BOOK
Textbook of the Cervical Spine E-Book
Francis H. Shen | Dino Samartzis | Richard G Fessler
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Authored by a multi-disciplinary team that includes orthopedists and neurosurgeons, Textbook of the Cervical Spine is a practical, clinically focused medical reference for treating patients with the full range of cervical spine disorders. From degenerative spine conditions and inflammation, to trauma and infections, it guides today’s spine surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, neurosurgeons and residents through state-of-the art surgical and fixation techniques, today's emerging technologies, and possible complications.
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| Textbook of The Cervical Spine | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | vii | ||
| FOREWORD | xiii | ||
| PREFACE | xv | ||
| CONTENTS | xvii | ||
| VIDEO CONTENTS | xix | ||
| Section 1 - Basics | 1 | ||
| 1 - Cervical Spine Anatomy | 3 | ||
| Osteology | 3 | ||
| Intervertebral Disks and Ligaments | 7 | ||
| Muscles and Fascia | 9 | ||
| Neurovascular Structures | 11 | ||
| Related Structures | 17 | ||
| Conclusions | 21 | ||
| REFERENCES | 21 | ||
| 2 - Approaches to the Upper Cervical Spine | 22 | ||
| REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| 3 - Anterior Surgical Approach to the Cervical Spine* | 33 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 34 | ||
| REFERENCES | 38 | ||
| 4 - Posterior Surgical Approach to the Cervical Spine | 39 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 39 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 40 | ||
| SELECTED READINGS | 48 | ||
| 5 - Anterior Approaches and Surgical Considerations for Pathology of the Cervicothoracic Junction | 49 | ||
| Cervicothoracic Junction: Anatomic Considerations | 49 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 50 | ||
| Conclusions | 52 | ||
| REFERENCES | 53 | ||
| 6 - Developmental and Congenital Disorders of the Cervical Spine | 54 | ||
| Biomechanics of the Immature Cervical Spine with Congenital Osseous Anomalies | 56 | ||
| Congenital Osseous Anomalies of the Cervical Spine | 57 | ||
| REFERENCES | 63 | ||
| 7 - Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine | 64 | ||
| Biomechanics of Cervical Spine Instrumentation | 66 | ||
| Conclusions | 68 | ||
| REFERENCES | 68 | ||
| 8 - Evaluation of the Cervical Spine | 70 | ||
| Natural History of Common Cervical Conditions | 70 | ||
| Physical Examination | 73 | ||
| Imaging | 75 | ||
| Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tests | 75 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 76 | ||
| Wide Differential Diagnosis | 76 | ||
| Disability Evaluation | 76 | ||
| REFERENCES | 76 | ||
| 9 - Radiographic and Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Cervical Spine | 77 | ||
| Conventional Radiographic Evaluation | 77 | ||
| Computed Tomography Evaluation | 83 | ||
| Conclusions | 84 | ||
| REFERENCES | 85 | ||
| 10 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical Spine | 86 | ||
| Pulse Sequences | 86 | ||
| Cervical Spine Disorders | 87 | ||
| Conclusions | 103 | ||
| REFERENCES | 103 | ||
| 11 - Neurophysiologic Monitoring of the Cervical Spine | 105 | ||
| Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials | 105 | ||
| Transcranial Electrical Motor-Evoked Potentials | 107 | ||
| Epidural Potentials (Direct or D Waves and Indirect or I Waves) | 109 | ||
| Spontaneous Electromyography | 109 | ||
| Triggered Electromyography (Direct Nerve and Pedicle Screw Stimulation) | 110 | ||
| Train of Four | 111 | ||
| Anesthesia and Neurophysiologic Monitoring | 111 | ||
| Positioning-Related Injuries | 112 | ||
| Effect of Hypotension | 112 | ||
| Effect of Hypothermia | 113 | ||
| Real-Time Monitoring | 113 | ||
| Multimodality Monitoring | 113 | ||
| REFERENCES | 113 | ||
| Section 2 - Degenerative Conditions | 115 | ||
| 12 - Cervical Degenerative Disk Disease | 117 | ||
| Epidemiology | 118 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 118 | ||
| Risk Factors | 119 | ||
| Genetics | 119 | ||
| Symptoms and Natural Course of Disease | 120 | ||
| Imaging | 121 | ||
| Management | 123 | ||
| Conclusions | 126 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| 13 - Cervical Radiculopathy | 131 | ||
| Epidemiology | 131 | ||
| Natural History | 131 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 132 | ||
| Pertinent Examination Findings by Level | 132 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 133 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 133 | ||
