BOOK
Problem Solving in Emergency Radiology E-Book
Stuart E. Mirvis | Jorge A Soto | Kathirkamanathan Shanmuganathan | Joseph Yu | Wayne S Kubal
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Optimize diagnostic accuracy in the emergency department with Problem Solving in Radiology: Emergency Radiology, a new addition to the popular Problem Solving in Radiology series. Published in association with the American Society of Emergency Radiology, the medical reference book is designed to help experienced radiologists, residents, or emergency medicine practitioners accurately address problematic conditions and reach the most accurate diagnosis.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Access problem-oriented content that helps you quickly and accurately diagnose patients.
- Focus on the core knowledge needed for successful results with templated, concise chapters containing both traditional and unusual presentations of pathology. Each chapter will include: Typical Presentation; Variants; Mimickers (what looks like this pathology, but isn’t); and Pitfalls (how a diagnosis can be missed and how to avoid it).
- Stay up to date on today's hot topics in radiology, including radiation concerns when using total body CT for trauma assessment; trauma in the pregnant patient; imaging pediatric craniocerebral trauma; and penetrating trauma to the torso and chest.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| Problem Solving in Emergency Radiology | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedications | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Contributors | xi | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| Chapter 1 - Strategies for Reducing Radiation Exposure From Multidetector Computed Tomography in the Acute Care Setting | 1 | ||
| SYNOPSIS | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE: BEFORE THE SCAN | 2 | ||
| UNDERSTANDING THE X-RAY OUTPUT METRICS CTDIVOL AND DLP | 2 | ||
| REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE: DURING THE SCAN | 3 | ||
| CT PROTOCOL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE RADIATION EXPOSURE | 3 | ||
| REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE: AFTER THE SCAN | 10 | ||
| AFTER THE SCAN: CAPTURING AND MONITORING RADIATION DOSES | 11 | ||
| SUMMARY | 11 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Image Management in Emergency Radiology | 13 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 13 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING: REMAINING COMPLIANT WITH INFORMATION SECURITY STANDARDS | 16 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING: WORK-FLOW CHALLENGES WITH OUTSIDE IMAGES | 16 | ||
| PITFALL: INFORMAL CONSULTATIONS | 16 | ||
| OUTSIDE IMAGE INTERPRETATION: THE PROCESS | 16 | ||
| SUMMARY | 17 | ||
| Selected Reading | 17 | ||
| SECTION I - Craniocerebral Orbital-Maxillo-Facial Emergencies | 19 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Craniocerebral Trauma | 20 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 20 | ||
| IMAGING MODALITIES | 21 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF INJURY | 22 | ||
| SUMMARY | 39 | ||
| TECHNICAL ISSUES | 39 | ||
| SKULL BASE FRACTURES | 40 | ||
| ANTERIOR SKULL BASE | 40 | ||
| CENTRAL SKULL BASE | 41 | ||
| POSTERIOR SKULL BASE | 41 | ||
| TEMPORAL BONE | 42 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC PITFALLS | 45 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SKULL BASE INJURY | 45 | ||
| Selected Reading | 52 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Nontraumatic Brain Emergencies | 53 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage | 53 | ||
| NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE | 53 | ||
| Intracranial Infections | 68 | ||
| IMAGING STRATEGY | 68 | ||
| MENINGITIS | 69 | ||
| PYOGENIC INFECTIONS | 70 | ||
| SPECIFIC ENTITIES | 71 | ||
| IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS | 74 | ||
| CEREBROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF INFECTION | 75 | ||
| SUMMARY | 78 | ||
| Stroke | 78 | ||
| DEFINITION OF STROKE | 78 | ||
| IMAGING TOOLS AND OPTIONS | 78 | ||
| STROKE CENTERS AND CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS | 78 | ||
| RELEVANCE OF IMAGING IN STROKE | 79 | ||
| LANGUAGE AND GEOGRAPHY OF STROKE: KEY TO PROTOCOLS AND TRIAGE | 79 | ||
