Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This is the fifth edition of a popular, highly readable primer in obstetrics and gynaecology. It has been thoroughly updated and reconfigured to key into the new undergraduate curriculum n O&G devised by the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
- Highly illustrated throughout.
- Essential information points at the end of chapters.
- Case histories throughout.
- Practical procedures boxes throughout.
- Alert (warnings or advice) and tick (guidance or definitions) boxes throughout.
- New editor: Professor Sabaratnam Arulkumaran.
- Now a multi-authored text written by eminent experts from across the specialty.
- Book entirely restructured to reflect the national undergraduate curriculum in obstetrics and gynaecology.
- Two new appendices: Principles of Perioperative Care and Governance, Audit and Research.
- Over 100 self-assessment MCQs at the end of the book.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Dedication | ii | ||
| Essential Obstetrics and Gynaecology | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Preface to fifth edition | v | ||
| Preface to fourth edition | vi | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Table of Contents | ix | ||
| 1 Essential reproductive science | 1 | ||
| 1 Anatomy of the female pelvis | 3 | ||
| The bony pelvis | 3 | ||
| The external genitalia | 3 | ||
| The internal genital organs | 5 | ||
| The vagina | 5 | ||
| The uterus | 5 | ||
| Supports and ligaments of the uterus | 6 | ||
| The Fallopian tubes | 6 | ||
| The ovaries | 7 | ||
| The blood supply to the pelvic organs | 7 | ||
| Internal iliac arteries | 7 | ||
| Anterior division | 8 | ||
| Posterior division | 8 | ||
| The ovarian vessels | 8 | ||
| The pelvic lymphatic system | 8 | ||
| Nerves of the pelvis | 9 | ||
| Somatic innervation | 9 | ||
| Autonomic innervation | 9 | ||
| The pelvic floor | 9 | ||
| The perineum | 10 | ||
| 2 Conception and nidation | 13 | ||
| Oogenesis | 13 | ||
| Meiosis | 13 | ||
| Follicular development in the ovary | 14 | ||
| Hormonal events associated with ovulation | 15 | ||
| The action of gonadotrophins | 16 | ||
| The endometrial cycle | 17 | ||
| Production of sperm | 18 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 18 | ||
| Structure of the spermatozoon | 18 | ||
| Seminal plasma | 19 | ||
| Fertilization | 19 | ||
| Sperm transport | 19 | ||
| Capacitation | 19 | ||
| Fertilization and implantation | 19 | ||
| The physiology of coitus | 20 | ||
| 3 Physiological changes in pregnancy | 23 | ||
| Immunology of pregnancy | 23 | ||
| The uterus | 24 | ||
| The cervix | 24 | ||
| The isthmus | 25 | ||
| The corpus uteri | 25 | ||
| Uterine contractility | 27 | ||
| The development of myometrial activity | 27 | ||
| The vagina | 28 | ||
| The cardiovascular system | 28 | ||
| Cardiac position and size | 28 | ||
| Cardiac output | 29 | ||
| Total peripheral resistance | 29 | ||
| Arterial blood pressure | 29 | ||
| The blood | 30 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 30 | ||
| The white cells | 30 | ||
| Platelets | 31 | ||
| Clotting factors | 31 | ||
| Respiratory function | 32 | ||
| Renal function | 33 | ||
| Anatomy | 33 | ||
| Physiology | 33 | ||
| The alimentary system | 34 | ||
| Nutrients in blood | 34 | ||
| Maternal carbohydrate metabolism | 34 | ||
| Changes in plasma proteins | 35 | ||
| Amino acids | 35 | ||
| Lipids | 35 | ||
| Calcium | 35 | ||
| Maternal weight gain | 35 | ||
| Postpartum weight | 36 | ||
| The breasts | 37 | ||
| Breast development during pregnancy | 37 | ||
| The initiation of lactation | 37 | ||
| The skin | 37 | ||
| Endocrine changes | 37 | ||
| Placental hormones | 38 | ||
| The pituitary gland | 38 | ||
| Anatomy | 38 | ||
| Anterior pituitary | 38 | ||
| Posterior pituitary | 38 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 38 | ||
| The thyroid | 38 | ||
| The parathyroids | 39 | ||
| The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) | 39 | ||
| The adrenal gland | 39 | ||
| Conclusion | 39 | ||
| 4 Placental and fetal growth and development | 41 | ||
| Early placental development | 41 | ||
| Further placental development | 41 | ||
| The villus | 42 | ||
