BOOK
National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases E-Book
Scott Gilbert | Daniel E. Weiner
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases is your ideal companion in clinical nephrology! From anatomy, histology, and physiology, through the diagnosis and management of kidney disease, fluid and electrolyte disorders, hypertension, dialysis, and kidney transplantation, this trusted manual from Elsevier and the National Kidney Foundation provides an accessible, efficient overview of kidney diseases that’s perfect for residency, fellowship, clinical practice, and board review.
- Incorporate the latest NKF Kidney/ Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines on chronic kidney disease staging and management.
- Review the basics with a current and practical review of the anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of kidney disease, fluid and electrolyte disorders, hypertension, dialysis, and renal transplantation.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION’S PRIMER | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Contents | xv | ||
| SECTION 1 -STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS AND THEIR CLINICAL ASSESSMENT | 1 | ||
| 1 - Overview of Kidney Function and Structure | 2 | ||
| BASIC CONCEPTS | 2 | ||
| KIDNEY STRUCTURE | 3 | ||
| RENAL CIRCULATION | 4 | ||
| GLOMERULUS | 4 | ||
| TUBULAR FUNCTION: BASIC PRINCIPLES | 7 | ||
| SALT AND VOLUME REGULATION | 10 | ||
| WATER AND OSMOREGULATION | 12 | ||
| REGULATION OF BODY-FLUID POTASSIUM AND ACIDITY | 14 | ||
| RENAL HANDLING OF GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS | 17 | ||
| 2 - Kidney Development | 19 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAMMALIAN KIDNEY | 19 | ||
| RENAL MALFORMATION | 21 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT | 23 | ||
| 3 - ASSESSMENT OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC SETTINGS | 26 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE | 26 | ||
| ESTIMATION OF THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE | 26 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE | 31 | ||
| 4 - Urinalysis and Urine Microscopy | 33 | ||
| SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND HANDLING | 33 | ||
| PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE URINE | 33 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE SPUN URINARY SEDIMENT | 36 | ||
| 5 - Hematuria and Proteinuria | 42 | ||
| HEMATURIA | 42 | ||
| PROTEINURIA | 46 | ||
| 6 - Kidney Imaging | 51 | ||
| IMAGING MODALITIES | 51 | ||
| RISKS AND BENEFITS OF IMAGING CONTRAST IN KIDNEY DISEASE | 53 | ||
| CYSTIC RENAL LESIONS | 54 | ||
| SOLID KIDNEY MASSES | 55 | ||
| RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS | 57 | ||
| RENAL PARENCHYMAL DISEASE AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION | 58 | ||
| SUMMARY | 59 | ||
| SECTION 2 - ACID-BASE, FLUID, AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS | 61 | ||
| 7 - Hyponatremia and Hypoosmolar Disorders | 62 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 62 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 62 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 63 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPONATREMIA | 66 | ||
| TREATMENT | 67 | ||
| 8 - Hypernatremia | 71 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 71 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 71 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 71 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 72 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 72 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH AND PATHOGENESIS | 73 | ||
| TREATMENT | 75 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERNATREMIA | 78 | ||
| 9 - Edema and the Clinical Use of Diuretics | 80 | ||
| INDIVIDUAL CLASSES OF DIURETICS | 80 | ||
| ADAPTATION TO DIURETIC THERAPY | 82 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EDEMA MANAGEMENT | 87 | ||
| DIURETIC-RELATED ADVERSE EFFECTS | 87 | ||
| 10 - DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM METABOLISM | 90 | ||
| LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE POTASSIUM DISORDERS | 92 | ||
| HYPOKALEMIA | 92 | ||
| HYPERKALEMIA | 95 | ||
| 11 - DISORDERS OF MINERAL METABOLISM: CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND MAGNESIUM | 100 | ||
| DISORDERS OF MINERAL METABOLISM | 104 | ||
| 12 - Approach to Acid-Base Disorders | 113 | ||
| ACIDEMIA, ALKALEMIA, ACIDOSIS, ANDÂ ALKALOSIS | 113 | ||
| SIMPLE (SINGLE) ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES AND COMPENSATION | 114 | ||
| ANION GAP | 114 | ||
| MIXED ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES | 116 | ||
| 13 - Metabolic Acidosis | 123 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF ACID-BASE BALANCE | 123 | ||
| EVALUATION OF URINARY ACIDIFICATION | 123 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF ACIDOSIS | 124 | ||
| APPROACH TO ACID-BASE DISORDERS | 125 | ||
| ANION GAP ACIDOSIS | 126 | ||
| HYPERCHLOREMIC METABOLIC ACIDOSIS | 132 | ||
| 14 - Metabolic Alkalosis | 137 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 137 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 137 | ||
| METABOLIC ALKALOSIS DUE TO EXOGENOUS BICARBONATE LOADS | 137 | ||
| SYMPTOMS OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS | 142 | ||
| TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS | 143 | ||
