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Book Details
Abstract
Comprehensive, yet concise and clinically oriented, the new edition of Ocular Pathology brings you the very latest advances of every aspect of ocular pathology. From updated information on today’s imaging techniques, to the implementation of genetic data to better understand disease, this esteemed medical reference book promises to keep you at the forefront of your field.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Take advantage of clinical "pearls" that offer you the benefits of proven strategies.
- Quickly reference information with help from a convenient outline format, ideal for today’s busy physician.
- Visualize every concept by viewing 1,900 illustrations, 1,600 of which are in full color, from the collections of internationally renowned leaders in ocular pathology.
- Understand the role of VEGF and other factors in the pathobiology of diabetic complications, as well as the pathobiology of myocilin and the TIGR gene in the development of glaucoma.
- Review the latest features related to the pathobiology of central corneal thickness.
- Stay abreast of the latest in ocular pathology with coverage of the classification system for retinoblastoma; immunopathology of herpes keratitis; and genetic features of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Ocular Pathology | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | vi | ||
| Forewords to the First Edition | viii | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Dedication | xii | ||
| 1 Basic Principles of Pathology | 1 | ||
| Inflammation | 1 | ||
| Definition | 1 | ||
| Causes | 1 | ||
| Phases of Inflammation (Table 1.1) | 1 | ||
| Staining Patterns of Inflammation | 14 | ||
| Immunobiology | 16 | ||
| Background | 16 | ||
| Cellular Immunity (Delayed Hypersensitivity) | 19 | ||
| Humoral Immunoglobulin (Antibody) | 19 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 19 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Diseases | 21 | ||
| Transplantation Terminology | 24 | ||
| Cellular and Tissue Reactions | 24 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 24 | ||
| Hyperplasia | 24 | ||
| Aplasia | 25 | ||
| Hypoplasia | 25 | ||
| Metaplasia | 25 | ||
| Atrophy | 25 | ||
| Dysplasia | 25 | ||
| Neoplasia | 25 | ||
| Degeneration and Dystrophy | 25 | ||
| Necrosis (Table 1.9) | 26 | ||
| Apoptosis | 26 | ||
| Calcification | 27 | ||
| Autolysis and Putrefaction | 27 | ||
| Pigmentation | 27 | ||
| Growth and Aging | 28 | ||
| Bibliography | 28.e1 | ||
| Inflammation | 28.e1 | ||
| Immunobiology | 28.e1 | ||
| Cellular and Tissue Reactions | 28.e3 | ||
| 2 Congenital Anomalies | 29 | ||
| Phakomatoses (Disseminated Hereditary Hamartomas) | 29 | ||
| General Information | 29 | ||
| Angiomatosis Retinae [von Hippel’s Disease (VHL)] | 29 | ||
| Meningocutaneous Angiomatosis [Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis; Sturge–Weber Syndrome (SWS)] | 30 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis (Figs. 2.3–2.5) | 31 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville’s Disease; Pringle’s Disease) | 35 | ||
| Other Phakomatoses | 36 | ||
| Chromosomal Aberrations | 36 | ||
| Trisomy 8 | 36 | ||
| Trisomy 13 (47,13+; Patau’s Syndrome) | 36 | ||
| Trisomy 18 (47,18+; Edwards’ Syndrome) | 38 | ||
| Trisomy 21 (47,21+; Down’s Syndrome; Mongolism) | 39 | ||
| Triploidy | 39 | ||
| Chromosome 4 Deletion Defect | 39 | ||
| Chromosome 5 Deletion Defect (46,5p–; Cri du Chat Syndrome) | 39 | ||
| Chromosome 11 Deletion Defect | 40 | ||
| Chromosome 13 Deletion Defect | 40 | ||
| Chromosome 17 Deletion (17p11.2; Smith–Magenis Syndrome) | 40 | ||
| Chromosome 18 Deletion Defect (46,18p–; 46,18q–; or 46,18r; Partial 18 Monosomy (Fig. 2.10) | 40 | ||
| Chromosome 47 Deletion Defect | 40 | ||
| Mosaicism | 40 | ||
| Infectious Embryopathy | 41 | ||
| Congenital Rubella Syndrome (Gregg’s Syndrome) | 41 | ||
| Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease | 44 | ||
| Congenital Syphilis | 44 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 44 | ||
| Drug Embryopathy | 44 | ||
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) (Fig. 2.14) | 44 | ||
| Thalidomide | 44 | ||
| Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) (Fig. 2.15) | 44 | ||
| Other Congenital Anomalies | 44 | ||
| Cyclopia and Synophthalmos | 44 | ||
| Anencephaly | 45 | ||
| Anophthalmos (Fig. 2.17) | 47 | ||
| Microphthalmos | 47 | ||
| Walker–Warburg Syndrome | 48 | ||
| Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome of Miller | 49 | ||
| Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy (Leigh’s Disease) | 49 | ||
| Meckel’s Syndrome (Dysencephalia Splanchnocystica; Gruber’s Syndrome) | 50 | ||
| Potter’s Syndrome | 50 | ||
| Menkes’ Kinky-Hair Disease | 50 | ||
| Aicardi’s Syndrome | 50 | ||
| Ectrodactyly–Ectodermal Dysplasia (EEC) | 51 | ||
| Trichothiodystrophy (TD) | 51 | ||
| Dwarfism | 51 | ||
| Other Syndromes | 52 | ||
| Bibliography | 52.e1 | ||
| Angiomatosis Retinae | 52.e1 | ||
| Meningocutaneous Angiomatosis | 52.e1 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis | 52.e1 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis | 52.e1 | ||
| Other Phakomatoses | 52.e2 | ||
| Chromosomal Trisomy Defects | 52.e2 | ||
