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Written specifically for nurse anesthetists, Nurse Anesthesia, 5th Edition provides comprehensive coverage of both scientific principles and evidence-based practice. It offers a complete overview of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology, and offers practical coverage of equipment and anesthesia management. This edition includes updated information on pharmacokinetics, clinical monitoring, drug delivery systems, and complications, and revises chapters on airway management and anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Written by leading nurse anesthesia experts John Nagelhout and Karen Plaus, this perennial bestseller prepares anesthesia students and CRNAs for today's clinical anesthesia practice.
- Over 650 figures of anatomy, nurse anesthesia procedures, and equipment depict complex concepts and information.
- An easy-to-use organization covers basic principles first, and builds on those with individual chapters for each surgical specialty.
- UPDATED references make it quick and simple to find the latest and most important research in the field.
- Over 700 tables and boxes highlight the most essential information in a quick, easy-to-reference format.
- Expert CRNA authors provide the current clinical information you’ll use in daily practice.
- UPDATED pharmacology information includes pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, opiate antagonists, and key induction drugs.
- Over 100 NEW photos and illustrations enhance your understanding of difficult anesthesia concepts.
- UPDATED Airway Management and Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery chapters are thoroughly revised.
- NEW coverage includes robotics, screening applications, and non-operating room best practices.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Nurse Anesthesia | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Foreword for Nurse Anesthesia, First Edition | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Contents | xv | ||
| UNIT I Professional Issues | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 - Nurse AnesthesiaA History of Challenge | 1 | ||
| A History of Challenge | 1 | ||
| The Problem of the Occasional Anesthetists | 2 | ||
| Historical Antecedents of the Nurse as Anesthetist | 2 | ||
| Anesthesia: Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, or What | 4 | ||
| Organization: “We Who are Most Interested” | 5 | ||
| World War II and Nurse Anesthetists | 6 | ||
| A Short-Lived Peace For Nurse Anesthetists and the Nation | 7 | ||
| Setting Education Standards and Developing an Approval Process | 7 | ||
| The New age of Nurse Anesthesia: The 1960s | 8 | ||
| The 1970s: A Turbulent Decade | 8 | ||
| Federal Legislative Initiatives in the 1980s | 9 | ||
| The Call for Healthcare Reform in the 1990s | 11 | ||
| CRNA Practice Today | 14 | ||
| Eminent Nurse Anesthetists From History | 15 | ||
| Summary | 18 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Nurse Anesthesia Specialty Practice and Education in the United States | 22 | ||
| Nurse Anesthesia Educational Requirements | 22 | ||
| The Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist | 24 | ||
| AANA Organizational Structure And Function | 25 | ||
| Summary | 25 | ||
| References\r | 25 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Legal Concepts in Nurse Anesthesia Practice | 27 | ||
| Sources of Law | 27 | ||
| Criminal Law | 28 | ||
| Civil Law | 28 | ||
| The Doctrine | 34 | ||
| Summary | 34 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| UNIT II Scientific Foundations | 36 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Nurse Anesthesia ResearchScience of an Orderly, Purposeful, and Systematic Nature | 36 | ||
| Science of an Orderly, Purposeful, and Systematic Nature | 36 | ||
| Ways of Knowing | 36 | ||
| The Nature of Research | 36 | ||
| The Eight Critical Stages in the Research Process | 37 | ||
| Fraud, Deceit, and Human Error in Scientific Research | 48 | ||
| Studies Involving Human Subjects | 48 | ||
| Controversies in Animal Research | 49 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice: Empowering Decision Making Through Research | 49 | ||
| Summary | 52 | ||
| References\r | 52 | ||
