BOOK
Glaucoma E-Book
Tarek M. Shaarawy | Mark B. Sherwood | Roger A. Hitchings | Jonathan G. Crowston
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
As the irreversible effects of glaucoma can lead to blindness, there is high demand for early diagnosis and an ongoing need for practitioners to adopt new and evolving medical and surgical treatment options to improve patient outcomes. Glaucoma, Second Edition is the most comprehensive resource in the field delivering expert guidance for the most timely and effective diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma – aimed at specialists, fellows and general ophthalmologists. More than 300 contributors from six continents provide a truly global perspective and explore new approaches in this user friendly reference which has been updated with enhanced images, more spotlights, new videos, and more.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader , conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Get all the accuracy, expertise, and dependability you could ask for from leading specialists across six continents, for expert guidance and a fresh understanding of the subject.
- Develop a thorough, clinically relevant understanding of all aspects of adult and pediatric glaucoma and the latest diagnostic imaging techniques including ultrasound biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography.
- Broaden your surgical repertoire with the latest surgical techniques - such as trabeculectomy, gonio-surgery, combined surgeries, and implant procedures.
- Glean all essential, up-to-date, need-to-know information about stem cell research, gene transfer, and implants.
- Find answers fast thanks to a well-organized, user-friendly full-color layout.
- Stay at the forefront of your field with 10 brand new chapters on trending topics including: new surgical approaches such as trabectome and canoplasty; glaucoma implications in cataract and ocular surface disease; and, updates in the costs-effectiveness of medical management.
- Avoid pitfalls and achieve the best outcomes thanks to more than 40 brand new spotlight commentaries from key leaders providing added insight, tips and pearls of wisdom across varying hot topics and advances in the field.
- Refine and improve your surgical skills by watching over 50 video clips depicting the latest techniques and procedures including: new trabeculectomy methods, needling, implants, valve complications, and more.
- Prevent and plan for complications in advance by examining over 1,600 illustrations, photos and graphics (1,250 in color) capturing essential diagnostics techniques, imaging methods and surgical approaches.
- Grasp each procedure and review key steps quickly with chapter summary boxes that provide at-a-glance quick comprehension of the key take away points.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vol-1 | Vol-1-Cover | ||
| Front cover | Vol-1-Cover | ||
| GLAUCOMA | Vol-1-iii | ||
| Copyright page | Vol-1-iv | ||
| Table of Contents | Vol-1-v | ||
| Video Table of Contents | Vol-1-xi | ||
| First Edition Foreword | Vol-1-xiii | ||
| Preface | Vol-1-xiv | ||
| List of Contributors | Vol-1-xv | ||
| Acknowledgements | Vol-1-xxxiv | ||
| Contributor Locations | Vol-1-xxxv | ||
| Dedication | Vol-1-xxxvi | ||
| The Editors | Vol-1-xxxvii | ||
| 1 Glaucoma in the World | 1 | ||
| 1 Prevalence and Geographical Variations | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Epidemiological Methods | 1 | ||
| Prevalence and Incidence | 1 | ||
| Study Designs: Population-Based Surveys | 1 | ||
| Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria | 2 | ||
| Definition of Glaucoma for Use in Epidemiological Surveys | 2 | ||
| Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 2 | ||
| Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 2 | ||
| Secondary Glaucomas | 2 | ||
| Applications of Epidemiological Data | 2 | ||
| Regional Variation in Glaucoma Prevalence and Type | 3 | ||
| Europe, North America | 3 | ||
| Latin America | 3 | ||
| Asia | 3 | ||
| Africa | 4 | ||
| Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Prevalence and Numbers Affected | 4 | ||
| Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Prevalence and Numbers Affected | 4 | ||
| Secondary Glaucomas | 6 | ||
| Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma | 6 | ||
| Geographical Variation in Risk Factors | 7 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity | 7 | ||
| Intraocular Pressure | 7 | ||
| Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Risk Factors and Mechanisms | 7 | ||
| Prevalence of Undetected Glaucoma | 7 | ||
| References | 9 | ||
| 2 Screening for Glaucoma | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| Criteria for Screening | 11 | ||
| Screening Concepts | 12 | ||
| Lead Time, Delay Time and Sojourn Time | 13 | ||
| What Constitutes Early Diagnosis? | 14 | ||
| Risk Factor Screening in Open-Angle Glaucoma | 14 | ||
| The Number Needed to Screen | 14 | ||
| Risk Factor Screening in Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 15 | ||
| Current Status Screening for Glaucoma | 16 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 18 | ||
| References | 18 | ||
| 3 Economics of Glaucoma Care | 20 | ||
| Introduction | 20 | ||
| Types of Economic Analysis | 20 | ||
| Framework for Looking at Costs in Glaucoma: A Common Vocabulary – Vancouver | 22 | ||
| What is Currently Known: Costs of Visual Disorders and Blindness | 22 | ||
| Cost Estimates for Visual Disorders | 22 | ||
| What is Currently Known: Costs in Glaucoma | 22 | ||
| Cost of Medications | 23 | ||
| US Versus Other Countries | 23 | ||
| What is Currently Known: Benefits | 23 | ||
| Cost-Effectiveness | 23 | ||
| Cost-Effectiveness of Treatment | 24 | ||
| Glaucoma Screening | 24 | ||
| Ocular Hypertension Treatment | 24 | ||
| Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment | 24 | ||
| Different Treatment Courses: Medication versus Laser Studies | 24 | ||
| Additional Issues and Future Perspectives | 25 | ||
| Impact on Overall Healthcare Costs | 25 | ||
| Discounting | 25 | ||
| Disparities | 25 | ||
| Future Access to Eye Care and Cost | 25 | ||
| References | 28 | ||
| 4 Practical Application of Glaucoma Care in Different Societies | 30 | ||
| Introduction | 30 | ||
| Practical Considerations in the Management of Glaucoma in Sub-Saharan Africa | 33 | ||
| Glaucoma Care: The Nongovernmental Organization Perspective | 34 | ||
| Current Situation | 34 | ||
| What are the Actual Requirements for Blindness Prevention to Enable Nongovernmental Organizations to Take a More Active Role in Glaucoma Programming? | 35 | ||
| Competition From Other Diseases | 35 | ||
| Glaucoma Services in a Developing Country Setting | 37 | ||
| References | 37 | ||
| 2 Pathogenesis | 40 | ||
| 5 Functional Morphology of the Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathways | 40 | ||
| Introduction | 40 | ||
| The Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathways | 40.e1 | ||
| Structure of the Trabecular Meshwork | 40.e1 | ||
| The Trabecular Beams | 40.e2 | ||
| The Juxtacanalicular Tissue | 40.e2 | ||
| Schlemm’s Canal | 40.e3 | ||
| The Site of Outflow Resistance | 40 | ||
| Ciliary Muscle and Scleral Spur | 41 | ||
| The Trabecular Meshwork in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 44 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 44 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| 6 Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Intraocular Pressure Elevation | 47 | ||
| Introduction | 47 | ||
| Aqueous Humor Dynamics in the Healthy Human Eye | 47 | ||
| Aqueous Flow | 47 | ||
| Trabecular Outflow | 49 | ||
| Episcleral Venous Pressure | 51 | ||
| Uveoscleral Outflow | 51 | ||
| Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Clinical Syndromes Affecting Intraocular Pressure | 52 | ||
| Ocular Hypertension | 52 | ||
| Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 52 | ||
| Normotension Glaucoma | 53 | ||
| Pigment Dispersion Syndrome | 53 | ||
| Exfoliation Syndrome | 53 | ||
| Fuchs’ Heterochromic Iridocyclitis | 54 | ||
| Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (Posner–Schlossman Syndrome) | 54 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 7 Pathogenesis of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy | 57 | ||
