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Abstract
Master the concepts you need to know with Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. Dr. Bruce M. Carlson's clear explanations provide an easy-to-follow "road map" through the most up-to-date scientific knowledge, giving you a deeper understanding of the key information you need to know for your courses, exams, and ultimately clinical practice.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located.
- Visualize normal and abnormal development with hundreds of superb clinical photos and embryological drawings.
- Access the fully searchable text online, view animations, answer self-assessment questions, and much more at www.studentconsult.com.
- Grasp the molecular basis of embryology , including the processes of branching and folding - essential knowledge for determining the root of many abnormalities.
- Understand the clinical manifestations of developmental abnormalities with clinical vignettes and Clinical Correlations boxes throughout.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, 5/e | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface to the Fifth Edition | vii | ||
| Table of Contents | ix | ||
| Developmental Tables | xi | ||
| I Early Development and the Fetal-Maternal Relationship | 1 | ||
| 1 Getting Ready for Pregnancy | 2 | ||
| Gametogenesis | 2 | ||
| Phase 1: Origin and Migration of Germ Cells | 2 | ||
| Phase 2: Increase in the Number of Germ Cells by Mitosis | 2 | ||
| Phase 3: Reduction in Chromosomal Number by Meiosis | 4 | ||
| Stages of Meiosis | 4 | ||
| Meiosis in Females | 4 | ||
| Meiosis in Males | 7 | ||
| Phase 4: Final Structural and Functional Maturation of Eggs and Sperm | 7 | ||
| Oogenesis | 7 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 12 | ||
| Abnormal Spermatozoa | 14 | ||
| Preparation of the Female Reproductive Tract for Pregnancy | 15 | ||
| Structure | 15 | ||
| Ovaries and Uterine Tubes | 15 | ||
| Uterus | 16 | ||
| Vagina | 16 | ||
| Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive Cycle | 16 | ||
| Hypothalamic Control | 16 | ||
| Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) | 16 | ||
| Ovaries and Placenta | 16 | ||
| Reproductive Target Tissues | 17 | ||
| Hormonal Interactions with Tissues during Female Reproductive Cycles | 18 | ||
| Hormonal Interactions Involved with Reproduction in Males | 20 | ||
| Summary | 20 | ||
| Review Questions | 22 | ||
| References | 23 | ||
| 2 Transport of Gametes and Fertilization | 24 | ||
| Ovulation and Egg and Sperm Transport | 24 | ||
| Ovulation | 24 | ||
| Egg Transport | 24 | ||
| Sperm Transport | 26 | ||
| Formation and Function of the Corpus Luteum of Ovulation and Pregnancy | 27 | ||
| Fertilization | 28 | ||
| Penetration of the Corona Radiata | 28 | ||
| Attachment to and Penetration of the Zona Pellucida | 28 | ||
| Binding and Fusion of Spermatozoon and Egg | 30 | ||
| Prevention of Polyspermy | 31 | ||
| Metabolic Activation of the Egg | 31 | ||
| Decondensation of the Sperm Nucleus | 31 | ||
| Completion of Meiosis and the Development of Pronuclei in the Egg | 31 | ||
| What is Accomplished by Fertilization? | 32 | ||
| Summary | 32 | ||
| Review Questions | 35 | ||
| References | 36 | ||
| 3 Cleavage and Implantation | 37 | ||
| Cleavage | 37 | ||
| Morphology | 37 | ||
| Molecular, Genetic, and Developmental Control of Cleavage | 38 | ||
| Parental Imprinting | 42 | ||
| X-Chromosome Inactivation | 43 | ||
| Developmental Properties of Cleaving Embryos | 45 | ||
| Experimental Manipulations of Cleaving Embryos | 45 | ||