| Chapter 5 - General Principles, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Receptor Concepts | 53 | ||
| Receptor Structure | 53 | ||
| Drug Response Equation | 55 | ||
| Population Variability | 55 | ||
| Drug Dose Response | 56 | ||
| Drug Receptor Interactions | 57 | ||
| Drug Antagonism | 58 | ||
| Summary | 59 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Pharmacokinetics | 62 | ||
| Properties that Influence Pharmacokinetic Activity | 62 | ||
| Other Factors that Influence Pharmacokinetics | 74 | ||
| Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics | 74 | ||
| Summary | 76 | ||
| References \r | 76 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Pharmacokinetics of Inhalation Anesthetics | 78 | ||
| Primary Factors Controlling Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination of Anesthetics | 78 | ||
| Pediatrics | 81 | ||
| Other Factors | 82 | ||
| Summary | 83 | ||
| References\r | 83 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Inhalation Anesthetics | 85 | ||
| Relationship of Chemical Structure and Agent Characteristics | 85 | ||
| Metabolism | 86 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 86 | ||
| Minimum Alveolar Concentration | 87 | ||
| Influence of Inhalation Agents on Organs and Systems | 89 | ||
| Summary | 96 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Intravenous Induction Agents | 104 | ||
| Nonbarbiturate Intravenous Anesthetics | 104 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 117 | ||
| Summary | 120 | ||
| References | 121 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Local Anesthetics | 125 | ||
| Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerve | 125 | ||
| Neuron Electrophysiology and the Action Mechanism of Local Anesthetics | 125 | ||
| Chemical Structure of Local Anesthetics | 129 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetic Concepts | 129 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity | 134 | ||
| Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics | 140 | ||
| References | 142 | ||
| Summary | 142 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Opioid Agonists and Antagonists | 145 | ||
| Opioids | 145 | ||
| Individual Opioids | 152 | ||
| References | 156 | ||
| Summary | 156 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, Reversal Agents, and Their Monitoring | 158 | ||
| History | 158 | ||
| Monitoring of Neuromuscular Blockade | 159 | ||
| Depolarizing Agents | 163 | ||
| Nondepolarizing Agents | 172 | ||
| Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade | 177 | ||
| Cholinesterase Inhibitors | 178 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 180 | ||
| Summary | 182 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Autonomic and Cardiac Pharmacology | 186 | ||
| Autonomic Drugs—Sympathomimetic Amines | 186 | ||
| Direct-Acting α-Agonists | 189 | ||
| Mixed Function Agonists | 190 | ||
| Selective β2-Agonists | 190 | ||
| α-Receptor Antagonists | 192 | ||
| β-Adrenergic Blocking Agents | 193 | ||
| Cholinergics | 196 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 197 | ||
| Direct Vasodilators | 198 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 200 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 201 | ||
| Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists | 202 | ||
| Catecholamine-Depleting Agents | 202 | ||
| Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitors | 202 | ||
| Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors | 202 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 202 | ||
| Management of Specific Diseases | 203 | ||
| Preoperative Administration of Cardiac Drugs | 206 | ||
| Summary | 207 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Chemistry and Physics of Anesthesia | 212 | ||
| General Chemistry: Matter and Energy | 212 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 212 | ||
| Molecular Bond Types | 213 | ||
| Bond Breaking | 215 | ||
| Organic Compounds | 215 | ||
| SolubilIty | 216 | ||
| Diffusion | 217 | ||
| Newtonian Physics | 218 | ||
| Gravity | 218 | ||
| Newton’s Laws of Motion | 218 | ||
| Force | 218 | ||
| Pressure | 220 | ||
| Thermodynamics | 221 | ||
| Energy | 221 | ||
| Entropy | 221 | ||
| Temperature | 221 | ||
| Kinetic Molecular Theory | 223 | ||
| Gas Laws | 224 | ||
| Fluid Flow | 225 | ||