| Background | 57 | ||
| Normal Organization of the Lamina Cribrosa: Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy | 57 | ||
| Axon Organization in the Optic Nerve Head: A Role for Mechanical Factors | 58 | ||
| Astroglial Interactions within the Lamina Cribrosal: Translating the Effects of Stress and Strain | 58 | ||
| Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes: Translating Optic Nerve Stress into Axon Damage | 59 | ||
| Blood Supply: Normal and Glaucoma | 62 | ||
| The Blood Supply of the Optic Nerve Head | 62 | ||
| What is the Role of IOP in Initiating Axon Loss? | 62 | ||
| How Does Axon Damage Result in RGC Loss? | 62 | ||
| Retinal Factors in the Initiation of Retinal Ganglion Cell Death | 63 | ||
| Mitochondrial Factors | 63 | ||
| Immunological Factors in Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy | 63 | ||
| Conclusions | 64 | ||
| References | 65 | ||
| 8 Mechanical Strain and Restructuring of the Optic Nerve Head | 67 | ||
| The Optic Nerve Head (ONH) as a Biomechanical Structure | 67 | ||
| Mechanical Environment of the Optic Nerve Head and Peripapillary Sclera | 69 | ||
| Basic Engineering Concepts | 69 | ||
| Overview of the Mechanical Environment of the ONH and Peripapillary Sclera | 71 | ||
| Mechanical Response of the ONH to Acutely Elevated IOP | 73 | ||
| The Contribution of the Sclera to ONH Biomechanics | 74 | ||
| scleral geometry. | 74 | ||
| scleral material properties. | 74 | ||
| Engineering Models of Stress and Strain in the ONH and Peripapillary Sclera | 74 | ||
| numerical simulations – finite element (FE) analysis. | 74 | ||
| Numerical growth and remodeling. | 79 | ||
| Multi-scale simulations. | 80 | ||
| Other Acute, IOP-Related Changes in the ONH | 80 | ||
| Restructuring and Remodeling of the Optic Nerve Head | 82 | ||
| Normal Aging | 82 | ||
| Alterations in the ONH in Early Glaucoma | 82 | ||
| Alterations in the ONH in the Later Stages of Glaucomatous Damage | 84 | ||
| Biomechanical Manipulation of ONH and Peripapillary Scleral Cells in Culture | 84 | ||
| Future Directions | 85 | ||
| Clinical Implications | 85 | ||
| Basic Research Directions | 85 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| 9 Role of Ocular Blood Flow in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma | 88 | ||
| Findings of Ocular Blood Flow Studies in Glaucoma and their Interpretation | 88 | ||
| Visible Ocular Vascular Changes in Glaucoma | 89 | ||
| Epidemiological Evidence Linking Ocular Perfusion and Glaucoma | 89 | ||
| Potential Mechanisms of Ocular Blood Flow Reduction in Glaucoma Patients | 89 | ||
| Local Resistance to Flow | 89 | ||
| Ocular Perfusion Pressure | 90 | ||
| Nocturnal Hypotension | 90 | ||
| Current Evidence of Abnormal Ocular Blood Flow in Glaucoma | 91 | ||
| Impaired Optic Nerve Head, Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow in Glaucoma | 91 | ||
| Improvements in Ocular Blood Flow Following Therapeutic IOP Reduction | 91 | ||
| Blood Flow Responses to an Induced Change in IOP Using Suction Cup | 92 | ||
| Defective Autoregulation of the Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow in Glaucoma | 92 | ||
| Effect of Inhaled Carbon Dioxide on Retrobulbar Circulation in Glaucoma | 93 | ||
| Role of Vasospasm and Migraines in the Development and Progression of Glaucoma | 93 | ||
| Conclusion | 94 | ||
| References | 94 | ||
| 3 Evaluation of Glaucoma | 98 | ||
| 10 Tonometry and Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation | 98 | ||
| Introduction | 98 | ||
| Goldmann Applanation Tonometry | 98 | ||
| Tonometer Principle | 98 | ||
| Accuracy of Intraocular Pressure Measurements and Precision of Technique | 98 | ||
| Noncontact Tonometry | 99 | ||
| Tonometer Principle | 99 | ||
| Accuracy and Precision of Intraocular Pressure Measurements | 100 | ||
| The Ocular Response Analyzer | 100 | ||
| The Corvis® ST Tonometer | 100 | ||
| The Tonopen | 101 | ||
| Vol-2\r | Vol-2-Cover | ||
| Front cover | Vol-2-Cover | ||
| GLAUCOMA | Vol-2-iii | ||