| Adjunct Studies | 133 | ||
| Treatment Options | 133 | ||
| Conclusion | 134 | ||
| REFERENCES | 134 | ||
| 14 - Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy | 135 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 135 | ||
| Natural History | 136 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 138 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 140 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 141 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 142 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 142 | ||
| Conclusions | 143 | ||
| REFERENCES | 144 | ||
| 15 - Cervical Deformity and Treatment Algorithms | 146 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Natural History, and Differential Diagnoses) | 147 | ||
| Decision-Making Process and Algorithms | 148 | ||
| REFERENCES | 154 | ||
| 16 - Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament | 155 | ||
| Epidemiology | 155 | ||
| Natural History | 156 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 157 | ||
| Diagnosis | 157 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 158 | ||
| Treatment | 158 | ||
| REFERENCES | 163 | ||
| Section 3 - Trauma | 165 | ||
| 17 - Occipitocervical and Upper Cervical Spine Fractures | 167 | ||
| Occipital Condyle Fractures | 168 | ||
| Occipitocervical Dissociation | 169 | ||
| Fractures of the Atlas (C1) | 172 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Instability | 173 | ||
| Odontoid Fractures | 176 | ||
| Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of the Axis (Hangman Fractures) | 178 | ||
| REFERENCES | 183 | ||
| 18 - Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries | 184 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 185 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 186 | ||
| REFERENCES | 191 | ||
| 19 - Spinal Cord Injuries and Syndromes | 192 | ||
| Central Cord Syndrome | 193 | ||
| Brown-Séquard Syndrome | 194 | ||
| Anterior Spinal Cord Syndrome | 194 | ||
| Posterior Spinal Cord Syndrome | 194 | ||
| Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina Syndrome | 195 | ||
| REFERENCES | 196 | ||
| 20 - Traumatic Arterial Injuries: Diagnosis and Management | 197 | ||
| Background | 197 | ||
| Incidence and Risk Factors | 197 | ||
| Relevant Arterial Anatomy | 198 | ||
| Types and Classification of Vertebral Artery Injuries | 198 | ||
| Sequelae of Vertebral Artery Injury | 198 | ||
| Diagnosis | 199 | ||
| Treatment | 199 | ||
| Outcomes | 200 | ||
| Conclusions | 201 | ||
| REFERENCES | 201 | ||
| 21 - Stingers and Transient Paresis | 202 | ||
| Cervical Spinal Cord Neurapraxia (Transient Quadriparesis) | 205 | ||
| Conclusions | 209 | ||
| REFERENCES | 210 | ||
| Section 4 - Spinal Tumors, Infections, and Inflammatory Conditions | 211 | ||
| 22 - Primary Tumors of the Spinal Cord | 213 | ||
| Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors | 214 | ||
| Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors | 216 | ||
| REFERENCES | 218 | ||
| 23 - Primary Bony Tumors of the Cervical Spine | 219 | ||
| Benign Cervical Spine Tumors | 220 | ||
| Malignant Primary Bone Tumors | 222 | ||
| Conclusions | 226 | ||
| REFERENCES | 227 | ||
| 24 - Metastatic Disease of the Cervical Spine | 228 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 229 | ||
| Disease Level and Location | 230 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 230 | ||
| Diagnostic Considerations | 230 | ||
| Management | 231 | ||
| Conclusions | 233 | ||
| REFERENCES | 234 | ||
| 25 - Infections of the Cervical Spine | 235 | ||
| Pyogenic Hematogenous Cervical Spine Infection | 235 | ||
| Nonpyogenic “Granulomatous” Cervical Osteomyelitis | 241 | ||
| Postoperative Infection | 241 | ||
| REFERENCES | 242 | ||
| 26 - Tuberculosis of the Cervical Spine | 244 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 244 | ||
| Pathology | 245 | ||
| Clinical Features | 246 | ||
| Neurologic Symptoms | 247 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 247 | ||
| Imaging | 247 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 251 | ||
| Management | 252 | ||
| Conclusions | 256 | ||
| REFERENCES | 256 | ||
| 27 - Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Cervical Spine | 257 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 257 | ||
| Presentation | 258 | ||
| Clinical Entities | 258 | ||
| Conclusions | 261 | ||
| REFERENCES | 263 | ||
| 28 - Ankylosing Spondylitis of the Cervical Spine | 264 | ||
| Epidemiology | 264 | ||