| 15 - RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS | 144 | ||
| RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS | 148 | ||
| SECTION 3 - GLOMERULAR DISEASES | 151 | ||
| 16 -Glomerular Clinicopathologic Syndromes | 152 | ||
| ASYMPTOMATIC HEMATURIA AND RECURRENT GROSS HEMATURIA | 152 | ||
| ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS | 153 | ||
| GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASES | 157 | ||
| ASYMPTOMATIC PROTEINURIA AND NEPHROTIC SYNDROME | 160 | ||
| CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND KIDNEY FAILURE | 162 | ||
| KIDNEY BIOPSY: INDICATIONS AND METHODS | 162 | ||
| 17 - MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE | 164 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 164 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 165 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 165 | ||
| INITIAL TREATMENT | 166 | ||
| SHORT-TERM COURSE | 166 | ||
| LONG-TERM TREATMENT | 167 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 168 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 168 | ||
| 18 - Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis | 170 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS | 170 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 170 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 172 | ||
| COURSE AND THERAPY | 173 | ||
| 19 - MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY | 176 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 176 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 178 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 178 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SECONDARY TYPES | 179 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY AND TREATMENT OF PRIMARY/IDIOPATHIC MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY | 179 | ||
| PREDICTING OUTCOME | 179 | ||
| RESPONSE GOALS | 180 | ||
| TREATMENT | 180 | ||
| MANAGEMENT PLAN | 183 | ||
| 20 - Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and Related Disorders | 185 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 185 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 185 | ||
| SECONDARY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY | 186 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 186 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 187 | ||
| GENETICS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY | 188 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY AND PROGNOSIS | 189 | ||
| TREATMENT OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY | 189 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 191 | ||
| KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY | 191 | ||
| HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA | 191 | ||
| 21 - Goodpasture Syndrome and Other Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Diseases | 193 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 193 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 193 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 194 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 195 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 195 | ||
| ASSOCIATED DISEASES | 195 | ||
| TREATMENT | 196 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 196 | ||
| SECTION 4 - THE KIDNEY IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE | 199 | ||
| 22 - Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis | 200 | ||
| CLINICAL APPROACH | 200 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 201 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 203 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 204 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS AND OUTCOME OF POSTINFECTIOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS | 206 | ||
| TREATMENT | 206 | ||
| 23 - Kidney Involvement in Systemic Vasculitis | 207 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 207 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 210 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 211 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 212 | ||
| THERAPY AND OUTCOME | 213 | ||
| 24 - Kidney Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 215 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 215 | ||
| EVALUATION | 215 | ||
| TREATMENT | 218 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 220 | ||
| 25 - Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy | 222 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 222 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 223 | ||
| STRUCTURAL–FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY | 224 | ||
| REVERSAL OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY LESIONS | 226 | ||
| MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES | 226 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 234 | ||
| 26 - Dysproteinemias and Amyloidosis | 235 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT-CHAIN METABOLISM AND CLINICAL DETECTION | 235 | ||
| GLOMERULAR LESIONS OF PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS | 237 | ||
| TUBULOINTERSTITIAL LESIONS OF PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS | 240 | ||
| WALDENSTRÖM MACROGLOBULINEMIA | 242 | ||
| 27 - THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHIES | 244 | ||
| THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA | 244 | ||
| HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME | 247 | ||
| ATYPICAL HUS | 247 | ||
