Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Learn TEE the fun and effortless way! Dr. Gallagher returns with the 2nd edition of Board Stiff TEE: Transesophageal Echocardiography, following the same humorous, digestible writing style that made the last edition a runaway best seller. This highly effective, enjoyable, and affordable medical reference book is not only ideal for those taking the boards; it is also a great overview for anyone looking to stay up-to-date on this increasingly important monitoring modality.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader , conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Compatible with Kindle®, nook®, and other popular devices.
- Get a detailed review of all of the PTEeXAM topics listed by the National Board of Echocardiography, written in a digestible, humorous, and engaging style.
- Understand difficult concepts and problems with the help of 150 schematic drawings.
- Access comprehensive, problem-solving guidance on quantitative aspects of TEE through a practical appendix that includes gradients, valve areas, and chamber pressures.
- Master TEE and confidently take the PTEeExam with Board Stiff TEE: Transesophageal Echocardiography!
- Stay current on the latest advances with a new chapter covering 3D TEE.
- Search the complete contents online, and access additional exam-type questions and cases, at www.expertconsult.com!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Board Stiff TEE | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | vii | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | ix | ||
| List of Contributors | xi | ||
| Introduction: Neither Rain nor Snow | xv | ||
| 1 The Yellow Brick Road | 1 | ||
| 2 Principles of Ultrasound | 3 | ||
| Nature of Ultrasound: Compression and Rarefaction | 3 | ||
| Frequency, Wavelength, and Tissue Propagation Velocity | 3 | ||
| Properties of Ultrasound Waves | 5 | ||
| Ultrasound–Tissue Interactions | 5 | ||
| Reflection | 5 | ||
| Refraction | 6 | ||
| Scatter | 6 | ||
| Attenuation | 6 | ||
| Tissue Characterization | 6 | ||
| Questions | 7 | ||
| Answers | 7 | ||
| 3 Transducers and Instrumentation | 9 | ||
| Piezoelectric Effect | 9 | ||
| Crystal Thickness and Resonance | 10 | ||
| Damping | 11 | ||
| Sound Beam Formation | 11 | ||
| Focusing | 11 | ||
| Axial and Lateral Resolution | 11 | ||
| Axial Resolution | 12 | ||
| Lateral Resolution | 12 | ||
| Arrays | 12 | ||
| Instrumentation | 13 | ||
| Depth | 14 | ||
| Frequency | 14 | ||
| Gain | 14 | ||
| Depth Gain Compensation | 14 | ||
| A Million More | 15 | ||
| Displays | 15 | ||
| B-Mode, M-Mode, and Two-dimensional Echocardiography | 15 | ||
| B-mode | 15 | ||
| M-mode | 16 | ||
| Two-dimensional | 16 | ||
| Signal Processing and Related Factors | 16 | ||
| Questions | 16 | ||
| Answers | 17 | ||
| 4 Equipment, Infection Control, and Safety | 19 | ||
| The Good: Safety First | 19 | ||
| Set up an Echo Service | 19 | ||
| Move it from Place to Place | 20 | ||
| The Ugly (Bad Will Come Later): Cleaning—You Need a System | 20 | ||
| The Physical Probe: How’s it Look? | 20 | ||
| Eyeball the Probe | 20 | ||
| It won’t Plug in? | 21 | ||
| Use the Probe | 21 | ||
| Insert: How’s it Go? | 21 | ||
| Ergonomics | 21 | ||
| The Bad | 22 | ||
| Questions (Echo Safety)—True/False | 22 | ||
| Answers | 23 | ||
| 5 Principles of Doppler Ultrasound | 25 | ||
| The Doppler Shift Equation | 26 | ||
| Basic Principle for Tissue Reconstruction Using Ultrasound | 26 | ||
| B-Mode | 27 | ||
| M-Mode | 27 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Imaging | 27 | ||
| Color Doppler | 28 | ||
| Continuous Wave Doppler | 28 | ||
| Pulse Wave Doppler | 29 | ||
| Range Ambiguity | 29 | ||
| Nyquist Limit and Aliasing | 30 | ||
| HPRF (High Pulse Repetition Frequency) Mode | 31 | ||
| Beam Angle | 32 | ||
| Derivation of the Doppler Shift Equation | 32 | ||