| BRIEF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE | 79 | ||
| EARLIEST SIGNS OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 80 | ||
| GEOGRAPHY OF ISCHEMIC STROKE | 81 | ||
| IMAGING CORRELATES OF ACUTE STROKE SYNDROMES | 82 | ||
| EVOLUTION OF ACUTE THERAPIES AND CURRENT STROKE TRIALS | 82 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS | 85 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING APPROACH | 85 | ||
| TOOLS FOR DISCRIMINATION | 86 | ||
| COMMON INTRACRANIAL NEOPLASMS | 89 | ||
| NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES | 98 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING | 99 | ||
| Selected Reading | 100 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Face and Neck Emergencies | 102 | ||
| Midfacial Trauma | 102 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND RATIONALE FOR REPAIR | 102 | ||
| THE BUTTRESS SYSTEM OF THE FACE | 102 | ||
| IMAGING TECHNIQUE | 103 | ||
| Traumatic Craniocervical Vascular Injuries | 109 | ||
| BLUNT CERVICAL ARTERIAL INJURIES | 110 | ||
| PENETRATING NECK TRAUMA | 113 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL VASCULAR INJURIES | 115 | ||
| FACIAL AND EXTRACALVARIAL CRANIAL ARTERIAL INJURIES | 117 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC PITFALLS | 117 | ||
| DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY | 118 | ||
| Neck and Facial Infections | 118 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING AND GOALS FOR THE RADIOLOGIST | 118 | ||
| ANATOMY | 118 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING IN COMPLICATED ORBITAL AND SINOGENIC INFECTIONS | 119 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE UPPER LATERAL NECK AND FLOOR OF MOUTH INFECTIONS | 120 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING AROUND THE AIRWAY | 123 | ||
| Traumatic Orbital Emergencies | 127 | ||
| ANATOMY | 127 | ||
| ANTERIOR CHAMBER INJURIES | 127 | ||
| LENS INJURIES | 128 | ||
| OPEN-GLOBE INJURIES | 129 | ||
| OCULAR DETACHMENT | 129 | ||
| INTRAORBITAL FOREIGN BODIES | 130 | ||
| RETROBULBAR HEMATOMA | 131 | ||
| EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE AVULSION | 132 | ||
| CAROTID-CAVERNOUS FISTULA | 132 | ||
| OPTIC NERVE INJURIES | 132 | ||
| Nontraumatic Orbital Emergencies | 132 | ||
| ORBITAL INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | 132 | ||
| THYROID EYE DISEASE | 134 | ||
| IDIOPATHIC ORBITAL INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME | 135 | ||
| SARCOIDOSIS | 135 | ||
| WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS | 135 | ||
| SILENT SINUS SYNDROME | 135 | ||
| CAVERNOUS SINUS SYNDROME | 135 | ||
| NONINFECTIOUS UVEITIS/SCLERITIS | 136 | ||
| CAROTID-CAVERNOUS FISTULA | 136 | ||
| LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS | 136 | ||
| VENOUS MALFORMATIONS AND ORBITAL VARICES | 136 | ||
| CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA | 136 | ||
| NEOPLASTIC DISEASE | 136 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CALCIFICATIONS AND POSTSURGICAL CHANGES | 138 | ||
| SUMMARY | 138 | ||
| Selected Reading | 138 | ||
| SECTION II - Spine Emergencies | 141 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Spinal Trauma | 142 | ||
| Cervical Spine Emergencies | 142 | ||
| IMAGING APPROACH AND MODALITIES | 142 | ||
| IMAGE EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION | 143 | ||
| CONCEPTS OF STABILITY | 143 | ||
| INJURY PATTERNS—CRANIOCERVICAL SPINE | 144 | ||
| INJURY PATTERNS—SUBAXIAL CERVICAL SPINE | 149 | ||
| Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Emergencies | 154 | ||
| IMAGING GUIDELINES | 154 | ||
| DIRECTED SEARCH PATTERNS | 154 | ||
| CONCEPTS OF STABILITY | 156 | ||
| INJURY PATTERNS | 156 | ||
| Selected Reading | 164 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Nontraumatic Spine Emergencies | 165 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 165 | ||
| POSTPROCEDURE SPINE | 169 | ||
| Selected Reading | 170 | ||
| SECTION III - Thoracic Emergency Radiology | 171 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Blunt Chest Trauma | 172 | ||
| NONMEDIASTINAL INJURY | 172 | ||
| LUNG INJURY | 172 | ||
| INJURIES INVOLVING THE PLEURAL SPACE | 173 | ||
| BONY THORAX AND CHEST WALL | 179 | ||
