Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This is the fifth edition of a popular, highly readable primer in obstetrics and gynaecology. It has been thoroughly updated and reconfigured to key into the new undergraduate curriculum n O&G devised by the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
- Highly illustrated throughout.
- Essential information points at the end of chapters.
- Case histories throughout.
- Practical procedures boxes throughout.
- Alert (warnings or advice) and tick (guidance or definitions) boxes throughout.
- New editor: Professor Sabaratnam Arulkumaran.
- Now a multi-authored text written by eminent experts from across the specialty.
- Book entirely restructured to reflect the national undergraduate curriculum in obstetrics and gynaecology.
- Two new appendices: Principles of Perioperative Care and Governance, Audit and Research.
- Over 100 self-assessment MCQs at the end of the book.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front cover | cover | ||
Half title page | i | ||
Dedication | ii | ||
Essential Obstetrics and Gynaecology | iii | ||
Copyright page | iv | ||
Preface to fifth edition | v | ||
Preface to fourth edition | vi | ||
Contributors | vii | ||
Table of Contents | ix | ||
1 Essential reproductive science | 1 | ||
1 Anatomy of the female pelvis | 3 | ||
The bony pelvis | 3 | ||
The external genitalia | 3 | ||
The internal genital organs | 5 | ||
The vagina | 5 | ||
The uterus | 5 | ||
Supports and ligaments of the uterus | 6 | ||
The Fallopian tubes | 6 | ||
The ovaries | 7 | ||
The blood supply to the pelvic organs | 7 | ||
Internal iliac arteries | 7 | ||
Anterior division | 8 | ||
Posterior division | 8 | ||
The ovarian vessels | 8 | ||
The pelvic lymphatic system | 8 | ||
Nerves of the pelvis | 9 | ||
Somatic innervation | 9 | ||
Autonomic innervation | 9 | ||
The pelvic floor | 9 | ||
The perineum | 10 | ||
2 Conception and nidation | 13 | ||
Oogenesis | 13 | ||
Meiosis | 13 | ||
Follicular development in the ovary | 14 | ||
Hormonal events associated with ovulation | 15 | ||
The action of gonadotrophins | 16 | ||
The endometrial cycle | 17 | ||
Production of sperm | 18 | ||
Spermatogenesis | 18 | ||
Structure of the spermatozoon | 18 | ||
Seminal plasma | 19 | ||
Fertilization | 19 | ||
Sperm transport | 19 | ||
Capacitation | 19 | ||
Fertilization and implantation | 19 | ||
The physiology of coitus | 20 | ||
3 Physiological changes in pregnancy | 23 | ||
Immunology of pregnancy | 23 | ||
The uterus | 24 | ||
The cervix | 24 | ||
The isthmus | 25 | ||
The corpus uteri | 25 | ||
Uterine contractility | 27 | ||
The development of myometrial activity | 27 | ||
The vagina | 28 | ||
The cardiovascular system | 28 | ||
Cardiac position and size | 28 | ||
Cardiac output | 29 | ||
Total peripheral resistance | 29 | ||
Arterial blood pressure | 29 | ||
The blood | 30 | ||
Erythrocytes | 30 | ||
The white cells | 30 | ||
Platelets | 31 | ||
Clotting factors | 31 | ||
Respiratory function | 32 | ||
Renal function | 33 | ||
Anatomy | 33 | ||
Physiology | 33 | ||
The alimentary system | 34 | ||
Nutrients in blood | 34 | ||
Maternal carbohydrate metabolism | 34 | ||
Changes in plasma proteins | 35 | ||
Amino acids | 35 | ||
Lipids | 35 | ||
Calcium | 35 | ||
Maternal weight gain | 35 | ||
Postpartum weight | 36 | ||
The breasts | 37 | ||
Breast development during pregnancy | 37 | ||
The initiation of lactation | 37 | ||
The skin | 37 | ||
Endocrine changes | 37 | ||
Placental hormones | 38 | ||
The pituitary gland | 38 | ||
Anatomy | 38 | ||
Anterior pituitary | 38 | ||
