BOOK
Pediatric Surgery E-Book
Arnold G. Coran | Anthony Caldamone | N. Scott Adzick | Thomas M. Krummel | Jean-Martin Laberge | Robert Shamberger
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Pediatric Surgery, 7th Edition - edited by Arnold G. Coran, Anthony Caldamone, N. Scott Adzick, Thomas M. Krummel, Jean-Martin Laberge, and Robert Shamberger - features comprehensive, up-to-date guidance on all aspects of childhood surgery, including congenital malformations, tumors, trauma, and urologic problems. Apply the latest developments in fetal surgery, adolescent bariatric surgery, minimally invasive surgery in children, and tissue engineering for the repair of congenital anomalies, such as the separation of conjoined twins.
- Get comprehensive coverage of cutting-edge technology in pediatric surgical diseases, including imaging concepts, minimally invasive techniques, robotics, diagnostic and therapeutic advances, and molecular biology and genetics.
- Find information quickly and easily with an intuitive organization by body region and organs.
- Apply the guidance of world-renowned experts in pediatric surgery.
- Stay current on recent developments in fetal surgery, adolescent bariatric surgery, minimally invasive surgery in children, and tissue engineering for the repair of congenital anomalies, such as the separation of conjoined twins.
- Master the latest surgeries available for fetal and neonatal patients and provide life-saving options at birth.
- Tap into the expertise of new editors who bring fresh perspectives to cutting-edge techniques.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| e9780323072557v1.pdf | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Pediatric Surgery | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 5 | ||
| About the Editors | 6 | ||
| Contributors | 8 | ||
| Preface | 24 | ||
| Contents | 26 | ||
| Part I: General | 30 | ||
| Chapter 1: History of Pediatric Surgery: A Brief Overview | 32 | ||
| Early Years | 32 | ||
| 20th Century: The Formative Years | 33 | ||
| United States | 33 | ||
| Education, Organizational Changes, and Related Activities | 35 | ||
| Research | 36 | ||
| Clinical Advances Related to Research | 37 | ||
| Canada | 38 | ||
| United Kingdom and Ireland | 39 | ||
| Ireland | 40 | ||
| Europe | 41 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 44 | ||
| Asia | 44 | ||
| Developing countries | 46 | ||
| Chapter 2: Molecular Clinical Genetics and Gene Therapy | 48 | ||
| Molecular Clinical Genetics | 48 | ||
| Human molecular genetics and pediatric surgical disease | 48 | ||
| Disease-specific examples of changing concepts in molecular genetics | 49 | ||
| Monogenic Disorders | 49 | ||
| Oligogenic Disorders | 49 | ||
| Polygenic or Complex Disorders | 50 | ||
| Utility of molecular genetics in clinical pediatric surgery | 51 | ||
| Genetic Counseling and Prenatal Diagnosis | 51 | ||
| Postnatal Treatment | 51 | ||
| Gene Therapy | 52 | ||
| Viral vectors for gene transfer | 52 | ||
| Clinically relevant challenges in gene transfer | 54 | ||
| Overview of the current status of gene transfer | 55 | ||
| Chapter 3: Impact of Tissue Engineering in Pediatric Surgery | 56 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Approach | 56 | ||
| Cartilage and Bone Tissue Engineering | 58 | ||
| Cardiac Tissue Engineering | 59 | ||
| Vascular Tissue Engineering | 60 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tissue Engineering | 61 | ||
| Liver Replacement and Tissue Engineering | 62 | ||
| Future Directions: Vascular Networks | 62 | ||
| Chapter 4: Advanced and Emerging Surgical Technologies and the Process of Innovation | 66 | ||
| Current and Future Diagnostic Technologies | 67 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 67 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography | 67 | ||
| Ultrasound Contrast Imaging and Ultrasound Harmonic Imaging | 69 | ||
| Ultrasonography and Fetal Surgery | 69 | ||
| Computed tomography | 69 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 70 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography | 71 | ||
| Electron Beam Computed Tomography | 71 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 72 | ||
| Higher Field Strength MRI Systems | 72 | ||
| Ultrafast MRI | 73 | ||
| Motion Artifact Reduction Techniques | 73 | ||
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 73 | ||
| Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 74 | ||
| Positron emission tomography imaging | 74 | ||
| Molecular imaging | 75 | ||
| DNA microarrays | 77 | ||
| Innovative Therapeutics: Technologies and Techniques | 77 | ||
| Hemostatic and tissue ablative instruments | 77 | ||
| Electrocautery | 78 | ||
| Argon Beam Coagulator | 78 | ||
| Surgical Lasers | 78 | ||
| Photodynamic Therapy | 78 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 78 | ||
| Harmonic Scalpel | 78 | ||
| Cavitation Devices | 79 | ||
| Radiofrequency Energy | 79 | ||
| Microwave Energy | 79 | ||
| Cryotherapy | 79 | ||
| Image-guided therapy | 79 | ||
| Significance | 79 | ||
| General Requirements | 79 | ||
| Patient-Specific Models | 79 | ||
| High Image Quality | 79 | ||
| Real-Time Feedback | 79 | ||
| High Accuracy and Precision | 79 | ||
| Repeatability and Robustness | 79 | ||
| Correlation of Intraoperative Information with Preoperative Images | 80 | ||
| Intuitive Machine and User Interfaces | 80 | ||
| Ultrasound Image-Guided Therapy | 80 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Image-Guided Therapy | 80 | ||
| Radiotherapy and Fractionation | 80 | ||
| Stereotactic Radiosurgery | 80 | ||
| Stereotactic Radiosurgical Platforms | 81 | ||
| Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery | 81 | ||
| Frameless Image-Guided Radiosurgery | 81 | ||
| Clinical application of stereotactic radiosurgery in children | 82 | ||
| Radioimmunoguided Surgery | 83 | ||
| Next-generation minimal access surgery | 83 | ||
| Subcutaneous Endoscopy | 83 | ||
| Single Incision Laparoscopy | 84 | ||
| Natural orifice translumenal endosurgery | 85 | ||
| Endolumenal Therapies | 86 | ||
| Surgical robotics | 86 | ||
| Robotic Technology in Surgery | 87 | ||
| Classification of Robotic Surgical Systems | 87 | ||
| Current Status of Robotic Technology Used in Pediatric Surgery | 87 | ||
| The da Vinci Surgical System | 87 | ||
| Current Advantages and Limitations of Robotic Pediatric Surgery | 88 | ||
| Applications of Robotic Technology to Pediatric Surgery | 89 | ||
| Microtechnologies and Nanotechnologies-Size Matters | 89 | ||
| Microelectromechanical Systems | 89 | ||
| Sensors | 90 | ||
| Data Knife and H-Probe Surgical Instruments | 90 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gas Analyzer | 90 | ||
| Blood Pressure Sensor | 90 | ||
| Other MEMS Sensors in Medicine | 90 | ||
| Actuators | 90 | ||
| Drug Delivery Systems | 90 | ||
| Next Steps for MEMS | 91 | ||
| Nanoelectromechanical systems | 91 | ||
| Coating and Surface Manipulation | 91 | ||
| Self Assembly | 91 | ||
| NEMS in Oncology | 91 | ||
| Surgical Innovator | 92 | ||
| Innovative devices | 92 | ||
| Innovative procedures | 92 | ||
| Pediatric device development | 92 | ||
| Innovative Surgical Training | 94 | ||
| Surgical simulation | 94 | ||
| Visual Display Systems in Simulation | 94 | ||
| Human/Simulator Interface and Tactile Feedback | 95 | ||
| Image Generation | 95 | ||
| Simulation in Education, Training, and Practice | 95 | ||
| Looking Forward | 96 | ||
| Virtual reality | 96 | ||
| Components of Virtual Reality | 97 | ||
| Patient-Specific Virtual Reality | 97 | ||
| Surface Rendering | 97 | ||
| Volume Rendering | 98 | ||
| Finite Elements | 98 | ||
| Visual Displays | 99 | ||
| Input Devices | 99 | ||
| Force and Tactile Feedback | 100 | ||
| Tracking in Virtual Reality | 100 | ||
| Challenges of Virtual Reality | 101 | ||
| Virtual Reality Preoperative Planning | 101 | ||
| Virtual Reality-Based Three-Dimensional Surgical Simulators | 102 | ||
| Simulation in surgical education | 102 | ||
| Training the minimal access therapist | 103 | ||
| Training the surgical innovator | 103 | ||
| Conclusion | 104 | ||
| Chapter 5: Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy | 106 | ||
| Fetal Diagnosis | 106 | ||
| Biochemical Screening | 106 | ||
| Fetal Sampling | 106 | ||
| Fetal Imaging | 107 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 107 | ||
| Echocardiography | 107 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 107 | ||
| Fetal Access | 108 | ||
| Management of Mother and Fetus | 109 | ||
| Risks of Maternal-Fetal Surgery | 111 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis Dictates Perinatal Management | 111 | ||
| Fetal Anomalies | 111 | ||
| Urinary Tract Obstruction | 111 | ||
| Airway Obstruction | 112 | ||