| Waves | 228 | ||
| Quantum Physics | 232 | ||
| Electromagnetic Radiation | 232 | ||
| Electromagnetic Radiation/Matter Interaction | 232 | ||
| Radiography | 233 | ||
| Gas Analysis | 233 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 237 | ||
| Lasers | 238 | ||
| Summary | 239 | ||
| UNIT III Technology Related to Anesthesia Practice | 242 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Anesthesia Equipment | 242 | ||
| Organization of the Anesthesia Gas Machine | 242 | ||
| Supply | 245 | ||
| Pipeline Supply | 245 | ||
| Configuration | 245 | ||
| Problems with Pipeline Supply | 245 | ||
| Loss of Oxygen Pipeline Pressure | 246 | ||
| Cross-Connection of Gases | 246 | ||
| Cylinder Supply | 247 | ||
| Electrical Power Supply | 249 | ||
| Loss of Main Electrical Power | 249 | ||
| Processing | 250 | ||
| Manufacturers and Models | 250 | ||
| Fabius GS | 250 | ||
| Narkomed 6000/6400 | 250 | ||
| Apollo | 251 | ||
| Aestiva | 251 | ||
| Aespire | 252 | ||
| Aisys | 252 | ||
| Avance | 252 | ||
| ADU | 252 | ||
| Path of Gases Through the Machine | 253 | ||
| Five Tasks of Oxygen | 254 | ||
| Flowmeter | 254 | ||
| Display of Fresh Gas Flow. | 254 | ||
| Care of Flowmeters. | 255 | ||
| Other Flowmeters | 255 | ||
| Auxiliary Oxygen Flowmeters. | 255 | ||
| Common Gas Outlet Flowmeters. | 255 | ||
| Scavenging Flowmeters. | 255 | ||
| Oxygen Flush | 256 | ||
| Fail-Safe Systems | 256 | ||
| Low-Pressure Alarms | 256 | ||
| Ventilator Driving Gas | 257 | ||
| Proportioning Systems (Hypoxic Guard) | 257 | ||
| Oxygen Analysis | 257 | ||
| Vaporizers | 258 | ||
| Underlying Physical Principles | 258 | ||
| Classification and Design | 258 | ||
| Variable-Bypass. | 258 | ||
| Measured-Flow (Vernitrol). | 259 | ||
| Tec 6 Injector. | 259 | ||
| Using Vaporizers | 259 | ||
| Models | 260 | ||
| Hazards of Contemporary Vaporizers | 262 | ||
| New Agents and Low Flows | 263 | ||
| Delivery | 263 | ||
| Breathing Circuits | 263 | ||
| Fundamental Considerations | 263 | ||
| Classification of Breathing Circuits | 264 | ||
| Nonrebreathing Circuits. | 264 | ||
| Circle System. | 265 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Absorption | 269 | ||
| Chemistry | 269 | ||
| Soda Lime | 270 | ||
| New Absorbents Lacking Strong Bases | 271 | ||
| Using Carbon Dioxide Absorbents | 271 | ||
| Exhaustion and Replacement of Canisters | 271 | ||
| Ventilators | 272 | ||
| Classification and Theory of Operation—Gas-Driven Bellows Ventilators | 272 | ||
| Hanging Bellows. | 273 | ||
| Theory of Operation—Piston-Driven Ventilators | 273 | ||
| Typical Ventilator Alarms | 273 | ||
| Ventilator Modes and Settings | 273 | ||
| Volume-Controlled Ventilation. | 274 | ||
| Pressure-Controlled Ventilation. | 274 | ||
| Pressure-Controlled Ventilation with Volume Guarantee. | 274 | ||
| Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation. | 274 | ||
| Pressure-Support Ventilation. | 275 | ||
| Safety Features of Modern Ventilators | 275 | ||
| Flexibility. | 275 | ||
| Accuracy at Lower Tidal Volumes. | 275 | ||
| Compliance and Leak Testing. | 275 | ||
| Fresh Gas Decoupling Versus Tidal Volume Compensation. | 275 | ||
| Suitability for Low Flows. | 277 | ||
| Electronic Selection of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure. | 277 | ||
| Current Ventilator Designs | 277 | ||
| GE Healthcare 7900 “SmartVent.” | 277 | ||
| GE Healthcare 7100. | 277 | ||
| GE Healthcare ADU Ventilator. | 277 | ||
| Dräger Divan Ventilator. | 278 | ||
| Fabius GS Ventilator. | 278 | ||
| Apollo Ventilator. | 278 | ||
| Traditional Anesthesia Ventilators | 278 | ||
| Critical Incidents Related to Ventilation | 278 | ||
| Disconnects and Other Causes of Low Pressure in the Breathing Circuit. | 278 | ||
| Failure to Initiate or Resume Ventilation. | 279 | ||
| Barotrauma and High Pressure in the Breathing Circuit. | 279 | ||
| Fire in the Breathing Circuit. | 279 | ||
| The Anesthesia Gas Machine and Malignant Hyperthermia. | 279 | ||
| Disposal | 280 | ||
| Disposal of Gases in Scavenging Systems | 280 | ||
| Risk Management | 281 | ||
| Department-Level Aspects | 281 | ||
| Individual Risk Management | 282 | ||
| Anesthesia Gas Machine Checklist | 282 | ||
| Summary | 283 | ||
