Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
If you know all of the concepts in Crush Step 1: The Ultimate USMLE Step 1 Review, you should do much better than pass USMLE Step 1: You should Crush it! Led by Theodore X. O'Connell, MD, the author of the best-selling USMLE Step 2 Secrets and Brochert’s Crush Step 2, this focused, high-yield review of core content and test prep strategies is the most effective USMLE Step 1preparation available for this high-stakes exam. Written and reviewed by students, residents, and experts, Crush Step 1 is the resource you need to score high!
- Focus on essential concepts and master them efficiently with up-to-date, easy-to-read, high-yield coverage of all of the material tested on the exam.
- Ensure your comprehension with USMLE Step 1 practice questions following key sections as well as rapid-review high-yield boxes.
- Learn how to study for USMLE Step 1 with a more strategic approach through a unique focus on identifying and understanding question stems instead of memorizing buzz words.
- Spend more time studying and less time searching thanks to a well-written, easily accessible approach, with plenty of helpful lists and tables to highlight high-yield data.
- Depend on the relevance and accuracy of the content thanks to oversight by authors who scored within the 99th percentile on the USMLE Step 1 exam and Review Boards comprised of students, residents, and faculty.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Crush Step1: The Ultimate USMLE Step 1 Review | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Faculty Review Board | v | ||
| Student Review Board | vii | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Introduction | xi | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Chapter 1: Biostatistics | 1 | ||
| MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE | 1 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 1 | ||
| Statistics for Diagnostic Tests | 3 | ||
| Positive Predictive Value (PPV) | 4 | ||
| Negative Predictive Value (NPV) | 4 | ||
| Calculations of Risk Measures | 4 | ||
| 2 × 2 Table | 4 | ||
| Risk Difference (RD) | 5 | ||
| STATISTICAL TESTS AND SIGNIFICANCE | 6 | ||
| Accuracy | 6 | ||
| Precision | 6 | ||
| Categorical Data | 6 | ||
| Continuous Data | 6 | ||
| Statistical Tests for Data Analysis | 6 | ||
| Two-Sample t-Test | 6 | ||
| ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) | 7 | ||
| Chi-Square Test | 7 | ||
| Correlation Coefficient (r) | 7 | ||
| Causality | 7 | ||
| Hypothesis Testing | 7 | ||
| Null hypothesis (Ho) | 7 | ||
| Alpha (Type 1) Error | 7 | ||
| Beta (Type 2) Error | 7 | ||
| Power | 7 | ||
| P-Value | 8 | ||
| Confidence Interval | 8 | ||
| Clinical Study Design | 8 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 9 | ||
| Bias | 9 | ||
| MEDICAL ETHICS | 10 | ||
| Preventative Medicine and Health Care | 12 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 13 | ||
| Chapter 2: Biochemistry | 14 | ||
| PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 14 | ||
| Amino Acid Structure | 14 | ||
| Protein Structure | 16 | ||
| OXYGEN-BINDING PROTEINS: HEMOGLOBIN AND MYOGLOBIN | 17 | ||
| Fibrous Proteins | 20 | ||
| Enzymes | 21 | ||
| NITROGEN METABOLISM | 23 | ||
| Disposal of Amino Acid Nitrogen | 23 | ||
| Amino Acid Synthesis and Degradation | 24 | ||
| Amino Acid Derivatives | 27 | ||
| Heme Synthesis and Metabolism | 28 | ||
| NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 30 | ||
| Nucleic Acid Structure | 30 | ||
| Purine Metabolism | 30 | ||
| Pyrimidine Synthesis | 32 | ||
| DNA Replication | 32 | ||
| DNA Repair | 32 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM | 33 | ||
| Carbohydrate Structure | 33 | ||
| Glycolysis | 33 | ||
| Gluconeogenesis | 35 | ||
| Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation | 35 | ||
| Glycogen Storage Diseases | 36 | ||
| Metabolism of Sugars | 36 | ||
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway | 36 | ||
| TCA Cycle | 37 | ||
| Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation | 37 | ||
| LIPID STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM | 37 | ||
| Lipid Structure | 37 | ||
| Sphingolipids and Sphingolipid Storage Diseases | 39 | ||
| Eicosanoids | 40 | ||
| Fatty Acid Oxidation and Synthesis | 41 | ||
| INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM | 41 | ||
| Vitamins | 41 | ||
| Trace Elements | 45 | ||
| GENETICS | 45 | ||
| Patterns of Inheritance | 45 | ||
| Pedigree Analysis | 45 | ||
| Basic Mendelian Inheritance | 45 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant | 46 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive | 48 | ||
| X-Linked Recessive | 49 | ||
| X-Linked Dominant | 49 | ||
| Mitochondrial Inheritance | 50 | ||
| CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES | 50 | ||
| Nondisjunction | 50 | ||
| Autosomal Trisomies | 52 | ||
| Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy | 52 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 54 | ||
| Chapter 3: Dermatology | 55 | ||
| HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 55 | ||
| Melanocytes | 55 | ||
| Langerhans Cells | 55 | ||
| Merkel Cells | 56 | ||
| Adnexal Structures | 56 | ||
| Eccrine Glands | 56 | ||
| Apocrine Glands | 56 | ||
| Pilosebaceous Unit | 57 | ||
| Describing Lesions | 57 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 59 | ||
| Common Dermatologic Conditions | 59 | ||
| Acne Vulgaris | 59 | ||
| Rosacea | 59 | ||
| Lichen Planus | 59 | ||
| Pityriasis Rosea | 60 | ||
| Keloid | 60 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 60 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) | 61 | ||
| Urticaria (Hives) | 61 | ||
| Psoriasis | 61 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X) | 61 | ||
| Autoimmune Diseases | 61 | ||
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | 61 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid (BP) | 62 | ||
| Conditions of Pigmentation | 63 | ||
| Vitiligo | 63 | ||
| Albinism | 63 | ||
| Solar Lentigo | 63 | ||
| Melasma | 63 | ||
| Nevocellular Nevus (Common Mole) | 63 | ||
| Ephelis (Common Freckle) | 64 | ||
| Neoplasms, Dysplasias, and Malignancies | 64 | ||
| Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) | 64 | ||
| Actinic Keratosis (AK) | 64 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) | 64 | ||
| Keratoacanthoma | 65 | ||