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation | 112 | ||
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia | 114 | ||
| Myelomeningocele | 115 | ||
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma | 115 | ||
| Gastroschisis | 116 | ||
| Intestinal Abnormalities | 116 | ||
| Anomalies of Monochorionic Twins | 116 | ||
| Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome | 116 | ||
| Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence | 117 | ||
| Inherited Defects Correctable by Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation | 117 | ||
| Past and Future of Fetal Intervention | 117 | ||
| Chapter 6: Neonatal Physiology and Metabolic Considerations | 118 | ||
| Premature, Small for Gestational Age, and Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Retardation | 118 | ||
| Predicting Neonatal Mortality | 119 | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 120 | ||
| Body water composition | 120 | ||
| Neonatal fluid balance | 121 | ||
| Renal function | 122 | ||
| Common fluid and electrolyte disturbances and their treatment | 122 | ||
| Sodium | 122 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 122 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 122 | ||
| Potassium | 122 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 122 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 122 | ||
| Calcium | 122 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 123 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 123 | ||
| Magnesium | 123 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance | 123 | ||
| Intravenous Fluid Administration | 124 | ||
| Fluid Maintenance | 124 | ||
| Energy Metabolism | 124 | ||
| Energy intake | 124 | ||
| Energy storage | 125 | ||
| Energy of growth and tissue synthesis | 126 | ||
| Energy losses | 126 | ||
| Energy used in activity | 126 | ||
| Basal metabolic rate and resting energy expenditure | 126 | ||
| Age | 126 | ||
| Body Composition | 126 | ||
| Size of Vital Organs | 126 | ||
| Dietary Intake | 126 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 127 | ||
| Response to cold | 127 | ||
| Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism of the Neonate | 128 | ||
| Neonatal glucose metabolism | 128 | ||
| Glucagon/Insulin Axis in the Perinatal Period | 129 | ||
| Glycogen and Glycogenolysis in the Perinatal Period | 129 | ||
| Gluconeogenesis in the Neonate | 129 | ||
| Neonatal Hypoglycemia | 129 | ||
| Neonatal Hyperglycemia | 130 | ||
| Neonatal lipid and fat metabolism | 131 | ||
| Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketogenesis in Neonates | 131 | ||
| Ketone Body Use | 131 | ||
| Neonatal Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism | 131 | ||
| Metabolic Response to Stress | 132 | ||
| Operative trauma | 132 | ||
| Cytokines | 133 | ||
| Endocrine Response | 134 | ||
| Effect of Surgery on Glucose Metabolism in Neonates | 134 | ||
| Effect of Surgery on Fat Metabolism in Neonates | 135 | ||
| Effect of Surgery on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism in Neonates | 136 | ||
| Chapter 7: Respiratory Physiology and Care | 138 | ||
| Lung Development | 138 | ||
| Embryonic phase | 138 | ||
| Pseudoglandular phase | 138 | ||
| Canalicular phase | 138 | ||
| Terminal saccular phase | 140 | ||
| Alveolar phase | 140 | ||
| Arterial growth | 140 | ||
| Mediators of fetal lung development | 141 | ||
| Pulmonary Physiology | 141 | ||
| Lung volumes | 141 | ||
| Closing capacity | 142 | ||
| Pulmonary compliance | 142 | ||
| Airway resistance | 143 | ||
| Time constants | 143 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation | 143 | ||
| Pulmonary gas exchange | 143 | ||
| Diffusion | 143 | ||
| Dead Space | 143 | ||
| Ventilation-Perfusion Matching | 144 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 144 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Acid-Base Regulation | 144 | ||
| Monitoring | 144 | ||
| Noninvasive monitoring | 145 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 145 | ||
| Capnometry | 145 | ||
| Transcutaneous Measurement of Gas Tension | 145 | ||
| Invasive monitoring | 145 | ||
| Mixed Venous Oxygen Monitoring | 145 | ||
| Arterial Catheterization | 145 | ||
| Pulmonary Artery Catheterization | 146 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilators | 146 | ||
| Cycling mechanisms | 146 | ||
| Mechanical Breath Phases | 146 | ||
| Ventilator types | 146 | ||
| Pressure-Controlled Ventilation | 146 | ||
| Volume-Controlled Ventilation | 147 | ||
| Modes of ventilation | 147 | ||
| Control Mode | 147 | ||
| Assist-Control Mode | 147 | ||
| Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation | 147 | ||
| Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation | 147 | ||
| Pressure Support Ventilation | 147 | ||
| Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure | 147 | ||
| Inverse Ratio Ventilation | 147 | ||
| High-Frequency Ventilation | 148 | ||
| Extreme Modes of Gas Exchange | 148 | ||
| Extracorporeal Life Support | 148 | ||
| Intravascular Oxygenation | 148 | ||
| Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal | 148 | ||
| Liquid Ventilation | 148 | ||
| Investigational Adjuncts to Mechanical Ventilation | 149 | ||
| Prone positioning | 149 | ||
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 149 | ||
| Pharmacologic Adjuncts in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 149 | ||
| Management of Respiratory Failure | 149 | ||
| Manipulating the ventilator settings | 150 | ||
| Adjusting the partial pressure of carbon dioxide | 150 | ||
| Adjusting the partial pressure of oxygen | 150 | ||
| Weaning | 150 | ||
| Weaning failure | 150 | ||
| Complications of Mechanical Ventilation | 151 | ||
| Chapter 8: Extracorporeal Life Support for Cardiopulmonary Failure | 152 | ||
| Background | 152 | ||
| Indications | 153 | ||
| Methods of Extracorporeal Support | 154 | ||
| Extracorporeal Life Support Circuit | 154 | ||
| Patient Management | 155 | ||
| Cannulation for Cardiac Support | 156 | ||
| Complications | 158 | ||
| Results and Follow-Up | 159 | ||
| Future of Extracorporeal Life Support | 161 | ||
| Chapter 9: Neonatal Cardiovascular Physiology and Care | 162 | ||
| Cardiovascular Physiology | 162 | ||
| Heart rate | 162 | ||
| Preload | 162 | ||
| Afterload | 163 | ||
| Contractility | 163 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 163 | ||
| Neonatal Management of Common Cardiovascular Problems | 164 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 164 | ||
| Abnormalities in cardiac rhythm | 167 | ||
| Heart Block | 167 | ||
| Tachyarrhythmias | 167 | ||
| Management of selective types of congenital heart disease | 168 | ||
| Chapter 10: Sepsis and Related Considerations | 170 | ||
| Sepsis Terminology and Epidemiology | 170 | ||
| Terminology | 170 | ||
| Epidemiology | 171 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 173 | ||
| Host defense mechanisms | 174 | ||
| Barriers to Infection | 174 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 175 | ||
| Neutrophils | 175 | ||
| Monocytes-Macrophages | 175 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 176 | ||
| Humoral Factors | 177 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 177 | ||
| Complement System | 177 | ||
| Cytokines | 177 | ||
| Bacterial Virulence | 178 | ||
| Neonatal Host Defense | 179 | ||
| Diagnosis | 181 | ||
| Goldstein criteria | 181 | ||
| Age Group-Specific Definitions for Abnormal Vital Signs and Leukocyte Count | 181 | ||
| Definitions of the Pediatric Sepsis Continuum | 181 | ||
| Pediatric Organ Dysfunction Criteria | 181 | ||
| Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis | 182 | ||
| Biochemical markers | 182 | ||
| PIRO system | 183 | ||
| Management | 183 | ||
| Prevention | 183 | ||
| Early goal-directed therapy | 183 | ||
| Surviving Sepsis Campaign | 183 | ||
| American College of Critical Care Medicine/Pediatric Advanced Life Support Guidelines | 183 | ||
| Surviving sepsis campaign and american college of critical care medicine/pediatric advanced life support recommendations and ma | 184 | ||
| Initial Resuscitation | 184 | ||
| Airway, Breathing, and Circulation | 184 | ||
| Crystalloid Versus Colloid | 184 | ||
| Blood Products | 187 | ||
| Antibiotics | 187 | ||
| Source Control | 188 | ||
| Resuscitation Goals | 188 | ||
| Fluid-Refractory Shock | 188 | ||
| Stabilization and Continued Resuscitation | 189 | ||
| Catecholamine-Resistant Shock | 189 | ||
| Steroids | 189 | ||
| Cold Versus Warm Shock | 190 | ||
| Persistent Catecholamine-Resistant Shock | 190 | ||
| Refractory Shock | 190 | ||
| Other considerations | 191 | ||
| Intravenous Immunoglobulin | 191 | ||
| Recombinant Human Activated Protein C | 191 | ||
| Neonatal septic shock | 191 | ||
