BOOK
Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases E-Book
James Cherry | Gail J. Demmler-Harrison | Sheldon L. Kaplan | William J. Steinbach | Peter J Hotez
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases helps you put the very latest knowledge to work for your young patients with unparalleled coverage of everything from epidemiology, public health, and preventive medicine through clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and much more. Ideal for all physicians, whether in an office or hospital setting, Feigin and Cherry’s equips you with trusted answers to your most challenging clinical infectious disease questions.
- Meet your most difficult clinical challenges in pediatric infectious disease, including today’s more aggressive infectious and resistant strains as well as emerging and re-emerging diseases, with unmatched, comprehensive coverage of immunology, epidemiology, public health, preventive medicine, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and much more.
- Find the answers you need quickly thanks to an organization both by organ system and by etiologic microorganism, allowing you to easily approach any topic from either direction.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9780323186605v1_WEB.pdf | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Expert Consult ad | 2 | ||
| Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases | 3 | ||
| Copyright Page | 4 | ||
| Dedication | 5 | ||
| Ralph D. Feigin, M.D.: April 3, 1938–August 14, 2008 | 6 | ||
| A Tribute To: Caroline Breese Hall | 7 | ||
| About the editors | 8 | ||
| Contributors | 9 | ||
| Preface | 29 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 31 | ||
| I Host Parasite Relationships an the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases | 41 | ||
| 1 Molecular Determinants of Microbial Pathogenesis | 43 | ||
| Colonization | 43 | ||
| Pilus Adhesins | 43 | ||
| Nonpilus Adhesins | 46 | ||
| Other Mechanisms of Adherence | 49 | ||
| Tissue Tropism | 50 | ||
| Biofilms | 51 | ||
| Cell Entry and Intracellular Life | 52 | ||
| Invasion | 53 | ||
| Intracellular Survival | 54 | ||
| Viral Cell Entry | 56 | ||
| Cell-to-Cell Spread | 56 | ||
| Damage to the Host | 56 | ||
| Bordetella pertussis Toxins | 57 | ||
| Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Shiga Toxins | 57 | ||
| Tissue-Degrading Toxins | 57 | ||
| Evasion of Immunity | 58 | ||
| Antiphagocytic Factors | 58 | ||
| Evasion of Complement Activity | 58 | ||
| Evasion of Humoral Immunity | 59 | ||
| Encapsulation | 59 | ||
| Viral Immune Suppression and Latency | 60 | ||
| Conclusion | 60 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 60 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| 2 Normal and Impaired Immunologic Responses to Infection | 70 | ||
| Host–Parasite Interactions | 70 | ||
| General Features of Host–Parasite Interactions | 70 | ||
| Main Features of Host Responses to Specific Classes of Infectious Agents | 70 | ||
| Viruses | 70 | ||
| Bacteria | 71 | ||
| Fungi | 71 | ||
| Parasites | 71 | ||
| Features of Normal Immune Function | 72 | ||
| Innate Immune Responses | 72 | ||
| Epithelia, Defensins, and Other Antimicrobial Peptides | 72 | ||
| Toll-Like Receptors | 73 | ||
| Cytokines | 73 | ||
| Chemokines | 75 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 76 | ||
| Complement System | 76 | ||
| Complement Activation. | 77 | ||
| The Classical Pathway. | 77 | ||
| The Alternative Pathway. | 78 | ||
| The Mannan-Binding Lectin Pathway. | 78 | ||
| Effector Functions of Complement in Host Defense. | 78 | ||
| Opsonic Activity. | 78 | ||
| Inflammation. | 79 | ||
| Microbicidal Activity. | 79 | ||
| Immune Regulation. | 79 | ||
| Phagocytes | 79 | ||
| Phagocyte Recruitment to Infected Sites. | 79 | ||
| Phagocytosis. | 80 | ||
| Phagocyte Microbicidal Mechanisms. | 81 | ||
| Important Interactions Among Innate Immune Mechanisms | 83 | ||
| Adaptive Immune Responses. | 83 | ||
| Antigen Presentation and Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity | 84 | ||
| Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex. | 84 | ||
| Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex. | 85 | ||
| CD1 Family of Antigen-Presenting Molecules. | 85 | ||
| Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. | 86 | ||
| T Lymphocytes | 86 | ||
| Regulatory T Cells. | 87 | ||
| T-Cell Memory. | 88 | ||
| T-Cell Activation by Superantigens. | 88 | ||
| B Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins | 88 | ||
| B Lymphocytes. | 88 | ||
| Immunoglobulin. | 88 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Isotypes. | 89 | ||
| Clinical Conditions Associated with Deficient Host Responses to Infection | 90 | ||
| Immature Host Responses of the Newborn Infant | 90 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 90 | ||
| B Cells and Antibody | 90 | ||
| B Cells. | 90 | ||
| Antibody. | 90 | ||
| Complement | 92 | ||
| Phagocytes | 93 | ||
| Primary and Heritable Immunologic Deficiencies | 93 | ||
| Antibody Deficiencies | 94 | ||
| X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. | 94 | ||
| IgG Subclass Deficiency. | 95 | ||
| IgA Deficiency. | 95 | ||
| Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy. | 95 | ||
| Antibody Deficiency with Normal or Elevated Levels of Immunoglobulins. | 95 | ||
| Defects of Cell-Mediated Immunity: DiGeorge Syndrome | 96 | ||
| Combined Defects of Cellular and Humoral Immunity | 96 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease. | 96 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency. | 97 | ||
| Hyper–Immunoglobulin M Syndrome. | 97 | ||
| Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. | 98 | ||
| Ataxia-Telangiectasia. | 98 | ||
| Defects of the Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Pathways | 98 | ||
| Complement Deficiencies | 99 | ||
| Disorders of Phagocyte Function | 100 | ||
| General Features of Phagocyte Disorders. | 100 | ||
| Intrinsic Disorders of Cell Migration | 100 | ||
| Type 1 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency. | 100 | ||
| Type 2 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency. | 101 | ||
| Type 3 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (Integrin Activation Defect). | 101 | ||
| Specific Granule Deficiency. | 102 | ||
| Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome. | 102 | ||
| Neutrophil Actin Dysfunction. | 102 | ||
| Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1B. | 102 | ||
| Extrinsic or Secondary Defects of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Migration | 103 | ||
| Defective Neutrophil Chemotaxis Associated with Serum Inhibitors of Cell Function. | 103 | ||
| Hyper–Immunoglobulin E Syndrome | 103 | ||
| Impaired Generation of Serum-Derived Chemotaxins. | 103 | ||
| Other Secondary or Poorly Defined Disorders of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Migration. | 104 | ||
| Defects in Phagocyte Microbicidal Activity. | 104 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease. | 104 | ||
| Deficiencies of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Glutathione Peroxidase. | 106 | ||
| Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency. | 107 | ||
| Myeloperoxidase Deficiency. | 107 | ||
| Important Examples of Secondary Immunodeficiency (Excluding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection) | 107 | ||
| Asplenia | 107 | ||
| Sickle-Cell Disease | 107 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 108 | ||
| Ciliary Dyskinesia | 108 | ||
| Evaluation for Immunodeficiency in the Child with Recurrent or Severe Infections | 109 | ||
| History | 109 | ||
| Physical Examination | 110 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 110 | ||
| Management of Immunodeficiency Disorders | 111 | ||
| Education and Counseling | 111 | ||
| Evaluation and Treatment for Infection | 111 | ||
| Treatment of Infections | 111 | ||
| Prevention of Infection | 111 | ||
| Prospects for Correction of Serious Primary Immunodeficiencies | 112 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 112 | ||
| References | 113 | ||
| 3 Metabolic Response of the Host to Infections | 126 | ||
| Nitrogen Metabolism | 128 | ||
| Nitrogen Balance Studies | 128 | ||
| Urinary Excretion of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds | 130 | ||
| Metabolism of Free Amino Acids | 131 | ||
| Amino Acid Availability | 132 | ||
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | 133 | ||
| Lipid Metabolism | 134 | ||
| Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins | 134 | ||