| Melanoma | 65 | ||
| Seborrheic Keratosis (SK) | 65 | ||
| Strawberry Hemangioma | 65 | ||
| Cherry Hemangioma | 65 | ||
| Skin Infections and Infestations | 66 | ||
| Cellulitis | 66 | ||
| Erysipelas | 66 | ||
| Impetigo | 66 | ||
| Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) | 67 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 67 | ||
| Dermatophytes | 67 | ||
| Tinea Versicolor | 67 | ||
| Scabies | 67 | ||
| Oral Hairy Leukoplakia | 67 | ||
| Leukoplakia | 68 | ||
| Verrucae (Warts) | 68 | ||
| Dermatologic Manifestations of Internal Disease | 68 | ||
| Erythema Nodosum | 68 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 68 | ||
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | 68 | ||
| Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 69 | ||
| Erythema Marginatum | 69 | ||
| Erythema Chronicum Migrans | 69 | ||
| Dermatitis Herpetiformis | 70 | ||
| Acanthosis Nigricans | 70 | ||
| Stasis Dermatitis | 70 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 71 | ||
| Retinoids | 71 | ||
| Permethrin | 71 | ||
| Topical Antifungals | 71 | ||
| Topical Steroids | 71 | ||
| 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) | 71 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 72 | ||
| Chapter 4: Embryology | 73 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF ANATOMY | 73 | ||
| EARLY EMBRYOLOGY: THE FIRST MONTH | 73 | ||
| The First Week: From Fertilization to Implantation | 73 | ||
| Twinning | 73 | ||
| The Second Week: The Rule of Twos | 76 | ||
| The Third Week: Gastrulation and the Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm | 77 | ||
| Ectoderm | 77 | ||
| Endoderm | 78 | ||
| Mesoderm | 78 | ||
| The Fourth Week: Neural Tube Closure and Beginning of Organogenesis | 79 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY: WEEK 5 AND BEYOND | 79 | ||
| Weeks 4 to 8: Organogenesis and Teratogenicity | 79 | ||
| Substances of Abuse | 80 | ||
| Common Medications | 81 | ||
| Historical Medications | 82 | ||
| Weeks 9 to Birth: The “Fetal Period” of Organ Maturation | 82 | ||
| FETAL CIRCULATION AND ERYTHROPOIESIS | 82 | ||
| Structure of the Placenta and Umbilical Cord | 82 | ||
| Fetal Erythropoiesis | 83 | ||
| Overview of Fetal Circulation | 83 | ||
| Fetal Circulation Summary | 83 | ||
| Changes to Fetal Circulation at Birth | 85 | ||
| CARDIAC EMBRYOLOGY | 85 | ||
| Formation of the Cardiac Loop | 85 | ||
| Septation of the Heart: Interatrial Septum Formation | 85 | ||
| Septation of the Heart: Interventricular Septum Formation | 86 | ||
| VASCULAR EMBRYOLOGY | 86 | ||
| NEUROEMBRYOLOGY | 89 | ||
| Somites | 89 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 89 | ||
| Notochord | 89 | ||
| Holoprosencephaly | 90 | ||
| Dandy-Walker Syndrome | 90 | ||
| Arnold-Chiari Malformation | 90 | ||
| Syringomyelia | 90 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL EMBRYOLOGY | 90 | ||
| Allantois | 90 | ||
| Vitelline Duct (Omphalomesenteric Duct) | 91 | ||
| Cloaca | 91 | ||
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia | 91 | ||
| Omphalocele | 92 | ||
| Gastroschisis | 93 | ||
| RENAL EMBRYOLOGY | 93 | ||
| Pronephros | 93 | ||
| Mesonephros | 93 | ||
| Metanephros | 93 | ||
| Potter Sequence (Oligohydramnios Sequence) | 93 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE EMBRYOLOGY | 94 | ||
| Male Embryology | 94 | ||
| Female Embryology | 94 | ||
| Urogenital Sinus | 94 | ||
| Hypospadias | 94 | ||
| Epispadias | 94 | ||
| Exstrophy of the Bladder | 94 | ||
| Micropenis | 94 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 95 | ||
| Uterine Anomalies | 95 | ||
| HEAD AND NECK EMBRYOLOGY | 95 | ||
| Treacher Collins Syndrome | 95 | ||
| Pierre Robin Syndrome | 97 | ||
| DiGeorge Syndrome | 97 | ||
| Branchial Cleft Cyst | 97 | ||
| Tongue | 97 | ||
| Thyroid | 98 | ||
| Ear | 98 | ||
| GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 98 | ||
| Neonatal Medicine | 98 | ||
| Apgar Score | 98 | ||
| Low Birth Weight | 99 | ||
| Developmental Milestones | 99 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 101 | ||
| Chapter 5: Microbiology | 102 | ||
| BACTERIA | 102 | ||
| Introduction to Bacterial Structure | 102 | ||
| Organization of the Rest of the Bacteriology Section | 104 | ||
| Gram-Positive Cocci | 105 | ||
| Staphylococcus | 105 | ||
| Streptococcus | 108 | ||
| Gram-Negative Cocci | 111 | ||
| Neisseria | 112 | ||
| Other Gram-Negative Cocci | 112 | ||
| Gram-Positive Rods | 112 | ||
| Spore Forming | 112 | ||
| Non–Spore Forming | 113 | ||
| Bacillus | 113 | ||
| Clostridium | 114 | ||
| Listeria | 114 | ||
| Corynebacterium | 114 | ||
| Gram-Negative Enteric Rods | 115 | ||
| Escherichia | 115 | ||
| Klebsiella | 116 | ||
| Proteus | 116 | ||
| Shigella | 116 | ||
| Salmonella | 116 | ||
| Yersinia | 117 | ||
| Vibrio | 117 | ||
| Campylobacter | 117 | ||
| Helicobacter | 117 | ||
| Pseudomonas | 117 | ||
| Burkholderia and Stenotrophomonas | 118 | ||
| Bacteroides and Fusobacterium | 118 | ||
| Other Enterics | 118 | ||
| Gram-Negative Nonenteric Rods | 118 | ||
| Haemophilus | 118 | ||
| Gardnerella | 119 | ||
| Bordetella | 120 | ||
| Legionella | 120 | ||
| Yersinia | 120 | ||
| Francisella | 120 | ||
| Brucella | 120 | ||
| Pasteurella | 121 | ||
| Gram-Positive Branching Filamentous Bacteria | 121 | ||
| Actinomyces | 121 | ||
| Nocardia | 121 | ||
| Pleomorphic Bacteria | 121 | ||
| Chlamydia | 122 | ||
| Rickettsia | 123 | ||
| Rickettsia- like Infections | 124 | ||
| Gram-Negative Spirals | 124 | ||
| Treponema | 124 | ||
| Borrelia | 126 | ||
| Leptospira | 126 | ||
| Gram-Positive Acid-Fast Bacteria | 127 | ||
| Mycobacterium | 127 | ||
| Primary Tuberculosis | 127 | ||
| Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis | 127 | ||
| Gram-Positive Bacteria with No Cell Wall | 129 | ||
| Mycoplasma | 129 | ||
| VIRUSES | 129 | ||
| Introduction to Viruses | 129 | ||
| DNA Viruses | 130 | ||
| Herpesviridae | 130 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 130 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 131 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 132 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus | 132 | ||
| Other Herpes Viruses | 133 | ||
| Hepadnaviridae | 133 | ||
| Orthohepadnavirus | 133 | ||
| Parvoviridae | 135 | ||
| Parvovirus | 135 | ||
| Papovaviridae | 135 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 135 | ||