| Triploidy and Chromosomal Deletion Abnormalities | 52.e2 | ||
| Chromosomal Deletion Defects | 52.e2 | ||
| Mosaicism | 52.e3 | ||
| Infectious Embryopathy | 52.e3 | ||
| Drug Embryopathy | 52.e3 | ||
| Other Congenital Anomalies | 52.e3 | ||
| 3 Nongranulomatous Inflammation: | 53 | ||
| Definition | 53 | ||
| Classification | 53 | ||
| Terminology | 53 | ||
| Sources of Inflammation | 53 | ||
| Suppurative Endophthalmitis and Panophthalmitis | 53 | ||
| Clinical Features | 53 | ||
| Classification | 54 | ||
| Histology | 55 | ||
| Examples | 55 | ||
| Nonsuppurative, Chronic Nongranulomatous Uveitis and Endophthalmitis | 57 | ||
| Clinical Features | 57 | ||
| Classification | 57 | ||
| Examples | 57 | ||
| Sequelae of Uveitis, Endophthalmitis, and Panophthalmitis | 62 | ||
| Cornea | 62 | ||
| Anterior Chamber | 63 | ||
| Iris | 63 | ||
| Lens | 64 | ||
| Ciliary Body | 64 | ||
| Vitreous Compartment | 64 | ||
| Choroid | 65 | ||
| Retina | 65 | ||
| Glaucoma | 65 | ||
| End Stage of Diffuse Ocular Diseases | 65 | ||
| Bibliography | 66.e1 | ||
| Suppurative Endophthalmitis and Panophthalmitis | 66.e1 | ||
| Nonsuppurative, Chronic Nongranulomatous Uveitis and Endophthalmitis | 66.e1 | ||
| Sequelae of Uveitis, Endophthalmitis, and Panophthalmitis | 66.e2 | ||
| 4 Granulomatous Inflammation | 67 | ||
| Introduction | 67 | ||
| Post-Traumatic | 67 | ||
| Sympathetic Uveitis [Sympathetic Ophthalmia (SO), Sympathetic Ophthalmitis] | 67 | ||
| Phacoanaphylactic (Phacoimmune, Phacoantigenic, or Phacogenic) Endophthalmitis | 69 | ||
| Foreign-Body Granulomas | 70 | ||
| Nontraumatic Infections | 70 | ||
| Viral | 70 | ||
| Bacterial | 73 | ||
| Fungal | 78 | ||
| Parasitic | 81 | ||
| Nontraumatic Noninfectious | 86 | ||
| Sarcoidosis (Figs. 4.21–4.26) | 86 | ||
| Granulomatous Scleritis | 87 | ||
| Chalazion | 89 | ||
| Xanthogranulomas (Juvenile Xanthogranuloma and Langerhans’ Granulomatoses; Histiocytosis X) | 89 | ||
| Granulomatous Reaction to Descemet’s Membrane | 89 | ||
| Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome | 89 | ||
| Allergic Granulomatosis and Midline Lethal Granuloma Syndrome | 89 | ||
| Weber–Christian Disease (Relapsing Febrile Nodular Nonsuppurative Panniculitis) | 89 | ||
| Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome (Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome) | 89 | ||
| Familial Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood | 90 | ||
| Bibliography | 91.e1 | ||
| Sympathetic Uveitis | 91.e1 | ||
| Phacoanaphylactic Endophthalmitis | 91.e1 | ||
| Foreign-Body Granulomas | 91.e1 | ||
| Viral | 91.e1 | ||
| Bacterial | 91.e2 | ||
| Fungal | 91.e2 | ||
| Parasitic | 91.e3 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 91.e4 | ||
| Granulomatous Scleritis | 91.e4 | ||
| Granulomatous Reaction to Descemet’s Membrane | 91.e4 | ||
| Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome | 91.e4 | ||
| Familial Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood | 91.e5 | ||
| 5 Surgical and Nonsurgical Trauma | 93 | ||
| Causes of Enucleation | 93 | ||
| Complications of Intraocular Surgery | 93 | ||
| Adult Cataract Surgery | 93 | ||
| Immediate | 93 | ||
| Postoperative | 97 | ||
| Congenital Cataract Surgery | 103 | ||
| Delayed | 103 | ||
| Complications of Neural Retinal Detachment and Vitreous Surgery | 111 | ||
| Immediate | 111 | ||
| Postoperative | 113 | ||
| Delayed | 116 | ||
| Complications of Corneal Surgery | 118 | ||
| Endothelial Transplant Procedures | 118 | ||
| Introduction | 118 | ||
| Penetrating Keratoplasty (Graft) | 118 | ||
| Other Refractive Keratoplasties | 120 | ||
| Complications of Glaucoma Surgery | 121 | ||
| Complications of Nonsurgical Trauma | 122 | ||
| Contusion | 122 | ||
| Penetrating and Perforating Injuries | 134 | ||
| Intraocular Foreign Bodies | 135 | ||
| Chemical Injuries | 138 | ||
| Burns | 140 | ||
| Ocular Effects of Injuries to Other Parts of the Body | 141 | ||
| Radiation Injuries (Electromagnetic) | 144 | ||
| Bibliography | 145.e1 | ||
| Causes of Enucleation | 145.e1 | ||
| Complications of Intraocular Surgery | 145.e1 | ||
| Complications of Retinal Detachment and Vitreous Surgery | 145.e5 | ||
| Complications of Corneal Surgery | 145.e6 | ||
| Complications of Glaucoma Surgery | 145.e8 | ||
| Complications of Nonsurgical Trauma | 145.e8 | ||
| 6 Skin and Lacrimal Drainage System | 147 | ||
| Skin | 147 | ||
| Normal Anatomy (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2) | 147 | ||
| Epidermis | 147 | ||
| Dermis | 147 | ||
| Subcutaneous Tissue | 147 | ||
| Terminology | 147 | ||
| Orthokeratosis and Parakeratosis | 147 | ||
| Acanthosis | 147 | ||
| Dyskeratosis | 149 | ||
| Acantholysis | 149 | ||
| Bulla | 149 | ||
| Atrophy | 150 | ||
| Atypical Cell | 150 | ||
| Leukoplakia | 150 | ||
| Polarity | 150 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 150 | ||
| Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts | 150 | ||
| Phakomatous Choristoma | 150 | ||
| Miscellaneous Choristomas and Hamartomas | 150 | ||
| Cryptophthalmos (Ablepharon) | 151 | ||
| Microblepharon | 151 | ||
| Coloboma | 152 | ||
| Epicanthus | 152 | ||
| Ectopic Caruncle | 152 | ||
| Lid Margin Anomalies | 152 | ||
| Eyelash Anomalies | 152 | ||
| Ptosis | 153 | ||
| Ichthyosis Congenita | 153 | ||