| Chapter 11: Surgical Implications of Hematologic Disease | 194 | ||
| Anemia | 194 | ||
| Nonhemolytic anemias | 194 | ||
| Marrow Failure | 194 | ||
| Blood Loss | 196 | ||
| Nutritional Anemias | 196 | ||
| Hemolytic anemias | 197 | ||
| Sickle Cell Diseases | 197 | ||
| -Thalassemia | 197 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis and Erythrocyte Enzyme Deficiencies | 198 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia and Disorders of Platelet Function | 198 | ||
| Genetic thrombocytopenia | 198 | ||
| Acquired thrombocytopenia | 198 | ||
| Disorders of platelet function | 199 | ||
| Disorders of Coagulation | 200 | ||
| Coagulation factor deficiencies | 200 | ||
| Other factor deficiencies | 201 | ||
| Acquired defects of coagulation | 202 | ||
| Thrombotic disorders | 203 | ||
| Transfusion Therapy | 204 | ||
| Transfusion in patients with cancer or immunodeficiencies | 205 | ||
| Choice of red blood cell product | 205 | ||
| Transfusion reactions, toxicity, and other complications | 205 | ||
| Platelet Transfusion | 206 | ||
| Chapter 12: Nutritional Support in the Pediatric Surgical Patient | 208 | ||
| Normal Pediatric Growth | 208 | ||
| Nutritional Assessment | 208 | ||
| Biochemical measurements of nutritional status | 209 | ||
| Direct measurement of body composition | 209 | ||
| Nutritional Requirements | 209 | ||
| Energy requirements | 209 | ||
| Water | 210 | ||
| Protein | 210 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 211 | ||
| Fat | 211 | ||
| Minerals, trace elements, and vitamins | 212 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 212 | ||
| Vitamin A | 212 | ||
| Vitamin D | 212 | ||
| Vitamin E | 212 | ||
| Vitamin K | 212 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 212 | ||
| Trace Elements | 213 | ||
| Zinc | 213 | ||
| Copper | 213 | ||
| Selenium | 213 | ||
| Manganese, Chromium, and Molybdenum | 213 | ||
| Enteral Nutrition | 213 | ||
| Indications | 213 | ||
| Delivery modalities | 215 | ||
| Enteral formulas | 215 | ||
| Administration of Enteral Nutrition | 216 | ||
| Human milk | 216 | ||
| Complications of enteral feeding | 217 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition | 217 | ||
| Indications for parenteral nutrition | 217 | ||
| Venous access | 217 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition: composition and requirements | 218 | ||
| Amino Acids | 218 | ||
| Dextrose | 218 | ||
| Lipid Emulsions | 218 | ||
| Multivitamins | 218 | ||
| Trace Elements | 219 | ||
| Fluids and Electrolytes | 219 | ||
| Sodium | 219 | ||
| Potassium | 219 | ||
| Chloride and Acetate | 219 | ||
| Calcium and Phosphate | 220 | ||
| Additives to parenteral nutrition | 220 | ||
| Heparin | 220 | ||
| Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists | 220 | ||
| Regular Insulin | 220 | ||
| Iron Dextran | 220 | ||
| Carnitine | 220 | ||
| Complications of parenteral nutrition | 221 | ||
| Metabolic Complications | 221 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 221 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 221 | ||
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 221 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 221 | ||
| Electrolyte Disturbances | 221 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease | 222 | ||
| Hepatobiliary Complications | 222 | ||
| Infectious Complications | 222 | ||
| Complications from Overfeeding | 223 | ||
| Technical Complications | 223 | ||
| Administration of parenteral nutrition | 223 | ||
| Monitoring of Laboratory Values | 225 | ||
| Special Problems in the Nutritional Support of the Pediatric Surgical Patient | 225 | ||
| Nutrition in the pediatric surgical patient | 225 | ||
| Indications for preoperative nutrition | 225 | ||
| Indications for postoperative nutrition | 225 | ||
| Nutritional support in the critically ill surgical patient | 226 | ||
| Biliary atresia | 226 | ||
| Short-bowel syndrome | 227 | ||
| Obesity | 227 | ||
| Failure to thrive | 227 | ||
| Children with Special Care Needs | 228 | ||
| Chapter 13: Pediatric Anesthesia | 230 | ||
| Physiologic Considerations | 230 | ||
| Anesthetic Risk and Common Complications | 230 | ||
| Laryngospasm | 232 | ||
| Postoperative apnea | 232 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | 232 | ||
| Preanesthesia Evaluation and Preparation | 233 | ||
| Preoperative fasting | 233 | ||
| Preanesthesia medications | 233 | ||
| Fluid Requirements | 234 | ||
| Maintenance fluid requirements | 234 | ||
| Premature or Critically Ill Infants | 234 | ||
| Intraoperative fluid replacement | 234 | ||
| Estimated Fluid Deficit | 234 | ||
| Role of Glucose | 234 | ||
| Choice of Intraoperative Fluid | 235 | ||
| Blood replacement | 235 | ||
| Estimating Allowable Blood Loss | 235 | ||
| Blood Products | 235 | ||
| Inhalation Anesthetic Agents | 236 | ||
| Minimum alveolar concentration | 237 | ||
| Nitrous oxide | 237 | ||
| Halothane | 237 | ||
| Isoflurane | 237 | ||
| Desflurane | 237 | ||
| Sevoflurane | 237 | ||
| Emergence Delirium | 238 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blocking Agents | 238 | ||
| Complicating conditions of depolarizing blocking agents | 238 | ||
| Malignant Hyperthermia | 239 | ||
| Intravenous Anesthetic Agents | 240 | ||
| Propofol | 240 | ||
| Thiopental | 241 | ||
| Ketamine | 241 | ||
| Etomidate | 241 | ||
| Monitoring | 241 | ||
| Noninvasive monitoring | 241 | ||
| Temperature Monitoring | 242 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 242 | ||
| Capnography | 242 | ||
| Monitoring Neuromuscular Function | 242 | ||
| Invasive monitoring | 243 | ||
| Pain Management | 243 | ||
| Perioperative planning and general approach | 243 | ||
| Development and physiology | 243 | ||
| Hypersensitization and preemptive analgesia | 244 | ||
| Pain assessment | 244 | ||
| Nonopioid analgesics | 244 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 245 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 245 | ||
| Ketamine | 246 | ||
| Opioid analgesics | 246 | ||
| Oral Opioids | 247 | ||
| Intravenous Opioids | 247 | ||
| Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 248 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia | 249 | ||
| Topical anesthesia | 250 | ||
| Infiltration anesthesia | 250 | ||
| Peripheral nerve and plexus blocks | 250 | ||
| Rectus sheath block | 251 | ||
| Ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric block | 251 | ||
| Fascia iliaca block | 252 | ||
| Penile block | 252 | ||
| Neuraxial block | 253 | ||
| Caudal block | 253 | ||
| Continuous techniques | 254 | ||
| Comments | 255 | ||
| Chapter 14: Clinical Outcomes Evaluation and Quality Improvement | 256 | ||
| Study Design and Sources of Evidence | 256 | ||
| Case reports | 256 | ||
| Case series | 257 | ||
| Cross-sectional studies | 257 | ||
| Case-control study | 257 | ||
| Retrospective cohort | 258 | ||
| Prospective cohort | 259 | ||
| Prospective randomized controlled trial | 259 | ||
| Summaries of evidence | 261 | ||
| Review Articles | 261 | ||
| Meta-analysis | 261 | ||
| Systematic Reviews | 261 | ||
| Application of Clinical Evidence | 262 | ||
| Hypothesis testing | 262 | ||
| Subjective versus objective data and risk | 262 | ||
| Error | 262 | ||
| Identifying bias and determining validity | 262 | ||
| Guidelines and pathways | 263 | ||
| Outcomes and Measuring Quality of Care | 263 | ||
| Quality of care assessment | 263 | ||
| Specific Measurements | 263 | ||
| Improving Performance | 264 | ||
| Databases and Networks | 264 | ||
| Conclusions | 265 | ||
| Chapter 15: Ethical Considerations | 266 | ||
| Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas | 266 | ||
| Informed Consent and Assent | 267 | ||
| Prenatal Surgical Consultation | 268 | ||
| End of Life | 269 | ||
| Ethical Issues in Pediatric Bariatric Surgery | 270 | ||
| Surgeons and Industry | 271 | ||
| Multiculturalism | 272 | ||
| Surgical Error | 273 | ||
| Innovation and Research | 274 | ||
| Conclusion | 275 | ||
| Suggested readings | 275 | ||
| Chapter 16: Patient- and Family-Centered Pediatric Surgical Care | 276 | ||
| Definition | 276 | ||
| Background | 276 | ||
| Core Concepts | 277 | ||
| Respect and dignity | 277 | ||
| Communication | 277 | ||
| Participation | 279 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation | 279 | ||
| Intraoperative Period | 279 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 280 | ||
| Collaboration | 280 | ||
| Putting It All Together: PFCC in Action | 281 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 281 | ||
| Part II: Trauma | 282 | ||
| Chapter 17: Injury Prevention | 284 | ||
| Prevention Priorities | 284 | ||
| Injury prevention design strategies | 286 | ||
| Selected injury prevention initiatives | 287 | ||
| Child Passenger Safety | 287 | ||
