BOOK
Acute and Chronic Complications of Diabetes, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, E-Book
Leonid Poretsky | Eliana Pauline Liao
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology Clinics brings the reader up to date on the important advances in research surrounding acute diabetic complications. Guest edited by Leonid Poretsky and Eliana Liao, the topics covered include retinopathy, neuropathy, gastrointestinal complications, diabetic foot, dental complications, dermatologic complications, and more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Acute and Chronic Complications of Diabetes\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Endocrinology And Metabolism Clinics Of North America\r | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xvii | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 657 | ||
| Key points | 657 | ||
| General considerations | 657 | ||
| Epidemiology of hypoglycemia | 658 | ||
| Risk factors for hypoglycemia | 659 | ||
| Hypoglycemia counterregulation | 662 | ||
| Normal Hypoglycemia Counterregulation and Hypoglycemia Awareness | 662 | ||
| Hypoglycemia Counterregulation and Hypoglycemia Awareness in Type 1 Diabetes | 663 | ||
| Hypoglycemia Counterregulation and Hypoglycemia Awareness in Type 2 Diabetes | 664 | ||
| Manifestations of hypoglycemia | 665 | ||
| Complications of hypoglycemia | 665 | ||
| Management of hypoglycemia | 666 | ||
| Treatment | 666 | ||
| Prevention of Recurrences | 667 | ||
| Conventional measures | 667 | ||
| Pancreas/islet transplantation | 669 | ||
| References | 670 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State | 677 | ||
| Key points | 677 | ||
| Background and epidemiology | 677 | ||
| Definition and diagnosis | 677 | ||
| Precipitating factors | 679 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 680 | ||
| Hormones | 680 | ||
| Lipid | 681 | ||
| Ketogenesis | 681 | ||
| Hyperosmolar | 681 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 681 | ||
| Initial evaluation | 682 | ||
| Serum Glucose | 683 | ||
| Serum Sodium | 684 | ||
| Serum Potassium | 684 | ||
| Serum Phosphate | 684 | ||
| Serum Bicarbonate | 685 | ||
| Serum Ketones | 685 | ||
| Anion Gap | 685 | ||
| Arterial Blood | 686 | ||
| Serum Osmolality | 686 | ||
| Leukocytosis | 686 | ||
| Amylase and Lipase | 687 | ||
| Treatment | 687 | ||
| Fluid Replacement | 687 | ||
| Potassium | 688 | ||
| Insulin | 688 | ||
| Summary | 688 | ||
| References | 688 | ||
| Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications | 697 | ||
| Key points | 697 | ||
| Introduction | 697 | ||
| Relationship Between AGEs and Diabetes | 697 | ||
| Brief definition of bioreactive AGEs | 701 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 721 | ||
| Key points | 721 | ||
| Introduction | 721 | ||
| Epidemiology | 721 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 724 | ||
| Diagnosis and classification | 727 | ||
| NPDR | 727 | ||
| Mild NPDR | 727 | ||
| Moderate NPDR | 728 | ||
| Severe NPDR | 728 | ||
| Very severe NPDR | 729 | ||
| PDR | 729 | ||
| Macular Edema | 729 | ||
| CSME | 729 | ||
| Diagnostic modalities for evaluation of retinopathy | 730 | ||
| Current treatment | 732 | ||
| Emerging treatments | 732 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy and Inflammatory Modulators | 733 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 733 | ||
| Triamcinolone Acetonide | 733 | ||
| Dexamethasone (Ozurdex) | 733 | ||
| Fluocinolone Acetonide (Retisert, Iluvien) | 734 | ||
| Protein Kinase C (PKC) inhibition | 734 | ||
| Anti-VEGF agents | 735 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) | 737 | ||
| Vitrectomy | 738 | ||
| DRCR net | 739 | ||
| References | 740 | ||
| Diabetic Neuropathy | 747 | ||
| Key points | 747 | ||
| Introduction | 747 | ||
| Scope of the problem | 748 | ||
| Epidemiology of neuropathic pain | 748 | ||
| Classification of diabetic neuropathies | 749 | ||
| Pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathies | 749 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 749 | ||
| Focal and Multifocal Neuropathies | 750 | ||
| Proximal Motor Neuropathy (Diabetic Amyotrophy) and Chronic Demyelinating Neuropathies | 751 | ||
| Diabetic Truncal Radiculoneuropathy | 751 | ||
| Rapidly Reversible Hyperglycemic Neuropathy | 751 | ||
| Generalized Symmetric Polyneuropathy | 752 | ||
| Acute sensory neuropathy | 752 | ||