Posterior pituitary | 38 | ||
Hypothalamus | 38 | ||
The thyroid | 38 | ||
The parathyroids | 39 | ||
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) | 39 | ||
The adrenal gland | 39 | ||
Conclusion | 39 | ||
4 Placental and fetal growth and development | 41 | ||
Early placental development | 41 | ||
Further placental development | 41 | ||
The villus | 42 | ||
Structure of the umbilical cord | 43 | ||
Uteroplacental blood flow | 43 | ||
Factors that regulate fetoplacental and uterine blood flow | 43 | ||
Placental transfer | 44 | ||
Simple diffusion | 44 | ||
Facilitated diffusion | 44 | ||
Active transport | 45 | ||
Pinocytosis | 45 | ||
Transport of intact cells | 45 | ||
Water and electrolyte transfer | 45 | ||
Sodium | 45 | ||
Potassium | 45 | ||
Calcium | 45 | ||
Placental function | 45 | ||
Gaseous exchange | 45 | ||
Oxygen transfer | 45 | ||
Carbon dioxide transfer | 45 | ||
Acid–base balance | 46 | ||
Fetal nutrition and removal of waste products | 46 | ||
Carbohydrate metabolism | 46 | ||
Fat metabolism | 46 | ||
Protein metabolism | 46 | ||
Urea and ammonia | 47 | ||
Placental hormone production | 47 | ||
Protein hormones | 47 | ||
Chorionic gonadotrophin | 47 | ||
Human placental lactogen | 47 | ||
Steroid hormones | 47 | ||
Progesterone | 47 | ||
Oestrogens | 47 | ||
Corticosteroids | 48 | ||
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone | 48 | ||
Fetal development | 48 | ||
Growth | 48 | ||
The cardiovascular system | 49 | ||
The respiratory system | 50 | ||
The gastrointestinal tract | 50 | ||
The kidney | 50 | ||
The special senses | 51 | ||
Amniotic fluid | 51 | ||
Formation | 51 | ||
Volume | 51 | ||
Clinical significance of amniotic fluid volume | 52 | ||
Oligohydramnios | 52 | ||
Polyhydramnios | 52 | ||
Clinical value of tests on amniotic fluid | 52 | ||
Amniocentesis | 52 | ||
Indications for amniocentesis | 53 | ||
Chromosomal abnormalities and sex-linked diseases | 53 | ||
Metabolic disorders | 53 | ||
Estimation of fetal lung maturity | 53 | ||
5 Perinatal and maternal mortality | 55 | ||
Perinatal mortality | 55 | ||
Introduction | 55 | ||
Definitions | 55 | ||
Mortality rates | 56 | ||
Incidence | 56 | ||
Sociodemographic factors and perinatal mortality | 57 | ||
Maternal age | 57 | ||
Deprivation | 57 | ||
Ethnicity | 57 | ||
Other maternal characteristics | 57 | ||
Causes of stillbirths | 58 | ||
Intrapartum stillbirth | 58 | ||
Causes of neonatal deaths | 58 | ||
Maternal mortality | 59 | ||
Definition | 59 | ||
Maternal mortality rates | 59 | ||
Major causes of maternal death in the UK | 60 | ||
2 Essential obstetrics | 63 | ||
6 History taking and examination in obstetrics | 65 | ||
Taking a relevant and comprehensive history | 65 | ||
Obstetric history | 65 | ||
History of present pregnancy | 66 | ||
Symptoms of pregnancy | 66 | ||
Pseudocyesis | 67 | ||
Previous obstetric history | 67 | ||
Previous medical history | 67 | ||
Family history | 67 | ||
Examination | 68 | ||
General and systemic examination | 68 | ||
Heart and lungs | 68 | ||
Head and neck | 68 | ||
Breasts | 69 | ||
Abdomen | 69 | ||
Limbs and skeletal changes | 69 | ||
Pelvic examination | 70 | ||
Assessment of the bony pelvis | 70 | ||
The planes of the Pelvis | 71 | ||
Plane of the pelvic inlet | 71 | ||
Plane of greatest pelvic dimensions | 71 | ||
Plane of least pelvic dimensions | 72 | ||
Outlet of the pelvis | 72 | ||
Obstetrical examination at subsequent routine visits | 72 | ||
Abdominal palpation | 73 | ||
Palpation of the uterine fundus | 73 | ||
Measurement of symphysial–fundal height | 73 | ||
Measurement of abdominal girth | 73 | ||