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum | 154 | ||
| Aging | 154 | ||
| Atrophy | 154 | ||
| Senile Ectropion and Entropion | 154 | ||
| Dermatochalasis | 155 | ||
| Herniation of Orbital Fat | 155 | ||
| Floppy-Eyelid Syndrome | 155 | ||
| Inflammation | 155 | ||
| Terminology | 155 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 158 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 160 | ||
| Fungal and Parasitic Diseases | 160 | ||
| Lid Manifestations of Systemic Dermatoses or Disease | 161 | ||
| Ichthyosis Congenita | 161 | ||
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum | 161 | ||
| Pemphigus | 161 | ||
| Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (“India-Rubber Man”) | 161 | ||
| Cutis Laxa | 162 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum | 162 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 163 | ||
| Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 163 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa | 163 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 164 | ||
| Collagen Diseases | 164 | ||
| Granulomatous Vasculitis | 166 | ||
| Vasculitis-Like Disorders and Leukemia/Lymphoma | 166 | ||
| Xanthelasma | 168 | ||
| Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma | 169 | ||
| Juvenile Xanthogranuloma | 169 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 169 | ||
| Malignant Atrophic Papulosis (Degos’ Disease) | 169 | ||
| Calcinosis Cutis | 169 | ||
| Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease) | 169 | ||
| Idiopathic Hemochromatosis | 171 | ||
| Relapsing Febrile Nodular Nonsuppurative Panniculitis (Weber–Christian Disease) | 171 | ||
| Pigmentation | 171 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 171 | ||
| Benign Cystic Lesions | 171 | ||
| Benign Tumors of the Surface Epithelium | 174 | ||
| Precancerous Tumors of the Surface Epithelium | 178 | ||
| Cancerous Tumors of the Surface Epithelium | 179 | ||
| Tumors of the Epidermal Appendages (Adnexal Skin Structures) | 183 | ||
| Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Trabecular Carcinoma) (Fig. 6.42) | 191 | ||
| Malacoplakia | 192 | ||
| Pigmented Tumors | 192 | ||
| Mesenchymal Tumors | 193 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors | 193 | ||
| Lacrimal Drainage System | 193 | ||
| Normal Anatomy (Fig. 6.43) | 193 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 194 | ||
| Atresia of the Nasolacrimal Duct | 194 | ||
| Atresia of the Punctum | 194 | ||
| Congenital Fistula of Lacrimal Sac (Minimal Facial Fissure) | 194 | ||
| Inflammation—Dacryocystitis (Fig. 6.44) | 194 | ||
| Blockage of Tear Flow into the Nose | 194 | ||
| Tumors | 196 | ||
| Epithelial | 196 | ||
| Melanotic | 197 | ||
| Mesenchymal | 197 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 197 | ||
| Bibliography | 197.e1 | ||
| Skin | 197.e1 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 197.e1 | ||
| Inflammation | 197.e2 | ||
| Lid Manifestations of Systemic Dermatoses or Disease | 197.e2 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 197.e4 | ||
| Lacrimal Drainage System | 197.e7 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 197.e7 | ||
| Inflammation | 197.e7 | ||
| Tumors | 197.e8 | ||
| 7 Conjunctiva | 199 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 199 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 201 | ||
| Cryptophthalmos (Ablepharon) | 201 | ||
| Epitarsus | 201 | ||
| Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber Disease) | 201 | ||
| Ataxia–Telangiectasia (Louis–Bar Syndrome) | 201 | ||
| Congenital Conjunctival Lymphedema (Milroy’s Disease, Nonne–Milroy–Meige Disease) | 201 | ||
| Dermoids, Epidermoids, and Dermolipomas | 201 | ||
| Laryngo-Onycho-Cutaneous (LOC or Shabbir) Syndrome | 201 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 201 | ||
| Sickle-Cell Anemia | 201 | ||
| Conjunctival Hemorrhage (Subconjunctival Hemorrhage) | 201 | ||
| Lymphangiectasia | 202 | ||
| Lymphangiectasia Hemorrhagica Conjunctivae | 202 | ||
| Ataxia–Telangiectasia | 202 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 202 | ||
| Hemangioma and Lymphangioma | 202 | ||
| Inflammation | 202 | ||
| Basic Histologic Changes | 202 | ||
| Specific Inflammations | 207 | ||
| Infectious | 207 | ||
| Noninfectious | 208 | ||
| Injuries | 210 | ||
| Conjunctival Manifestations of Systemic Disease | 211 | ||
| Deposition of Metabolic Products | 211 | ||
| Deposition of Drug Derivatives | 211 | ||
| Vitamin A Deficiency: Bitot’s Spot | 211 | ||
| Sjögren’s Syndrome | 211 | ||
| Skin Diseases | 211 | ||
| Degenerations | 211 | ||
| Xerosis | 211 | ||
| Pterygium | 212 | ||
| Pinguecula | 212 | ||
| Lipid Deposits | 212 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 213 | ||
| Conjunctivochalasis | 216 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 216 | ||
| Choristomas | 216 | ||
| Hamartomas | 216 | ||
| Cysts | 216 | ||
| Pseudocancerous Lesions | 216 | ||
| Potentially Precancerous Epithelial Lesions | 219 | ||
| Cancerous Epithelial Lesions | 219 | ||
| Pigmented Lesions of the Conjunctiva | 223 | ||
| Stromal Neoplasms | 224 | ||
| Bibliography | 225.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 225.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 225.e1 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 225.e1 | ||