| Polyomaviruses | 136 | ||
| Adenoviridae | 136 | ||
| Poxviridae | 137 | ||
| RNA VIRUSES | 137 | ||
| Naked RNA Viruses | 137 | ||
| Picornaviruses | 137 | ||
| Hepeviruses | 139 | ||
| Caliciviruses | 139 | ||
| Reoviruses (Respiratory Enteric Orphan Viruses) | 139 | ||
| Enveloped RNA Viruses | 141 | ||
| Flaviviruses | 141 | ||
| Togaviruses | 141 | ||
| Retroviruses | 143 | ||
| Coronaviruses | 148 | ||
| Orthomyxoviruses | 148 | ||
| Paramyxovirus | 150 | ||
| Rhabdoviruses | 153 | ||
| Filoviruses | 153 | ||
| Deltaviruses | 153 | ||
| Arenaviruses | 154 | ||
| Bunyaviruses | 154 | ||
| FUNGI | 155 | ||
| Introduction to Fungi | 155 | ||
| Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses | 156 | ||
| Subcutaneous Fungal Infections | 157 | ||
| Systemic Mycoses | 158 | ||
| Systemic Mycoses in Normal Individuals | 158 | ||
| Systemic Mycoses in Immunocompromised Individuals | 160 | ||
| PARASITES | 162 | ||
| PROTOZOA | 163 | ||
| Protozoa that Cause Central Nervous System Infections | 163 | ||
| Protozoa that Cause Gastrointestinal Infections | 164 | ||
| Protozoa that Cause Blood-Borne Infections | 165 | ||
| Protozoa that Are Sexually Transmitted | 168 | ||
| HELMINTHS | 169 | ||
| Nematodes | 169 | ||
| Platyhelminths | 171 | ||
| Trematodes (Flukes) | 172 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIALS | 172 | ||
| Antibiotics | 173 | ||
| β-Lactam Antibiotics | 173 | ||
| Penicillins: Penicillin G (IV); Penicillin V (Oral) | 173 | ||
| Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin (IV, Oral); Amoxicillin (Oral) | 173 | ||
| Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins: Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin (IV); Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin (Oral) | 173 | ||
| Antipseudomonal Penicillins: Ticarcillin, Piperacillin (IV); Carbenicillin (Oral) | 174 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 174 | ||
| Monobactams—Aztreonam (IV, IM) | 175 | ||
| Carbapenems—Imipenem/Cilastatin, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem (IV, IM) | 175 | ||
| Antiribosomal Antibiotics | 175 | ||
| Aminoglycosides—Gentamicin, Amikacin, Streptomycin (IV); Neomycin (Topical, IV, PO), Tobramycin (IV, Inhaled) | 176 | ||
| Tetracyclines—Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Demeclocycline (PO, IV, Topical) | 176 | ||
| Macrolides—Erythromycin, Azithromycin (PO, IV); Clarithromycin (PO) | 176 | ||
| Amphenicols—Chloramphenicol (PO, IV) | 177 | ||
| Lincosamides—Clindamycin (PO, IV, Topical) | 177 | ||
| Oxazolidinones—Linezolid (PO, IV) | 177 | ||
| Streptogramins—Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (IV) | 177 | ||
| Miscellaneous Antibiotics | 178 | ||
| Glycopeptides—Vancomycin (IV, PO) | 178 | ||
| Lipopeptides—Daptomycin (IV) | 178 | ||
| Antimetabolites—Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (IV, PO); Dapsone, Sulfoxone, Sulfadiazine (PO) | 178 | ||
| Quinolones: | 179 | ||
| Nitroimidazoles/Nitrofurans—Metronidazole (PO, IV, Topical); Nitrofurantoin (PO) | 179 | ||
| Polymyxins—Polymyxin B, Colistin/Polymyxin E (IV, Inhaled, Topical) | 180 | ||
| Monoxycarbolic acids—Mupirocin (Topical) | 180 | ||
| Antimycobacterial Drugs | 180 | ||
| Isoniazid (INH)—PO, IM, IV | 181 | ||
| Rifamycins—rifampin, rifabutin (PO, IV); rifaximin (PO) | 182 | ||
| Pyrazinamide (PZA)—PO | 183 | ||
| Ethambutol (EMB)—PO | 183 | ||
| Specific Antiviral Agents | 183 | ||
| Amantadine, Rimantadine—PO | 183 | ||
| Zanamivir, Oseltamivir—PO, Inhaled | 184 | ||
| Ribavirin—PO | 184 | ||
| Interferons (IFN-α, -β, -γ)—IV, Subcutaneous | 184 | ||
| Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir—PO, IV, Topical | 184 | ||
| Foscarnet—IV | 184 | ||
| HIV Therapeutics/Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) | 184 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors—Atazanavir (ATV), Darunavir (DRV), Lopinavir (LPV), Ritonavir (RTV), Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Amprenavir ... | 184 | ||
| Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs; PO)—Lamivudine (3TC), Emcitrabine (FTC), Zidovudine (ZDV/AZT), Tenofovi ... | 185 | ||
| Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs; PO)—Efavirenz (EFV), Nevirapine (NVP), Delavirdine (DLV), Etraviri ... | 185 | ||
| Fusion Inhibitors (Subcutaneous)—Enfuvirtide (ENF) | 185 | ||
| CCR5 Receptor Antagonists (PO)—Maraviroc (MVC) | 186 | ||
| Integrase Inhibitors (INSTI; PO)—Raltegravir (RAL) | 186 | ||
| ANTIFUNGALS | 186 | ||
| Systemic Antifungals for Systemic Infections | 186 | ||
| Amphotericin B | 186 | ||
| Flucytosine | 186 | ||
| Azoles | 187 | ||
| Echinocandins | 187 | ||
| Oral Antifungals for Mucocutaneous Infections | 187 | ||
| Griseofulvin | 187 | ||
| Terbinafine | 187 | ||
| Topical Antifungals for Mucocutaneous Infections | 187 | ||
| Nystatin | 188 | ||
| Topical Azoles | 188 | ||
| Topical Allylamines | 188 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 188 | ||
| Chapter 6: Immunology | 193 | ||
| LYMPHOID STRUCTURES | 193 | ||
| Anatomy of the Immune System | 193 | ||
| Flow Through a Lymph Node | 194 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY | 194 | ||
| Basic Versus Learned Responses | 194 | ||
| CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 196 | ||
| Workhorses of Immunity | 196 | ||
| Myeloid Lineage | 197 | ||
| Lymphoid Lineage | 197 | ||
| Lymphocyte | 197 | ||
| Natural Killer Cell | 197 | ||
| MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX I AND II | 197 | ||
| How We Differentiate Ourselves from Everything Else | 197 | ||
| B CELLS, ANTIBODIES, AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY | 197 | ||
| B Cell Is King | 197 | ||
| Active and Passive Immunity | 200 | ||
| B Cell Deficiency and Immunoglobulin Deficiency Syndromes | 200 | ||
| T CELLS, CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY, IMMUNE SYSTEM REGULATION | 200 | ||
| Regulators and Educated Assassins | 200 | ||
| CD4+ T Cells | 200 | ||
| CD8+ T Cell | 201 | ||
| High-Yield Cytokines/Interleukins | 201 | ||
| T Cell Deficiency Syndromes | 202 | ||
| COMPLEMENT SYSTEM | 202 | ||
| The Confusing Cascade of Complement Simplified | 202 | ||
| Main functions of the complement system | 202 | ||
| Complement Deficiencies and Associated Conditions: | 202 | ||
| HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSE | 203 | ||
| Immunity Gone Wild! | 203 | ||