Palpation of fetal parts | 73 | ||
Lie | 73 | ||
Presentation | 74 | ||
Position | 75 | ||
Station and engagement | 75 | ||
Auscultation | 75 | ||
7 Normal pregnancy and antenatal care | 79 | ||
Aims and patterns of routine antenatal care | 79 | ||
Preconceptual care and vitamin supplementation | 80 | ||
The risk of substance abuse in pregnancy | 80 | ||
Smoking | 80 | ||
Alcohol intake | 81 | ||
Illicit drug use | 81 | ||
Changing demographics of pregnancy | 82 | ||
The booking visit | 82 | ||
Consideration of past obstetric history, including mode of delivery | 82 | ||
Recommended routine screening tests | 82 | ||
Haematological investigations | 82 | ||
Blood group and antibodies | 83 | ||
The use of anti-D immunoglobulin | 83 | ||
Infection screening | 83 | ||
Rubella | 83 | ||
Syphilis | 83 | ||
Non-specific tests | 83 | ||
Specific tests | 84 | ||
Hepatitis (see Chapter 9) | 84 | ||
Human immunodeficiency virus | 84 | ||
Group B Streptococcus | 84 | ||
Urinary tract infection | 84 | ||
Gestational diabetes | 84 | ||
Screening for fetal anomaly | 85 | ||
Nuchal translucency and biochemical screening | 85 | ||
Schedules of routine antenatal care | 85 | ||
Subsequent visits | 85 | ||
Antenatal education | 85 | ||
Dietary advice | 85 | ||
Energy intake | 86 | ||
Protein | 86 | ||
Fats | 86 | ||
Carbohydrates | 86 | ||
Minerals and vitamins | 87 | ||
Exercise in pregnancy | 87 | ||
Coitus in pregnancy | 87 | ||
Breast care | 87 | ||
Social and cultural awareness | 88 | ||
Safe prescribing in pregnancy | 88 | ||
8 Obstetric disorders | 89 | ||
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | 89 | ||
Definitions | 89 | ||
Classification | 90 | ||
Pathogenesis and pathology of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia | 90 | ||
The renal lesion | 92 | ||
Placental pathology | 92 | ||
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | 92 | ||
Other associations with pregnancy hypertension | 93 | ||
The HELLP syndrome | 93 | ||
Management of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia | 93 | ||
Blood pressure measurement | 93 | ||
Antihypertensive drug therapy | 94 | ||
Maternal investigations | 94 | ||
Laboratory investigations | 94 | ||
Fetoplacental investigations | 94 | ||
Prevention of pre-eclampsia | 95 | ||
Symptoms of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia | 95 | ||
Induction of labour | 96 | ||
Complications | 96 | ||
Eclampsia | 96 | ||
Management of eclampsia | 97 | ||
Control of fits | 97 | ||
Control of blood pressure | 97 | ||
Delivery of the infant | 98 | ||
Management after delivery | 98 | ||
Antepartum haemorrhage | 98 | ||
Placenta praevia | 99 | ||
Incidence | 99 | ||
Aetiology | 99 | ||
Classification | 99 | ||
Symptoms and signs | 100 | ||
Diagnosis | 100 | ||
Clinical findings | 100 | ||
Abdominal examination | 100 | ||
Diagnostic procedures | 100 | ||
Management | 100 | ||
Abruptio placentae | 101 | ||
Aetiology | 101 | ||
Clinical types and presentation | 102 | ||
Haemorrhage | 102 | ||
Clinical assessment/differential diagnosis | 103 | ||
Management | 103 | ||
Complications | 104 | ||
Afibrinogenaemia | 104 | ||
Renal tubular or cortical necrosis | 104 | ||
Other causes of antepartum haemorrhage | 104 | ||
Vasa praevia | 104 | ||
Unexplained antepartum haemorrhage | 104 | ||
Vaginal infections | 105 | ||
Cervical lesions | 105 | ||
Multiple pregnancy | 105 | ||
Prevalence | 105 | ||
Types of twinning and determination of chorionicity | 105 | ||
Monozygotic multiple pregnancy | 105 | ||
Dizygotic twins | 106 | ||
Complications of twin pregnancy | 107 | ||