| Fire Safety | 287 | ||
| Firearm Storage | 288 | ||
| Helmet Use | 288 | ||
| Pedestrian Injury | 288 | ||
| Poisoning | 288 | ||
| Measuring Success (Programmatic Evaluation) | 289 | ||
| Chapter 18: Infants and Children as Accident Victims and Their Emergency Management | 290 | ||
| Epidemiology of Childhood Injury | 290 | ||
| Resuscitation and Impact on Outcome | 291 | ||
| Resuscitation Principles | 292 | ||
| Prehospital care | 292 | ||
| Primary survey and treatment of life-threatening injuries | 292 | ||
| Airway and Cervical Spine Control | 292 | ||
| Breathing | 294 | ||
| Circulation and Vascular Access | 295 | ||
| Disability | 297 | ||
| Exposure | 297 | ||
| Resuscitation phase | 297 | ||
| Neuroresuscitation | 297 | ||
| Coagulopathy | 298 | ||
| Damage Control | 299 | ||
| Pain Management | 299 | ||
| Conclusion | 299 | ||
| Chapter 19: Thoracic Injuries | 300 | ||
| Epidemiology and Prevention | 300 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 301 | ||
| Diagnosis and Initial Resuscitation | 301 | ||
| Treatment | 303 | ||
| Blunt injuries | 304 | ||
| Chest Wall | 304 | ||
| Soft Tissue | 304 | ||
| Rib Fractures | 304 | ||
| Flail Chest | 304 | ||
| Sternal Fractures | 304 | ||
| Lung and Airway | 304 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 304 | ||
| Simple Pneumothorax | 304 | ||
| Open Pneumothorax | 304 | ||
| Tension Pneumothorax | 305 | ||
| Hemothorax | 305 | ||
| Lung | 306 | ||
| Hematoma and Contusion | 306 | ||
| Laceration | 306 | ||
| Trachea and Bronchi | 306 | ||
| Esophagus | 308 | ||
| Diaphragm | 308 | ||
| Heart and Pericardium | 309 | ||
| Myocardial Contusion | 310 | ||
| Myocardial Rupture | 310 | ||
| Valve Injury | 310 | ||
| Pericardial Tamponade | 311 | ||
| Pericardial Laceration | 311 | ||
| Aorta and Great Vessels | 311 | ||
| Chylothorax | 315 | ||
| Traumatic Asphyxia | 315 | ||
| Penetrating injuries | 315 | ||
| Thoracoabdominal injuries | 315 | ||
| Transmediastinal injuries | 316 | ||
| Complications | 316 | ||
| Outcome | 316 | ||
| Summary | 316 | ||
| Chapter 20: Abdominal Trauma | 318 | ||
| Diagnostic Modalities | 318 | ||
| Computed tomography | 318 | ||
| Focused abdominal sonography for trauma | 319 | ||
| Diagnostic peritoneal lavage and laparoscopy | 320 | ||
| Solid Organ Injuries | 320 | ||
| Spleen and liver | 320 | ||
| Summary | 323 | ||
| Associated Abdominal Injuries | 323 | ||
| Complications of nonoperative treatment | 323 | ||
| Sequelae of damage-control strategies | 323 | ||
| Abdominal compartment syndrome | 327 | ||
| Bile duct injury | 328 | ||
| Injuries to the Duodenum and Pancreas | 328 | ||
| Duodenum | 328 | ||
| Pancreas | 331 | ||
| Injuries of the Stomach, Small Intestine, and Colon | 334 | ||
| Seat-belt sign | 336 | ||
| Imaging for gastrointestinal injury | 336 | ||
| Injuries to the Perineum, Anus, and Genitalia | 337 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Injuries | 337 | ||
| Chapter 21: Genitourinary Tract Trauma | 340 | ||
| Epidemiology | 340 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 340 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 340 | ||
| Clinical Features | 341 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 341 | ||
| Injury Grading and Scoring Systems for Genitourinary Injuries | 343 | ||
| Management of Specific Injuries | 344 | ||
| Kidney | 344 | ||
| Blunt Injuries | 344 | ||
| Penetrating Injuries | 344 | ||
| Renovascular Injuries | 345 | ||
| Complications | 346 | ||
| Follow-Up and Outcomes | 347 | ||
| Operative Management of Renal Trauma | 348 | ||
| Ureter | 348 | ||
| Bladder | 349 | ||
| Anatomy | 349 | ||
| Causes | 349 | ||
| Classification and definitions | 349 | ||
| Diagnosis | 350 | ||
| Management | 350 | ||
| Bladder Contusions | 350 | ||
| Intraperitoneal Rupture | 350 | ||
| Extraperitoneal Rupture | 350 | ||
| Penetrating Injuries | 351 | ||
| Urethra | 351 | ||
| External Genitalia | 353 | ||
| Girls | 353 | ||
| Boys | 353 | ||
| Chapter 22: Musculoskeletal Trauma | 356 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Systems of Children and Adults | 356 | ||
| Anatomy | 356 | ||
| Biomechanics | 356 | ||
| Physiology | 357 | ||
| Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Injuries | 358 | ||
| Clinical assessment | 358 | ||
| Radiographic assessment | 360 | ||
| Management of Musculoskeletal Injuries | 361 | ||
| Immediate treatment | 361 | ||
| Definitive fracture management | 361 | ||
| High-Priority Musculoskeletal Injuries | 361 | ||
| Open fractures and traumatic arthrotomies | 363 | ||
| Compartment syndrome | 363 | ||
| Femoral neck fracture | 363 | ||
| Mangled extremities | 364 | ||
| Spine trauma | 364 | ||
| Child abuse | 365 | ||
| Chapter 23: Hand, Soft Tissue, and Envenomation Injuries | 366 | ||
| Hand and Soft Tissue Injuries | 366 | ||
| Evaluation | 366 | ||
| Vascularity | 366 | ||
| Peripheral Nerves | 366 | ||
| Skeleton, Tendons, and Ligaments | 367 | ||
| Soft Tissue | 368 | ||
| Early treatment | 368 | ||
| Vascular Structures | 368 | ||
| Peripheral Nerves | 368 | ||
| Skeleton, Tendons, and Ligaments | 368 | ||
| Soft Tissue | 369 | ||
| Amputations | 369 | ||
| Envenomation Injuries | 369 | ||
| Snakebites | 369 | ||
| Other bite injuries | 370 | ||
| Chapter 24: Central Nervous System Injuries | 372 | ||
| Basic Strategy of the Therapy of Central Nervous System Injury | 372 | ||
| Immediate Issues: Resuscitation and Transport of Injured Children | 373 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 373 | ||
| Epidemiology | 373 | ||
| Spectrum of traumatic brain injury | 374 | ||
| Focal or Diffuse Brain Injury? | 374 | ||
| Focal Brain Injury | 374 | ||
| Diffuse Brain Injuries | 376 | ||
| Gunshot Wounds | 377 | ||
| Crush Injuries | 377 | ||
| Inflicted Injuries | 378 | ||
| Initial assessment of brain-injured children | 378 | ||
| Early management of severe brain injury | 379 | ||
| Management of Minor Brain Injuries | 380 | ||
| Early complications of head injury | 381 | ||
| Complications of Skull Fractures | 381 | ||
| Basilar Skull Fractures | 381 | ||
| Direct Cerebrovascular Injuries | 382 | ||
| Post-traumatic Seizures | 382 | ||
| Postconcussion Syndromes | 382 | ||
| Outcomes from traumatic brain injury | 382 | ||
| Postconcussion Syndromes | 383 | ||
| Spine and Spinal Cord Injury | 383 | ||
| Epidemiology | 383 | ||
| Anatomy | 383 | ||
| Evaluation of spine and spinal cord injury | 383 | ||
| History | 384 | ||
| Physical examination | 384 | ||
| clinical spectrum of spine and spinal cord injury | 384 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality | 386 | ||
| Initial management of spine and spinal cord injury | 386 | ||
| Spine Stabilization | 386 | ||
| Imaging | 387 | ||
| Plain Radiographs | 387 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 388 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 388 | ||
| Early management of spinal cord injury | 388 | ||
| Complications | 388 | ||
| Outcomes | 389 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 389 | ||
| Chapter 25: Vascular Injury | 390 | ||
| Epidemiology | 390 | ||
| Evaluation | 391 | ||
| Traumatic Injuries | 392 | ||
| Torso injuries | 392 | ||
| Extremity injuries | 393 | ||
| Mangled Extremity | 394 | ||
| Iatrogenic Injury | 394 | ||
| Vasospasm | 395 | ||
| Digital Ischemia Syndrome | 396 | ||
| Conclusion | 396 | ||
| Chapter 26: Burns | 398 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 398 | ||
| Acute Management | 400 | ||
| Initial evaluation | 400 | ||
| Fluid resuscitation | 403 | ||
| Inhalation injury | 404 | ||
| Burn Wound Care | 405 | ||
| Topical antimicrobials | 405 | ||
| Burn wound dressings | 406 | ||
| Excision and grafting | 408 | ||
| Hypermetabolic Response | 409 | ||
| Nutrition | 410 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 411 | ||
| Analgesia | 411 | ||
| Sedatives and anxiolytics | 411 | ||
| Intravenous antibiotics | 412 | ||
| Nonthermal Injuries | 412 | ||
| Chemical burns | 412 | ||
| Electrical burns | 412 | ||
| Outpatient Therapy | 413 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 413 | ||
| Chapter 27: Child Abuse and Birth Injuries | 414 | ||
| Child Abuse | 414 | ||
| Epidemiology | 414 | ||
| Caregiver or Parent | 414 | ||
| The Child | 415 | ||
| Family Dynamics | 415 | ||
| Presentation | 415 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 416 | ||
| Fractures | 417 | ||
| Burns | 418 | ||
| Thoracoabdominal Injury | 419 | ||
| Birth Injuries | 420 | ||
| Soft tissue injury | 420 | ||
| Fractures | 420 | ||
| Neurologic injury | 421 | ||
| Thoracoabdominal injury | 421 | ||
| Part III: Major Tumors of Childhood | 424 | ||
| Chapter 28: Principles of Pediatric Oncology, Genetics of Cancer, and Radiation Therapy | 426 | ||