| Inflammation | 225.e1 | ||
| Conjunctival Manifestations of Systemic Disease | 225.e3 | ||
| Degenerations | 225.e3 | ||
| Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms | 225.e4 | ||
| 8 Cornea and Sclera | 227 | ||
| Cornea | 227 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 227 | ||
| Congenital Defects | 229 | ||
| Absence of Cornea | 229 | ||
| Abnormalities of Size | 229 | ||
| Aberrations of Curvature | 230 | ||
| Congenital Corneal Opacities | 230 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Types—General | 230 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Types—Specific | 231 | ||
| Inflammations—Nonulcerative | 237 | ||
| Epithelial Erosions and Keratitis | 237 | ||
| Subepithelial Keratitis | 238 | ||
| Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis | 238 | ||
| Stromal (Interstitial) Keratitis | 238 | ||
| Endothelial | 241 | ||
| Inflammations—Ulcerative | 241 | ||
| Peripheral | 241 | ||
| Central | 242 | ||
| Inflammations—Corneal Sequelae | 245 | ||
| Injuries | 245 | ||
| Degenerations | 246 | ||
| Epithelial | 246 | ||
| Stromal | 248 | ||
| Endothelial | 257 | ||
| Dystrophies and Simulating Disorders | 257 | ||
| Introduction | 257 | ||
| Classification of Dystrophies | 257 | ||
| True Corneal Dystrophies | 257 | ||
| Primary in the Cornea | 257 | ||
| Pigmentations | 286 | ||
| Melanin | 286 | ||
| Blood | 287 | ||
| Iron Lines | 287 | ||
| Kayser–Fleischer Ring | 287 | ||
| Tattoo | 287 | ||
| Drug-Induced | 289 | ||
| Infections | 289 | ||
| Crystals | 289 | ||
| Neoplasm | 291 | ||
| Sclera | 291 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 291 | ||
| Blue Sclera | 291 | ||
| Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria) | 292 | ||
| Inflammations | 292 | ||
| Episcleritis | 292 | ||
| Scleritis (Fig. 8.63) | 293 | ||
| Tumors | 295 | ||
| Fibromas | 295 | ||
| Nodular Fasciitis | 296 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 296 | ||
| Neurofibromas | 296 | ||
| Contiguous Tumors | 296 | ||
| Conjunctival Tumors | 296 | ||
| Episcleral Osseous Choristoma and Episcleral Osseocartilaginous Choristoma | 296 | ||
| Ectopic Lacrimal Gland | 296 | ||
| Bibliography | 297.e1 | ||
| Cornea | 297.e1 | ||
| Congenital Defects | 297.e1 | ||
| Inflammation: Corneal Sequelae | 297.e3 | ||
| Inflammations: Nonulcerative | 297.e3 | ||
| Inflammations: Ulcerative | 297.e4 | ||
| Degenerations: Epithelial | 297.e5 | ||
| Degenerations: Stromal | 297.e5 | ||
| Dystrophies: Introduction and Classification | 297.e6 | ||
| Dystrophies: Epithelial and Subepithelial | 297.e6 | ||
| Dystrophies: Bowman’s Membrane | 297.e7 | ||
| Dystrophies: Stroma | 297.e7 | ||
| Dystrophies: Descemet Membrane and Endothelial | 297.e10 | ||
| Nonheredofamilial Dystrophy-Like Syndromes | 297.e11 | ||
| Pigmentations | 297.e12 | ||
| Crystals | 297.e12 | ||
| Neoplasm | 297.e13 | ||
| Sclera | 297.e13 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 297.e13 | ||
| Inflammations | 297.e13 | ||
| Tumors | 297.e14 | ||
| 9 Uvea | 299 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 299 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Defects | 299 | ||
| Persistent Pupillary Membrane | 299 | ||
| Persistent Tunica Vasculosa Lentis | 300 | ||
| Heterochromia Iridis and Iridum | 300 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 300 | ||
| Ectopic Intraocular Lacrimal | 302 | ||
| Gland Tissue | 302 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Defects of the Pigment Epithelium | 302 | ||
| Aniridia (Hypoplasia) of the Iris | 302 | ||
| Ectropion Uveae (Hyperplasia of Iris Pigment Border or Seam) | 302 | ||
| Peripheral Dysgenesis of the Cornea and Iris | 302 | ||
| Coloboma | 302 | ||
| Cysts of the Iris and Anterior Ciliary Body (Pars Plicata) | 305 | ||
| Cysts of the Posterior Ciliary Body (Pars Plana) | 306 | ||
| Inflammations | 306 | ||
| Injuries | 306 | ||
| Systemic Diseases | 306 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 306 | ||
| Vascular Diseases | 307 | ||
| Cystinosis | 307 | ||
| Homocystinuria | 307 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 307 | ||
| Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (Nevoxanthoendothelioma) | 307 | ||
| Langerhans’ Granulomatoses (Histiocytosis X) | 308 | ||
| Collagen Diseases | 308 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 309 | ||
| Atrophies and Degenerations | 309 | ||
| Iris Neovascularization (Rubeosis Iridis) | 309 | ||
| Choroidal Folds | 311 | ||
| Heterochromia | 311 | ||
| Macular Degeneration | 311 | ||
| Dystrophies | 311 | ||
| Iris Nevus Syndrome | 311 | ||
| Chandler’s Syndrome | 311 | ||
| Essential Iris Atrophy | 311 | ||
| Iridoschisis | 311 | ||
| Choroidal Dystrophies | 311 | ||
| Tumors | 314 | ||
| Epithelial | 314 | ||
| Muscular | 314 | ||
| Vascular | 315 | ||
| Osseous | 316 | ||
| Melanomatous | 316 | ||
| Leukemic and Lymphomatous | 318 | ||
| Other Tumors | 320 | ||
| Secondary Neoplasms | 320 | ||
| Uveal Edema (Uveal Detachment; Uveal Hydrops) | 321 | ||
| Types | 321 | ||
| Bibliography | 321.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 321.e1 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Defects | 321.e1 | ||
| Systemic Diseases | 321.e1 | ||