Complications unrelated to zygosity | 107 | ||
Nausea and vomiting | 107 | ||
Anaemia | 107 | ||
Miscarriage | 107 | ||
Antepartum haemorrhage | 108 | ||
Pre-eclampsia | 108 | ||
Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) | 108 | ||
Preterm labour | 108 | ||
Complications related to zygosity | 108 | ||
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) | 108 | ||
Monoamniotic and conjoined twinning | 108 | ||
Prenatal diagnosis | 108 | ||
Management of twin pregnancy | 109 | ||
Management of labour and delivery | 109 | ||
Presentation at delivery | 109 | ||
Method of delivery | 109 | ||
Caesarean section | 109 | ||
Vaginal delivery | 109 | ||
Complications of labour | 110 | ||
Locked twins | 111 | ||
Conjoined twins | 111 | ||
Perinatal mortality | 111 | ||
Prolonged pregnancy | 111 | ||
Aetiology | 112 | ||
Management | 112 | ||
Labour management | 112 | ||
Breech presentation | 112 | ||
Types of breech presentation | 112 | ||
Causation and hazards of breech presentation | 113 | ||
Management | 113 | ||
Antenatal management | 113 | ||
External cephalic version (ECV) | 113 | ||
Indication | 113 | ||
Contraindications | 113 | ||
Technique | 113 | ||
Complications | 113 | ||
Method of delivery | 114 | ||
Vaginal breech delivery | 114 | ||
Technique | 114 | ||
Caesarean section | 115 | ||
Unstable lie, transverse lie and shoulder presentation | 116 | ||
Complications | 116 | ||
Management | 116 | ||
9 Maternal medicine | 119 | ||
Introduction | 119 | ||
Minor complaints of pregnancy | 119 | ||
Abdominal pain | 120 | ||
Heartburn | 120 | ||
Constipation | 120 | ||
Backache | 120 | ||
Syncope | 121 | ||
Varicosities | 121 | ||
Carpal tunnel syndrome | 121 | ||
Pelvic girdle dysfunction (symphyseal pelvic dysfunction, SPD) | 121 | ||
Medical problems arising in pregnancy | 121 | ||
Anaemia | 121 | ||
Aetiology | 121 | ||
Risk factors | 121 | ||
Clinical features and diagnosis | 122 | ||
Implications on pregnancy | 122 | ||
Management | 122 | ||
Prophylaxis | 122 | ||
Gestational diabetes | 123 | ||
Aetiology | 123 | ||
Risk factors | 123 | ||
Clinical features and diagnosis | 123 | ||
Implications on pregnancy | 123 | ||
Management | 124 | ||
Infections acquired in pregnancy | 125 | ||
Risk factors | 125 | ||
Implications on pregnancy and management | 125 | ||
Chicken pox | 125 | ||
Parvovirus B19 | 125 | ||
Influenza H1N1 | 125 | ||
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection | 125 | ||
Implications of pregnancy on the disease | 126 | ||
Implications of the disease on pregnancy | 126 | ||
Screening | 126 | ||
Management | 126 | ||
Acute viral hepatitis | 126 | ||
Tuberculosis | 127 | ||
Malaria | 127 | ||
Acute pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections | 127 | ||
Thromboembolic disease | 128 | ||
Aetiology | 128 | ||
Risk factors | 128 | ||
Clinical features and diagnosis | 128 | ||
Implications on pregnancy | 128 | ||
Management | 128 | ||
Liver disease | 129 | ||
Obstetric cholestasis | 129 | ||
3 Essential gynaecology | 221 | ||
15 Basic clinical skills in gynaecology | 223 | ||
History | 223 | ||
The presenting complaint | 224 | ||
Menstrual history | 224 | ||
Previous gynaecological history | 225 | ||
Previous medical history | 225 | ||
Family and social history | 225 | ||
Examination | 225 | ||
Breast examination | 225 | ||
Examination of the abdomen | 225 | ||
Pelvic examination | 226 | ||
Bimanual examination | 228 | ||
Special circumstances | 228 | ||
Rectal examination | 229 | ||
Presenting your findings | 229 | ||
16 Gynaecological disorders | 233 | ||
Introduction | 233 | ||