| Stem Cells and Cloning | 47 | ||
| Embryo Transport and Implantation | 50 | ||
| Transport Mechanisms by the Uterine Tube | 50 | ||
| Zona Pellucida | 51 | ||
| Implantation into the Uterine Lining | 51 | ||
| Embryo Failure and Spontaneous Abortion | 52 | ||
| Summary | 52 | ||
| Review Questions | 55 | ||
| References | 56 | ||
| 4 Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development | 58 | ||
| Fundamental Molecular Processes in Development | 58 | ||
| Transcription Factors | 58 | ||
| Homeobox-Containing Genes and Homeodomain Proteins | 58 | ||
| HOX Genes | 60 | ||
| Pax Genes | 61 | ||
| Other Homeobox-Containing Gene Families | 62 | ||
| T-Box Gene Family | 62 | ||
| Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors | 63 | ||
| Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins | 63 | ||
| Forkhead Gene Family | 63 | ||
| Zinc Finger Transcription Factors | 63 | ||
| Sox Genes | 63 | ||
| WT1 | 63 | ||
| Signaling Molecules | 63 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factor-β Family | 63 | ||
| Fibroblast Growth Factor Family | 66 | ||
| Hedgehog Family | 66 | ||
| Wnt Family | 66 | ||
| Other Actions of Signaling Molecules | 67 | ||
| Receptor Molecules | 68 | ||
| Signal Transduction | 68 | ||
| Small RNAs | 70 | ||
| Retinoic Acid | 71 | ||
| Developmental Genes and Cancer | 72 | ||
| Summary | 73 | ||
| Review Questions | 73 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| 5 Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives | 75 | ||
| Two-Germ-Layer Stage | 75 | ||
| Gastrulation and the Three Embryonic Germ Layers | 76 | ||
| Regression of the Primitive Streak | 79 | ||
| Notochord and Prechordal Plate | 80 | ||
| Induction of the Nervous System | 80 | ||
| Neural Induction | 80 | ||
| Early Formation of the Neural Plate | 85 | ||
| Cell Adhesion Molecules | 85 | ||
| Summary | 89 | ||
| Review Questions | 90 | ||
| References | 90 | ||
| 6 Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan | 92 | ||
| Development of the Ectodermal Germ Layer | 92 | ||
| Neurulation: Formation of the Neural Tube | 92 | ||
| Segmentation in the Neural Tube | 93 | ||
| Morphological Manifestations of Segmentation | 93 | ||
| Mechanisms of Early Segmentation of the Neural Tube | 95 | ||
| Segmentation in the Hindbrain Region | 95 | ||
| Formation and Segmentation of the Spinal Cord | 96 | ||
| Neural Crest | 97 | ||
| Sensory Placodes and Secondary Inductions in the Cranial Region | 97 | ||
| Development of the Mesodermal Germ Layer | 97 | ||
| Basic Plan of the Mesodermal Layer | 97 | ||
| Paraxial Mesoderm | 97 | ||
| Formation of Individual Somites | 99 | ||
| Organization of the Somite and the Basic Segmental Body Plan | 102 | ||
| Intermediate Mesoderm | 103 | ||
| Lateral Plate Mesoderm | 104 | ||
| Formation of the Coelom | 104 | ||
| Extraembryonic Mesoderm and the Body Stalk | 104 | ||
| Early Stages in the Formation of the Circulatory System | 104 | ||
| Heart and Great Vessels | 104 | ||
| Blood and Blood Vessels | 107 | ||
| Development of the Endodermal Germ Layer | 107 | ||
| Basic Structure of a 4-Week-Old Embryo | 111 | ||
| Gross Appearance | 111 | ||
| Circulatory System | 111 | ||
| Derivatives of the Embryonic Germ Layers | 111 | ||
| Summary | 112 | ||
| Review Questions | 115 | ||
| References | 115 | ||
| 7 Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes | 117 | ||
| Extraembryonic Tissues | 117 | ||
| Amnion | 117 | ||
| Yolk Sac | 118 | ||
| Allantois | 119 | ||
| Chorion and Placenta | 120 | ||
| Formation of Chorionic Villi | 120 | ||