| Type I (Allergy) | 203 | ||
| Type II (Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic) | 203 | ||
| Type III (Immune Complex Disease) | 204 | ||
| Type IV (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, Antibody-Independent Cytotoxicity) | 204 | ||
| TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY | 204 | ||
| Types of Tissue Transplants | 204 | ||
| Types of Rejection | 204 | ||
| High-Yield Immunosuppressant Drugs | 205 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 205 | ||
| Chapter 7: Pharmacology and Toxicology | 206 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 206 | ||
| Overview | 206 | ||
| Calculations and Kinetics | 209 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS | 210 | ||
| Overview | 210 | ||
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION | 212 | ||
| Overview | 212 | ||
| SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 213 | ||
| Signal Transduction Pathways | 214 | ||
| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 215 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 216 | ||
| Adrenergic Pharmacology | 216 | ||
| Cholinergic Pharmacology | 218 | ||
| TOXICOLOGY | 220 | ||
| Common Drugs and Toxicology | 220 | ||
| Heavy Metal Toxicity | 222 | ||
| Environmental Exposures | 222 | ||
| Ethanol, Methanol, and Ethylene Glycol | 224 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 224 | ||
| Chapter 8: Cardiology | 226 | ||
| HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS | 226 | ||
| Overview | 226 | ||
| Anatomy of the Heart | 226 | ||
| Anatomy of the Circulatory System | 230 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 231 | ||
| Cardiovascular Terminology and Formulas | 231 | ||
| ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY | 232 | ||
| Cardiac Myocytes | 233 | ||
| Frank-Starling Curve | 233 | ||
| Cardiac Cycle | 234 | ||
| Heart Sounds and Murmurs | 236 | ||
| S1 | 236 | ||
| S2 | 236 | ||
| S3 | 237 | ||
| S4 | 237 | ||
| Murmur Summary | 240 | ||
| Pressure in the Cardiovascular System | 240 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY | 241 | ||
| Normal Sinus Rhythm | 242 | ||
| Sinus Tachycardia | 242 | ||
| Atrial Flutter | 242 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 243 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 244 | ||
| Torsades De Pointes | 244 | ||
| Ventricular Fibrillation | 244 | ||
| Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome | 245 | ||
| Regulation of Blood Pressure | 247 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 248 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 248 | ||
| One Finger Up—Truncus Arteriosus | 248 | ||
| Two Fingers Up, Fingers Crossed—Transposition of the Great Vessels | 248 | ||
| Three Fingers Up—Tricuspid Atresia | 248 | ||
| Four Fingers Up—Tetralogy of Fallot | 248 | ||
| Five Fingers Up—Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return | 250 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 251 | ||
| Hypertension | 252 | ||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 253 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 253 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 255 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 257 | ||
| Rheumatic Fever | 258 | ||
| Infective Endocarditis | 259 | ||
| Pericardial Disease | 260 | ||
| Vasculitides | 261 | ||
| Cardiac and Vascular Tumors | 261 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 263 | ||
| Vasopressors | 263 | ||
| Vasodilators | 264 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (-Pril Drugs, Lisinopril, Enalapril, Captopril) | 264 | ||
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) (-Sartan Drugs, Losartan, Valsartan) | 265 | ||
| Hydralazine | 265 | ||
| Nitrates (Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Dinitrate, Isosorbide Mononitrate) | 265 | ||
| Nitroprusside | 266 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers (Verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem) | 266 | ||
| Sympatholytics | 266 | ||
| β-receptor Antagonists (Beta Blockers) (-Lol Drugs, β1 Selective: Metoprolol, Atenolol, Carvedilol, Esmolol; β Nons ... | 266 | ||
| 2 Agonists (Clonidine, Methyldopa) | 267 | ||
| Diuretics | 267 | ||
| Thiazide Diuretics (-Thiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone) | 267 | ||
| Loop Diuretics (Furosemide [Lasix], Bumetanide, Ethacrynic Acid) | 268 | ||
| Potassium-Sparing Diuretics (Amiloride, Spironolactone, Triamterene) | 268 | ||
| Antiarrhythmics | 268 | ||
| Adenosine | 270 | ||
| Digoxin (cardiac glycosides) | 271 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 272 | ||
| Chapter 9: Endocrinology | 273 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 273 | ||
| Hormones | 273 | ||
| Regulation | 273 | ||
| Types of Hormones | 273 | ||
| Terminology of Pathophysiology | 274 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes | 274 | ||
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | 275 | ||
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function Overview | 275 | ||
| Pituitary Hormones Covered Elsewhere | 277 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 277 | ||
| Prolactin | 278 | ||
| Causes of Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction | 279 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 280 | ||
| Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology | 280 | ||
| Thyroid Hormone Physiology | 280 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 285 | ||
| Pathology | 286 | ||
| Pharmacology | 289 | ||
| Adrenal Glands (Cortex and Medulla) | 290 | ||
| Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology | 290 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Physiology | 291 | ||
| Pathology | 293 | ||
| Decreased Adrenal Cortex Function | 293 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 293 | ||
| Increased Aldosterone Secretion | 295 | ||
| Increased Cortisol Secretion | 295 | ||
| Increased Catecholamine Secretion | 297 | ||
| Endocrine Pancreas | 298 | ||
| Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology | 298 | ||
| Endocrine Pancreas Physiology | 299 | ||
| Insulin (From the B Cells of the Islets of Langerhans) | 299 | ||
| Glucagon (From the α Cells of the Islets of Langerhans) | 303 | ||
| Diabetes | 303 | ||
| Diagnosis of Diabetes | 304 | ||
| Chronic Effects of Hyperglycemia | 305 | ||