| Structure of the umbilical cord | 43 | ||
| Uteroplacental blood flow | 43 | ||
| Factors that regulate fetoplacental and uterine blood flow | 43 | ||
| Placental transfer | 44 | ||
| Simple diffusion | 44 | ||
| Facilitated diffusion | 44 | ||
| Active transport | 45 | ||
| Pinocytosis | 45 | ||
| Transport of intact cells | 45 | ||
| Water and electrolyte transfer | 45 | ||
| Sodium | 45 | ||
| Potassium | 45 | ||
| Calcium | 45 | ||
| Placental function | 45 | ||
| Gaseous exchange | 45 | ||
| Oxygen transfer | 45 | ||
| Carbon dioxide transfer | 45 | ||
| Acid–base balance | 46 | ||
| Fetal nutrition and removal of waste products | 46 | ||
| Carbohydrate metabolism | 46 | ||
| Fat metabolism | 46 | ||
| Protein metabolism | 46 | ||
| Urea and ammonia | 47 | ||
| Placental hormone production | 47 | ||
| Protein hormones | 47 | ||
| Chorionic gonadotrophin | 47 | ||
| Human placental lactogen | 47 | ||
| Steroid hormones | 47 | ||
| Progesterone | 47 | ||
| Oestrogens | 47 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 48 | ||
| Corticotrophin-releasing hormone | 48 | ||
| Fetal development | 48 | ||
| Growth | 48 | ||
| The cardiovascular system | 49 | ||
| The respiratory system | 50 | ||
| The gastrointestinal tract | 50 | ||
| The kidney | 50 | ||
| The special senses | 51 | ||
| Amniotic fluid | 51 | ||
| Formation | 51 | ||
| Volume | 51 | ||
| Clinical significance of amniotic fluid volume | 52 | ||
| Oligohydramnios | 52 | ||
| Polyhydramnios | 52 | ||
| Clinical value of tests on amniotic fluid | 52 | ||
| Amniocentesis | 52 | ||
| Indications for amniocentesis | 53 | ||
| Chromosomal abnormalities and sex-linked diseases | 53 | ||
| Metabolic disorders | 53 | ||
| Estimation of fetal lung maturity | 53 | ||
| 5 Perinatal and maternal mortality | 55 | ||
| Perinatal mortality | 55 | ||
| Introduction | 55 | ||
| Definitions | 55 | ||
| Mortality rates | 56 | ||
| Incidence | 56 | ||
| Sociodemographic factors and perinatal mortality | 57 | ||
| Maternal age | 57 | ||
| Deprivation | 57 | ||
| Ethnicity | 57 | ||
| Other maternal characteristics | 57 | ||
| Causes of stillbirths | 58 | ||
| Intrapartum stillbirth | 58 | ||
| Causes of neonatal deaths | 58 | ||
| Maternal mortality | 59 | ||
| Definition | 59 | ||
| Maternal mortality rates | 59 | ||
| Major causes of maternal death in the UK | 60 | ||
| 2 Essential obstetrics | 63 | ||
| 6 History taking and examination in obstetrics | 65 | ||
| Taking a relevant and comprehensive history | 65 | ||
| Obstetric history | 65 | ||
| History of present pregnancy | 66 | ||
| Symptoms of pregnancy | 66 | ||
| Pseudocyesis | 67 | ||
| Previous obstetric history | 67 | ||
| Previous medical history | 67 | ||
| Family history | 67 | ||
| Examination | 68 | ||
| General and systemic examination | 68 | ||
| Heart and lungs | 68 | ||
| Head and neck | 68 | ||
| Breasts | 69 | ||
| Abdomen | 69 | ||
| Limbs and skeletal changes | 69 | ||
| Pelvic examination | 70 | ||
| Assessment of the bony pelvis | 70 | ||
| The planes of the Pelvis | 71 | ||
| Plane of the pelvic inlet | 71 | ||
| Plane of greatest pelvic dimensions | 71 | ||
| Plane of least pelvic dimensions | 72 | ||
| Outlet of the pelvis | 72 | ||
| Obstetrical examination at subsequent routine visits | 72 | ||
| Abdominal palpation | 73 | ||
| Palpation of the uterine fundus | 73 | ||
| Measurement of symphysial–fundal height | 73 | ||
| Measurement of abdominal girth | 73 | ||
| Palpation of fetal parts | 73 | ||
| Lie | 73 | ||
| Presentation | 74 | ||
| Position | 75 | ||
| Station and engagement | 75 | ||
| Auscultation | 75 | ||
| 7 Normal pregnancy and antenatal care | 79 | ||
| Aims and patterns of routine antenatal care | 79 | ||
| Preconceptual care and vitamin supplementation | 80 | ||
| The risk of substance abuse in pregnancy | 80 | ||
| Smoking | 80 | ||
| Alcohol intake | 81 | ||
| Illicit drug use | 81 | ||
| Changing demographics of pregnancy | 82 | ||
| The booking visit | 82 | ||
| Consideration of past obstetric history, including mode of delivery | 82 | ||
| Recommended routine screening tests | 82 | ||
| Haematological investigations | 82 | ||
| Blood group and antibodies | 83 | ||