| Establishing the Uteroplacental Circulation | 122 | ||
| Gross Relationships of Chorionic and Decidual Tissues | 122 | ||
| Formation and Structure of the Mature Placenta | 124 | ||
| Structure of the Mature Placenta | 125 | ||
| Umbilical Cord | 126 | ||
| Placental Circulation | 126 | ||
| Structure of a Mature Chorionic Villus | 126 | ||
| Placental Physiology | 126 | ||
| Placental Hormone Synthesis and Secretion | 129 | ||
| Placental Immunology | 129 | ||
| Placenta After Birth | 130 | ||
| Placenta and Membranes in Multiple Pregnancies | 130 | ||
| Summary | 133 | ||
| Review Questions | 134 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| 8 Developmental Disorders: | 136 | ||
| General Principles | 136 | ||
| Periods of Susceptibility to Abnormal Development | 139 | ||
| Patterns of Abnormal Development | 141 | ||
| Causes of Malformations | 141 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 141 | ||
| Abnormal Chromosome Numbers | 141 | ||
| Polyploidy | 141 | ||
| Monosomy and Trisomy | 142 | ||
| Abnormal Chromosome Structure | 143 | ||
| Genetic Mutations | 143 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 144 | ||
| Maternal Infections | 144 | ||
| Chemical Teratogens | 145 | ||
| Folic Acid Antagonists | 145 | ||
| Androgenic Hormones | 145 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 145 | ||
| Sedatives and Tranquilizers | 145 | ||
| Antineoplastic Agents | 146 | ||
| Alcohol | 146 | ||
| Retinoic Acid (Vitamin A) | 146 | ||
| Antibiotics | 147 | ||
| Other Drugs | 147 | ||
| Physical Factors | 148 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 148 | ||
| Other Physical Factors | 148 | ||
| Maternal Factors | 148 | ||
| Mechanical Factors | 148 | ||
| Developmental Disturbances Resulting in Malformations | 149 | ||
| Duplications and Reversal of Asymmetry | 149 | ||
| Faulty Inductive Tissue Interactions | 149 | ||
| Absence of Normal Cell Death | 149 | ||
| Failure of Tube Formation | 149 | ||
| Disturbances in Tissue Resorption | 149 | ||
| Failure of Migration | 149 | ||
| Developmental Arrest | 149 | ||
| Destruction of Formed Structures | 149 | ||
| Failure to Fuse or Merge | 149 | ||
| Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia | 149 | ||
| Receptor Defects | 150 | ||
| Defective Fields | 150 | ||
| Effects Secondary to Other Developmental Disturbances | 150 | ||
| Germ Layer Defects | 150 | ||
| Summary | 151 | ||
| Review Questions | 152 | ||
| References | 152 | ||
| II Development of the Body Systems | 155 | ||
| 9 Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems | 156 | ||
| Integumentary System | 156 | ||
| Epidermis | 156 | ||
| Structural Development | 156 | ||
| Immigrant Cells in the Epidermis | 156 | ||
| Epidermal Differentiation | 158 | ||
| Dermis | 159 | ||
| Dermal-Epidermal Interactions | 160 | ||
| Epidermal Appendages | 161 | ||
| Hair | 161 | ||
| Nails | 163 | ||
| Mammary Glands | 164 | ||
| Skeleton | 165 | ||
| Axial Skeleton | 168 | ||
| Vertebral Column and Ribs | 168 | ||
| Skull | 172 | ||
| Appendicular Skeleton | 177 | ||
| Muscular System | 178 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 181 | ||
| Determination and Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle | 181 | ||
| Muscle Transcription Factors | 183 | ||
| Histogenesis of Muscle | 185 | ||
| Morphogenesis of Muscle | 186 | ||
| Muscles of the Trunk and Limbs | 186 | ||
| Muscles of the Head and Cervical Region | 187 | ||
| Anomalies of Skeletal Muscles | 189 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 189 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 190 | ||