| Derivation of the Nyquist Limit for PW Echo | 35 | ||
| Questions (Doppler Physics) | 36 | ||
| True or False | 36 | ||
| Answers | 36 | ||
| References | 37 | ||
| 6 Quantitative M-mode and Two-dimensional Echocardiography | 39 | ||
| Edge Recognition | 39 | ||
| Edge Components | 39 | ||
| Temporal Resolution | 40 | ||
| Aortic Valve in M-Mode | 40 | ||
| Mitral Valve in M-Mode | 41 | ||
| Ventricular Wall Assessment with M-Mode | 42 | ||
| Global Function: Measurements and Calculations | 42 | ||
| Geometric, Spectral, and Other Measurements | 43 | ||
| Questions | 44 | ||
| Answers | 45 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| 7 Quantitative Doppler | 47 | ||
| Types of Velocity Measurements | 47 | ||
| High-Frame Rate-Doppler | 47 | ||
| Volumetric Measurements and Calculations | 48 | ||
| Valve Gradients, Areas, and Other Measurements | 49 | ||
| Cardiac Chamber and Great Vessel Pressures | 50 | ||
| Tissue Doppler | 51 | ||
| Questions | 52 | ||
| Answers | 52 | ||
| Bibliography | 52 | ||
| 8 Doppler Profiles and Assessment of Diastolic Function | 55 | ||
| Tricuspid Valve and Right Ventricular Inflow | 55 | ||
| Pulmonary Valve and Right Ventricular Outflow | 56 | ||
| Mitral Valve and Left Ventricular Inflow | 57 | ||
| The Groovy Heart | 58 | ||
| The Heart with Impaired Filling | 58 | ||
| The Yet-More-Noncompliant Heart | 59 | ||
| History and Physical | 59 | ||
| Size of the Left Atrium | 59 | ||
| Valsalva Maneuver | 59 | ||
| Inflow Pattern of Pulmonary Veins | 60 | ||
| Others | 60 | ||
| The Stiff-as-Hell Heart: No Kidding End-Stage Diastolic Wipeout | 61 | ||
| Aortic Valve and Left Ventricular Outflow | 62 | ||
| Nonvalvular Flow Profiles | 63 | ||
| Questions | 64 | ||
| Answers | 65 | ||
| 9 Cardiac Anatomy | 67 | ||
| Imaging Planes | 67 | ||
| Cardiac Chambers and Walls | 71 | ||
| Cardiac Valves | 72 | ||
| Cardiac Cycle and Relation of Events Relative to ECG | 72 | ||
| Questions | 74 | ||
| Answers | 75 | ||
| Reference | 75 | ||
| 10 Pericardium and Extra-Cardiac Structures: Anatomy and Pathology | 77 | ||
| The Pericardium | 77 | ||
| The Aorta | 84 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysm | 87 | ||
| Aortic Pseudoaneurysm | 87 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 88 | ||
| Aortic Plaque | 89 | ||
| Aortic Trauma | 90 | ||
| Aortic Thrombus | 91 | ||
| Aortic Inflammation, Coarctation, and Infection | 91 | ||
| Pulmonary Artery | 91 | ||
| Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and their Cousins the Hepatic Veins | 92 | ||
| Bibliography | 95 | ||
| 11 Pathology of the Cardiac Valves | 97 | ||
| Questions | 111 | ||
| Answers | 112 | ||
| Bibliography | 113 | ||
| 12 Intra-cardiac Masses and Devices | 115 | ||
| Masses that are Not Really Masses | 115 | ||
| Atrial Anatomic Variants | 115 | ||
| Ventricular Anatomic Variants | 116 | ||
| Valvular Anatomic Variants | 116 | ||
| Masses that Really are Masses | 116 | ||
| Malignant Primary Cardiac Masses | 117 | ||
| Schematic Representation of Common Cardiac “Masses” | 118 | ||
| Metastatic Cardiac Masses | 118 | ||
| Imaging Modalities Utilized to Characterize Cardiac Masses | 118 | ||
| Questions | 119 | ||
| Answers | 120 | ||
| Bibliography | 121 | ||
| 13 Left Ventricular Systolic Function | 123 | ||
| Abnormal LV Systolic Function | 124 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 124 | ||
| Hypertrophic | 124 | ||
| Restrictive | 126 | ||
| Dilated | 127 | ||
| Questions | 127 | ||
| Answers | 129 | ||
| 14 Segmental Left Ventricular Systolic Function | 131 | ||
| Myocardial Segment Identification | 131 | ||
| Coronary Artery Distribution and Flow | 132 | ||
| Normal and Abnormal Segmental Dysfunction | 133 | ||
| Assessment and Methods | 133 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 134 | ||
| Confounding Factors | 135 | ||
| Left Ventricular Aneurysm | 135 | ||
| Left Ventricular Rupture | 136 | ||