| The use of anti-D immunoglobulin | 83 | ||
| Infection screening | 83 | ||
| Rubella | 83 | ||
| Syphilis | 83 | ||
| Non-specific tests | 83 | ||
| Specific tests | 84 | ||
| Hepatitis (see Chapter 9) | 84 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 84 | ||
| Group B Streptococcus | 84 | ||
| Urinary tract infection | 84 | ||
| Gestational diabetes | 84 | ||
| Screening for fetal anomaly | 85 | ||
| Nuchal translucency and biochemical screening | 85 | ||
| Schedules of routine antenatal care | 85 | ||
| Subsequent visits | 85 | ||
| Antenatal education | 85 | ||
| Dietary advice | 85 | ||
| Energy intake | 86 | ||
| Protein | 86 | ||
| Fats | 86 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 86 | ||
| Minerals and vitamins | 87 | ||
| Exercise in pregnancy | 87 | ||
| Coitus in pregnancy | 87 | ||
| Breast care | 87 | ||
| Social and cultural awareness | 88 | ||
| Safe prescribing in pregnancy | 88 | ||
| 8 Obstetric disorders | 89 | ||
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | 89 | ||
| Definitions | 89 | ||
| Classification | 90 | ||
| Pathogenesis and pathology of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia | 90 | ||
| The renal lesion | 92 | ||
| Placental pathology | 92 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | 92 | ||
| Other associations with pregnancy hypertension | 93 | ||
| The HELLP syndrome | 93 | ||
| Management of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia | 93 | ||
| Blood pressure measurement | 93 | ||
| Antihypertensive drug therapy | 94 | ||
| Maternal investigations | 94 | ||
| Laboratory investigations | 94 | ||
| Fetoplacental investigations | 94 | ||
| Prevention of pre-eclampsia | 95 | ||
| Symptoms of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia | 95 | ||
| Induction of labour | 96 | ||
| Complications | 96 | ||
| Eclampsia | 96 | ||
| Management of eclampsia | 97 | ||
| Control of fits | 97 | ||
| Control of blood pressure | 97 | ||
| Delivery of the infant | 98 | ||
| Management after delivery | 98 | ||
| Antepartum haemorrhage | 98 | ||
| Placenta praevia | 99 | ||
| Incidence | 99 | ||
| Aetiology | 99 | ||
| Classification | 99 | ||
| Symptoms and signs | 100 | ||
| Diagnosis | 100 | ||
| Clinical findings | 100 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 100 | ||
| Diagnostic procedures | 100 | ||
| Management | 100 | ||
| Abruptio placentae | 101 | ||
| Aetiology | 101 | ||
| Clinical types and presentation | 102 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 102 | ||
| Clinical assessment/differential diagnosis | 103 | ||
| Management | 103 | ||
| Complications | 104 | ||
| Afibrinogenaemia | 104 | ||
| Renal tubular or cortical necrosis | 104 | ||
| Other causes of antepartum haemorrhage | 104 | ||
| Vasa praevia | 104 | ||
| Unexplained antepartum haemorrhage | 104 | ||
| Vaginal infections | 105 | ||
| Cervical lesions | 105 | ||
| Multiple pregnancy | 105 | ||
| Prevalence | 105 | ||
| Types of twinning and determination of chorionicity | 105 | ||
| Monozygotic multiple pregnancy | 105 | ||
| Dizygotic twins | 106 | ||
| Complications of twin pregnancy | 107 | ||
| Complications unrelated to zygosity | 107 | ||
| Nausea and vomiting | 107 | ||
| Anaemia | 107 | ||
| Miscarriage | 107 | ||
| Antepartum haemorrhage | 108 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia | 108 | ||
| Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) | 108 | ||
| Preterm labour | 108 | ||
| Complications related to zygosity | 108 | ||
| Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) | 108 | ||
| Monoamniotic and conjoined twinning | 108 | ||
| Prenatal diagnosis | 108 | ||
| Management of twin pregnancy | 109 | ||
| Management of labour and delivery | 109 | ||
| Presentation at delivery | 109 | ||
| Method of delivery | 109 | ||
| Caesarean section | 109 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 109 | ||
| Complications of labour | 110 | ||
| Locked twins | 111 | ||
| Conjoined twins | 111 | ||
| Perinatal mortality | 111 | ||
| Prolonged pregnancy | 111 | ||
| Aetiology | 112 | ||
| Management | 112 | ||
| Labour management | 112 | ||
| Breech presentation | 112 | ||
| Types of breech presentation | 112 | ||