| Summary | 190 | ||
| Review Questions | 191 | ||
| References | 191 | ||
| Skin | 191 | ||
| Skeleton | 192 | ||
| Muscle | 192 | ||
| 10 Limb Development | 193 | ||
| Initiation of Limb Development | 193 | ||
| Regulative Properties and Axial Determination | 193 | ||
| Outgrowth of Limb Bud | 194 | ||
| Apical Ectodermal Ridge | 195 | ||
| Mesoderm of Early Limb Bud | 196 | ||
| Structure and Composition | 196 | ||
| Mesodermal-Ectodermal Interactions and the Role of Mesoderm in Limb Morphogenesis | 197 | ||
| Zone of Polarizing Activity and Morphogenetic Signaling | 198 | ||
| Morphogenetic Control of Early Limb Development | 199 | ||
| Control of Proximodistal Segmentation | 199 | ||
| Molecular Signals in Limb Development | 200 | ||
| Cell Death and Development of Digits | 202 | ||
| Development of Limb Tissues | 205 | ||
| Skeleton | 205 | ||
| Musculature | 206 | ||
| Tendons | 208 | ||
| Innervation | 208 | ||
| Vasculature | 208 | ||
| Summary | 211 | ||
| Review Questions | 214 | ||
| References | 214 | ||
| 11 Nervous System | 216 | ||
| Establishment of the Nervous System | 216 | ||
| Early Shaping of the Nervous System | 216 | ||
| Histogenesis Within the Central Nervous System | 218 | ||
| Proliferation Within the Neural Tube | 218 | ||
| Cell Lineages in Histogenesis of the Central Nervous System | 219 | ||
| Fundamental Cross-Sectional Organization of the Developing Neural Tube | 220 | ||
| Craniocaudal Pattern Formation and Segmentation | 222 | ||
| Patterning in the Hindbrain and Spinal Cord Regions | 222 | ||
| Patterning in the Midbrain Region | 224 | ||
| Patterning in the Forebrain Region | 226 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 226 | ||
| Structural Organization of a Peripheral Nerve | 226 | ||
| Patterns and Mechanisms of Neurite Outgrowth | 228 | ||
| Neurite-Target Relations During Development of a Peripheral Nerve | 229 | ||
| Factors Controlling Numbers and Kinds of Connections Between Neurites and End Organs in the Peripheral Nervous System | 231 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System | 231 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 231 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 232 | ||
| Differentiation of Autonomic Neurons | 232 | ||
| Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung’s Disease) | 233 | ||
| Later Structural Changes in the Central Nervous System* | 233 | ||
| Histogenesis Within the Central Nervous System | 233 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 235 | ||
| Myelencephalon | 236 | ||
| Metencephalon | 237 | ||
| Mesencephalon | 238 | ||
| Diencephalon | 240 | ||
| Telencephalon | 240 | ||
| Ventricles, Meninges, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Formation | 244 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 245 | ||
| Development of Neural Function | 245 | ||
| Summary | 251 | ||
| Review Questions | 252 | ||
| References | 252 | ||
| 12 Neural Crest | 254 | ||
| Developmental History of the Neural Crest | 254 | ||
| Origin, Induction, and Specification | 254 | ||
| Epitheliomesenchymal Transformation and Emigration from the Neural Tube | 254 | ||
| Neural Crest Cell Migration | 255 | ||
| Differentiation of Neural Crest Cells | 255 | ||
| Major Divisions of the Neural Crest | 258 | ||
| Trunk Neural Crest | 258 | ||
| Sympathoadrenal Lineage | 259 | ||
| Sensory Lineage | 259 | ||
| Melanocyte Lineage | 259 | ||
| Cranial Neural Crest | 259 | ||
| Circumpharyngeal Neural Crest | 263 | ||
| Cardiac Crest | 263 | ||
| Vagal Crest | 263 | ||
| Summary | 266 | ||