| Epidemiology and Survival Statistics | 426 | ||
| Molecular Biology of Cancer | 427 | ||
| Normal cell physiology | 427 | ||
| Cell Cycle | 427 | ||
| Signal Transduction | 427 | ||
| Programmed Cell Death | 428 | ||
| Malignant Transformation | 428 | ||
| Abnormal DNA Content | 429 | ||
| Chromosomal Translocations | 429 | ||
| Proto-oncogene Activation | 430 | ||
| Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes | 430 | ||
| Epigenetic Alterations | 431 | ||
| DNA Methylation | 431 | ||
| Histone Modification | 431 | ||
| MicroRNA | 431 | ||
| Metastasis | 431 | ||
| Angiogenesis | 432 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 432 | ||
| Childhood Cancer and Heredity | 433 | ||
| Genetic Screening | 434 | ||
| General Principles of Chemotherapy | 434 | ||
| Risk stratification | 435 | ||
| Targeted therapy | 435 | ||
| Inhibition of Angiogenesis | 439 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 440 | ||
| General Principles of Radiation Therapy | 440 | ||
| Clinical considerations | 440 | ||
| Definitive Irradiation | 440 | ||
| Preoperative Irradiation | 440 | ||
| Postoperative Irradiation | 441 | ||
| Interactions of Chemotherapy and Radiation | 441 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Enhancement of Local Irradiation | 441 | ||
| Irradiation Combined with Agents Having Limited or No Sensitizing Effect | 441 | ||
| Agents That Increase Radiation Toxicity | 441 | ||
| Fractionation of radiation therapy | 441 | ||
| Radiation therapy treatment techniques | 441 | ||
| Traditional Radiation Therapy | 441 | ||
| Focal Radiation Therapy | 442 | ||
| Conformal Radiation Therapy | 442 | ||
| Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy | 442 | ||
| Proton Beam Radiation Therapy | 442 | ||
| Brachytherapy | 442 | ||
| Palliative radiation therapy | 442 | ||
| Acute and late toxicities of radiation therapy | 443 | ||
| General Principles of Stem Cell Transplantation | 444 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 444 | ||
| Conclusion | 445 | ||
| Chapter 29: Biopsy Techniques for Children with Cancer | 446 | ||
| Handling of Specimens | 446 | ||
| Percutaneous Needle Biopsy | 447 | ||
| Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy | 447 | ||
| Core Needle Biopsy | 447 | ||
| Minimal Access Surgery | 449 | ||
| Laparoscopy | 449 | ||
| Thoracoscopy | 449 | ||
| Open Incisional Biopsy | 451 | ||
| Conclusion | 451 | ||
| Chapter 30: Wilms' Tumor | 452 | ||
| Wilms' Tumor | 452 | ||
| History | 452 | ||
| Epidemiology | 453 | ||
| Molecular Biology and Genetics | 454 | ||
| Loss of heterozygosity and DNA ploidy | 454 | ||
| TP53 Gene | 455 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 455 | ||
| Diagnosis | 456 | ||
| Screening | 456 | ||
| Pathology | 456 | ||
| Pretreated tumors and pathology | 457 | ||
| Nephrogenic rests and nephroblastomatosis | 458 | ||
| Staging | 458 | ||
| Treatment | 459 | ||
| Prognostic factors | 459 | ||
| Operative therapy | 459 | ||
| Technical Concerns: Unilateral Tumors | 459 | ||
| Spill | 460 | ||
| Unresectable Tumors | 460 | ||
| Special considerations | 460 | ||
| Management of Tumor Extension in the Renal Vein, Inferior Vena Cava, and Atrium | 460 | ||
| Management of Tumor Extension in the Ureter | 460 | ||
| Horseshoe Kidney, Single Kidney, and Nonfunctioning Kidney | 461 | ||
| Patients with Wilms' Tumor Treated Only with Surgery | 461 | ||
| Neonatal Tumors | 461 | ||
| Acquired von Willebrand Disease in Children with Wilms' Tumor | 461 | ||
| Bilateral wilms' tumor | 462 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 463 | ||
| Recurrent Tumor | 464 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 464 | ||
| Lung Radiotherapy | 465 | ||
| Late effects | 465 | ||
| Pregnancy | 465 | ||
| Secondary Malignancies | 465 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 466 | ||
| Thoracic | 466 | ||
| Other Renal Tumors | 466 | ||
| Clear cell sarcoma of kidney | 466 | ||
| Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney | 466 | ||
| Renal cell carcinoma | 467 | ||
| Congenital mesoblastic nephroma | 467 | ||
| Solitary Multilocular Cyst and Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma | 468 | ||
| Cystic nephroma | 468 | ||
| Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma | 469 | ||
| Chapter 31: Neuroblastoma | 470 | ||
| Mass Screening | 471 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 471 | ||
| Diagnosis | 473 | ||
| Staging | 474 | ||
| Pathology and Histology | 474 | ||
| Biologic and Genetic Alterations | 477 | ||
| Neuroblastoma in Infancy | 478 | ||
| Stage IV-S | 479 | ||
| Cystic Neuroblastoma | 480 | ||
| Multifocal and Bilateral Neuroblastoma | 481 | ||
| Risk Stratification and Risk-Based Management | 481 | ||
| Operative Management | 482 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 485 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 485 | ||
| Myeloablative Therapy | 486 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 486 | ||
| Additional Therapies | 487 | ||
| Summary and Future Directions | 487 | ||
| Chapter 32: Nonmalignant Tumors of the Liver | 488 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 488 | ||
| Diagnosis | 488 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 488 | ||
| Imaging techniques | 488 | ||
| Hepatic Hemangioma | 489 | ||
| Focal liver hemangioma | 489 | ||
| Multifocal liver hemangioma | 489 | ||
| Diffuse lesions | 489 | ||
| Arteriovenous malformation | 489 | ||
| Mesenchymal hamartoma | 490 | ||
| Hepatocellular adenoma | 490 | ||
| Focal nodular hyperplasia | 490 | ||
| Teratoma | 491 | ||
| Inflammatory pseudotumor | 491 | ||
| Nonparasitic cysts | 491 | ||
| Chapter 33: Malignant Liver Tumors | 492 | ||
| Historical Context | 492 | ||
| Diagnosis | 492 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 492 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 493 | ||
| Laboratory evaluation | 493 | ||
| Radiology | 494 | ||
| Malignant Liver Tumors | 495 | ||
| Hepatoblastoma | 495 | ||
| Epidemiology, Biology, and Genetics | 495 | ||
| Pathology | 496 | ||
| Pretext, staging, and risk group stratification | 498 | ||
| Treatment Strategy, Chemotherapy, and Surgery | 499 | ||
| Liver Transplantation for Hepatoblastoma | 501 | ||
| Transplantation Outcomes for Hepatoblastoma | 502 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications for Transplantation in Hepatoblastoma | 502 | ||
| Transplantation for Multifocal Hepatoblastoma | 502 | ||
| Major Venous Involvement: Transplantation versus Extreme Resection | 503 | ||
| Transplantation for Hepatoblastoma with Pulmonary Metastasis at Diagnosis | 503 | ||
| Rescue Transplantation for Local Relapse Hepatoblastoma | 504 | ||
| Type of Allograft and Immunosuppression | 504 | ||
| Pediatric Liver Unresectable Tumor Observatory (PLUTO) | 504 | ||
| New Agents and Treatment Modalities | 504 | ||
| Hepatic Arterial Chemoembolization (HACE), Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) | 504 | ||
| Ototoxicity | 504 | ||
| Hepatoblastoma Risk Stratification and International Collaboration | 504 | ||
| New Agents, Tumor Relapse | 505 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 505 | ||
| Epidemiology, Biology, and Genetics | 505 | ||
| Pathology | 505 | ||
| Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma (FL-HCC) | 506 | ||
| Transitional Liver Cell Tumor (TLCT) | 506 | ||
| PRETEXT and Staging | 506 | ||
| Treatment Strategies | 506 | ||
| Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Children | 507 | ||
| Outcomes, Indications, and Contraindications | 507 | ||
| Response to Chemotherapy | 507 | ||
| Milan Criteria | 507 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 508 | ||
| Post-transplantation Chemotherapy | 508 | ||
| New Agents and Treatment Modalities | 508 | ||
| Antiangiogenesis, Sorafenib | 508 | ||
| Chemoembolization and Theraspheres | 508 | ||
| Portal Venous Embolization | 509 | ||
| Percutaneous Ablative Therapies | 509 | ||
| Hepatic Sarcomas | 509 | ||
| Biliary Rhabdomyosarcoma | 509 | ||
| Rhabdoid Tumor | 509 | ||
| Undifferentiated Sarcomas | 509 | ||
| Angiosarcoma | 509 | ||
| Aggressive Hemangiomatous Tumors | 509 | ||
| Locally Aggressive Infantile Hepatic Hemangioma | 509 | ||
| Metastatic and Other Liver Tumors | 510 | ||
| Metastatic Liver Tumors | 510 | ||
| Liver Tumors as Secondary Malignancies | 511 | ||
| Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis | 511 | ||
| Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis | 511 | ||
| Megakaryoblastic Leukemia | 511 | ||
| Chapter 34: Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tumors | 512 | ||
| Esophageal Smooth Muscle Tumors | 512 | ||
| Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinoma | 512 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 513 | ||