| TYPICAL HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME | 248 | ||
| ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME | 249 | ||
| SCLERODERMA RENAL CRISIS | 250 | ||
| 28 - Viral Nephropathies: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus | 253 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, HEPATITIS C VIRUS, AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS | 253 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS | 253 | ||
| HEPATITIS C | 257 | ||
| HEPATITIS B | 259 | ||
| 29 - Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome | 262 | ||
| DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OFÂ ACUTE CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 262 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 262 | ||
| TREATMENT OF ACUTE CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 265 | ||
| SUMMARY | 267 | ||
| 30 - Hepatorenal Syndrome and Other Liver-Related Kidney Diseases | 268 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 268 | ||
| NATURAL COURSE OF KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION IN CIRRHOSIS | 269 | ||
| OTHER TYPES OF KIDNEY FAILURE IN CIRRHOSIS | 272 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION AND ASCITES IN CIRRHOSIS | 272 | ||
| TREATMENT AT THE DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE DISEASE | 274 | ||
| PREVENTION OF HEPATORENAL SYNDROME | 275 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 275 | ||
| 31 - The Kidney in Cancers | 277 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN THE CANCER PATIENT | 277 | ||
| ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS | 281 | ||
| KIDNEY DISEASE IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION | 282 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 284 | ||
| SECTION 5 - ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 287 | ||
| 32 -Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury | 288 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 288 | ||
| CELL DEATH, REPAIR, AND REGENERATION | 292 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 292 | ||
| 33 - Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury | 294 | ||
| TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS, STAGING, AND EVALUATION OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 296 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION | 299 | ||
| 34 - Acute Tubular Injury and Acute Tubular Necrosis | 304 | ||
| ISCHEMIC ACUTE TUBULAR INJURY | 304 | ||
| CHOLESTEROL ATHEROEMBOLIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 305 | ||
| KIDNEY INFARCTION | 307 | ||
| ACUTE TUBULAR INJURY FROM ENDOGENOUS NEPHROTOXINS | 309 | ||
| 35 - Acute Interstitial Nephritis | 312 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 312 | ||
| LABORATORY FINDINGS | 312 | ||
| IMAGING | 312 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 313 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 313 | ||
| CAUSES OF ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS | 314 | ||
| DRUG-ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS | 314 | ||
| INFECTIONS | 315 | ||
| SYSTEMIC DISEASES | 316 | ||
| TREATMENT | 316 | ||
| 36 - Management of Acute Kidney Injury | 318 | ||
| EARLY RECOGNITION AND INITIAL MANAGEMENT | 318 | ||
| SUPPORTIVE CARE AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS | 318 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT | 320 | ||
| RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY | 320 | ||
| LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP | 323 | ||
| SECTION 6 -DRUGS AND THE KIDNEY | 325 | ||
| 37 - Kidney Disease Caused by Therapeutic Agents | 326 | ||
| RENAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS | 326 | ||
| KIDNEY INJURY ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICATIONS | 327 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS | 327 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC AGENTS | 329 | ||
| CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS | 330 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS | 331 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS | 334 | ||
| 38 - Principles of Drug Therapy in Patients with Reduced Kidney Function | 337 | ||
| DRUG ABSORPTION | 337 | ||
| DRUG DISTRIBUTION | 337 | ||
| DRUG METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT | 338 | ||
| RENAL EXCRETION OF DRUGS | 339 | ||
| ESTIMATION OF KIDNEY FUNCTION FOR DRUG DOSING PURPOSES | 339 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR DRUG THERAPY INDIVIDUALIZATION | 340 | ||
| CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS | 344 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 344 | ||
| SECTION 7 - HEREDITARY KIDNEY DISORDERS | 347 | ||
| 39 -Genetically Based Renal Transport Disorders | 348 | ||
| DISORDERS OF PROXIMAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT FUNCTION | 348 | ||
| DISORDERS OF TRANSPORT IN THE MEDULLARY THICK ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE | 351 | ||
| DISORDERS OF TRANSPORT IN THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE | 353 | ||
| DISORDERS OF TRANSPORT IN THE COLLECTING TUBULE | 354 | ||
| 40 - Sickle Cell Nephropathy | 357 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 357 | ||
| KIDNEY HEMODYNAMICS | 357 | ||
| TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASE | 357 | ||
| SICKLE CELL GLOMERULOPATHY | 360 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 360 | ||