| Causation and hazards of breech presentation | 113 | ||
| Management | 113 | ||
| Antenatal management | 113 | ||
| External cephalic version (ECV) | 113 | ||
| Indication | 113 | ||
| Contraindications | 113 | ||
| Technique | 113 | ||
| Complications | 113 | ||
| Method of delivery | 114 | ||
| Vaginal breech delivery | 114 | ||
| Technique | 114 | ||
| Caesarean section | 115 | ||
| Unstable lie, transverse lie and shoulder presentation | 116 | ||
| Complications | 116 | ||
| Management | 116 | ||
| 9 Maternal medicine | 119 | ||
| Introduction | 119 | ||
| Minor complaints of pregnancy | 119 | ||
| Abdominal pain | 120 | ||
| Heartburn | 120 | ||
| Constipation | 120 | ||
| Backache | 120 | ||
| Syncope | 121 | ||
| Varicosities | 121 | ||
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | 121 | ||
| Pelvic girdle dysfunction (symphyseal pelvic dysfunction, SPD) | 121 | ||
| Medical problems arising in pregnancy | 121 | ||
| Anaemia | 121 | ||
| Aetiology | 121 | ||
| Risk factors | 121 | ||
| Clinical features and diagnosis | 122 | ||
| Implications on pregnancy | 122 | ||
| Management | 122 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 122 | ||
| Gestational diabetes | 123 | ||
| Aetiology | 123 | ||
| Risk factors | 123 | ||
| Clinical features and diagnosis | 123 | ||
| Implications on pregnancy | 123 | ||
| Management | 124 | ||
| Infections acquired in pregnancy | 125 | ||
| Risk factors | 125 | ||
| Implications on pregnancy and management | 125 | ||
| Chicken pox | 125 | ||
| Parvovirus B19 | 125 | ||
| Influenza H1N1 | 125 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection | 125 | ||
| Implications of pregnancy on the disease | 126 | ||
| Implications of the disease on pregnancy | 126 | ||
| Screening | 126 | ||
| Management | 126 | ||
| Acute viral hepatitis | 126 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 127 | ||
| Malaria | 127 | ||
| Acute pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections | 127 | ||
| Thromboembolic disease | 128 | ||
| Aetiology | 128 | ||
| Risk factors | 128 | ||
| Clinical features and diagnosis | 128 | ||
| Implications on pregnancy | 128 | ||
| Management | 128 | ||
| Liver disease | 129 | ||
| Obstetric cholestasis | 129 | ||
| 3 Essential gynaecology | 221 | ||
| 15 Basic clinical skills in gynaecology | 223 | ||
| History | 223 | ||
| The presenting complaint | 224 | ||
| Menstrual history | 224 | ||
| Previous gynaecological history | 225 | ||
| Previous medical history | 225 | ||
| Family and social history | 225 | ||
| Examination | 225 | ||
| Breast examination | 225 | ||
| Examination of the abdomen | 225 | ||
| Pelvic examination | 226 | ||
| Bimanual examination | 228 | ||
| Special circumstances | 228 | ||
| Rectal examination | 229 | ||
| Presenting your findings | 229 | ||
| 16 Gynaecological disorders | 233 | ||
| Introduction | 233 | ||
| Benign conditions of the upper genital tract | 233 | ||
| The uterus | 233 | ||
| Symptoms and signs | 233 | ||
| Diagnosis and management | 234 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 234 | ||
| Endometrial polyps | 235 | ||
| Symptoms | 235 | ||
| Signs | 235 | ||
| Pathology | 236 | ||
| Treatment | 236 | ||
| Benign tumours of the myometrium | 236 | ||
| Histopathology | 236 | ||
| Pathological changes | 236 | ||
| Symptoms and signs | 236 | ||
| Management | 237 | ||
| Medical treatment | 237 | ||
| Uterine artery embolization (UAE) | 237 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 237 | ||
| Treatments in development | 238 | ||
| Adenomyosis | 238 | ||
| Symptoms and signs | 238 | ||
| Pathology | 238 | ||
| Treatment | 238 | ||
| Lesions of the ovary | 238 | ||
| Symptoms | 238 | ||
| Signs | 239 | ||
| Endometriosis | 239 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 239 | ||
| Diagnosis | 241 | ||
| Management | 241 | ||
| Abnormal uterine bleeding | 241 | ||
| Intermenstrual bleeding | 241 | ||
| Postcoital bleeding | 242 | ||
| Postmenopausal bleeding | 242 | ||
| Heavy menstrual bleeding | 242 | ||
| Causes | 242 | ||
| Structural | 242 | ||
| Non structural | 243 | ||
| History and examination | 243 | ||
| Investigations | 243 | ||
| Management | 244 | ||
| Medical treatment | 244 | ||