| Epidemiology | 513 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 513 | ||
| Pathology | 513 | ||
| Associated conditions | 513 | ||
| Treatment | 513 | ||
| Survival | 514 | ||
| Intestinal Tumors | 514 | ||
| Myofibromatosis | 514 | ||
| Lymphoma | 514 | ||
| Carcinoid Tumors | 514 | ||
| Epidemiology | 514 | ||
| Diagnosis | 515 | ||
| Treatment | 515 | ||
| Survival | 515 | ||
| Colorectal Adenocarcinoma | 515 | ||
| Polypoid Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 515 | ||
| Hereditary Associations | 516 | ||
| Other Associations | 518 | ||
| Diagnosis | 518 | ||
| Sporadic Colorectal Carcinoma | 518 | ||
| Treatment | 519 | ||
| Summary | 519 | ||
| Chapter 35: Diagnosis and Treatment of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 520 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma Patient Demographics | 520 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma Tumor Biology | 520 | ||
| Presentation of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 521 | ||
| Preoperative Workup | 521 | ||
| Pretreatment Clinical Staging | 522 | ||
| Surgical Principles | 522 | ||
| Biopsy | 522 | ||
| Resection of the mass | 523 | ||
| Lymph node sampling/dissection | 523 | ||
| Clinical group | 523 | ||
| Second-look operations and aggressive resection for recurrence | 524 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 524 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 525 | ||
| Assessment of Response to Treatment | 525 | ||
| Specific anatomic sites | 525 | ||
| Head and Neck (Superficial Nonparameningeal) | 525 | ||
| Parameningeal Sites | 525 | ||
| Trunk | 525 | ||
| Abdominal Wall | 526 | ||
| Chest Wall | 526 | ||
| Biliary Tract | 526 | ||
| Paraspinal Sites | 526 | ||
| Retroperitoneum/Pelvis | 526 | ||
| Perineal/Perianal Sites | 526 | ||
| Extremities | 526 | ||
| Genitourinary Sites: Bladder/Prostate | 527 | ||
| Genitourinary Sites: Vulva/Vagina/Uterus | 527 | ||
| Paratesticular Sites | 527 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 527 | ||
| Prognosis | 527 | ||
| Chapter 36: Other Soft Tissue Tumors | 530 | ||
| Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma in Children: Background and Overview | 530 | ||
| Infantile fibrosarcoma | 530 | ||
| Synovial sarcoma | 531 | ||
| Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor | 531 | ||
| Surgical Approach and Presentation of Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma | 531 | ||
| Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor | 532 | ||
| Desmoid Tumors | 532 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans | 534 | ||
| Chapter 37: Teratomas and Other Germ Cell Tumors | 536 | ||
| Embryology and Classification | 536 | ||
| Classification | 536 | ||
| Genetics and Risk Factors | 537 | ||
| Risk-Based Therapy | 537 | ||
| Testes | 538 | ||
| Clinical presentation and initial evaluation | 538 | ||
| Operative management | 538 | ||
| Postsurgical treatment | 539 | ||
| Ovary | 539 | ||
| Clinical presentation and evaluation | 539 | ||
| Sacrococcygeal Tumors | 540 | ||
| Clinical presentation and initial evaluation | 540 | ||
| Classification and association with malignancy | 541 | ||
| Surgical management | 541 | ||
| Postoperative management | 542 | ||
| Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors | 543 | ||
| Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Germ Cell Tumors | 545 | ||
| Genital (Vaginal) Germ Cell Tumors | 545 | ||
| Cervicofacial Teratomas | 545 | ||
| Gastric Teratomas | 545 | ||
| Chapter 38: Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 546 | ||
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | 546 | ||
| Incidence and epidemiology | 546 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 547 | ||
| Diagnosis | 547 | ||
| Histopathology | 548 | ||
| Staging | 548 | ||
| Treatment | 549 | ||
| Risk Classification | 549 | ||
| Surgery | 549 | ||
| Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy | 549 | ||
| Therapy for Low-Risk Disease | 550 | ||
| Therapy for Intermediate-Risk Disease | 550 | ||
| Therapy for High-Risk Disease | 550 | ||
| Therapy for Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Disease | 550 | ||
| Novel Therapy | 550 | ||
| Treatment Toxicities | 551 | ||
| Growth Problems | 551 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction | 551 | ||
| Thyroid | 551 | ||
| Infertility | 551 | ||
| Second Cancers (SC) | 551 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 551 | ||
| Incidence epidemiology and classification | 551 | ||
| Clinical presentation and staging | 552 | ||
| Staging | 552 | ||
| NHL subtypes in children and adolescents | 553 | ||
| Mature B-cell NHL: Burkitt Lymphoma, Burkitt-Like Lymphoma, and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma | 553 | ||
| Burkitt Lymphoma and Burkitt-Like Lymphoma | 553 | ||
| Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma | 554 | ||
| T-Cell Tumors | 554 | ||
| Lymphoblastic Lymphoma | 554 | ||
| Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma | 554 | ||
| Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders | 554 | ||
| Treatment and outcomes | 554 | ||
| Chemotherapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 554 | ||
| Surgery | 555 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 555 | ||
| Burkitt Lymphoma and Burkitt-Like Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma | 555 | ||
| Lymphoblastic Lymphoma | 555 | ||
| Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma | 555 | ||
| Toxicities | 556 | ||
| Chapter 39: Ovarian Tumors | 558 | ||
| Ovarian Tumors Incidence | 558 | ||
| Epidemiology | 558 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 559 | ||
| Diagnosis | 559 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 559 | ||
| Tumor Markers | 559 | ||
| Alpha Fetoprotein | 559 | ||
| Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | 559 | ||
| Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase | 560 | ||
| CA 125 | 560 | ||
| Value of frozen section for intraoperative diagnosis | 560 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 560 | ||
| Cancer genetics | 560 | ||
| Role of Tumor Markers in the Incidentally Identified Ovarian Mass | 561 | ||
| Imaging techniques | 561 | ||
| Disease Classification and Staging | 562 | ||
| Treatment | 564 | ||
| Nonneoplastic ovarian tumors | 564 | ||
| Follicular Cysts | 565 | ||
| Corpus Luteum Cysts | 565 | ||
| Parovarian Cysts | 566 | ||
| Endometriosis | 566 | ||
| Neoplastic ovarian tumors | 566 | ||
| Surface Epithelial-Stromal Tumors | 566 | ||
| Tumors of Low Malignant Potential | 567 | ||
| Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors | 568 | ||
| Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumors | 568 | ||
| Fibromas and Thecomas | 569 | ||
| Sclerosing Stromal Tumors | 569 | ||
| Sertoli-Stromal Cell Tumors | 569 | ||
| Sex Cord Tumors with Annular Tubules | 570 | ||
| Steroid Cell Tumors | 570 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors | 570 | ||
| Germinoma | 570 | ||
| Endodermal Sinus Tumors | 572 | ||
| Embryonal Carcinomas | 572 | ||
| Choriocarcinomas | 572 | ||
| Teratomas | 572 | ||
| Mature Teratomas | 572 | ||
| Immature Teratomas | 573 | ||
| Monodermal Teratomas | 573 | ||
| Gonadoblastomas | 574 | ||
| Mixed Germ Cell Tumors | 575 | ||
| Surgical Guidelines for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors | 575 | ||
| Chemotherapy for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors | 575 | ||
| Miscellaneous Tumors | 576 | ||
| Secondary Tumors | 576 | ||
| Unclassified Benign Tumors | 577 | ||
| Summary | 577 | ||
| Chapter 40: Testicular Tumors | 578 | ||
| Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer | 578 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 579 | ||
| Diagnosis | 579 | ||
| Tumor Markers | 579 | ||
| Classification and Stage | 579 | ||
| Primary testicular tumors | 579 | ||
| Epithelial-Based Tumors | 579 | ||
| Epidermoid Cysts | 579 | ||
| Stromal Tumors | 580 | ||
| Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors | 580 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors | 580 | ||
| Teratoma | 580 | ||
| Yolk Sac Tumor | 580 | ||
| Embryonal Carcinoma | 581 | ||
| Gonadoblastoma | 581 | ||
| Choriocarcinoma | 581 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 581 | ||
| Secondary testicular tumors | 581 | ||
| Surgical Management | 582 | ||
| Testis-sparing surgery | 582 | ||
| Radical inguinal orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection | 583 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic strategies and survival in children with malignant germ cell tumors | 585 | ||
| Chapter 41: Adrenal Tumors | 586 | ||
| Anatomy | 586 | ||
| Embryology | 586 | ||
| Physiology | 587 | ||