| MEDIASTINAL INJURY | 183 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL INJURY | 185 | ||
| CARDIOPERICARDIAL INJURY | 187 | ||
| CARDIAC INJURY—MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 191 | ||
| INJURY TO THE AORTA AND PROXIMAL BRANCH VESSELS | 193 | ||
| BLUNT INJURY TO THE HEMIDIAPHRAGMS | 206 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 211 | ||
| Selected Reading | 216 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Nontraumatic, Nonvascular Chest Emergencies | 217 | ||
| ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 217 | ||
| PATTERN-BASED APPROACH | 217 | ||
| CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 218 | ||
| INFECTION | 221 | ||
| PLEURAL AND CHEST DISEASE | 223 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS ACUTE CHEST EMERGENCIES | 227 | ||
| Selected Reading | 230 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Vascular Chest Emergencies | 231 | ||
| THORACIC AORTA | 231 | ||
| PULMONARY EMBOLISM | 238 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 242 | ||
| Selected Reading | 242 | ||
| SECTION IV - Abdominal Emergencies | 243 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Blunt Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Trauma | 244 | ||
| WHOLE-BODY MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 244 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PROTOCOLS | 245 | ||
| ORAL AND RECTAL CONTRAST MATERIAL | 249 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 250 | ||
| Sonography | 252 | ||
| ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 252 | ||
| BLUNT SPLENIC INJURY | 258 | ||
| SPLENIC TRAUMA IMAGING MODALITIES AND PROTOCOLS | 259 | ||
| SPLENIC INJURIES | 259 | ||
| IMAGING PEARLS AND PITFALLS IN BLUNT SPLENIC TRAUMA | 265 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP AND COMPLICATIONS OF SPLENIC TRAUMA | 266 | ||
| IMAGING STATUS POST MANAGEMENT | 267 | ||
| BLUNT HEPATIC TRAUMA | 269 | ||
| HEPATIC TRAUMA IMAGING MODALITIES AND PROTOCOLS | 270 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN ACUTE HEPATIC TRAUMA | 270 | ||
| HEPATIC INJURY SCORING | 273 | ||
| IMAGING PEARLS AND PITFALLS IN BLUNT HEPATIC TRAUMA | 275 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP AND COMPLICATIONS AFTER HEPATIC INJURY | 277 | ||
| BILIARY TRACT TRAUMA | 279 | ||
| GALLBLADDER INJURIES | 279 | ||
| BILE DUCT INJURY | 279 | ||
| IMAGING | 280 | ||
| Pancreatic Injury | 283 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 283 | ||
| MECHANISM OF INJURY | 284 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 284 | ||
| GRADING OF PANCREATIC INJURY | 284 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 286 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING/MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY | 287 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY | 289 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 289 | ||
| BOWEL AND MESENTERIC TRAUMA | 289 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FEATURES OF BOWEL AND MESENTERIC INJURY | 290 | ||
| DUODENAL INJURIES | 294 | ||
| ANORECTAL INJURY | 297 | ||
| SPECIFIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SIGNS OF MESENTERIC INJURY | 298 | ||
| NONSPECIFIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SIGNS OF MESENTERIC INJURY | 299 | ||
| MIMICS OF BOWEL CONTUSION | 299 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN BOWEL AND MESENTERIC INJURIES | 299 | ||
| RENAL INJURY | 301 | ||
| URETERAL INJURY | 309 | ||
| BLADDER INJURY | 310 | ||
| URETHRAL INJURY | 313 | ||
| SCROTAL INJURY | 314 | ||
| PENILE INJURIES | 314 | ||
| Selected Reading | 314 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Imaging of Penetrating Trauma to the Torso and Chest | 317 | ||
| BALLISTICS | 317 | ||
| PENETRATING INJURIES TO THE TORSO | 317 | ||
| MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES | 319 | ||
| IMAGING OF PENETRATING TORSO TRAUMA | 322 | ||
| IMAGING OF PENETRATING CHEST TRAUMA | 352 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 364 | ||
| Selected Reading | 367 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Nontraumatic Abdominal Emergencies | 368 | ||
| Gastric and Duodenal Emergencies | 368 | ||
| NORMAL ANATOMY | 368 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL EMERGENCIES | 368 | ||