| Etiology | 265 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 265 | ||
| Clinical History, Workup, and Physical Examination | 265 | ||
| Laboratory Workup | 266 | ||
| Radiologic Imaging | 266 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 267 | ||
| Management of Traumatic Injury | 268 | ||
| Surgical Correction of Cervical Deformity | 269 | ||
| Complications and Hazards | 270 | ||
| Conclusions | 270 | ||
| REFERENCES | 270 | ||
| 29 - Syringomyelia | 272 | ||
| Classification | 272 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 273 | ||
| Progression | 274 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 274 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 276 | ||
| Results | 280 | ||
| REFERENCES | 280 | ||
| Section 5 - Surgical Techniques | 283 | ||
| 30 - Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion | 285 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 286 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 286 | ||
| Indications for Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion | 287 | ||
| Contraindications to Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion | 287 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 288 | ||
| Complications | 292 | ||
| Results | 293 | ||
| Conclusions | 293 | ||
| REFERENCES | 293 | ||
| 31 - Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion and Hybrid Techniques | 294 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 295 | ||
| Surgical Considerations | 296 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 296 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 297 | ||
| Complications | 298 | ||
| REFERENCES | 298 | ||
| 32 - Cervical Disk Arthroplasty | 299 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 300 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 300 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 302 | ||
| Complications | 302 | ||
| Clinical Trial Findings | 303 | ||
| Conclusions | 303 | ||
| REFERENCES | 303 | ||
| 33 - Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy | 304 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 305 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 305 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 312 | ||
| Complications | 313 | ||
| Results | 313 | ||
| REFERENCES | 313 | ||
| 34 - Laminectomy and Fusion | 314 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 315 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 315 | ||
| Complications | 319 | ||
| Results | 320 | ||
| REFERENCES | 321 | ||
| 35 - Cervical Laminoplasty | 322 | ||
| History and Examination Findings | 323 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 324 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 325 | ||
| Overview of Current Types of Laminoplasty | 325 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 325 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 327 | ||
| Complications | 329 | ||
| Results | 329 | ||
| REFERENCES | 330 | ||
| 36 - Posterior Cervical Endoscopic Laminoforaminotomy | 331 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 332 | ||
| Procedure | 333 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 336 | ||
| Results | 336 | ||
| REFERENCES | 336 | ||
| 37 - Osteotomies of the Cervical Spine | 337 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations in Rigid Cervical Deformity | 338 | ||
| Decision for Planning of Osteotomy | 339 | ||
| Craniocervical Junction Osteotomy | 339 | ||
| Smith-Petersen Osteotomy | 341 | ||
| Opening Wedge Osteotomy (Ankylosing Spondylitis) | 342 | ||
| Cervicothoracic Junction Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy (Dorsal Approach) | 344 | ||
| Cervical Circumferential Osteotomy | 346 | ||
| Conclusions | 350 | ||
| REFERENCES | 350 | ||
| Section 6 - Fixation Techniques | 353 | ||
| 38 - Occipitocervical Fixation | 355 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 355 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 357 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 361 | ||
| Results | 362 | ||
| REFERENCES | 362 | ||
| 39 - C1 Lateral Mass and C2 Pedicle Screw Fixation | 364 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 365 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 365 | ||
| Results | 367 | ||
| REFERENCES | 369 | ||
| 40 - C1-C2 Transarticular Screws | 370 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 371 | ||
| Technique | 372 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of C1-C2 Fixation Techniques | 375 | ||
| Conclusions | 375 | ||
| REFERENCES | 375 | ||