| Acute Emergencies in Diabetes | 306 | ||
| Islet Cell Tumors | 306 | ||
| Pharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus | 307 | ||
| Insulin | 307 | ||
| Sulfonylurea Drugs—Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride | 307 | ||
| Biguanides—Metformin | 307 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones—Pioglitazone (-Glitazone Drugs) | 307 | ||
| Incretin Mimetics (-Tides: Exenatide, Liraglutide) and DPP-4 Inhibitors (-Gliptins: Sitagliptin, Linagliptin, Saxagliptin) | 307 | ||
| Glucosidase Inhibitors—Acarbose, Miglitol | 307 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 308 | ||
| Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology | 308 | ||
| Overview of Calcium Homeostasis | 309 | ||
| Laboratory Testing and Pitfalls | 311 | ||
| Pathology Causing Increased Calcium Levels | 312 | ||
| Pathology Causing Decreased Calcium Levels | 315 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 316 | ||
| Chapter 10: Gastroenterology | 318 | ||
| ANATOMY | 318 | ||
| Abdominal Wall | 318 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 318 | ||
| Embryologic Divisions | 318 | ||
| Retroperitoneum | 318 | ||
| Portal Triad | 318 | ||
| Hepatic Vasculature | 319 | ||
| Biliary Tree and Bile Formation | 321 | ||
| Digestive Tract Anatomy | 321 | ||
| Mucosa | 322 | ||
| Submucosa | 322 | ||
| Muscularis Propria | 322 | ||
| Serosa | 322 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 322 | ||
| Gastric Histology | 322 | ||
| Parietal Cells | 322 | ||
| Chief Cells | 322 | ||
| G Cells | 322 | ||
| Mucous Cells | 322 | ||
| Histology of the Intestine | 322 | ||
| Villi | 322 | ||
| Intestinal Crypts | 322 | ||
| Enterocytes | 322 | ||
| Goblet Cells | 322 | ||
| Paneth Cells | 323 | ||
| Duodenal (Brunner) Glands | 323 | ||
| Peyer’s Patches | 323 | ||
| Colonocytes | 323 | ||
| Gastrointestinal hormones | 323 | ||
| Gastrin | 323 | ||
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | 323 | ||
| Secretin | 323 | ||
| Somatostatin | 323 | ||
| Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) | 323 | ||
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) | 324 | ||
| Motilin | 324 | ||
| Ghrelin | 324 | ||
| Leptin | 325 | ||
| Saliva | 325 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION | 325 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 325 | ||
| Dietary Lipids | 325 | ||
| Protein | 325 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 326 | ||
| Esophageal Pathology | 326 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | 326 | ||
| Hiatal Hernias | 326 | ||
| Achalasia | 326 | ||
| Mallory-Weiss Tear | 327 | ||
| Boerhaave Syndrome | 327 | ||
| Esophagitis | 328 | ||
| Zenker’s Diverticulum | 328 | ||
| Plummer-Vinson Syndrome | 328 | ||
| Esophageal Carcinoma | 329 | ||
| Gastric and Duodenal Pathology | 329 | ||
| Gastritis | 329 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 329 | ||
| Ménétrier’s Disease | 329 | ||
| Gastric Cancer | 329 | ||
| Small Bowel and Colon | 330 | ||
| Small Bowel Obstruction | 330 | ||
| Celiac Disease | 332 | ||
| Tropical Sprue | 332 | ||
| Whipple’s Disease | 332 | ||
| Appendicitis | 333 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | 333 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 333 | ||
| Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | 333 | ||
| Crohn’s Disease | 334 | ||
| Colonic Polyps | 335 | ||
| Colon Cancer | 335 | ||
| Lynch Syndrome | 335 | ||
| Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) | 335 | ||
| Turcot Syndrome | 335 | ||
| Gardner syndrome | 335 | ||
| Diarrhea | 335 | ||
| Osmotic | 335 | ||
| Secretory | 335 | ||
| Exudative | 335 | ||
| Diverticular Disease | 336 | ||
| Diverticulitis | 336 | ||
| Bleeding Diverticulosis | 336 | ||
| Hemorrhoids | 336 | ||
| Internal Hemorrhoids | 336 | ||
| External Hemorrhoids | 337 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 337 | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase | 337 | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) | 337 | ||
| Gamma-Glutamyltransferase | 337 | ||
| Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio | 337 | ||
| Bilirubin | 337 | ||
| Hepatic Pathology | 337 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 337 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Steatosis | 337 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) | 337 | ||
| Alcoholic Hepatitis | 338 | ||
| Hemochromatosis | 338 | ||
| Wilson’s Disease | 338 | ||
| α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency | 338 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 338 | ||
| Portal Hypertension | 338 | ||
| Hepatic Neoplasms | 339 | ||
| Hemangioma | 339 | ||
| Hepatocellular Adenoma | 340 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma, HCC) | 340 | ||
| Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism | 340 | ||
| Gilbert Syndrome | 340 | ||
| Crigler-Najjar Syndrome | 340 | ||
| Dubin-Johnson Syndrome | 340 | ||
| GALLBLADDER AND PANCREAS | 340 | ||
| Gallstones | 340 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 341 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 341 | ||
| Cholangitis | 341 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 341 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 341 | ||
| Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma | 342 | ||
| Hernias | 342 | ||
| Inguinal Triangle (Hesselbach’s Triangle) | 342 | ||
| Direct Inguinal Hernia | 342 | ||
| Indirect Inguinal Hernia | 342 | ||
| Femoral Hernia | 342 | ||
| PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY | 342 | ||
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 342 | ||
| Pyloric Stenosis | 342 | ||
| Duodenal Atresia | 342 | ||
| Meconium Ileus | 344 | ||
| Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease) | 344 | ||
| Imperforate Anus | 344 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 344 | ||
| Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia | 344 | ||
| Reye’s Syndrome | 344 | ||
| Meckel’s Diverticulum | 345 | ||
| Annular Pancreas | 345 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 345 | ||
| Antiemetics | 345 | ||
| Ondansetron | 345 | ||
| Metoclopramide | 345 | ||
| Antacids | 345 | ||
| Proton Pump Inhibitors | 345 | ||
| H2 Blockers | 345 | ||
| Weak Bases | 345 | ||
| Cytoprotective Agents | 345 | ||