| Review Questions | 266 | ||
| References | 267 | ||
| 13 Sense Organs | 269 | ||
| Eye | 269 | ||
| Early Events in the Establishment of the Eye | 270 | ||
| Formation of the Lens | 274 | ||
| Formation of the Cornea | 276 | ||
| Retina and Other Derivatives of the Optic Cup | 279 | ||
| Neural Retina | 279 | ||
| Iris and Ciliary Body | 281 | ||
| Vitreous Body and Hyaloid Artery System | 282 | ||
| Choroid Coat and Sclera | 282 | ||
| Eyelids and Lacrimal Glands | 283 | ||
| Ear | 285 | ||
| Development of the Inner Ear | 286 | ||
| Development of the Middle Ear | 289 | ||
| Development of the External Ear | 290 | ||
| Summary | 291 | ||
| Review Questions | 292 | ||
| References | 292 | ||
| 14 Head and Neck | 294 | ||
| Early Development of the Head and Neck | 294 | ||
| Tissue Components and Segmentation of Early Craniofacial Region | 294 | ||
| Fundamental Organization of the Pharyngeal Region | 295 | ||
| Establishing the Pattern of the Craniofacial Region | 297 | ||
| Cellular Migrations and Tissue Displacements in the Craniofacial Region | 298 | ||
| Development of the Facial Region | 299 | ||
| Formation of the Face and Jaws | 299 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint and Its Relationship with the Jaw Joint of Lower Vertebrates | 302 | ||
| Formation of the Palate | 303 | ||
| Formation of the Nose and Olfactory Apparatus | 305 | ||
| Formation of the Salivary Glands | 307 | ||
| Formation of the Teeth | 307 | ||
| Patterning of the Dentition | 310 | ||
| Stages of Tooth Development | 311 | ||
| Tissue Interactions in Tooth Development | 311 | ||
| Formation of Dentin and Enamel | 315 | ||
| Tooth Eruption and Replacement | 315 | ||
| Development of the Pharynx and Its Derivatives | 315 | ||
| External Development of the Pharyngeal Region | 315 | ||
| Pharyngeal Arches | 315 | ||
| Pharyngeal Grooves | 323 | ||
| Internal Development of the Stomodeal and Pharyngeal Regions | 324 | ||
| Pharynx and Pharyngeal Pouches | 324 | ||
| Thyroid | 324 | ||
| Hypophysis | 324 | ||
| Thymus and Lymphoid Organs | 326 | ||
| Formation of the Tongue | 326 | ||
| Summary | 331 | ||
| Review Questions | 332 | ||
| References | 333 | ||
| 15 Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body Cavities | 335 | ||
| Digestive System | 335 | ||
| Patterning the Gut | 335 | ||
| Formation of the Esophagus | 337 | ||
| Formation of the Stomach | 340 | ||
| Development of the Spleen | 343 | ||
| Formation of the Intestines | 344 | ||
| Partitioning of the Cloaca | 346 | ||
| Histogenesis of the Intestinal Tract | 347 | ||
| Formation of Enteric Ganglia | 349 | ||
| Glands of the Digestive System | 352 | ||
| Formation of the Liver | 352 | ||
| Development of Hepatic Function | 354 | ||
| Formation of the Pancreas | 355 | ||
| Respiratory System | 359 | ||
| Formation of the Larynx | 359 | ||
| Formation of the Trachea and Bronchial Tree | 359 | ||
| Stages in Lung Development | 362 | ||
| Embryonic Stage (Weeks 4 to 7) | 362 | ||
| Pseudoglandular Stage (Weeks 8 to 16) | 362 | ||
| Canalicular Stage (Weeks 17 to 26) | 362 | ||
| Terminal Sac Stage (Weeks 26 to Birth) | 362 | ||
| Postnatal Stage | 362 | ||
| Body Cavities | 362 | ||
| Formation of the Common Coelom and Mesentery | 362 | ||
| Formation of the Septum Transversum and Pleural Canals | 365 | ||
| Formation of the Diaphragm | 367 | ||
| Summary | 372 | ||
| Review Questions | 373 | ||
| References | 374 | ||
| 16 Urogenital System | 376 | ||
| Urinary System | 376 | ||
| Early Forms of the Kidney | 376 | ||
| Metanephros | 377 | ||
| Later Changes in Kidney Development | 381 | ||