| Copyright page | Vol-2-iv | ||
| Table of Contents | Vol-2-v | ||
| Video Table of Contents | Vol-2-xi | ||
| First Edition Foreword | Vol-2-xiii | ||
| Preface | Vol-2-xiv | ||
| List of Contributors | Vol-2-xv | ||
| Acknowledgements | Vol-2-xxxiv | ||
| Contributor Locations | Vol-2-xxxv | ||
| Dedication | Vol-2-xxxvi | ||
| The Editors | Vol-2-xxxvii | ||
| 9 Introduction | 675 | ||
| 66 Economics of Surgery Worldwide: | 675 | ||
| Introduction | 675 | ||
| The Evidence of Treatment Efficacy, Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness in Preventing Visual Disability | 675 | ||
| Trends in Glaucoma Therapy | 675 | ||
| Costs and Resource Utilization | 676 | ||
| Future Steps | 676 | ||
| References | 677 | ||
| 67 When to Perform Glaucoma Surgery | 678 | ||
| Introduction | 678 | ||
| Maximal Medical Therapy | 679 | ||
| Laser Trabeculoplasty | 679 | ||
| Current Practice | 680 | ||
| Stage of Glaucomatous Nerve Damage | 680 | ||
| Glaucoma Diagnosis | 680 | ||
| Effects of Medications and Laser on Trabeculectomy Outcome | 681 | ||
| Visual Outcome of Glaucoma Surgery | 681 | ||
| Noncompliance | 681 | ||
| References | 682 | ||
| 68 Economics of Surgery Worldwide: | 683 | ||
| Introduction | 683 | ||
| Social and Economic Burden | 684 | ||
| Low Surgical Uptake | 684 | ||
| Barriers | 684 | ||
| 1. lack of awareness. | 684 | ||
| 2. bad surgery or poor surgical outcome. | 684 | ||
| 3. cost of the surgery to the patient. | 685 | ||
| 4. distance from the patient to the service provider. | 685 | ||
| Cost Analysis | 685 | ||
| Cost-Effectiveness of Screening | 685 | ||
| Sources of Funds for the Surgery | 685 | ||
| Recommendations | 685 | ||
| References | 686 | ||
| 69 Lowering Intraocular Pressure: | 687 | ||
| Introduction | 687 | ||
| Risk : Benefit Ratio | 688 | ||
| Target Intraocular Pressure | 689 | ||
| Principles of Management | 689 | ||
| Pressure Lowering in Medical and Surgical Therapy | 689 | ||
| Choosing the Appropriate Therapy in the Individual | 692 | ||
| Quality of Life/Cost Issues | 692 | ||
| Summary | 693 | ||
| References | 693 | ||
| 70 The Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathways: | 695 | ||
| Introduction | 695 | ||
| Surgical Approaches to the Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathways | 695 | ||
| Trabeculectomy | 695 | ||
| Non-penetrating Filtration Surgery | 695 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 698 | ||
| References | 698 | ||
| 10 Laser Therapy | 699 | ||
| 71 Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty | 699 | ||
| Introduction | 699 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action | 699 | ||
| Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty Following and in Comparison to Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty | 700 | ||
| Prediction of IOP Lowering | 701 | ||
| Indications | 701 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 702 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations | 702 | ||
| Operative Techniques and Potential Modifications | 702 | ||
| Postoperative Management and Interventions | 703 | ||
| Outcomes | 703 | ||
| Complications | 703 | ||
| Other Considerations | 705 | ||
| References | 706 | ||
| 72 Peripheral Iridotomy for Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 708 | ||
| Introduction | 708 | ||
| Indications for Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 708 | ||
| Acute Primary Angle Closure | 708 | ||
| Fellow Eye in Acute Primary Angle Closure | 708 | ||
| Chronic Angle Closure with Ocular Hypertension, with or without Glaucoma | 708 | ||
| Narrow or Occludable Angle | 708 | ||
| Miscellaneous Indications | 709 | ||
| Contraindications for Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 709 | ||
| Techniques of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 709 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations and Preparations | 709 | ||
| Choice of Position for Initial Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 710 | ||
| Laser Techniques | 710 | ||
| continuous-wave argon laser peripheral iridotomy. | 710 | ||