Benign conditions of the upper genital tract | 233 | ||
The uterus | 233 | ||
Symptoms and signs | 233 | ||
Diagnosis and management | 234 | ||
Surgical treatment | 234 | ||
Endometrial polyps | 235 | ||
Symptoms | 235 | ||
Signs | 235 | ||
Pathology | 236 | ||
Treatment | 236 | ||
Benign tumours of the myometrium | 236 | ||
Histopathology | 236 | ||
Pathological changes | 236 | ||
Symptoms and signs | 236 | ||
Management | 237 | ||
Medical treatment | 237 | ||
Uterine artery embolization (UAE) | 237 | ||
Surgical treatment | 237 | ||
Treatments in development | 238 | ||
Adenomyosis | 238 | ||
Symptoms and signs | 238 | ||
Pathology | 238 | ||
Treatment | 238 | ||
Lesions of the ovary | 238 | ||
Symptoms | 238 | ||
Signs | 239 | ||
Endometriosis | 239 | ||
Pathophysiology | 239 | ||
Diagnosis | 241 | ||
Management | 241 | ||
Abnormal uterine bleeding | 241 | ||
Intermenstrual bleeding | 241 | ||
Postcoital bleeding | 242 | ||
Postmenopausal bleeding | 242 | ||
Heavy menstrual bleeding | 242 | ||
Causes | 242 | ||
Structural | 242 | ||
Non structural | 243 | ||
History and examination | 243 | ||
Investigations | 243 | ||
Management | 244 | ||
Medical treatment | 244 | ||
Non-hormonal treatments | 244 | ||
Hormonal treatments | 244 | ||
Surgical treatment | 244 | ||
Endometrial resection or ablation | 244 | ||
Hysterectomy | 245 | ||
Secondary amenorrhoea and oligomenorrhoea | 245 | ||
Aetiology | 245 | ||
Physiological | 245 | ||
Pathological | 246 | ||
Hypothalamic disorders | 246 | ||
Pituitary disorders | 246 | ||
Ovarian disorders | 247 | ||
Ovarian failure | 247 | ||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 247 | ||
Pathogenesis | 247 | ||
Diagnosis | 248 | ||
Uterine causes | 248 | ||
Cryptomenorrhoea (literally ‘hidden menstruation’) | 248 | ||
Investigations in women with amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea | 248 | ||
Management | 249 | ||
Dysmenorrhoea | 249 | ||
Investigations | 250 | ||
Management | 250 | ||
Pharmacological | 250 | ||
Premenstrual syndrome | 250 | ||
Symptoms and signs | 250 | ||
Pathogenesis | 250 | ||
Management | 251 | ||
Pharmacological | 251 | ||
Disorders of puberty | 251 | ||
Puberty and menarche | 251 | ||
Thelarche | 252 | ||
Adrenarche | 252 | ||
Menarche | 252 | ||
Growth spurt | 252 | ||
Precocious puberty | 253 | ||
Evaluation | 253 | ||
Investigations | 253 | ||
Appendices | 357 | ||
Appendix A Principles of perioperative care | 357 | ||
Preoperative care | 357 | ||
Patient counselling and consent (see also Appendix C) | 357 | ||
Preoperative assessment | 357 | ||
Clinical history and examination | 357 | ||
Investigations | 357 | ||
Medications | 358 | ||
Preoperative preparation | 358 | ||
Management of anaemia | 358 | ||
Antibiotic prophylaxis | 358 | ||
Management of diabetes | 358 | ||
Intraoperative complications | 358 | ||
Regional and general anaesthesia | 358 | ||
Local anaesthesia | 358 | ||
Complications secondary to patient positioning | 358 | ||
Acute compartment syndrome | 358 | ||
Neurological injury | 359 | ||
Haemorrhage | 359 | ||
Ureteric and bladder injury | 359 | ||
Gastrointestinal injury | 360 | ||
Postoperative care | 360 | ||
Analgesia | 360 | ||
Fluid and electrolyte balance | 360 | ||
Cardiovascular stability | 360 | ||
Bladder care | 360 | ||
Oral intake | 361 | ||
Postoperative complications | 361 | ||
Postoperative haemorrhage | 361 | ||
Pyrexia | 361 | ||
Surgical site infections | 361 | ||
Treatment | 361 | ||
Cardiovascular and respiratory complications | 362 | ||
Venous thromboembolism | 362 | ||
Discharge from hospital | 362 | ||