| References | 287 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Clinical Monitoring I: Cardiovascular System | 292 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 292 | ||
| ECG Monitoring | 292 | ||
| Central Venous and Arterial Hemodynamic Measurements | 297 | ||
| Arterial Pressure Monitoring | 306 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography Monitoring | 308 | ||
| Summary | 310 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Clinical Monitoring IIRespiratory and Metabolic Systems | 313 | ||
| Respiratory and Metabolic Systems | 313 | ||
| Monitoring Standards | 313 | ||
| Systematic Approach to Monitoring | 314 | ||
| Additional Monitoring Issues | 322 | ||
| Anesthesia Education and Patient Monitoring | 322 | ||
| Future of Clinical Monitoring | 322 | ||
| Summary | 323 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Clinical Monitoring III: Neurologic System | 325 | ||
| Neurologic System | 325 | ||
| Intracranial Pressures and Jugular Venous Oxygenation | 325 | ||
| Electroencephalogram | 325 | ||
| Processed Eeg Waveforms | 327 | ||
| Evoked Potentials | 329 | ||
| Summary | 333 | ||
| References\r | 333 | ||
| UNIT IV Preoperative Preparation | 335 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation of the Patient | 335 | ||
| Preanesthesia Assessment Clinic | 335 | ||
| Chart Review | 336 | ||
| Patient Interview | 336 | ||
| Patient Evaluation: Overview of Systems | 346 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 371 | ||
| Fasting Considerations | 373 | ||
| American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System | 374 | ||
| Preventing Operative Errors | 375 | ||
| Summary | 376 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| UNIT V Intraoperative Management | 382 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Fluids, Electrolytes, and Blood Component Therapy | 382 | ||
| Fluid Compartments | 382 | ||
| Influences of Surgery and Anesthesia on Fluid Balance | 382 | ||
| Fluid Volume Disorders | 383 | ||
| Disorders of Sodium Balance | 384 | ||
| Disorders of Potassium Balance | 387 | ||
| Disorders of Calcium Balance | 388 | ||
| Disorders of Magnesium Balance | 389 | ||
| Parenteral Fluids | 389 | ||
| Blood Component Therapy | 395 | ||
| Complications of Blood Transfusion | 398 | ||
| Summary | 400 | ||
| References | 401 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Positioning for Anesthesia and Surgery | 403 | ||
| Physiologic Effects of Surgical Positions | 403 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Nerve Injury | 405 | ||
| Factors Contributing to Nerve Injuries | 406 | ||
| Patient-Related Factors Contributing to Nerve Injuries | 406 | ||
| Perioperative Neuropathies | 407 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Injuries | 408 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 409 | ||
| Postoperative Visual Loss | 409 | ||
| Other Position-Related Injuries | 411 | ||
| Surgical Positioning | 415 | ||
| Closed-Claims Studies | 419 | ||
| Summary | 420 | ||
| References | 420 | ||
| Chapter 22 - Airway Management | 423 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Airway | 423 | ||
| Airway Evaluation | 427 | ||
| Tracheal Intubation | 435 | ||
| Management of the Difficult and Failed Airway | 436 | ||
| Airway Blocks | 446 | ||
| Cricoid Pressure | 448 | ||
| Adjunct Airway Equipment and Techniques | 449 | ||
| Tracheal Extubation | 461 | ||
| Complications of Airway Management | 465 | ||
| Summary | 467 | ||
| References\r | 467 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Cardiovascular Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthesia Management | 470 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 470 | ||
| Vascular System | 484 | ||
| Hypertension | 491 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 497 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation and Insufficiency | 498 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 500 | ||
| Aortic Insufficiency | 502 | ||
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | 503 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 504 | ||
| Summary | 508 | ||
| References\r | 508 | ||
| Chapter 24 - Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery | 510 | ||
| Anesthetic Management of General Cardiac SuRgery | 510 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations for Specific Cardiac Diseases and Surgical Procedures | 534 | ||