| Bismuth Sucralfate | 345 | ||
| Misoprostol | 345 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management | 346 | ||
| Sulfasalazine | 346 | ||
| Others | 346 | ||
| Other Agents | 346 | ||
| Statins | 346 | ||
| Cholestyramine | 347 | ||
| Loperamide | 347 | ||
| Octreotide | 347 | ||
| Orlistat | 347 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 347 | ||
| Chapter 11: Hematology and Oncology | 349 | ||
| ANATOMY | 349 | ||
| Blood | 349 | ||
| Blood Cells | 349 | ||
| Plasma | 349 | ||
| Serum | 349 | ||
| The Myeloid Lineage | 349 | ||
| Reticulocyte | 349 | ||
| Key Definitions | 350 | ||
| Neutrophils | 350 | ||
| The Lymphoid Lineage | 351 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 352 | ||
| Blood Groups: ABO and Rh Systems | 352 | ||
| A Group | 352 | ||
| B Group | 352 | ||
| AB Group | 352 | ||
| O Group | 352 | ||
| Hemostasis: The Coagulation Cascade | 352 | ||
| Adhesion | 353 | ||
| Aggregation | 353 | ||
| Platelet Swelling | 353 | ||
| Coagulation Cascade: Key Points | 355 | ||
| Platelet and Coagulation Tests | 356 | ||
| Anticoagulant System | 356 | ||
| Fibrinolytic System and Tests | 357 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 357 | ||
| Anemia | 357 | ||
| Laboratory Testing in Anemia | 357 | ||
| Approach to Anemia | 359 | ||
| Microcytic Anemias | 360 | ||
| Acquired Microcytic Anemias | 360 | ||
| Iron Metabolism and Iron Deficiency Anemias: | 360 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Disease: | 362 | ||
| Heme Synthesis and Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia: | 362 | ||
| Inherited Microcytic Anemias | 364 | ||
| Thalassemias: | 364 | ||
| α-Thalassemia: | 364 | ||
| α-Thalassemia: | 366 | ||
| Laboratory findings in β-thalassemia trait: | 366 | ||
| X-linked Sideroblastic Anemia: | 367 | ||
| Normocytic Anemias | 367 | ||
| Normocytic Anemias with Corrected Reticulocyte Count Less than 3% | 367 | ||
| Acute Blood Loss: | 367 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia: | 368 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease: | 368 | ||
| Malignancy: | 369 | ||
| Normocytic Anemias with Corrected Reticulocyte Count More than 3% | 369 | ||
| Sickle Cell Anemia: | 369 | ||
| Sickle Cell Trait: | 369 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease: | 369 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency: | 371 | ||
| Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency: | 371 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS): | 372 | ||
| Hereditary Elliptocytosis (HE): | 373 | ||
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH): | 373 | ||
| Immune Hemolytic Anemias: | 373 | ||
| Microangiopathic and Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias: | 375 | ||
| Macrocytic Anemias | 376 | ||
| Megaloblastic Anemias | 376 | ||
| Role of Folate and Cobalamin in DNA Synthesis: | 376 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Anemia: | 377 | ||
| Folate Deficiency Anemia | 378 | ||
| Folate Metabolism: | 378 | ||
| Nonmegaloblastic Anemia | 379 | ||
| Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders | 379 | ||
| Platelet Abnormalities | 380 | ||
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura or Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) | 380 | ||
| Chronic ITP: | 380 | ||
| Acute ITP: | 380 | ||
| Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia | 380 | ||
| Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): | 380 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) | 381 | ||
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) | 381 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) | 381 | ||
| Prothrombotic Stage: | 381 | ||
| Prohemorrhagic Stage: | 381 | ||
| Clotting Factor Deficiencies | 382 | ||
| Hemophilia A | 382 | ||
| Hemophilia B | 382 | ||
| Vitamin K Deficiency | 382 | ||
| Liver Disease | 382 | ||
| Hereditary Thrombosis Syndromes | 382 | ||
| Factor V Leiden | 383 | ||
| Protein C and Protein S Deficiency | 383 | ||
| Antithrombin III Deficiency | 383 | ||
| White Blood Cell Neoplastic Proliferation | 383 | ||
| Leukemias | 383 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) | 383 | ||
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) | 384 | ||
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) | 385 | ||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | 386 | ||
| Leukemoid Reaction | 387 | ||
| Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) | 387 | ||
| Lymphomas | 388 | ||
| Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) | 388 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) | 389 | ||
| B Cell Lymphomas | 390 | ||
| Follicular Lymphoma (FL): | 390 | ||
| Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): | 391 | ||
| Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL): | 391 | ||
| Burkitt Lymphoma: | 392 | ||
| MALT Lymphoma: | 392 | ||
| T Cell Lymphomas | 393 | ||
| Adult T Cell Lymphoma or Leukemia (ATL): | 393 | ||
| Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome: | 393 | ||
| Histiocyte Disorders | 393 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) and Histiocytosis X | 393 | ||
| Letterer-Siwe Disease | 393 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granuloma | 393 | ||
| Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease (Multifocal LCH) | 394 | ||
| Plasma Cell Disorders | 394 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma (MM) | 394 | ||
| Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia (Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma) | 396 | ||
| Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) | 397 | ||
| Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPDs) | 397 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera (PV) | 397 | ||
| Myeloid Metaplasia with Myelofibrosis (MMM) | 399 | ||
| Disorders of Heme Production | 399 | ||
| Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) | 400 | ||
| Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) | 400 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT | 400 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 400 | ||
| Heparin | 400 | ||
| Lepirudin | 401 | ||
| Warfarin (Coumadin) | 401 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents | 401 | ||
| Aspirin | 401 | ||
| Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine (Thienopyridine Derivatives) | 401 | ||
| Abciximab | 401 | ||