| Atrophies and Degenerations | 321.e2 | ||
| Dystrophies | 321.e2 | ||
| Tumors | 321.e2 | ||
| Uveal Edema | 321.e3 | ||
| 10 Lens | 323 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 323 | ||
| General Information | 323 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 323 | ||
| Introduction | 323 | ||
| Mittendorf’s Dot | 324 | ||
| Congenital Aphakia | 324 | ||
| Congenital Duplication of Lens | 324 | ||
| Fleck Cataract | 324 | ||
| Anterior Polar Cataract | 325 | ||
| Posterior Polar Cataract | 326 | ||
| Anterior Lenticonus (Lentiglobus) | 326 | ||
| Posterior Lenticonus (Lentiglobus) | 327 | ||
| Other Congenital Cataracts | 327 | ||
| Capsule (Epithelial Basement Membrane) | 327 | ||
| General Reactions | 327 | ||
| Exfoliation of the Lens Capsule | 330 | ||
| Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (Pseudoexfoliation of Lens Capsule, Exfoliation Syndrome, Basement Membrane Exfoliation Syndrome, Fibrillopathia Epitheliocapsularis) (Figs. 10.8–10.11) | 330 | ||
| Epithelium | 334 | ||
| Proliferation and Migration of Epithelium | 334 | ||
| Anterior Subcapsular Cataract (ASC) (Figs. 10.12–10.15) | 334 | ||
| Posterior Subcapsular Cataract (PSC) (Figs. 10.16 and 10.17; See Fig. 10.15) | 335 | ||
| Elschnig’s Pearls (See Fig. 5.12) | 336 | ||
| Degeneration and Atrophy of the Epithelium | 336 | ||
| Cortex and Nucleus (Lens Cells or “Fibers”) | 337 | ||
| Cortex (“Soft Cataract”) | 337 | ||
| Nucleus (“Hard Cataract”) | 341 | ||
| Age-Related (Senile) Cataracts | 342 | ||
| Secondary Cataracts | 342 | ||
| Intraocular Disease | 342 | ||
| Trauma | 343 | ||
| Toxic | 343 | ||
| Endocrine, Metabolic, and Others | 343 | ||
| Complications of Cataracts | 343 | ||
| Glaucoma | 343 | ||
| Phacoanaphylactic Endophthalmitis | 345 | ||
| Ectopic Lens | 345 | ||
| Congenital | 345 | ||
| Bibliography | 349.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 349.e1 | ||
| General Information | 349.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 349.e1 | ||
| Capsule | 349.e2 | ||
| Epithelium | 349.e2 | ||
| Cortex and Nucleus | 349.e2 | ||
| Secondary Cataracts | 349.e3 | ||
| Complications of Cataracts | 349.e3 | ||
| Ectopic Lens | 349.e3 | ||
| 11 Neural (Sensory) Retina | 351 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 351 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 352 | ||
| Albinism (Fig. 11.4) | 352 | ||
| Grouped Pigmentation (Bear Tracks) | 353 | ||
| Coloboma | 355 | ||
| Retinal Dysplasia | 355 | ||
| Lange’s Fold | 355 | ||
| Congenital Nonattachment of the Retina | 355 | ||
| Neural Retinal Cysts | 355 | ||
| Myelinated (Medullated) Nerve Fibers | 356 | ||
| Oguchi’s Disease | 356 | ||
| Foveomacular Abnormalities | 357 | ||
| Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis | 357 | ||
| Inherited Retinal Arteriolar Tortuosity | 357 | ||
| Vascular Diseases | 357 | ||
| Definitions | 357 | ||
| Retinal Ischemia | 358 | ||
| Causes | 358 | ||
| Complications of Retinal Ischemia | 360 | ||
| Histology of Retinal Ischemia | 360 | ||
| Retinal Hemorrhagic Infarction (Fig. 11.12) | 362 | ||
| Causes and Risk Factors of Hemorrhagic Infarction | 362 | ||
| Types of Hemorrhagic Infarction | 363 | ||
| Complications of Hemorrhagic Infarction | 364 | ||
| Histology of Retinal Hemorrhagic Infarction (See Fig. 11.12) | 366 | ||
| Hypertensive and Arteriolosclerotic Retinopathy | 366 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Retinopathy | 367 | ||
| Exudative Retinopathy | 368 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 368 | ||
| Coats’ Disease, Leber’s Miliary Aneurysms, and Retinal Telangiectasia | 368 | ||
| Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia (Idiopathic Juxtafoveolar Retinal Telangiectasis) | 368 | ||
| Retinal Arterial and Arteriolar Macroaneurysms | 369 | ||
| Sickle-Cell Disease | 369 | ||
| Eales’ Disease (Primary Perivasculitis of the Retina) | 371 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 371 | ||
| Hemangioma of the Retina | 371 | ||
| Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber Disease) | 371 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 371 | ||
| Inflammations | 372 | ||
| Nonspecific Retinal Inflammations | 372 | ||
| Specific Retinal Inflammations (See Chapters 2–4) | 372 | ||
| Injuries | 375 | ||
| Degenerations | 375 | ||
| Definitions | 375 | ||
| Microcystoid Degeneration | 375 | ||
| Degenerative Retinoschisis | 377 | ||
| Secondary Microcystoid Degeneration and Retinoschisis | 378 | ||
| Paving Stone (Cobblestone) Degeneration (Peripheral Chorioretinal Atrophy; Equatorial Choroiditis) | 378 | ||
| Peripheral Retinal Albinotic Spots | 379 | ||
| Myopic Retinopathy | 379 | ||
| Macular Degeneration | 380 | ||
| Idiopathic Serous Detachment of the RPE (Fig. 11.25) | 380 | ||
| Idiopathic Central Serous Choroidopathy (Central Serous Retinopathy; Central Angiospastic Retinopathy) (See Fig. 11.25) | 380 | ||
| Drusen | 381 | ||
| Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry, Atrophic, or Senile Atrophic Macular Degeneration) | 384 | ||
| Age-Related Exudative Macular Degeneration (Exudative, Wet, or Senile Disciform Macular Degeneration; Kuhnt–Junius Macular Degeneration) | 386 | ||
| Exudative Macular Degeneration Secondary to Focal Choroiditis (Juvenile Disciform Degeneration of the Macula) | 388 | ||
| Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy | 390 | ||
| Cystoid Macular Edema (Irvine–Gass Syndrome) | 390 | ||
| Toxic Retinal Degenerations | 390 | ||
| Postirradiation Retinopathy | 392 | ||
| Bone Marrow Transplant Retinopathy | 392 | ||
| Cancer-Associated Retinopathy (Paraneoplastic Syndrome; Paraneoplastic Retinopathy; Paraneoplastic Photoreceptor Retinopathy; Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy) | 392 | ||
| Idiopathic Macular Holes | 393 | ||
| Light Energy Retinopathy | 393 | ||
| Traumatic Retinopathy | 393 | ||
| Hereditary Primary Retinal Dystrophies | 393 | ||
| Definitions | 393 | ||
| Juvenile Retinoschisis (Vitreous Veils; Congenital Vascular Veils; Cystic Disease of the Retina; Congenital Retinal Detachment) | 393 | ||
| Choroidal Dystrophies | 396 | ||
| Stargardt’s Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus) | 396 | ||
| Dominant Drusen of Bruch’s Membrane | 398 | ||
| Doyne’s Honeycomb Dystrophy; Malattia Lèventinese; Hutchinson–Tay Choroiditis; Guttate Choroiditis; Holthouse–Batten Superficial Choroiditis; Family Choroiditis; Crystalline Retinal Degeneration; Iridescent Crystals of the Macula; Hyaline Dystrophies | 398 | ||
| Best Vitelliform Disease | 398 | ||
| Vitelliform Foveal Dystrophy; Vitelliform Macular Degeneration; Vitelliruptive Macular Degeneration; Exudative Central Detachment of the Retina—Macular Pseudocysts; Cystic Macular Degeneration; Exudative Foveal Dystrophy | 398 | ||
| Dominant Progressive Foveal Dystrophy | 398 | ||
| Dominant Cystoid Macular Dystrophy | 399 | ||
| Fenestrated Sheen Macular Dystrophy | 399 | ||
| North Carolina Macular Dystrophy | 399 | ||
| Familial Internal Limiting Membrane Dystrophy | 400 | ||
| Central Pigmentary Sheen Dystrophy | 400 | ||
| Cone–Rod Dystrophy | 400 | ||
| Annular Macular Dystrophy (Benign Concentric Annular Macular Dystrophy) | 400 | ||
| Retinitis Punctata Albescens (Albipunctate Dystrophy; Fundus Albipunctatus; Panretinal Degeneration) | 400 | ||
| Central Retinitis Pigmentosa (Central Retinopathia Pigmentosa; Retinopathia Pigmentosa Inversa; Retinitis Pigmentosa Inversa; Pericentral Pigmentary Retinopathy) | 401 | ||
| Retinitis Pigmentosa (Retinopathia Pigmentosa; Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina) | 401 | ||
| Clumped Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy (Clumped Pigmentary Retinal Degeneration) | 402 | ||
| Hereditary Pigmented Paravenous Chorioretinal Atrophy | 404 | ||
| Pigment Epithelial Dystrophy | 404 | ||
| Central Areolar Pigment Epithelial Dystrophy | 404 | ||
| Patterned Dystrophies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (Reticular Dystrophy or Sjögren Dystrophia Reticularis Laminae Pigmentosae Retinae; Butterfly-Shaped Pigment Dystrophy of the Fovea; Macroreticular or Spider Dystrophy) | 404 | ||
| Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy (Bietti’s Tapetoretinal Degeneration with Marginal Corneal Dystrophy, Crystalline Retinopathy) | 404 | ||
| Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy (Sorsby’s Pseudoinflammatory Macular Dystrophy; Hereditary Macular Dystrophy) | 405 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Occult Macular Dystrophy | 406 | ||
| Unilateral Retinal Pigment Epithelial Dysgenesis (URPED) | 406 | ||
| Hereditary Secondary Retinal Dystrophies | 406 | ||
| Angioid Streaks | 406 | ||
| Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome | 406 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 406 | ||
| Mucolipidoses | 406 | ||
| Sphingolipidoses | 407 | ||
| Other Lipidoses | 409 | ||
| Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism | 410 | ||
| Primary Oxalosis (Fig. 11.41) | 412 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 413 | ||
| Homocystinuria | 413 | ||
| Systemic Diseases Involving the Retina | 413 | ||
| Hereditary Secondary Retinal Dystrophies | 413 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 413 | ||
| Hypertension and Arteriolosclerosis | 413 | ||
| Collagen Diseases | 413 | ||
| Blood Dyscrasias | 413 | ||
| Demyelinating Diseases | 413 | ||
| Tumors | 413 | ||
| Glia | 413 | ||
| Phakomatoses | 418 | ||
| Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 418 | ||
| Retinoblastoma and Pseudogliomas | 418 | ||
| Neural Retinal Metastases (Fig. 11.47) | 418 | ||
| Neural Retinal Detachment | 419 | ||
| Definitions | 419 | ||
| Major Causes | 419 | ||
| Classification of Neural Retinal Detachment | 419 | ||
| Predisposing Factors to Neural Retinal Detachment | 421 | ||
| Pathologic Changes after Neural Retinal Detachment | 423 | ||
| Pathologic Complications after Neural Retinal Detachment Surgery | 425 | ||
| Bibliography | 425.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 425.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 425.e1 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 425.e1 | ||
| Inflammation | 425.e2 | ||
| Degenerations | 425.e2 | ||
| Hereditary Primary Retinal Dystrophies | 425.e5 | ||
| Hereditary Secondary Retinal Dystrophies | 425.e7 | ||
| Systemic Diseases Involving the Retina | 425.e7 | ||
| Tumors | 425.e7 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 425.e8 | ||
| 12 Vitreous | 427 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 427 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 427 | ||