| neodymium:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy. | 710 | ||
| Modifications in Thick, Dark-Brown Irides: Sequential Laser Technique | 710 | ||
| Postoperative Management and Follow-Up | 711 | ||
| Outcomes of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 711 | ||
| Effectiveness of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy in Preventing Attacks of Angle Closure | 712 | ||
| Effect of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy on Intraocular Pressure | 712 | ||
| Effect of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy in Preventing Intraocular Pressure Rise after Acute Primary Angle-Closure Attack | 712 | ||
| Widening of the Angle after Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 712 | ||
| Race and the Effectiveness of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 713 | ||
| ‘Plateau Iris’ and the Effectiveness of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 713 | ||
| Complications of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy | 713 | ||
| References | 714 | ||
| 73 Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty | 716 | ||
| Introduction | 716 | ||
| Laser Gonioplasty | 716 | ||
| Indications | 716 | ||
| Acute Angle Closure | 716 | ||
| Chronic Angle Closure | 716 | ||
| Plateau Iris | 717 | ||
| Lens-Related Angle Closure | 717 | ||
| Choroidal Effusion | 717 | ||
| Adjunct to Laser Trabeculoplasty | 717 | ||
| Adjunct to Laser Iridotomy | 718 | ||
| Contraindications | 718 | ||
| Flat Anterior Chamber | 718 | ||
| Extensive Corneal Edema or Opacification | 718 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 718 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 718 | ||
| Operative Technique | 718 | ||
| Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty | 718 | ||
| Laser Gonioplasty | 719 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 719 | ||
| Complications | 719 | ||
| Recurrence of Angle Closure | 720 | ||
| References | 720 | ||
| 11 Trabeculectomy | 722 | ||
| 74 Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach | 722 | ||
| Past Medical History | 722 | ||
| Ophthalmological History | 722 | ||
| previous ocular surgery. | 722 | ||
| uveitis. | 722 | ||
| herpes. | 722 | ||
| retinopathies. | 722 | ||
| refraction. | 722 | ||
| ocular surface. | 723 | ||
| pregnancy. | 723 | ||
| Medication | 723 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 723 | ||
| Visual Acuity | 723 | ||
| Slit-Lamp Examination | 723 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 724 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopy | 724 | ||
| Technical Examinations | 724 | ||
| Visual Field | 724 | ||
| Optic Disc Imaging | 724 | ||
| Axial Length | 724 | ||
| Central Corneal Thickness | 724 | ||
| Choice of Technique | 724 | ||
| Anesthesia | 724 | ||
| Target Intraocular Pressure | 725 | ||
| Risk Factors for Failure | 725 | ||
| Preservation of Vision | 725 | ||
| Timing of Surgery | 725 | ||
| Informed Consent | 725 | ||
| References | 726 | ||
| 75 Preoperative Conjunctival Health and Trabeculectomy Outcome | 727 | ||
| Introduction | 727 | ||
| The Normal Conjunctiva and Wound Healing Response | 727 | ||
| The ‘Activated’ Conjunctiva | 728 | ||
| Previous Topical Glaucoma Therapy | 728 | ||
| Effects of Topical Therapy on Conjunctival Cellular Profile | 728 | ||
| Effects of Topical Therapy on Trabeculectomy Outcome | 729 | ||
| BAK-Free and Preservative-Free Antiglaucoma Therapy | 729 | ||
| Previous Ocular Surgery | 730 | ||
| Secondary Glaucoma | 730 | ||
| Ethnicity | 730 | ||
| Youth | 731 | ||
| Discriminating Patients at Risk of Trabeculectomy Failure | 731 | ||
| Reducing the Risk of Trabeculectomy Failure | 731 | ||
| References | 732 | ||
| 76 Ophthalmic Anesthesia | 734 | ||
| Introduction | 734 | ||
| Preoperative Assessment | 734 | ||
| Sedation | 734 | ||
| Agents | 735 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 735 | ||
| Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting | 735 | ||
| Open Globe Injuries | 736 | ||
| Topical Anesthesia | 736 | ||
| Patient Selection | 736 | ||
| Agents | 736 |