| 41 - C2 Translaminar Screw Fixation | 376 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 377 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 377 | ||
| Results | 380 | ||
| REFERENCES | 381 | ||
| 42 - Cervical Pedicle Screws | 382 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 383 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 384 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 387 | ||
| Results | 388 | ||
| REFERENCES | 388 | ||
| 43 - Lateral Mass Screws | 389 | ||
| Lateral Mass Anatomy | 390 | ||
| Lateral Mass Techniques | 390 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 391 | ||
| Conclusions | 392 | ||
| REFERENCES | 395 | ||
| 44 - Interspinous Wiring | 396 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 397 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 397 | ||
| Conclusions | 399 | ||
| REFERENCES | 399 | ||
| Section 7 - Emerging Technologies | 401 | ||
| 45 - Minimally Invasive Techniques in the Cervical Spine | 403 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 404 | ||
| Operative Setup | 405 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Microendoscopic Decompression for Cervical Stenosis | 407 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Laminoplasty for Cervical Stenosis | 408 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach for Lateral Mass Screws | 408 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach for Cervical Tumors | 409 | ||
| Wound Closure and Postoperative Care | 409 | ||
| Complications | 409 | ||
| Results | 410 | ||
| Conclusions | 410 | ||
| REFERENCES | 410 | ||
| 46 - Image-Guided Navigation for Cervical Spine Surgery | 413 | ||
| Types of Navigational Systems | 413 | ||
| Registration | 415 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 416 | ||
| Conclusions | 419 | ||
| REFERENCES | 420 | ||
| 47 - Biologics for Intervertebral Disk Regeneration and Repair | 421 | ||
| Animal Models | 421 | ||
| Different Treatment Strategies for Different Stages of Disk Degeneration | 422 | ||
| Whole disk Tissue Engineering | 427 | ||
| Conclusions | 427 | ||
| REFERENCES | 428 | ||
| 48 - Biologics for Spinal Fusion | 429 | ||
| Spinal Fusion | 430 | ||
| Definitions | 431 | ||
| Biologics | 432 | ||
| Conclusions | 435 | ||
| REFERENCES | 435 | ||
| 49 - Intervertebral Disk Transplantation | 437 | ||
| Animal Models and Graft Experimentation | 438 | ||
| Clinical Trial | 440 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 441 | ||
| Future Directions | 441 | ||
| Conclusions | 443 | ||
| REFERENCES | 443 | ||
| Section 8 - Complications | 445 | ||
| 50 - Vascular Injuries | 447 | ||
| Vertebral Artery Anatomy | 448 | ||
| Anomalous Vertebral Artery Anatomy | 449 | ||
| Anterior Spine Surgery | 449 | ||
| Subaxial Posterior Cervical Procedures | 452 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Fusion | 452 | ||
| Conclusions | 453 | ||
| REFERENCES | 453 | ||
| 51 - Spinal Cord and Nerve Injuries in the Cervical Spine | 454 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injuries | 455 | ||
| Nerve Injuries | 456 | ||
| Conclusions | 459 | ||
| REFERENCES | 459 | ||
| 52 - Tracheoesophageal Injuries | 461 | ||
| Nerve Injuries | 462 | ||
| Direct Esophageal Injuries | 462 | ||
| Direct Tracheal Injuries | 464 | ||
| Conclusions | 465 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 465 | ||
| REFERENCES | 465 | ||
| 53 - Dural Tear | 467 | ||
| Intraoperative Strategy in the Treatment of a Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak | 468 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 469 | ||
| Conclusions | 470 | ||
| REFERENCES | 470 | ||
| 54 - Wound Complications | 471 | ||
| Preoperative Complications | 471 | ||
| Intraoperative Complications | 472 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 473 | ||
| Management | 474 | ||
| Conclusions | 477 | ||
| REFERENCES | 477 | ||
| 55 - Adjacent Segment Disease | 478 | ||
| Biomechanical and Technical Considerations | 479 | ||
| Natural History Considerations | 480 | ||
| History | 481 | ||
| Physical Examination | 481 | ||
| Imaging | 481 | ||
| Treatment | 481 | ||
| Conclusions | 484 | ||
| REFERENCES | 484 | ||
| 56 - Nonunions and Implant Failures of the Cervical Spine | 485 | ||
| Etiology and Biomechanics of Cervical Implant Failure | 485 | ||
| Imaging | 487 | ||
| Salvage and Revision Techniques | 487 | ||
| Special Considerations for Kyphotic Conditions | 488 | ||
| Other Considerations | 488 | ||
| Conclusions | 488 | ||
| REFERENCES | 489 | ||
| INDEX | 491 | ||
| IBC | IBC |