| Antineoplastics | 402 | ||
| Antimetabolites | 402 | ||
| Methotrexate (MTX) | 402 | ||
| 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) | 402 | ||
| 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) | 402 | ||
| 6-Thioguanine (6-TG) | 402 | ||
| Cytarabine | 402 | ||
| Antitumor Antibiotics | 402 | ||
| Dactinomycin | 402 | ||
| Doxorubicin | 402 | ||
| Bleomycin | 403 | ||
| Etoposide and Teniposide | 403 | ||
| Alkylating Agents | 403 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide | 403 | ||
| Nitrosoureas | 403 | ||
| Busulfan | 403 | ||
| Microtubule Inhibitors | 404 | ||
| Vincristine and Vinblastine | 404 | ||
| Paclitaxel | 404 | ||
| Steroid Hormones and Their Antagonists | 404 | ||
| Prednisone | 404 | ||
| Tamoxifen and Raloxifene | 404 | ||
| Other Agents | 404 | ||
| Cisplatin and Carboplatin | 404 | ||
| Hydroxyurea | 405 | ||
| Trastuzumab | 405 | ||
| Imatinib | 405 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 405 | ||
| Chapter 12: Musculoskeletal/Rheumatology | 407 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 407 | ||
| Upper Extremity Anatomy | 411 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Syndromes | 414 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Lesions of the Upper Extremity | 414 | ||
| Lower Extremity Anatomy | 416 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Lesions of the Lower Extremity | 417 | ||
| Joints | 417 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 419 | ||
| Neuromuscular Junction Disorders | 419 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 420 | ||
| Mechanical Injuries | 420 | ||
| Complications of Fracture | 421 | ||
| Disease of Bone | 422 | ||
| Rheumatology | 424 | ||
| Inflammatory Arthritis | 424 | ||
| Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies | 426 | ||
| Monoarticular Disease | 427 | ||
| Infectious Arthropathy | 427 | ||
| Crystal Arthropathy | 427 | ||
| Pediatric Conditions | 428 | ||
| Other Conditions | 429 | ||
| Neoplasms of Bone | 430 | ||
| Benign | 430 | ||
| Malignant | 431 | ||
| Neoplasms of Soft Tissue | 433 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 433 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs | 433 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 434 | ||
| Osteoporosis Medications: | 434 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Relaxants | 434 | ||
| Gout Medications | 434 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 435 | ||
| Chapter 13: Neurology | 437 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 437 | ||
| Neurohistology | 437 | ||
| Sensory Receptors | 437 | ||
| Cutaneous Receptors | 438 | ||
| Muscle Receptors | 439 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 439 | ||
| Amino Acids | 440 | ||
| Monoamines and Catecholamines | 440 | ||
| Dopamine (DA): | 440 | ||
| Others | 442 | ||
| ANATOMY | 442 | ||
| Basal Ganglia | 443 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 445 | ||
| Thalamus | 445 | ||
| Limbic System | 446 | ||
| Ventricular System | 446 | ||
| Cerebellum | 448 | ||
| Blood Supply | 449 | ||
| Brainstem | 449 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 449 | ||
| Middle Cranial Fossa | 450 | ||
| Posterior Cranial Fossa | 452 | ||
| Cavernous Sinus | 453 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 454 | ||
| Auditory Pathway | 455 | ||
| Vestibular Pathway | 456 | ||
| Visual System | 457 | ||
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | 461 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 462 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 462 | ||
| Neural tube defects | 462 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 462 | ||
| Noncommunicating, Obstructive | 462 | ||
| Communicating, Nonobstructive | 463 | ||
| Brain Lesions | 464 | ||
| Aphasia | 464 | ||
| Vascular Dysfunction | 464 | ||
| Stroke | 465 | ||
| Trauma | 465 | ||
| Classification | 465 | ||
| Herniation | 467 | ||
| Supratentorial | 468 | ||
| Infratentorial | 469 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 469 | ||
| Spinal Cord Lesions | 469 | ||
| Infection | 470 | ||
| Viral Infections | 472 | ||
| Parasitic Infections | 472 | ||
| Demyelinating Diseases | 472 | ||
| Neurodegenerative Diseases | 474 | ||
| Movement Disorders | 475 | ||
| Dementia | 477 | ||
| Seizures | 477 | ||
| Headache (HA) | 478 | ||
| Primary Headaches | 478 | ||
| Secondary Headaches | 478 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 479 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Lesions | 480 | ||
| Ear Pathology | 481 | ||
| Infection | 481 | ||
| Eye Pathology | 482 | ||
| External | 482 | ||
| Posterior Eye Pathology | 483 | ||
| Visual Field Defects | 484 | ||
| Pharmacology | 485 | ||
| Glaucoma | 485 | ||
| Opioids | 486 | ||
| Epilepsy | 486 | ||
| Anesthetics | 486 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blockade | 487 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment of Other Neurologic Disorders | 487 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 487 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 487 | ||
| Huntington’s Disease | 488 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 489 | ||
| Headaches | 489 | ||
| Stroke | 489 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 490 | ||
| Chapter 14: Psychiatry | 491 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT | 491 | ||
| Theories of Learning | 491 | ||
| Freudian Theory | 491 | ||
| Immature Ego Defenses | 492 | ||
| Neurotic Ego Defenses | 492 | ||
| Mature Ego Defenses | 493 | ||
| Miscellaneous Concepts in Psychology | 493 | ||
| PSYCHOPATHOLOGY | 493 | ||
| Psychiatric Disorders of Children | 493 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | 493 | ||
| Chapter 15: Nephrology | 515 | ||
| Anatomy | 515 | ||
| Kidneys | 515 | ||
| Blood Supply | 515 | ||
| Urinary Collecting System | 515 | ||
| Physiology | 516 | ||
| Overview and Terminology | 516 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) | 517 | ||
| Clearance and GFR | 518 | ||
| The Glomerulus and Filtration | 518 | ||
| The Nephron and Its Segments | 522 | ||
| Proximal Tubule | 522 | ||
| Thin Loop of Henle | 524 | ||
| Thick Ascending Loop of Henle | 524 | ||
| Distal Convoluted Tubule | 524 | ||
| Collecting Duct | 524 | ||