| Persistent Primary Vitreous | 427 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (Persistent Fetal Vasculature) | 427 | ||
| Inflammation | 429 | ||
| Acute | 429 | ||
| Chronic | 429 | ||
| Vitreous Adhesions | 430 | ||
| Post Nonsurgical and Surgical Trauma | 430 | ||
| Postinflammation | 430 | ||
| Idiopathic | 430 | ||
| Vitreous Opacities | 430 | ||
| Hyaloid Vessel Remnants | 430 | ||
| Acquired Vitreous Strands and Floaters | 430 | ||
| Inflammatory Cells | 430 | ||
| Red Blood Cells | 430 | ||
| Iridescent Particles | 431 | ||
| Tumor Cells | 432 | ||
| Pigment Dust | 433 | ||
| Cysts | 433 | ||
| Retinal Fragments | 433 | ||
| Traumatic Avulsion of Vitreous Base | 433 | ||
| Vitreous Detachment | 433 | ||
| Proteinaceous Deposits | 434 | ||
| Amyloid | 434 | ||
| Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy | 436 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC; Peripheral Annular Pigmentary Dystrophy of the Retina) | 436 | ||
| Autosomal-Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV) | 437 | ||
| Erosive Vitreoretinopathy | 437 | ||
| Knobloch Syndrome | 437 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 437 | ||
| Definitions | 437 | ||
| Causes | 437 | ||
| Complications | 438 | ||
| Bibliography | 439.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 439.e1 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 439.e1 | ||
| Vitreous Adhesions | 439.e1 | ||
| Vitreous Opacities | 439.e1 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 439.e2 | ||
| 13 Optic Nerve | 441 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 441 | ||
| Congenital Defects and Anatomic Variations | 441 | ||
| Aplasia | 441 | ||
| Hypoplasia | 444 | ||
| Dysplasia | 444 | ||
| Anomalous Shape of Optic Disc and Cup | 444 | ||
| Congenital Crescent or Conus | 444 | ||
| Congenital (Familial) Optic Atrophies | 445 | ||
| Coloboma (Table 13.1) | 446 | ||
| Myopia | 448 | ||
| Optic Disc Edema | 448 | ||
| General Information (Fig. 13.7; see Fig. 13.22) | 448 | ||
| Causes | 448 | ||
| Pseudopapilledema | 449 | ||
| Histology of Optic Disc Edema | 449 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 450 | ||
| Causes | 450 | ||
| Histology of Optic Neuritis | 455 | ||
| Optic Atrophy* | 455 | ||
| Causes | 455 | ||
| Histology of Optic Atrophy | 457 | ||
| Injuries | 457 | ||
| Tumors | 457 | ||
| Primary | 457 | ||
| Secondary | 465 | ||
| Bibliography | 465.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 465.e1 | ||
| Congenital Defects and Anatomic Variations | 465.e1 | ||
| Optic Disc Edema | 465.e2 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 465.e2 | ||
| Optic Atrophy | 465.e3 | ||
| Tumors | 465.e3 | ||
| 14 Orbit | 467 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 467 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 467 | ||
| Developmental Abnormalities | 469 | ||
| Developmental Abnormalities of Bony Orbit | 469 | ||
| Microphthalmos with Cyst | 469 | ||
| Cephaloceles | 469 | ||
| Congenital Alacrima | 469 | ||
| Orbital Inflammation | 469 | ||
| Acute | 469 | ||
| Chronic | 470 | ||
| Injuries | 472 | ||
| Penetrating Wounds | 472 | ||
| Nonpenetrating Wounds | 473 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 473 | ||
| Primary | 473 | ||
| Part of Systemic Disease | 473 | ||
| Ocular Muscle Involvement in Systemic Disease | 473 | ||
| Graves’ Disease (Fig. 14.10) | 473 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 475 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy (Myotonia Dystrophica; Steinert’s Disease) | 475 | ||
| Myotonia Congenita (Thomsen’s Disease) | 476 | ||
| Mitochondrial Myopathies | 476 | ||
| Dermatomyositis | 477 | ||
| Neoplasms and Other Tumors | 477 | ||
| Primary Orbital Tumors | 477 | ||
| Secondary Orbital Tumors | 524 | ||
| Bibliography | 525.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 525.e1 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 525.e1 | ||
| Developmental Abnormalities | 525.e1 | ||
| Orbital Inflammation | 525.e1 | ||
| Injuries | 525.e1 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 525.e1 | ||
| Ocular Muscle Involvement in Systemic Disease | 525.e2 | ||
| Tumors: Choristoma | 525.e2 | ||
| Tumors: Hamartomas | 525.e2 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Vascular | 525.e3 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Fatty | 525.e3 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Fibrous–Histiocytic | 525.e3 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Muscle | 525.e4 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Cartilage | 525.e4 | ||
| Tumors: Mesenchymal–Bone | 525.e4 | ||
| Tumors: Neural | 525.e4 | ||
| Tumors: Miscellaneous | 525.e5 | ||
| Tumors: Epithelial of Lacrimal Gland | 525.e5 | ||
| Tumors: Reticuloendothelial System | 525.e5 | ||
| Tumors: Inflammatory Pseudotumor | 525.e6 | ||
| Tumors: Malignant Lymphoma | 525.e6 | ||
| Tumors: Leukemia | 525.e8 | ||
| Tumors: Monoclonal and Polyclonal Gammopathies | 525.e9 | ||
| Tumors: Melanotic | 525.e9 | ||
| Secondary Orbital Tumors | 525.e9 | ||
| 15 Diabetes Mellitus | 527 | ||
| Natural History | 527 | ||
| Retinal Vasculature in Normal Subjects and Diabetic Patients | 529 | ||
| Conjunctiva and Cornea | 529 | ||