| Adrenal medullary function | 587 | ||
| Adrenal cortical function | 587 | ||
| Lesions of the Adrenal Medulla | 587 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma | 587 | ||
| Symptoms | 588 | ||
| Diagnosis | 588 | ||
| Treatment | 589 | ||
| Associated Disorders | 589 | ||
| Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex | 590 | ||
| Cushing syndrome | 590 | ||
| Sex hormone-producing tumors | 592 | ||
| Treatment of adrenocortical tumors | 592 | ||
| Hyperaldosteronism | 592 | ||
| Addison Disease | 593 | ||
| Incidental Adrenal Mass | 593 | ||
| Adrenalectomy | 593 | ||
| Chapter 42: Tumors of the Lung and Chest Wall | 596 | ||
| Benign Tumors of the Lung | 596 | ||
| Plasma cell granuloma (inflammatory pseudotumor) | 596 | ||
| Hamartoma | 596 | ||
| Malignant Tumors of the Lung | 596 | ||
| Bronchial adenoma | 596 | ||
| Bronchogenic carcinoma | 597 | ||
| Pulmonary blastoma | 598 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 599 | ||
| Comments | 599 | ||
| Treatment of Metastatic Disease | 600 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 600 | ||
| Soft tissue sarcoma | 600 | ||
| Wilms' tumor | 601 | ||
| Comments | 601 | ||
| Tumors of the Chest Wall | 601 | ||
| Epidemiology | 601 | ||
| Presentation | 601 | ||
| Diagnostic adjuncts | 602 | ||
| Diagnosis | 602 | ||
| Therapeutic principles | 602 | ||
| Tumor types | 602 | ||
| Benign Chest Wall Tumors | 602 | ||
| Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | 602 | ||
| Chondroma | 602 | ||
| Desmoid | 602 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 603 | ||
| Mesenchymal Hamartoma | 603 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 603 | ||
| Malignant Chest Wall Tumors | 604 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 604 | ||
| Ewing Sarcoma Family/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors | 604 | ||
| Fibrosarcoma | 604 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 605 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 605 | ||
| Chapter 43: Bone Tumors | 606 | ||
| General Considerations | 606 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 606 | ||
| Benign Lesions | 606 | ||
| Size of the Tumor | 607 | ||
| Fracture Through a Benign Lesion | 607 | ||
| Location in Relation to the Physis | 608 | ||
| Multiplicity of Bone Tumors | 608 | ||
| Site of Involvement | 608 | ||
| Metastatic Potential | 609 | ||
| Malignant lesions | 609 | ||
| Epidemiology | 609 | ||
| Genetics | 609 | ||
| Diagnosis and staging | 610 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 610 | ||
| Radiology | 610 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 610 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 610 | ||
| Staging | 611 | ||
| Biopsy | 611 | ||
| Presurgical Considerations | 611 | ||
| Surgical Considerations | 611 | ||
| Postsurgical Considerations | 611 | ||
| Adjuvant therapy | 612 | ||
| Surgery | 612 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Options | 613 | ||
| Radiofrequency Ablation | 613 | ||
| Injection | 613 | ||
| Resection | 613 | ||
| Benign Lesions | 614 | ||
| Malignant Lesions | 614 | ||
| Reconstruction | 616 | ||
| Benign Lesions | 616 | ||
| Malignant Lesions | 616 | ||
| Chapter 44: Brain Tumors | 620 | ||
| Clinical Features | 620 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 621 | ||
| Surgical Intervention | 622 | ||
| Tumor Types | 623 | ||
| Cerebellar astrocytomas | 623 | ||
| Primitive neuroectodermal tumor and medulloblastoma | 623 | ||
| Ependymomas | 625 | ||
| Brainstem gliomas | 626 | ||
| Hypothalamic/chiasmatic astrocytomas | 626 | ||
| Craniopharyngioma | 627 | ||
| Low-grade supratentorial astrocytomas | 628 | ||
| Pineal region tumors | 629 | ||
| Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors | 629 | ||
| Malignant supratentorial astrocytomas | 629 | ||
| Choroid plexus tumors | 629 | ||
| Meningiomas | 630 | ||
| Metastases and dural-based masses | 630 | ||
| Tumor Genetics | 630 | ||
| Part IV: Transplantation | 632 | ||
| Chapter 45: Principles of Transplantation | 634 | ||
| Enigma of Acquired Tolerance | 634 | ||
| Phase 1: 1953 to 1968 | 634 | ||
| ``Pseudotolerant´´ Organ Recipients | 634 | ||
| False Premises of Phase 1 | 635 | ||
| Phase 2: 1969 to 1979 | 636 | ||
| Phase 3: 1980 to 1991 | 637 | ||
| Phase 4: 1992 to Present | 638 | ||
| Historical Dogma | 638 | ||
| Discovery of Microchimerism | 639 | ||
| Immune Regulation by Antigen Migration and Localization | 639 | ||
| Therapeutic Implications | 640 | ||
| Organ Preservation | 642 | ||
| Procurement | 642 | ||
| Extended preservation | 642 | ||
| Continuous Vascular Perfusion | 642 | ||
| Static Preservation | 643 | ||
| Tissue Typing | 643 | ||
| Antigen matching | 643 | ||
| Crossmatching | 644 | ||
| Future Prospects | 644 | ||
| Chapter 46: Renal Transplantation | 646 | ||
| End-Stage Renal Disease in Children | 646 | ||
| Recipient Evaluation | 646 | ||
| Urologic Issues | 648 | ||
| Dialysis Access | 648 | ||
| Donor Selection | 648 | ||
| Evaluation of the potential living donor | 649 | ||
| Evaluation of the deceased donor | 649 | ||
| Transplantation | 650 | ||
| Preoperative preparation | 650 | ||
| Anesthesia | 650 | ||
| Operative procedure | 650 | ||
| Operative techniques | 650 | ||
| Small Children (<20.0kg) | 650 | ||
| Larger Children (20.0kg) | 651 | ||
| Ureteral Reconstruction in Patients with Previous Urologic Procedures | 651 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 652 | ||
| Evaluation of Early Allograft Dysfunction | 652 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 653 | ||
| Antibody preparations | 653 | ||
| Antilymphocyte Antibodies | 653 | ||
| Anti-interleukin-2 Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies | 653 | ||
| Calcineurin inhibitors | 653 | ||
| Mycophenolate | 653 | ||
| Prednisone | 654 | ||
| Proliferation signal inhibitors | 654 | ||
| Treatment of rejection | 654 | ||
| Outcomes | 654 | ||
| Graft and patient survival | 654 | ||
| Post-transplantation outcomes and risk factors associated with graft loss | 655 | ||
| Delayed graft function | 655 | ||
| Vascular thrombosis | 656 | ||
| Acute rejection | 656 | ||
| Chronic allograft nephropathy | 656 | ||
| Nonadherence | 656 | ||
| Recurrent disease | 656 | ||
| Medical complications | 657 | ||
| Infection | 657 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 657 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus | 657 | ||
| BK Virus | 657 | ||
| Malignancy | 657 | ||
| Other Medical Issues | 658 | ||
| Cognitive and Psychosocial Development | 658 | ||
| Chapter 47: Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation | 660 | ||
| Pancreas Transplantation | 660 | ||
| History | 660 | ||
| Details of surgical techniques | 661 | ||
| General information, pancreas transplantation categories, and immunosuppression | 663 | ||
| Pancreas transplantation outcomes | 664 | ||
| Islet Transplantation | 666 | ||
| Islet autotransplantations after pancreatectomy for benign disease | 667 | ||
| Islet allotransplantations | 667 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 670 | ||
| Chapter 48: Liver Transplantation | 672 | ||
| Indications and Pretransplant Care | 672 | ||
| Indications for liver transplantation | 672 | ||
| Cholestatic liver disorders | 673 | ||
| Noncholestatic cirrhosis | 673 | ||
| Acute liver failure | 674 | ||
| Metabolic liver disease | 674 | ||
| Tumors | 674 | ||
| Miscellaneous conditions | 674 | ||
| Organ Allocation and Pretransplant Care | 674 | ||
| Donor Procurement and Hepatobiliary Anatomy | 675 | ||
| Hepatobiliary anatomy | 675 | ||
| Donor Operation | 675 | ||
| Segmental Liver Transplantation: Living Donor, Reduced Size, and Split | 676 | ||
| Liver Transplant Operation | 676 | ||
| Post-transplant Care | 677 | ||
| Early postoperative care | 677 | ||
| Technical Complications | 678 | ||
| Vascular complications | 678 | ||
| Biliary complications | 678 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy and Rejection | 678 | ||
| Infectious Complications | 679 | ||
| Outcome and the Future | 680 | ||
| Assessment and Preparation for Intestinal Transplantation | 682 | ||
| Transplantation Surgery | 682 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 683 | ||
| Results of Intestinal Transplantation | 684 | ||
| Conclusion | 686 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 686 | ||
| Chapter 50: Heart Transplantation | 687 | ||
| Historical Notes | 687 | ||
| Indications | 687 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation | 689 | ||
| Donor Evaluation and Organ Procurement | 691 | ||
| Recipient Preparation and Techniques of Implantation | 692 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 693 | ||
| Transplant Immunosuppression | 693 | ||