| Non-hormonal treatments | 244 | ||
| Hormonal treatments | 244 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 244 | ||
| Endometrial resection or ablation | 244 | ||
| Hysterectomy | 245 | ||
| Secondary amenorrhoea and oligomenorrhoea | 245 | ||
| Aetiology | 245 | ||
| Physiological | 245 | ||
| Pathological | 246 | ||
| Hypothalamic disorders | 246 | ||
| Pituitary disorders | 246 | ||
| Ovarian disorders | 247 | ||
| Ovarian failure | 247 | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 247 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 247 | ||
| Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Uterine causes | 248 | ||
| Cryptomenorrhoea (literally ‘hidden menstruation’) | 248 | ||
| Investigations in women with amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea | 248 | ||
| Management | 249 | ||
| Dysmenorrhoea | 249 | ||
| Investigations | 250 | ||
| Management | 250 | ||
| Pharmacological | 250 | ||
| Premenstrual syndrome | 250 | ||
| Symptoms and signs | 250 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 250 | ||
| Management | 251 | ||
| Pharmacological | 251 | ||
| Disorders of puberty | 251 | ||
| Puberty and menarche | 251 | ||
| Thelarche | 252 | ||
| Adrenarche | 252 | ||
| Menarche | 252 | ||
| Growth spurt | 252 | ||
| Precocious puberty | 253 | ||
| Evaluation | 253 | ||
| Investigations | 253 | ||
| Appendices | 357 | ||
| Appendix A Principles of perioperative care | 357 | ||
| Preoperative care | 357 | ||
| Patient counselling and consent (see also Appendix C) | 357 | ||
| Preoperative assessment | 357 | ||
| Clinical history and examination | 357 | ||
| Investigations | 357 | ||
| Medications | 358 | ||
| Preoperative preparation | 358 | ||
| Management of anaemia | 358 | ||
| Antibiotic prophylaxis | 358 | ||
| Management of diabetes | 358 | ||
| Intraoperative complications | 358 | ||
| Regional and general anaesthesia | 358 | ||
| Local anaesthesia | 358 | ||
| Complications secondary to patient positioning | 358 | ||
| Acute compartment syndrome | 358 | ||
| Neurological injury | 359 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 359 | ||
| Ureteric and bladder injury | 359 | ||
| Gastrointestinal injury | 360 | ||
| Postoperative care | 360 | ||
| Analgesia | 360 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte balance | 360 | ||
| Cardiovascular stability | 360 | ||
| Bladder care | 360 | ||
| Oral intake | 361 | ||
| Postoperative complications | 361 | ||
| Postoperative haemorrhage | 361 | ||
| Pyrexia | 361 | ||
| Surgical site infections | 361 | ||
| Treatment | 361 | ||
| Cardiovascular and respiratory complications | 362 | ||
| Venous thromboembolism | 362 | ||
| Discharge from hospital | 362 | ||
| Appendix B Governance, audit and research | 363 | ||
| Data collection in the national health service | 363 | ||
| Sources of data collection and computing systems | 363 | ||
| GP consultations and registrations | 363 | ||
| Registration of births and deaths | 364 | ||
| Hospital episode statistics (HES) | 364 | ||
| Mortality rates statistics | 364 | ||
| Morbidity rates statistics | 364 | ||
| Research and data linkage | 364 | ||
| Data Protection Act | 364 | ||
| Caldicott principles | 364 | ||
| Evidence-based healthcare | 365 | ||
| Clinical audit | 365 | ||
| Four steps of clinical audit | 365 | ||
| Defining best practice | 365 | ||
| Preparing to monitor | 365 | ||
| Monitoring your achievement | 365 | ||
| Planning for improvement | 365 | ||
| National clinical audits | 366 | ||
| Clinical guidelines | 366 | ||
| Research | 366 | ||
| Type of research studies | 366 | ||
| Descriptive studies | 366 | ||
| Analytical studies | 367 | ||
| Clinical trials | 367 | ||
| Clinical governance | 368 | ||
| Risk management | 368 | ||
| Clinical incident reporting | 368 | ||
| Conclusion | 368 | ||
| Appendix C Medicolegal aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology | 369 | ||
| Principles and legal issues around informed consent | 369 | ||
| Litigation in obstetrics and gynaecology | 370 | ||
| Patient confidentiality (including data protection) | 372 | ||
| The rules regarding abortion | 373 | ||
| The use of assisted reproduction in infertility care | 373 | ||