| Lens | 531 | ||
| Iris | 532 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Choroid | 534 | ||
| Neural Retina | 534 | ||
| Vitreous | 551 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 551 | ||
| Bibliography | 553.e1 | ||
| Natural History | 553.e1 | ||
| Conjunctiva and Cornea | 553.e2 | ||
| Lens | 553.e3 | ||
| Neurosensory Retina | 553.e4 | ||
| Iris | 553.e4 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Choroid | 553.e4 | ||
| Retina | 553.e5 | ||
| Vitreous | 553.e7 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 553.e7 | ||
| 16 Glaucoma | 555 | ||
| Normal Anatomy (Figs. 16.1–16.3) | 555 | ||
| Introduction | 557 | ||
| Normal Outflow | 559 | ||
| Hypersecretion | 559 | ||
| Impaired Outflow | 559 | ||
| Congenital Glaucoma | 559 | ||
| Primary Glaucoma (Closed- and Open-Angle) | 563 | ||
| Secondary Closed-Angle Glaucoma | 568 | ||
| Causes | 568 | ||
| Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 576 | ||
| Tissue Changes Caused by Elevated Intraocular Pressure | 583 | ||
| Cornea (Figs. 16.26–16.28; see also Fig. 8.55) | 583 | ||
| Anterior Chamber Angle | 583 | ||
| Iris | 584 | ||
| Ciliary Body | 584 | ||
| Lens | 586 | ||
| Sclera | 586 | ||
| Neural Retina (Fig. 16.31) | 586 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 587 | ||
| Bibliography | 588.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 588.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 588.e1 | ||
| Normal Outflow: Hypersecretion | 588.e2 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Congenital Glaucoma | 588.e2 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Primary Closed-Angle | 588.e3 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Primary Open-Angle | 588.e4 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Secondary Closed-Angle | 588.e5 | ||
| Impaired Outflow: Secondary Open-Angle | 588.e6 | ||
| Tissue Changes Caused by Elevated Intraocular Pressure | 588.e7 | ||
| 17 Ocular Melanocytic Tumors | 589 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 589 | ||
| Ocular Melanocytes | 589 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Eyelids | 589 | ||
| Ephelis (Freckle) | 589 | ||
| Lentigo | 590 | ||
| Nevus | 591 | ||
| Malignant Melanoma | 595 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Conjunctiva | 597 | ||
| Ephelis (Freckle) | 597 | ||
| Lentigo | 598 | ||
| Nevus | 598 | ||
| Primary Acquired Melanosis (Figs. 17.13 and 17.14; see also Table 17.1) | 602 | ||
| Primary Malignant Melanoma of Conjunctiva (Fig. 17.15; see also Fig. 17.14) | 604 | ||
| Lesions That May Simulate Primary Conjunctival Nevus or Malignant Melanoma | 606 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Pigment Epithelium of Iris, Ciliary Body, and Retina | 607 | ||
| Reactive Tumors | 607 | ||
| Nonreactive Tumors | 612 | ||
| Acquired Neoplasms | 615 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Uvea | 616 | ||
| Iris | 616 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Choroid | 621 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Optic Disc and Optic Nerve | 645 | ||
| Melanocytoma (Magnocellular Nevus of the Nerve Head) | 645 | ||
| Malignant Melanoma | 646 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Orbit | 647 | ||
| Bibliography | 648.e1 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 648.e1 | ||
| Nevus | 648.e1 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Eyelids | 648.e1 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Conjunctiva | 648.e2 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of Pigment Epithelium of Iris, Ciliary Body, and Retina | 648.e3 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Uvea: Iris | 648.e6 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Uvea: Ciliary Body and Choroid | 648.e6 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Optic Disc and Optic Nerve | 648.e11 | ||
| Melanotic Tumors of the Orbit | 648.e12 | ||
| 18 Retinoblastoma and Pseudoglioma | 649 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 649 | ||
| General Information | 649 | ||
| Heredity | 651 | ||
| Clinical Features | 652 | ||
| Histology | 655 | ||
| Prognosis | 659 | ||
| Overview | 659 | ||
| Pseudoglioma | 663 | ||
| General Information | 663 | ||
| Leukokoria (Box 18.1) | 663 | ||
| Discrete Retinal or Chorioretinal Lesions | 674 | ||
| Bibliography | 674.e1 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 674.e1 | ||
| Heredity | 674.e2 | ||
| Clinical Features | 674.e2 | ||
| Histology | 674.e3 | ||
| Prognosis | 674.e4 | ||
| Pseudoglioma | 674.e5 | ||
| Leukokoria: Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous | 674.e5 | ||
| Leukokoria: Retinal Dysplasia | 674.e5 | ||
| Leukokoria: Retinopathy of Prematurity | 674.e5 | ||
| Leukokoria: Coats’ Disease | 674.e6 | ||
| Leukokoria: Norrie’s Disease | 674.e6 | ||
| Leukokoria: Incontinentia Pigmenti | 674.e7 | ||
| Leukokoria: Other Causes | 674.e7 | ||
| Index | 675 | ||
| A | 675 | ||
| B | 677 | ||
| C | 678 | ||
| D | 681 | ||
| E | 682 | ||
| F | 683 | ||
| G | 684 | ||
| H | 685 | ||
| I | 686 | ||
| J | 688 | ||
| K | 688 | ||
| L | 688 | ||
| M | 689 | ||
| N | 691 | ||
| O | 692 | ||
| P | 693 | ||
| R | 696 | ||
| S | 697 | ||
| T | 699 | ||
| U | 700 | ||
| V | 700 | ||
| W | 701 | ||
| X | 701 | ||
| Z | 701 |