| END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE | 361 | ||
| SICKLE CELL TRAIT | 361 | ||
| 41 - Polycystic and Other Cystic Kidney Diseases | 362 | ||
| AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 362 | ||
| AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 368 | ||
| TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX | 368 | ||
| VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE | 369 | ||
| ACQUIRED CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 370 | ||
| 42 - Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease | 371 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 371 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 371 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 371 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES/DIAGNOSIS | 373 | ||
| TREATMENT | 374 | ||
| 43 - Alport Syndrome and Related Disorders | 375 | ||
| JUVENILE AND ADULT FORMS | 375 | ||
| BIOCHEMISTRY | 375 | ||
| GENETICS | 375 | ||
| IMMUNOCHEMISTRY | 375 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 376 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 376 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 377 | ||
| TREATMENT | 378 | ||
| RELATED DISORDERS | 378 | ||
| APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS | 379 | ||
| 44 - Fabry Disease | 381 | ||
| KIDNEY MANIFESTATIONS OF FABRY DISEASE | 381 | ||
| PATHOLOGY OF KIDNEY DISEASE IN FABRY DISEASE | 381 | ||
| TREATMENT ISSUES IN FABRY DISEASE | 383 | ||
| SECTION 8 - TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHROPATHIES AND DISORDERS OF THE URINARY TRACT | 389 | ||
| 45 - Chronic Tubulointerstitial Disease | 390 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 390 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS | 390 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 391 | ||
| CLINICAL COURSE AND THERAPY | 392 | ||
| DISTINCT CAUSES OF CHRONIC TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS | 392 | ||
| 46 - Obstructive Uropathy | 397 | ||
| UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION | 397 | ||
| BILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION | 397 | ||
| TUBULAR DYSFUNCTION | 397 | ||
| FIBROSIS | 399 | ||
| APOPTOSIS | 400 | ||
| POSTOBSTRUCTIVE DIURESIS | 400 | ||
| SPECIFIC CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTIONS | 400 | ||
| OBSTRUCTION WITH INFECTION | 403 | ||
| 47 - Nephrolithiasis | 405 | ||
| SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM | 405 | ||
| ACUTE RENAL COLIC | 405 | ||
| TYPES OF STONES | 406 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 406 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION | 408 | ||
| LABORATORY (METABOLIC) EVALUATION | 408 | ||
| MEDICAL TREATMENTS | 408 | ||
| NONCALCIUM STONES | 410 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF STONES | 410 | ||
| LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP | 411 | ||
| 48 - Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis | 412 | ||
| ACUTE UNCOMPLICATED URINARY INFECTION | 412 | ||
| ACUTE NONOBSTRUCTIVE PYELONEPHRITIS | 413 | ||
| COMPLICATED URINARY INFECTION | 415 | ||
| ASYMPTOMATIC URINARY INFECTION | 416 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 416 | ||
| OTHER PRESENTATIONS OF URINARY INFECTION | 418 | ||
| SECTION 9 - THE KIDNEY IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES | 421 | ||
| 49 - The Kidney in Infants and Children | 422 | ||
| KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION | 422 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 422 | ||
| CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 424 | ||
| HYPERTENSION | 425 | ||
| Chapter 50 - The Kidney in Pregnancy | 427 | ||
| ANATOMIC CHANGES DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY | 427 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY | 427 | ||
| HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY | 429 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PREGNANCY | 432 | ||
| PREGNANCY IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 434 | ||
| PREGNANCY IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS | 434 | ||
| PREGNANCY IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 436 | ||
| 51 - Kidney Disease in the Elderly | 437 | ||
| AGE AND THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 437 | ||
| PROGRESSION TO END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE | 437 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MODERATE REDUCTIONS IN ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN THE ELDERLY | 439 | ||
| COMORBIDITY AND GERIATRIC SYNDROMES AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 440 | ||
| OUTCOMES AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH ADVANCED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 441 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF OLDER ADULTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 442 | ||
| SECTION 10 - CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND ITS THERAPY | 447 | ||
| 52 - Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease | 448 | ||
| HOW IS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEFINED? | 448 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 448 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION | 453 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 457 | ||
| 53 - Staging and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease | 458 | ||