| Chronic Sensorimotor Neuropathy or Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy | 752 | ||
| Clinical presentation and pain characteristics | 752 | ||
| Diagnostic assessment of DPN | 755 | ||
| Conditions Mimicking Diabetic Neuropathy | 757 | ||
| Clinical Assessment Tools for Diabetic Neuropathy | 757 | ||
| Objective Devices for the Diagnosis of Neuropathy | 758 | ||
| Summary of Clinical Assessment of DPN | 758 | ||
| Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathies | 758 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Underlying Pathogenic Mechanisms | 759 | ||
| Glycemic and metabolic control | 759 | ||
| Oxidative stress | 759 | ||
| Growth factors | 760 | ||
| Immune therapy | 761 | ||
| Treatment of Symptoms and Improvement in QOL | 761 | ||
| Pain, QOL, and comorbidities in diabetic neuropathy | 761 | ||
| The diagnostic workup | 762 | ||
| The diagnosis of neuropathic pain | 763 | ||
| Definition of neuropathic pain | 763 | ||
| Distinction between nociceptive and non-nociceptive pain | 764 | ||
| Laboratory tests to evaluate neuropathic pain | 764 | ||
| Pharmacologic therapeutic modalities for diabetic neuropathic pain | 765 | ||
| Treatment Based on Pathogenic Concepts of Pain | 765 | ||
| α-Lipoic acid | 766 | ||
| Adrenergic blockers | 768 | ||
| Topical capsaicin | 768 | ||
| Lidocaine | 768 | ||
| Opioids and NMDA-receptor antagonists | 769 | ||
| Antidepressants | 769 | ||
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 770 | ||
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 770 | ||
| Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors | 770 | ||
| Venlafaxine | 770 | ||
| Antiepileptic Drugs | 770 | ||
| Calcium-channel modulators (gabapentin and pregabalin) | 771 | ||
| Gabapentin | 771 | ||
| Pregabalin | 771 | ||
| Sodium-channel blockers (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lancosamide) | 772 | ||
| Topiramate | 772 | ||
| Natural Products | 772 | ||
| Metanx | 772 | ||
| Botulinum toxin | 773 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy | 773 | ||
| Psychological Support | 773 | ||
| Physical Measures | 773 | ||
| Guidelines for the treatment of painful neuropathy | 773 | ||
| Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy | 774 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 774 | ||
| Epidemiology of CAN | 774 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 774 | ||
| Resting tachycardia | 774 | ||
| Exercise intolerance | 775 | ||
| Intraoperative cardiovascular lability | 775 | ||
| Orthostatic hypotension | 775 | ||
| Diagnosis and Staging of CAN | 775 | ||
| Treatment of Autonomic Dysfunction | 776 | ||
| Summary | 777 | ||
| References | 778 | ||
| Diabetic Kidney Disease and the Cardiorenal Syndrome | 789 | ||
| Key points | 789 | ||
| Introduction | 789 | ||
| Pathology of DKD | 790 | ||
| The cardiorenal syndrome and DKD | 791 | ||
| Impact of hypertension on DKD | 791 | ||
| Nondipping blood pressure/pulse pattern in diabetes | 793 | ||
| Blood pressure variability as a risk factor for DKD | 793 | ||
| Use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs in DKD | 794 | ||
| Effects of CKD on glucose homeostasis and assessment of glycemic control | 795 | ||
| Markers of DKD and prognostic value of eGFR and microalbuminuria | 795 | ||
| DKD without albuminuria | 797 | ||
| Does better glycemic control reduce DKD? | 798 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatment of hyperglycemia in DKD/use of old and new drugs other than insulin | 799 | ||
| Sulfonylureas | 799 | ||
| Meglitinides | 799 | ||
| α-Glucosidase Inhibitors | 802 | ||
| Biguanides | 802 | ||
| Thiazolidinedione | 802 | ||
| Incretin Mimetics | 802 | ||
| Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 Inhibitors | 802 | ||
| Amylin Analogue | 803 | ||
| Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors | 803 | ||
| Summary | 803 | ||
| References | 803 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes | 809 | ||
| Key points | 809 | ||
| Introduction | 809 | ||
| Esophageal disorders | 810 | ||
| Esophageal Motility Dysfunction in Diabetes | 810 | ||
| Symptoms of Esophageal Motility Disorders | 810 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Diabetes | 810 | ||
| Management of GERD | 810 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing for GERD | 811 | ||
| Esophageal Candidiasis | 811 | ||