| Formation of the Urinary Bladder | 383 | ||
| Genital System | 383 | ||
| Genetic Determination of Gender | 389 | ||
| Specification of Germ Cells, Migration into the Gonads, and Entry into Meiosis | 390 | ||
| Establishment of Gonadal Gender | 391 | ||
| Origin of the Gonads and Adrenal Cortex | 391 | ||
| Differentiation of the Testes | 391 | ||
| Differentiation of the Ovaries | 393 | ||
| Sexual Duct System | 394 | ||
| Indifferent Sexual Duct System | 394 | ||
| Sexual Duct System of Males | 394 | ||
| Sexual Duct System of Females | 396 | ||
| Descent of the Gonads | 398 | ||
| Descent of the Testes | 398 | ||
| Descent of the Ovaries | 399 | ||
| External Genitalia | 399 | ||
| Indifferent Stage | 399 | ||
| External Genitalia of Males | 401 | ||
| External Genitalia of Females | 401 | ||
| Summary | 405 | ||
| Review Questions | 406 | ||
| References | 406 | ||
| 17 Cardiovascular System | 408 | ||
| Development of Blood and the Vascular System | 408 | ||
| Embryonic Hematopoiesis | 408 | ||
| Cellular Aspects of Hematopoiesis | 410 | ||
| Erythropoiesis | 410 | ||
| Hemoglobin Synthesis and its Control | 411 | ||
| Formation of Embryonic Blood Vessels | 413 | ||
| Development of the Arteries | 415 | ||
| Aorta, Aortic Arches, and Their Derivatives | 415 | ||
| Major Branches of the Aorta | 417 | ||
| Arteries of the Head | 418 | ||
| Coronary Arteries | 419 | ||
| Development of Veins | 420 | ||
| Cardinal Veins | 420 | ||
| Vitelline and Umbilical Veins | 422 | ||
| Pulmonary Veins | 422 | ||
| Development of Lymphatic Channels | 423 | ||
| Development and Partitioning of the Heart | 425 | ||
| Early Development of the Heart | 425 | ||
| Cellular Origins | 425 | ||
| Looping of the Heart | 426 | ||
| Early Atrioventricular Partitioning of the Heart | 426 | ||
| Later Partitioning of the Heart | 429 | ||
| Separation of the Atria from the Ventricles | 429 | ||
| Partitioning of the Atria | 430 | ||
| Repositioning of the Sinus Venosus and the Venous Inflow into the Right Atrium | 431 | ||
| Partitioning of the Ventricles | 431 | ||
| Partitioning of the Outflow Tract of the Heart | 431 | ||
| Innervation of the Heart | 433 | ||
| Initiation of Cardiac Function and the Conducting System of the Heart | 433 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 434 | ||
| Summary | 449 | ||
| Review Questions | 451 | ||
| References | 451 | ||
| 18 Fetal Period and Birth | 453 | ||
| Growth and Form of the Fetus | 453 | ||
| Fetal Physiology | 453 | ||
| Circulation | 453 | ||
| Fetal Lungs and Respiratory System | 456 | ||
| Fetal Movements and Sensations | 458 | ||
| Fetal Digestive Tract | 459 | ||
| Fetal Kidney Function | 461 | ||
| Endocrine Function in the Fetus | 461 | ||
| Parturition | 462 | ||
| Adaptations to Postnatal Life | 467 | ||
| Circulatory Changes at Birth | 467 | ||
| Lung Breathing in the Perinatal Period | 469 | ||
| Overview | 470 | ||
| Summary | 471 | ||
| Review Questions | 471 | ||
| References | 472 | ||
| Answers to Clinical Vignettes and Review Questions | 473 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 473 | ||
| Index | 479 | ||
| A | 479 | ||
| B | 480 | ||
| C | 481 | ||
| D | 484 | ||
| E | 485 | ||
| F | 487 | ||
| G | 489 | ||
| H | 490 | ||
| I | 491 | ||
| J | 492 | ||
| K | 492 | ||
| L | 493 | ||
| M | 493 | ||
| N | 496 | ||
| O | 497 | ||
| P | 498 | ||
| Q | 501 | ||
| R | 501 | ||
| S | 501 | ||
| T | 503 | ||
| U | 505 | ||
| V | 505 | ||
| W | 506 | ||
| X | 506 | ||
| Y | 506 | ||
| Z | 506 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 |