| DEFINITION AND STAGING OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 458 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS, EVALUATION, AND MANAGEMENT | 461 | ||
| HEALTHCARE STRUCTURE FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 465 | ||
| 54 - Nutrition and Kidney Disease | 467 | ||
| PROTEIN AND CALORIES | 467 | ||
| ALTERED NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS | 468 | ||
| NUTRITION ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 472 | ||
| INTRADIALYTIC NUTRITION SUPPORT | 475 | ||
| 55 - Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease | 476 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONE DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 478 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF BONE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 479 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF BONE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 482 | ||
| TREATMENT OF DISORDERED BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 483 | ||
| 56 - Cardiac Function and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease | 488 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 488 | ||
| TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 489 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 490 | ||
| ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE | 490 | ||
| LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE | 494 | ||
| ARRHYTHMIA AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 495 | ||
| STROKE | 495 | ||
| 57 - Anemia and Other Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease | 497 | ||
| ANEMIA | 497 | ||
| OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF KIDNEY DISEASE | 504 | ||
| SECTION 11 - KIDNEY REPLACEMENT THERAPIES: DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANTATION | 507 | ||
| 58 - Hemodialysis | 508 | ||
| PRINCIPLE FUNCTIONS OF HEMODIALYSIS | 508 | ||
| 59 - Peritoneal Dialysis | 520 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 520 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 522 | ||
| PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTIONS | 523 | ||
| Peritoneal Catheters | 524 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 524 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 528 | ||
| OUTCOMES OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 531 | ||
| PERITONEAL DIALYSIS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 532 | ||
| ASSISTED PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 532 | ||
| 60 - Outcomes of Kidney Replacement Therapies | 534 | ||
| MAINTENANCE DIALYSIS OR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION | 534 | ||
| HEMODIALYSIS OR PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 534 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE HEMODIALYSIS REGIMENS | 536 | ||
| VARIATIONS IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS REGIMENS | 537 | ||
| DIALYSIS MODALITY IN CHILDREN | 541 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR DIALYSIS MODALITY SELECTION | 541 | ||
| 61 - Selection of Prospective Kidney Transplant Recipients and Donors | 542 | ||
| WHO SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION? | 542 | ||
| Medical Evaluation for Transplantation | 542 | ||
| DECEASED DONOR ORGANS | 547 | ||
| LIVING KIDNEY DONATION | 548 | ||
| 62 - Posttransplantation Monitoring and Outcomes | 553 | ||
| RECIPIENT AND DONOR CHARACTERISTICS | 553 | ||
| THE FIRST WEEK | 553 | ||
| OUTPATIENT CARE | 554 | ||
| IMMUNOSUPPRESSION | 554 | ||
| ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION | 556 | ||
| INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS | 558 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC COMPLICATIONS | 558 | ||
| METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS | 559 | ||
| POSTTRANSPLANT MALIGNANCY | 559 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS | 561 | ||
| 63 - Immunosuppression in Transplantation | 564 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNORECOGNITION | 564 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR IMMUNOSUPPRESSION | 566 | ||
| IMMUNE MONITORING | 573 | ||
| 64 - Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation | 575 | ||
| IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS AND INFECTIOUS RISK | 575 | ||
| DONOR-DERIVED INFECTIONS | 576 | ||
| BACTERIAL INFECTIONS | 577 | ||
| VIRAL INFECTIONS | 578 | ||
| FUNGAL INFECTIONS | 579 | ||
| PARASITIC INFECTIONS | 580 | ||
| IMMUNIZATIONS AND INFECTION PREVENTION | 580 | ||
| SECTION 12 - HYPERTENSION | 583 | ||
| 65 - Pathogenesis of Hypertension | 584 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION | 584 | ||
| IMPLICATED MEDIATORS OF HYPERTENSION | 587 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 588 | ||
| 66 - Evaluation and Management of Hypertension | 590 | ||
| EVALUATION OF HYPERTENSION | 590 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION | 594 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 599 | ||
| 67 - Secondary Hypertension | 601 | ||
| KIDNEY CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION | 601 | ||
| ENDOCRINE CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION | 606 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR AND CARDIOPULMONARY CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION | 610 | ||
| INHERITED CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION | 610 | ||
| Index | 615 | ||
| IBC | IBC |