| Early Complications | 695 | ||
| Late Complications | 696 | ||
| Results | 696 | ||
| Conclusion | 698 | ||
| Chapter 51: Pediatric Lung Transplantation | 699 | ||
| Organ Allocation | 699 | ||
| Indications | 699 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis | 699 | ||
| Pulmonary vascular disease | 700 | ||
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 701 | ||
| Bronchiolitis obliterans and retransplantation | 701 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 702 | ||
| Contraindications | 702 | ||
| Special circumstances | 703 | ||
| Donor Evaluation and Organ Procurement | 703 | ||
| Technique of Transplantation | 704 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 704 | ||
| Post-transplantation Surveillance | 705 | ||
| Post-transplantation Complications | 705 | ||
| Airway anastomotic complications | 705 | ||
| Vascular anastomotic complications | 705 | ||
| Bleeding | 706 | ||
| Phrenic nerve injury | 706 | ||
| Hoarseness | 706 | ||
| Gastrointestinal complications | 706 | ||
| Atrial flutter | 706 | ||
| Graft complications | 706 | ||
| Infection | 708 | ||
| Other complications | 708 | ||
| Survival | 708 | ||
| Pulmonary Function and Growth | 709 | ||
| Future Considerations | 709 | ||
| Chapter 52: Surgical Implications Associated with Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation | 711 | ||
| Stem Cell Harvest and Vascular Access | 711 | ||
| Complications of Immune System Ablation and Immunosuppression | 712 | ||
| Intestinal complications | 712 | ||
| Hepatobiliary complications | 712 | ||
| Hemorrhagic cystitis | 713 | ||
| Pulmonary complications | 713 | ||
| Soft tissue infections | 714 | ||
| Post-transplantation Malignancies | 714 | ||
| Conclusion | 714 | ||
| Part V: Head and Neck | 717 | ||
| Chapter 53: Craniofacial Anomalies | 719 | ||
| The Craniosynostoses | 719 | ||
| Etiology and pathologic anatomy | 719 | ||
| Common Patterns of Single Suture Craniosynostosis | 720 | ||
| Syndromic Craniosynostosis | 720 | ||
| Diagnosis | 721 | ||
| Treatment | 722 | ||
| Orthognathic Surgery | 722 | ||
| Craniofacial Clefts | 723 | ||
| Cleft number 7 | 724 | ||
| Treacher Collins Syndrome | 725 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 726 | ||
| Selected readings | 726 | ||
| Chapter 54: Understanding and Caring for Children with Cleft Lip and Palate | 727 | ||
| Epidemiology | 727 | ||
| Etiology | 727 | ||
| Embryology | 727 | ||
| Anatomy | 727 | ||
| Unilateral cleft lip | 727 | ||
| Bilateral cleft lip | 728 | ||
| Cleft palate | 729 | ||
| Treatment Protocols | 729 | ||
| Cleft lip surgical repair | 730 | ||
| Unilateral | 730 | ||
| Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair | 731 | ||
| Cleft palate surgical repair | 731 | ||
| Multidisciplinary Care | 732 | ||
| Secondary Cleft Management | 733 | ||
| Conclusions | 734 | ||
| Chapter 55: Otolaryngologic Disorders | 735 | ||
| Ear | 735 | ||
| Anatomy | 735 | ||
| Embryology | 736 | ||
| Examination | 736 | ||
| Otitis media with effusion and inflammatory disorders | 737 | ||
| Acute otitis media | 737 | ||
| Otitis media with effusion/chronic otitis media/chronic suppurative otitis media | 738 | ||
| Trauma | 739 | ||
| Tumors | 740 | ||
| Nose | 740 | ||
| Anatomy | 740 | ||
| Embryology | 740 | ||
| Inflammatory conditions | 741 | ||
| Bacterial rhinosinusitis | 741 | ||
| Complications of sinusitis | 741 | ||
| Fungal sinusitis | 741 | ||
| Congenital malformations | 741 | ||
| Pyriform Aperture Stenosis | 741 | ||
| Choanal Atresia | 741 | ||
| Nasal Dermoid | 742 | ||
| Nasal Glioma and Encephalocele | 743 | ||
| Trauma | 743 | ||
| Anosmia | 743 | ||
| Nasal Fracture | 743 | ||
| Nasal Foreign Bodies | 743 | ||
| Nasal Lacerations | 743 | ||
| Nasal/Nasopharyngeal tumors | 743 | ||
| Oral Cavity/Pharynx | 744 | ||
| Anatomy | 744 | ||
| Acute pharyngotonsillitis | 744 | ||
| Recurrent pharyngotonsillitis | 745 | ||
| Chronic pharyngotonsillitis | 745 | ||
| Oral trauma | 745 | ||
| Peritonsillar cellulitis/Abscess | 745 | ||
| Retropharyngeal/Parapharyngeal space infections | 746 | ||
| Sleep-Disordered breathing | 746 | ||
| Ankyloglossia | 748 | ||
| Macroglossia | 748 | ||
| Benign lesions | 748 | ||
| Malignant lesions | 749 | ||
| Larynx | 750 | ||
| Anatomy | 750 | ||
| Upper airway assessment | 750 | ||
| Congenital laryngeal anomalies | 751 | ||
| Inflammatory disease of the upper airway | 753 | ||
| Chronic airway obstruction | 754 | ||
| Benign laryngeal neoplasms | 754 | ||
| Neck | 754 | ||
| Anatomy | 754 | ||
| Clinical evaluation | 754 | ||
| Congenital tracts and cysts | 755 | ||
| Inflammatory and infectious masses | 755 | ||
| Malignant neoplasms | 756 | ||
| Chapter 56: Salivary Glands | 757 | ||
| Classification | 757 | ||
| Embryology | 757 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 757 | ||
| Pathology | 757 | ||
| Diagnosis | 757 | ||
| History | 757 | ||
| Physical examination | 757 | ||
| Diagnostic imaging | 758 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 758 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 758 | ||
| Biopsy | 758 | ||
| Sialendoscopy | 758 | ||
| Inflammatory Disease | 759 | ||
| Viral sialadenitis | 759 | ||
| Bacterial suppurative sialadenitis | 759 | ||
| Chronic sialadenitis | 759 | ||
| Cystic Disease | 759 | ||
| Ranula | 760 | ||
| Neoplasms | 760 | ||
| Benign neoplasms and malformations | 760 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 760 | ||
| Lymphatic Malformations | 760 | ||
| Pleomorphic Adenoma | 760 | ||
| Monomorphic Adenomas | 761 | ||
| Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum (Warthin Tumor) | 761 | ||
| Malignant neoplasms | 761 | ||
| Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma | 761 | ||
| Acinic Cell Carcinoma | 761 | ||
| Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma | 761 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 761 | ||
| Surgical Considerations | 762 | ||
| Parotid gland | 762 | ||
| Submandibular gland | 763 | ||
| Conclusion | 763 | ||
| Chapter 57: Lymph Node Disorders | 765 | ||
| Anatomy | 765 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 765 | ||
| Malignancy | 765 | ||
| Evaluation | 765 | ||
| Investigation | 767 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 767 | ||
| Radiologic Evaluation | 767 | ||
| Diagnostic Procedures | 767 | ||
| Fine-Needle Aspiration | 767 | ||
| Excisional Biopsy | 768 | ||
| Management of Adenopathy | 768 | ||
| Surgical Management | 768 | ||
| Acute Lymphadenitis | 768 | ||
| Persistent Lymphadenitis | 769 | ||
| Atypical Mycobacterial Adenitis | 769 | ||
| Mycobacterial Adenitis | 770 | ||
| Cat-Scratch Disease | 770 | ||
| Miscellaneous Lesions | 771 | ||
| Infectious Lymphadenopathy | 771 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders | 771 | ||
| Malignant disorders | 771 | ||
| Summary | 771 | ||
| Chapter 58: Childhood Diseases of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands | 773 | ||
| Thyroid Embryology and Physiology | 773 | ||
| Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland | 773 | ||
| Non-neoplastic Thyroid Conditions | 774 | ||
| Goiter | 774 | ||
| Thyroiditis | 775 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 775 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 775 | ||
| Neoplastic Thyroid Conditions | 776 | ||
| Management of thyroid nodules | 776 | ||
| Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma | 776 | ||
| Medullary thyroid cancer | 778 | ||
| Parathyroid Embryology and Physiology | 778 | ||
| Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands | 779 | ||
| Digeorge syndrome | 779 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 779 | ||
| Parathyroid Carcinoma | 780 | ||
| Chapter 59: Neck Cysts and Sinuses | 781 | ||
| Embryology | 781 | ||
| Thyroglossal Duct Cysts | 783 | ||
| Surgical management | 784 | ||
| Branchial Anomalies | 785 | ||
| Second branchial anomalies | 785 | ||
| First branchial anomalies | 786 | ||
| Third and fourth branchial anomalies | 786 | ||
| Dermoid Cysts | 788 | ||
| Congenital Midline Cervical Clefts | 788 | ||
| Cervical Thymic Cysts | 788 | ||
| Chapter 60: Torticollis | 791 | ||
| History | 791 | ||
| Etiology | 791 | ||
| Pathology | 791 | ||
| Clinical Features | 791 | ||
| Sternomastoid torticollis | 791 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 792 | ||
| Secondary Effects of Torticollis | 793 | ||
| Plagiocephaly | 794 | ||
| Hemifacial hypoplasia | 794 | ||
| Postural compensation | 794 | ||
| Conservative Management | 794 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 795 | ||
| Indications for surgery | 795 | ||
| Operative technique | 795 | ||
| Complications | 795 | ||
| Follow-up | 795 | ||
| Index | 796 | ||
| Expertconsult | 844 | ||
| e9780323072557v2 | 845 |