| Management of Oropharyngeal and Esophageal Candidiasis | 811 | ||
| Gastric disorders | 811 | ||
| Gastroparesis | 811 | ||
| Epidemiology | 812 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Gastroparesis | 812 | ||
| Nutritional Optimization | 813 | ||
| Management of Glycemic Control in Gastroparesis | 814 | ||
| Management of Gastroparesis in Diabetes | 814 | ||
| Gastric Electric Stimulation for Refractory Gastroparesis | 815 | ||
| Salvage and Alternative Therapies for Gastroparesis | 816 | ||
| Accelerated Gastric Emptying | 816 | ||
| Small intestinal disorders | 816 | ||
| Celiac Disease Overview | 816 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease | 816 | ||
| Genetic Predisposition to Celiac Disease | 817 | ||
| Association of Celiac Disease and DM1 | 817 | ||
| Childhood Presentation of Celiac Disease | 817 | ||
| Extraintestinal Manifestations of Celiac Disease | 818 | ||
| Diagnosis of Celiac Disease: Utility of Serologic Testing | 818 | ||
| Duodenal Biopsies: Gold Standard for Diagnosis | 818 | ||
| Treatment of Celiac Disease: Gluten-Free Diet | 819 | ||
| Failure of a Gluten-Free Diet | 819 | ||
| Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth Overview | 819 | ||
| Epidemiology | 819 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 819 | ||
| Nutritional Complications of Untreated SIBO | 820 | ||
| Symptoms of Bacterial Overgrowth | 820 | ||
| Jejunal Aspirate: Gold Standard for Diagnosis of SIBO | 820 | ||
| Use of Breath Tests in Diagnosis of SIBO | 820 | ||
| Treatment of Underlying Etiology | 820 | ||
| Nutritional Assessment | 820 | ||
| Antibiotic Treatment in SIBO | 820 | ||
| Diabetic Diarrhea | 821 | ||
| Epidemiology of Diabetic Diarrhea | 821 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Diabetic Diarrhea | 821 | ||
| Diagnosis | 822 | ||
| Treatment | 822 | ||
| Large intestine disorders | 822 | ||
| Fecal Incontinence | 822 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Fecal Incontinence | 822 | ||
| Evaluation of Fecal Incontinence | 823 | ||
| Diagnosis of Fecal Incontinence | 823 | ||
| Hepatobiliary disorders | 823 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Overview | 823 | ||
| Epidemiology | 824 | ||
| Natural History of NAFLD | 824 | ||
| Pathogenesis of NAFLD | 824 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of NAFLD | 824 | ||
| New Diagnostic Tools for NAFLD | 825 | ||
| The Role of Liver Biopsy | 825 | ||
| Management of NAFLD | 825 | ||
| Lifestyle Modification | 826 | ||
| Medical Therapies for NASH and Diabetes | 826 | ||
| Statin Use in NAFLD | 826 | ||
| Cholelithiasis and Association with Diabetes | 826 | ||
| Pancreatic disease | 826 | ||
| Pancreatic Insufficiency | 826 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis in Diabetes | 827 | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | 827 | ||
| Summary | 827 | ||
| References | 827 | ||
| Complications of the Diabetic Foot | 833 | ||
| Key points | 833 | ||
| Introduction | 833 | ||
| Risk factors | 834 | ||
| Peripheral Neuropathy | 834 | ||
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 835 | ||
| Soft-Tissue and Bone Deformity | 836 | ||
| Clinical features and management | 839 | ||
| Ulceration | 839 | ||
| Infection | 841 | ||
| Amputation | 842 | ||
| Future considerations and summary | 844 | ||
| References | 844 | ||
| Periodontitis | 849 | ||
| Key points | 849 | ||
| Introduction | 849 | ||
| Associations between diabetes and periodontitis | 852 | ||
| The 2-way relationship between periodontitis and diabetes | 852 | ||
| Treatment of periodontitis is associated with improvements in glycemic control | 853 | ||
| What are the mechanisms that link periodontitis and diabetes? | 854 | ||
| The Role of Cytokines | 855 | ||
| AGEs | 856 | ||
| Immune Functioning and Oxidative Stress | 857 | ||
| Microbial Factors | 858 | ||
| Influence on clinical practice | 859 | ||
| Other oral complications of diabetes | 859 | ||
| Xerostomia | 859 | ||
| Dental Caries | 860 | ||
| Oral Candidiasis | 860 | ||
| Impact of Diabetes on Implant Therapy | 860 | ||
| Relevance of Bisphosphonate Therapy | 861 | ||
| Summary | 861 | ||
| References | 861 | ||
| Dermatologic Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus | 869 | ||
| Key points | 869 | ||
| Introduction | 869 | ||
| Specific cutaneous markers of diabetes mellitus | 870 | ||
| Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum | 870 | ||
| Generalized Granuloma Annulare | 872 | ||
| Diabetic Bullae | 873 | ||
| Scleredema Diabeticorum | 875 | ||
| Acanthosis Nigricans | 877 | ||
| Diabetic Dermopathy | 878 | ||
| Acquired Perforating Dermatoses | 879 | ||
| Eruptive Xanthomatosis | 881 | ||
| Nonspecific skin conditions associated with diabetes | 881 | ||
| Acrochordons (Skin Tags) | 881 | ||
| Yellow Skin and Nails | 882 | ||
| Generalized Pruritus | 882 | ||
| Rubeosis Faciei | 883 | ||
| Palmar Erythema | 883 | ||
| Nailbed Erythema | 884 | ||
| Pigmented Purpura | 884 | ||
| Other dermatologic considerations in the diabetic patient | 884 | ||
| Skin Manifestations of Diabetic Vascular Disease | 884 | ||
| Skin Manifestations of Diabetic Neuropathy | 885 | ||
| Skin Conditions of the Hands | 885 | ||
| Limited joint mobility | 885 | ||
| Thick dorsal hand skin and finger pebbles | 885 | ||
| Dupuytren contracture | 886 | ||
| Digital sclerosis | 886 | ||
| Thick Skin | 886 | ||
| Selected cutaneous disorders associated with diabetes | 887 | ||
| Psoriasis | 887 | ||
| Vitiligo | 887 | ||
| Cutaneous infections | 887 | ||
| Bacterial | 888 | ||
| Staphylococcal and β-hemolytic streptococcal infections | 888 | ||
| Corynebacterium minutissimum | 888 | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 888 | ||
| Fungal | 888 | ||
| Candidiasis (Moniliasis) | 888 | ||
| Dermatophytosis | 889 | ||
| Onychomycosis | 889 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 890 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 890 | ||
| Cutaneous reactions to diabetic treatment | 890 | ||
| Insulin | 890 | ||
| Oral Hypoglycemic Agents | 890 | ||
| Summary | 891 | ||
| References | 891 | ||
| Reproductive Sequelae of Diabetes in Male Patients | 899 | ||
| Key points | 899 | ||
| Introduction | 899 | ||
| Mechanism of Normal Erection | 899 | ||
| Tumescence | 899 | ||
| Detumescence | 900 | ||
| Erectile and reproductive dysfunction and DM | 900 | ||
| Neurologic Pathophysiology | 900 | ||
| Vascular Pathophysiology | 901 | ||
| Treatment of ED | 902 | ||
| Ejaculatory dysfunction and DM | 906 | ||
| Normal Ejaculatory Physiology | 906 | ||
| AE and RE | 906 | ||
| Treatment of Diabetes-associated EjD | 907 | ||
| HG and DM | 908 | ||
| Sex Hormones | 908 | ||
| Testosterone Supplementation | 909 | ||
| Summary | 909 | ||
| References | 910 | ||
| Diabetes and the Female Reproductive System | 915 | ||
| Key points | 915 | ||
| Introduction | 915 | ||
| Insulin action in the female reproductive system | 915 | ||
| Insulin and the Ovary | 915 | ||
| IGF Proteins | 918 | ||
| Reproductive Phenotypes with Altered Insulin Signaling | 919 | ||
| Ovulatory function in type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus | 920 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 920 | ||
| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | 921 | ||
| Syndromes of extreme insulin resistance | 922 | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 923 | ||
| Prevalence | 924 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 924 | ||
| Biochemical and Laboratory Testing | 924 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 925 | ||
| Treatment of PCOS | 926 | ||
| Ovulation Induction in PCOS | 928 | ||
| Pregnancy Complications in PCOS | 930 | ||
| Diabetes in pregnancy | 931 | ||
| Summary | 935 | ||
| References | 936 | ||
| Complications of Diabetes Therapy | 947 | ||
| Key points | 947 | ||
| Introduction and background | 947 | ||
| Insulin sensitizers | 948 | ||
| Biguanides | 948 | ||
| Indications and patient considerations | 948 | ||
| Mechanism of action, efficacy, and kinetics | 948 | ||
| Effects on weight, cardiovascular outcomes, and risk of lactic acidosis | 948 | ||
| Effects on bone and other side effects | 949 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 950 | ||
| Indications and patient considerations | 950 | ||
| Mechanism of action, efficacy, and kinetics | 950 | ||
| Effects on weight and cardiovascular outcomes | 950 | ||
| Effects on bone and other side effects | 951 | ||
| Secretagogues | 951 | ||
| Sulfonylureas | 951 | ||
| Indications and patient considerations | 951 | ||
| Mechanism of action, efficacy, and kinetics | 952 | ||
| Effects on weight and cardiovascular outcomes | 952 | ||
| Effects on bone and other adverse effects | 952 | ||
| Meglitinides | 953 | ||
| Index | 971 |