| Body Fluid Compartments and Maintenance | 526 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis | 528 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone and Free Water Clearance | 529 | ||
| Other Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys | 530 | ||
| pH Homeostasis and Acid-Base Disturbances | 530 | ||
| Pathology | 534 | ||
| Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia | 534 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 534 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 535 | ||
| Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia | 535 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 536 | ||
| Chapter 16: Reproductive System | 557 | ||
| ANATOMY | 557 | ||
| Female Reproductive Anatomy | 557 | ||
| Male Reproductive Anatomy | 557 | ||
| Composition of Semen | 557 | ||
| Male Sexual Response | 557 | ||
| Male and Female Gonadal Drainage | 560 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 561 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis | 561 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 563 | ||
| Male and Female Hormones | 563 | ||
| Female Physiology | 563 | ||
| Menstrual Cycle | 563 | ||
| Follicular (proliferative) phase | 563 | ||
| Luteal (Secretory) Phase | 565 | ||
| Definitions of abnormal menses | 567 | ||
| Oogenesis | 567 | ||
| Pregnancy and hCG | 567 | ||
| Fertilization | 567 | ||
| Hormones of Pregnancy | 567 | ||
| Menopause | 567 | ||
| FEMALE PATHOLOGY | 568 | ||
| Pathology in Pregnancy | 568 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid Disorders | 569 | ||
| Benign Gynecologic Conditions | 569 | ||
| Gynecologic Malignancies | 570 | ||
| Breast Disorders and Malignancy | 571 | ||
| Common Breast Conditions | 571 | ||
| Benign Breast Disorders | 571 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 571 | ||
| Sex Chromosome and Hormone Disorders | 572 | ||
| MALE PATHOLOGY | 572 | ||
| Summary of Breast Cancers | 572 | ||
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | 572 | ||
| Prostatic Adenocarcinoma | 573 | ||
| Testicular Tumors | 573 | ||
| Penile Disorders and Pathology | 573 | ||
| Scrotal Sac Disorders | 574 | ||
| Sex Chromosome and Hormone Disorders | 574 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 575 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 576 | ||
| Chapter 17: Pulmonology | 577 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 577 | ||
| The Lungs | 577 | ||
| Bronchopulmonary Segments | 577 | ||
| Pulmonary Airways | 579 | ||
| Conducting Zone | 579 | ||
| Respiratory Zone | 579 | ||
| Cells of the Respiratory System | 579 | ||
| Diaphragm and Accessory Respiratory Muscles | 580 | ||
| RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY | 581 | ||
| Spirometry | 581 | ||
| Compliance and Elastance | 583 | ||
| Gas Exchange | 583 | ||
| Diffusion-Limited Exchange | 584 | ||
| Perfusion-Limited Exchange | 584 | ||
| Dead Space | 585 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 585 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 585 | ||
| Oxygen Content of Blood (Cao2) | 586 | ||
| Oxygen Delivery to Tissues (Do2) | 586 | ||
| Hemoglobin-O2 Dissociation Curve | 587 | ||
| Shifts in the Hemoglobin-O2 Dissociation Curve | 587 | ||
| Shifts to the Right | 587 | ||
| Shifts to the Left | 588 | ||
| Carboxyhemoglobin | 588 | ||
| Methemoglobin | 588 | ||
| Oxygen Disorders | 588 | ||
| Hypoxemia (Low Pao2) | 588 | ||
| Hypoxia (Low DO2) | 589 | ||
| CO2 Transport | 589 | ||
| Bicarbonate | 589 | ||
| Bound Directly to Hemoglobin | 590 | ||
| Dissolved CO2 | 590 | ||
| Pulmonary Circulation | 590 | ||
| Regulation of Pulmonary Perfusion | 590 | ||
| Ventilation-to-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q) | 590 | ||
| V/Q Mismatch | 591 | ||
| RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY | 592 | ||
| Pneumonia | 592 | ||
| Lung Abscess | 593 | ||
| Lung Cancer | 593 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 594 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 596 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | 596 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension Caused by Left Heart Disease | 597 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Lung Disease and/or Hypoxemia | 597 | ||
| Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension | 597 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension with Unclear Multifactorial Mechanisms | 597 | ||
| Sleep Apnea | 597 | ||
| Cause | 597 | ||
| Findings | 597 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 597 | ||
| Obstructive versus Restrictive Lung Disease | 598 | ||
| Obstructive Disease PFTs | 598 | ||
| Restrictive Disease PFTs | 598 | ||
| Pathology of Obstructive Lung Diseases | 599 | ||
| Asthma | 599 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 599 | ||
| Findings | 599 | ||
| Treatment | 599 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 599 | ||
| Chronic Bronchitis | 600 | ||
| Emphysema | 600 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 601 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | 601 | ||
| Pathology of Restrictive Lung Diseases | 602 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | 602 | ||
| Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) | 603 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 604 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 605 | ||
| Pneumoconioses | 605 | ||
| Silicosis | 605 | ||
| Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis (CWP) | 605 | ||
| Asbestosis | 605 | ||
| Berylliosis | 606 | ||
| Pleural Disorders | 606 | ||
| Spontaneous Pneumothorax | 607 | ||
| Answers | 612 | ||
| CHAPTER 1 | 612 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 | 613 | ||
| CHAPTER 3 | 615 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 | 616 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 | 617 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 | 624 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 | 625 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 | 627 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 | 629 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 | 631 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 | 633 | ||
| CHAPTER 12 | 636 | ||
| CHAPTER 13 | 637 | ||
| CHAPTER 14 | 638 | ||
| CHAPTER 15 | 640 | ||
| CHAPTER 16 | 641 | ||
| CHAPTER 17 | 642 | ||
| Index | 645 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | 663 |