| Summary | 556 | ||
| References\r | 556 | ||
| Chapter 25 - Anesthesia for Vascular Surgery | 561 | ||
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 561 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 562 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Reconstruction | 563 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms | 571 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 572 | ||
| Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms | 572 | ||
| Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair | 574 | ||
| Cerebrovascular insufficiency and Carotid Endarterectomy | 578 | ||
| Carotid Artery Angioplasty Stenting | 583 | ||
| Summary\r | 586 | ||
| References | 586 | ||
| Chapter 26 - Respiratory Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthetic Management | 590 | ||
| Anatomy of the Respiratory System | 590 | ||
| Mechanics of Breathing | 595 | ||
| Gas Exchange in the Lungs | 599 | ||
| Pulmonary Blood Flow | 600 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance | 605 | ||
| Control of Breathing | 607 | ||
| Respiratory System Pathology | 609 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 609 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Testing | 610 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 611 | ||
| Asthma | 619 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 626 | ||
| Cor Pulmonale | 627 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 629 | ||
| Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases | 635 | ||
| Aspiration Pneumonitis | 637 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 642 | ||
| Transfusion-Related Pulmonary Disease | 644 | ||
| Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease | 646 | ||
| Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity | 648 | ||
| Autoimmune Disorders | 648 | ||
| Flail Chest | 649 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 650 | ||
| Atelectasis | 652 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 652 | ||
| Skeletal Disorders | 653 | ||
| Summary | 655 | ||
| References | 656 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery | 662 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation | 662 | ||
| Lateral Decubitus Position | 667 | ||
| One-Lung Ventilation | 670 | ||
| Anesthetic Management During One-Lung Ventilation | 677 | ||
| Thoracic Surgical Concerns | 680 | ||
| Complications After Thoracotomy | 681 | ||
| Summary | 682 | ||
| REFERENCES | 682 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, and Neuroanesthesia | 686 | ||
| Organization of the Central Nervous System | 686 | ||
| Anatomy of the Central Nervous System | 687 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 690 | ||
| Vasculature of the Central Nervous System | 692 | ||
| Electrophysiology | 693 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 694 | ||
| Sensory Pathways | 696 | ||
| Motor Pathways | 698 | ||
| Neuroanesthesia | 700 | ||
| Intracranial Pressure | 703 | ||
| Neurophysiologic Monitoring | 706 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations For Specific Procedures | 708 | ||
| Summary | 724 | ||
| REFERENCES | 724 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Renal Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthesia Management | 729 | ||
| Structure of the Kidney | 729 | ||
| Renal Physiology | 731 | ||
| Effects of Anesthesia on Normal Renal Function | 735 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 737 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 740 | ||
| Preoperative Renal Assessment | 742 | ||
| Anesthetic Management of Patients with Advanced Renal Disease | 746 | ||
| Intravenous Fluid Management | 749 | ||
| Anesthesia for Renal Transplantation | 749 | ||
| Extracorporeal Shock-Wave and Laser Lithotripsy | 752 | ||
| Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy | 754 | ||
| Transurethral Resection of the Prostate | 755 | ||
| Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery | 757 | ||
| Robotic Urologic Surgery | 758 | ||
| Summary | 758 | ||
| References | 759 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Hepatobiliary and Gastrointestinal Disturbances and Anesthesia | 763 | ||
| Liver Disease | 763 | ||