| The relevant legal status of the fetus, the pregnant woman, the child and the pubertal girl | 374 | ||
| The role of the doctor in child protection | 374 | ||
| Self-assessment: Questions | 377 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 377 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 377 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 378 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 380 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 380 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 381 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 381 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 382 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 382 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 383 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 384 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 384 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 385 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 385 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 386 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 386 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 388 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 388 | ||
| Appendix A | 389 | ||
| Appendix B | 389 | ||
| Appendix C | 390 | ||
| Self-assessment: Answers | 393 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 393 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 393 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 394 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 395 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 395 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 396 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 397 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 398 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 399 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 399 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 399 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 400 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 401 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 403 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 403 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 404 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 404 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 405 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 405 | ||
| Appendix A | 406 | ||
| Appendix B | 406 | ||
| Appendix C | 407 | ||
| Further reading | 409 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 409 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 409 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 409 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 409 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 410 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 410 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 410 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 410 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 411 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 411 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 412 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 412 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 412 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 412 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 412 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 413 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 413 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 414 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 414 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 415 | ||
| Appendix A | 415 | ||
| Appendix B | 415 | ||
| Appendix C | 415 | ||
| Further websites | 415 | ||
| Index | 417 | ||
| A | 417 | ||
| B | 419 | ||
| C | 419 | ||
| D | 421 | ||
| E | 422 | ||
| F | 423 | ||
| G | 424 | ||
| H | 425 | ||
| I | 425 | ||
| J | 427 | ||
| K | 427 | ||
| L | 427 | ||
| M | 428 | ||
| N | 429 | ||
| O | 429 | ||
| P | 430 | ||
| Q | 433 | ||
| R | 433 | ||
| S | 434 | ||
| T | 435 | ||
| U | 436 | ||
| V | 436 | ||
| W | 437 | ||
| Y | 437 | ||
| Z | 437 |