| Small Bowel Obstruction and Inflammation | 379 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE SMALL BOWEL AND MESENTERY | 379 | ||
| NORMAL IMAGING APPEARANCE OF THE SMALL BOWEL AND MESENTERY | 379 | ||
| IMAGING MODALITIES FOR SMALL BOWEL | 379 | ||
| SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION | 381 | ||
| CAUSES OF SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION | 384 | ||
| SMALL BOWEL INFLAMMATION | 388 | ||
| SMALL BOWEL HEMORRHAGE | 394 | ||
| ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE COLON AND APPENDIX | 395 | ||
| ACUTE COLONIC OBSTRUCTION | 401 | ||
| ACUTE COLONIC ISCHEMIA AND PNEUMATOSIS | 404 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 406 | ||
| NONTRAUMATIC VISCERAL ARTERIAL EMERGENCIES | 408 | ||
| RUPTURE OF NONTRAUMATIC ANEURYSMS OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA AND ILIAC ARTERIES | 410 | ||
| ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING | 411 | ||
| ACUTE VENOUS THROMBOSIS | 413 | ||
| ADRENAL NONTRAUMATIC EMERGENCIES | 414 | ||
| RENAL NONTRAUMATIC EMERGENCIES | 415 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 424 | ||
| SPLEEN | 425 | ||
| PERITONEAL AND MESENTERIC EMERGENCIES | 428 | ||
| ABDOMINAL WALL | 430 | ||
| DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 431 | ||
| CAUSES/PATHOGENESIS | 431 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 432 | ||
| SEVERITY | 433 | ||
| IMAGING | 434 | ||
| TREATMENT | 440 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 440 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 441 | ||
| ACUTE HEPATITIS (BOX 13-2) | 441 | ||
| PERIHEPATITIS (FITZ-HUGH-CURTIS SYNDROME) | 443 | ||
| HEPATIC ABSCESS | 444 | ||
| VASCULAR PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES | 447 | ||
| HEPATIC EMERGENCIES—A FOCUS ON PREGNANCY | 450 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 451 | ||
| GALLBLADDER | 452 | ||
| ACUTE BILIARY DUCTAL OBSTRUCTION | 455 | ||
| Nontraumatic Pelvic | 458 | ||
| NONOBSTETRIC PELVIC EMERGENCIES | 458 | ||
| ECTOPIC PREGNANCY | 461 | ||
| SCROTAL EMERGENCIES | 463 | ||
| Selected Reading | 464 | ||
| SECTION V - Musculoskeletal Emergencies | 467 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Upper Extremity | 468 | ||
| Shoulder | 468 | ||
| ANATOMY | 468 | ||
| OSSEOUS EMERGENCIES | 468 | ||
| JOINT EMERGENCIES | 473 | ||
| Elbow | 477 | ||
| ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND MECHANICS | 477 | ||
| DISTAL HUMERUS FRACTURES | 478 | ||
| PROXIMAL RADIUS FRACTURES | 479 | ||
| PROXIMAL ULNA FRACTURES | 480 | ||
| DISLOCATIONS | 481 | ||
| LIGAMENT INJURIES | 482 | ||
| TENDON INJURIES | 483 | ||
| FOREARM | 485 | ||
| FRACTURE-DISLOCATION COMPLEXES | 485 | ||
| COMPARTMENT SYNDROME | 486 | ||
| Hand and Wrist | 486 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE PHALANGES | 486 | ||
| INJURIES OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS | 487 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE METACARPALS | 488 | ||
| INJURIES OF THE CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS | 490 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES | 490 | ||
| INJURIES OF THE CARPUS | 493 | ||
| INJURIES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA | 494 | ||
| Selected Reading | 497 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Lower Extremity | 499 | ||
| Hip/Proximal Femur | 499 | ||
| BONE AND JOINT | 499 | ||
| SOFT TISSUE EMERGENCIES | 507 | ||
| Knee | 511 | ||
| KNEE JOINT EFFUSION | 511 | ||
| INDICATORS OF LIGAMENTOUS INJURY | 511 | ||
| EXTENSOR MECHANISM AND PATELLA | 515 | ||
| DISTAL FEMUR | 516 | ||
| PROXIMAL TIBIA | 518 | ||
| Ankle and Foot | 520 | ||
| ANKLE FRACTURES AND SUBLUXATION/DISLOCATION | 521 | ||
| Selected Reading | 536 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Pelvis | 538 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE ACETABULUM | 543 | ||
| Selected Reading | 550 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Emergent Soft Tissue Conditions | 551 | ||
| CELLULITIS | 551 | ||
| ABSCESS | 551 | ||
| NECROTIZING FASCIITIS | 552 | ||
| PYOMYOSITIS | 553 | ||
| DIABETIC MUSCLE INFARCTION | 554 | ||
| RHABDOMYOLYSIS | 556 | ||
| PITFALLS | 556 | ||
| Selected Reading | 557 | ||
| Index | 559 | ||
| IBC | IBC |