| Diseases of the Biliary Tract | 775 | ||
| Diseases of the Esophagus | 778 | ||
| Diseases of the Stomach | 779 | ||
| Pancreatic Disease | 783 | ||
| Diseases of the Intestinal Tract | 788 | ||
| Splenic Disease | 796 | ||
| Carcinoid Tumors and Carcinoid Syndrome | 797 | ||
| Transplantation | 800 | ||
| Summary | 803 | ||
| Chapter 31 - Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery | 806 | ||
| Creation of the Pneumoperitoneum | 806 | ||
| Physiologic Effects of the Pneumperitoneum | 807 | ||
| Complications of Laparoscopic Surgery | 810 | ||
| Anesthetic Management | 811 | ||
| Postoperative Concerns | 813 | ||
| The Future of Laparoscopic Surgery | 813 | ||
| Summary | 814 | ||
| REFERENCES | 814 | ||
| Chapter 32 - Musculoskeletal System Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthesia Management | 817 | ||
| Overview of Neuromuscular Transmission | 817 | ||
| Muscle Physiology | 822 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology and Anesthesia | 825 | ||
| Summary | 837 | ||
| REFERENCES | 837 | ||
| Chapter 33 - The Endocrine System and Anesthesia | 840 | ||
| General Principles of Endocrine Physiology | 840 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 841 | ||
| Parathyroid Gland | 847 | ||
| Pancreas | 852 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 854 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 862 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 871 | ||
| Summary | 876 | ||
| REFERENCES | 876 | ||
| Chapter 34 - Hematology and Anesthesia | 880 | ||
| The Normal Vessel Wall | 880 | ||
| Vessel Injury | 881 | ||
| Cell-Based Theory of Coagulation | 882 | ||
| Fibrinloytic System | 884 | ||
| Anesthetic Implications | 884 | ||
| Specific Disorders | 889 | ||
| Other Considerations | 890 | ||
| Summary | 898 | ||
| References | 899 | ||
| Chapter 35 - Thermal Injury and Anesthesia | 900 | ||
| Classification of Burn Injury | 900 | ||
| Etiologies of Burn Injuries | 901 | ||
| Treatment of the Burn Patient | 903 | ||
| Summary | 912 | ||
| REFERENCES | 912 | ||
| Chapter 36 - Trauma Anesthesia | 914 | ||
| Etiology of Traumatic Injury | 914 | ||
| Coordinated Management of Care | 914 | ||
| Early Evaluation of the Trauma Patient and Common Injury Patterns | 915 | ||
| Blunt Versus Penetrating Trauma | 916 | ||
| The ABCD’s of Trauma Anesthesia | 917 | ||
| Special Topics in Trauma Anesthesia | 924 | ||
| Summary | 928 | ||
| REFERENCES | 928 | ||
| Chapter 37 - Outpatient Anesthesia | 930 | ||
| Features of Outpatient Surgery | 930 | ||
| Patient Selection | 931 | ||
| Patient Evaluation and Preparation | 935 | ||
| Premedication | 940 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations | 941 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 943 | ||
| Summary | 948 | ||
| REFERENCES | 948 | ||
| Chapter 38 - Anesthesia for Ear, Nose, Throat, and Maxillofacial Surgery | 952 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Head and Neck | 952 | ||
| Preparation and Considerations for Ear, Nose, and Throat Procedures | 954 | ||
| Specialized Equipment for Ear, Nose, and Throat Procedures | 956 | ||
| Special Considerations for Ear, Nose, and Throat Procedures | 957 | ||
| Select Techniques Commonly Used in Ent Procedures | 959 | ||
| Procedures Involving the Face, Ear, Head, and Neck | 962 | ||
| Summary | 973 | ||
| REFERENCES | 973 | ||
| Chapter 39 - Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Procedures | 976 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 976 | ||
| Pharmacology: Ocular Medications and Anesthetic Agents | 981 | ||
| Select Ocular Anesthesia Techniques | 982 | ||
| Ocular Regional Anesthesia | 983 | ||
| Positive Orbital Pressure | 990 | ||
| Anesthesia Management | 990 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anesthesia Complications | 994 | ||
| Summary | 997 | ||
| REFERENCES | 997 | ||
| Chapter 40 - Anesthesia for Orthopedics and Podiatry | 999 | ||
| Pneumatic Tourniquet | 999 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 1001 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 1001 | ||
| Arthroplasty | 1004 | ||
| Spinal Surgery | 1007 | ||
| Foot and Ankle Surgery | 1010 | ||
| Forearm and Hand Surgery | 1011 | ||
| Arthritic Syndromes | 1011 | ||
| Index | 1309 | ||
| IBC | IBC1 |