ||
| Retirement planning | 382 | ||
| Special considerations in retirement | 382 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 383 | ||
| Death of a spouse | 383 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 384 | ||
| Assessment | 384 | ||
| Interventions | 384 | ||
| Caregiving | 385 | ||
| Impact of caregiving | 385 | ||
| Spousal caregiving | 386 | ||
| Aging parents caring for developmentally disabled children | 387 | ||
| Grandparents raising grandchildren | 388 | ||
| Long-distance caregiving | 389 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 389 | ||
| Assessment | 389 | ||
| Family assessment | 389 | ||
| Caregiver assessment | 390 | ||
| Interventions | 390 | ||
| Intimacy and sexuality | 391 | ||
| Intimacy | 391 | ||
| Sexuality | 391 | ||
| Sexual health | 392 | ||
| Factors influencing sexual health | 392 | ||
| Expectations. | 392 | ||
| Activity levels. | 392 | ||
| Cohort and cultural influences. | 393 | ||
| Biological changes with age. | 393 | ||
| Sexual dysfunction | 393 | ||
| Male dysfunction. | 394 | ||
| Female dysfunction. | 395 | ||
| Alternative sexual lifestyles: Lesbian, gay, bixexual, and transgender | 395 | ||
| Intimacy and chronic illness | 396 | ||
| Intimacy and sexuality in long-term care facilities | 396 | ||
| Intimacy, sexuality, and dementia | 398 | ||
| Hiv/aids and older adults | 399 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 400 | ||
| Assessment | 400 | ||
| Interventions | 401 | ||
| Key concepts | 401 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 401 | ||
| References | 402 | ||
| 25 Loss, death, and palliative care | 404 | ||
| Learning objectives | 404 | ||
| Glossary | 404 | ||
| The grieving process | 405 | ||
| A loss response model | 405 | ||
| Types of grief | 406 | ||
| Anticipatory grief | 406 | ||
| Acute grief | 406 | ||
| Chronic and complicated grief | 407 | ||
| Disenfranchised grief | 407 | ||
| Factors affecting coping with loss | 407 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing and healthy aging | 408 | ||
| Assessment | 408 | ||
| Interventions | 409 | ||
| Countercoping | 409 | ||
| Clarification and control. | 409 | ||
| Collaboration. | 409 | ||
| Directed relief. | 410 | ||
| Cooling off. | 410 | ||
| Dying, death, and palliative care | 410 | ||
| Conceptual models | 410 | ||
| The living-dying interval | 410 | ||
| Implications for gerontological nursing | 411 | ||
| The six c’s approach | 411 | ||
| Care | 412 | ||
| Control | 412 | ||
| Composure | 412 | ||
| Communication | 412 | ||
| Continuity | 413 | ||
| Closure | 413 | ||
| The family | 413 | ||
| Dying and the nurse | 414 | ||
| Palliative care | 414 | ||
| Hospice | 414 | ||
| The nurse’s role in palliative care | 415 | ||
| Decision making at the end of life | 415 | ||
| Advance directives | 415 | ||
| Euthanasia | 416 | ||
| Key concepts | 418 | ||
| Activities and discussion questions | 418 | ||
| References | 418 | ||
| Index | 421 | ||
| A | 421 | ||
| B | 423 | ||
| C | 423 | ||
| D | 425 | ||
| E | 426 | ||
| F | 427 | ||
| G | 427 | ||
| H | 428 | ||
| I | 429 | ||
| J | 429 | ||
| K | 429 | ||
| L | 429 | ||
| M | 430 | ||
| N | 431 | ||
| O | 432 | ||
| P | 432 | ||
| Q | 433 | ||
| R | 433 | ||
| S | 434 | ||
| T | 435 | ||
| U | 436 | ||
| V | 436 | ||
| W | 436 | ||
| X | 436 | ||
| Y | 436 |