Appendix B Governance, audit and research | 363 | ||
Data collection in the national health service | 363 | ||
Sources of data collection and computing systems | 363 | ||
GP consultations and registrations | 363 | ||
Registration of births and deaths | 364 | ||
Hospital episode statistics (HES) | 364 | ||
Mortality rates statistics | 364 | ||
Morbidity rates statistics | 364 | ||
Research and data linkage | 364 | ||
Data Protection Act | 364 | ||
Caldicott principles | 364 | ||
Evidence-based healthcare | 365 | ||
Clinical audit | 365 | ||
Four steps of clinical audit | 365 | ||
Defining best practice | 365 | ||
Preparing to monitor | 365 | ||
Monitoring your achievement | 365 | ||
Planning for improvement | 365 | ||
National clinical audits | 366 | ||
Clinical guidelines | 366 | ||
Research | 366 | ||
Type of research studies | 366 | ||
Descriptive studies | 366 | ||
Analytical studies | 367 | ||
Clinical trials | 367 | ||
Clinical governance | 368 | ||
Risk management | 368 | ||
Clinical incident reporting | 368 | ||
Conclusion | 368 | ||
Appendix C Medicolegal aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology | 369 | ||
Principles and legal issues around informed consent | 369 | ||
Litigation in obstetrics and gynaecology | 370 | ||
Patient confidentiality (including data protection) | 372 | ||
The rules regarding abortion | 373 | ||
The use of assisted reproduction in infertility care | 373 | ||
The relevant legal status of the fetus, the pregnant woman, the child and the pubertal girl | 374 | ||
The role of the doctor in child protection | 374 | ||
Self-assessment: Questions | 377 | ||
Chapter 1 | 377 | ||
Chapter 2 | 377 | ||
Chapter 3 | 378 | ||
Chapter 4 | 379 | ||
Chapter 5 | 379 | ||
Chapter 6 | 380 | ||
Chapter 7 | 380 | ||
Chapter 8 | 381 | ||
Chapter 9 | 381 | ||
Chapter 10 | 382 | ||
Chapter 11 | 382 | ||
Chapter 12 | 383 | ||
Chapter 13 | 384 | ||
Chapter 14 | 384 | ||
Chapter 15 | 385 | ||
Chapter 16 | 385 | ||
Chapter 17 | 386 | ||
Chapter 18 | 386 | ||
Chapter 19 | 387 | ||
Chapter 20 | 388 | ||
Chapter 21 | 388 | ||
Appendix A | 389 | ||
Appendix B | 389 | ||
Appendix C | 390 | ||
Self-assessment: Answers | 393 | ||
Chapter 1 | 393 | ||
Chapter 2 | 393 | ||
Chapter 3 | 394 | ||
Chapter 4 | 395 | ||
Chapter 5 | 395 | ||
Chapter 6 | 396 | ||
Chapter 7 | 397 | ||
Chapter 8 | 398 | ||
Chapter 9 | 399 | ||
Chapter 10 | 399 | ||
Chapter 11 | 399 | ||
Chapter 12 | 400 | ||
Chapter 13 | 401 | ||
Chapter 14 | 402 | ||
Chapter 15 | 402 | ||
Chapter 16 | 403 | ||
Chapter 17 | 403 | ||
Chapter 18 | 404 | ||
Chapter 19 | 404 | ||
Chapter 20 | 405 | ||
Chapter 21 | 405 | ||
Appendix A | 406 | ||
Appendix B | 406 | ||
Appendix C | 407 | ||
Further reading | 409 | ||
Chapter 2 | 409 | ||
Chapter 3 | 409 | ||
Chapter 4 | 409 | ||
Chapter 5 | 409 | ||
Chapter 6 | 410 | ||
Chapter 7 | 410 | ||
Chapter 8 | 410 | ||
Chapter 9 | 410 | ||
Chapter 10 | 411 | ||
Chapter 11 | 411 | ||
Chapter 12 | 412 | ||
Chapter 13 | 412 | ||
Chapter 14 | 412 | ||
Chapter 15 | 412 | ||
Chapter 16 | 412 | ||
Chapter 17 | 413 | ||
Chapter 18 | 413 | ||
Chapter 19 | 414 | ||
Chapter 20 | 414 | ||
Chapter 21 | 415 | ||
Appendix A | 415 | ||
Appendix B | 415 | ||
Appendix C | 415 | ||
Further websites | 415 | ||
Index | 417 | ||
A | 417 | ||
B | 419 | ||
C | 419 | ||
D | 421 | ||
E | 422 | ||
F | 423 | ||
G | 424 | ||
H | 425 | ||
I | 425 | ||
J | 427 | ||
K | 427 | ||
L | 427 | ||
M | 428 | ||
N | 429 | ||
O | 429 | ||
P | 430 | ||
Q | 433 | ||
R | 433 | ||
S | 434 | ||
T | 435 | ||
U | 436 | ||
V | 436 | ||
W | 437 | ||
Y | 437 | ||
Z | 437 |