| Questions | 136 | ||
| Answers | 137 | ||
| 15 The 17 Segment Model | 139 | ||
| Questions | 145 | ||
| Answers | 145 | ||
| 16 Assessment of Perioperative Events and Problems | 147 | ||
| Hypotension and Causes of Cardiovascular Instability | 147 | ||
| Cardiac Surgery: Techniques and Problems | 149 | ||
| Assessment of Bypass and Cardioplegia | 149 | ||
| Cannulas and Devices Commonly Used During Cardiac Surgery | 149 | ||
| What else might Show up During Cardiac Surgery? | 150 | ||
| Circulatory Assist Devices | 150 | ||
| Intracavitary Air | 153 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Cardiopulmonary Bypass | 153 | ||
| Off-pump Cardiac Surgery | 153 | ||
| Coronary Surgery: Techniques and Assessment | 155 | ||
| Valve Surgery: Techniques and Assessment | 156 | ||
| Valve Replacement: Mechanical, Bioprosthetic, and Other | 156 | ||
| Starr-Edwards | 156 | ||
| Medtronic-Hall and Björk-Shiley | 157 | ||
| St. Jude and Carbomedics | 157 | ||
| Hancock and Carpentier-Edwards | 158 | ||
| Ross Procedure | 158 | ||
| Valve Repair | 159 | ||
| Aortic Repair? | 159 | ||
| Mitral Repair? | 159 | ||
| Tricuspid Repair? | 160 | ||
| Pulmonic Repair? | 160 | ||
| Transplantation Surgery | 160 | ||
| Heart | 160 | ||
| Lung | 160 | ||
| Liver | 161 | ||
| Questions | 162 | ||
| Answers | 162 | ||
| Bibliography | 162 | ||
| 17 Congenital Heart Disease | 163 | ||
| Terminology and Associations | 163 | ||
| History | 164 | ||
| Mustard Procedure | 164 | ||
| Physical Findings and Labs | 164 | ||
| More Names of Operations | 165 | ||
| Identification and Sites of Venous and Systemic Structures and Blood Flow | 165 | ||
| Using Descriptive Echocardiographic Lingo in Transposition | 165 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 166 | ||
| The Natural History May Fool You | 166 | ||
| Still More VSD Pitfalls | 167 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defects | 167 | ||
| Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava (No Shunt) | 168 | ||
| Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | 168 | ||
| Bicuspid Aortic Valve | 169 | ||
| Left Ventricular Outflow Abnormalities | 169 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 169 | ||
| Ebstein’s Abnormality of the Tricuspid Valve | 170 | ||
| Questions | 170 | ||
| Answers | 171 | ||
| 18 Artifacts and Pitfalls | 173 | ||
| Artifacts | 174 | ||
| Artifacts Associated with US Beam Characteristics | 174 | ||
| Artifacts Associated with Multiple Echoes | 176 | ||
| Artifacts Associated with Velocity Errors | 180 | ||
| Artifacts Associated with Attenuation Errors | 182 | ||
| Doppler Artifacts and Pitfalls | 185 | ||
| Structures Mimicking Pathology | 186 | ||
| Questions | 189 | ||
| Answers | 189 | ||
| 19 Related Diagnostic Modalities | 191 | ||
| Stress Echocardiography | 191 | ||
| Myocardial Perfusion Scanning | 191 | ||
| Epicardial Scanning | 191 | ||
| Contrast Echo | 192 | ||
| Utility of TEE Relative to other Diagnostic Modalities | 192 | ||
| TEE Versus ECG | 192 | ||
| TEE Versus TTE | 192 | ||
| TEE Versus Coronary Angiography | 192 | ||
| TEE Versus Swan | 193 | ||
| Questions | 193 | ||
| Answers | 194 | ||
| Bibliography | 194 | ||
| 20 Intraoperative 3-D Echocardiography | 195 | ||
| TEE Probes | 196 | ||
| 3-D Modes | 198 | ||
| Mitral Valve | 199 | ||
| LV Assessment | 200 | ||
| LV Volume | 200 | ||
| RV Assessment | 200 | ||
| Conclusion | 201 | ||
| 21 The Structured TEE Examination | 203 | ||
| Ventricular Function | 203 | ||
| Left Ventricle | 203 | ||
| Right Ventricle | 204 | ||
| Valves | 205 | ||
| Mitral Valve | 205 | ||
| Aortic Valve | 206 | ||
| Tricuspid/Pulmonary Valve | 207 | ||
| Other Structures | 207 | ||
| Atrium | 207 | ||
| Aortic Arch | 208 | ||
| 22 Sonographic Formulas | 209 | ||
| 23 Hemo-dynamo Doc | 211 | ||
| 24 Test Questions | 249 | ||
| Epilogue: Smooth Sailing | 273 | ||
| Index | 275 |