| Lipids and Energy Metabolism During Infection | 135 | ||
| Lipid Metabolism and Host Defensive Measures | 136 | ||
| Electrolyte and Acid-Base Metabolism | 136 | ||
| Vitamin Metabolism | 137 | ||
| Trace Element Metabolism | 138 | ||
| Changes in Iron Metabolism | 139 | ||
| Changes in Zinc Metabolism | 139 | ||
| Changes in Copper Metabolism | 140 | ||
| Changes in Selenium Metabolism | 140 | ||
| Proinflammatory Cytokines | 140 | ||
| Control Mechanisms for Proinflammatory Cytokine Actions | 141 | ||
| Cytokine Detection in Biologic Fluids | 141 | ||
| Hormonal Responses | 142 | ||
| Pituitary Gland Functions | 142 | ||
| Adrenal Functions | 142 | ||
| Carbohydrate-Regulating Hormones | 143 | ||
| Thyroid Hormones | 143 | ||
| Procalcitonin | 143 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 143 | ||
| References | 145 | ||
| 4 Fever: | 144 | ||
| Normal Body Temperature | 144 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 149 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Fever | 149 | ||
| Effects of Fever | 149 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 150 | ||
| Beneficial Effects | 150 | ||
| Clinical Thermometry | 150 | ||
| Types of Thermometers | 150 | ||
| Measurement Site | 151 | ||
| Treatment | 151 | ||
| Indications | 151 | ||
| Antipyretics | 151 | ||
| External Cooling | 153 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 153 | ||
| References | 154 | ||
| 5 The Human Microbiome | 153 | ||
| Acquisition of Indigenous Flora by the Newborn | 156 | ||
| Mechanisms of Colonization | 156 | ||
| Exogenous Influences on the Human Microbiome | 156 | ||
| Bacterial Composition at Specific Locations | 157 | ||
| Skin | 157 | ||
| Newborns | 157 | ||
| Conjunctivae | 157 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 159 | ||
| Newborns | 159 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 159 | ||
| Newborns | 160 | ||
| Genitourinary Tract | 160 | ||
| Beneficial Effects of the Human Microbiome | 160 | ||
| Adverse Effects of the Human Microbiome | 161 | ||
| Summary | 161 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 161 | ||
| References | 162 | ||
| 6 Epidemiology and Biostatistics of Infectious Diseases | 167 | ||
| Epidemiologic Studies | 167 | ||
| Design of Studies | 167 | ||
| Overview | 167 | ||
| Elements of an Analytic Study | 167 | ||
| Types of Studies | 168 | ||
| Experimental Studies | 168 | ||
| Observational Studies | 169 | ||
| Cohort Studies | 169 | ||
| Case-Control Studies | 170 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Studies | 170 | ||
| Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies | 170 | ||
| Cohort Studies | 170 | ||
| Case-Control and Cross-Sectional Studies | 171 | ||
| Summary Statistics | 171 | ||
| Continuous Variables | 172 | ||
| Categorical Variables | 173 | ||
| Bias | 174 | ||
| Causes of Disease | 175 | ||
| Historical Perspectives | 175 | ||
| General Concepts | 175 | ||
| Factors Related to the Infectious Agent | 176 | ||
| Intrinsic Properties | 176 | ||
| Epidemiologic Properties Relating to the Host | 177 | ||
| Infectivity. | 177 | ||
| Pathogenicity. | 177 | ||
| Virulence. | 177 | ||
| Immunogenicity. | 177 | ||
| Factors Related to Relationship Between Infectious Agent and Host | 177 | ||
| Reservoirs of Infectious Agents. | 178 | ||
| Mechanisms of Transmission. | 179 | ||
| Factors Related to the Host | 179 | ||
| Biologic Factors | 180 | ||
| Age | 180 | ||
| Sex, Race, and Ethnicity | 180 | ||
| General Health Status | 180 | ||
| Immunity and Immune Response | 181 | ||
| Human Behavior | 181 | ||
| Factors Related to the Environment | 182 | ||
| Geographic and Geologic Factors | 182 | ||
| Climate | 182 | ||
| Socioeconomic Conditions | 182 | ||
| Occurrence of Disease in Populations | 183 | ||
| Infection and Disease in the Individual | 183 | ||
| Infection and Disease in Populations | 184 | ||
| Sources of Information. | 184 | ||
| Relating Infection and Disease to Personal Characteristics. | 184 | ||
| Relative Usefulness and Importance of Characteristics. | 184 | ||
| Age Patterns. | 185 | ||
| Age Adjustment of Rates. | 185 | ||
| Sex Patterns. | 185 | ||
| Ethnic or Racial Patterns. | 185 | ||
| Disease Patterns in Kinships. | 186 | ||
| Family Episodes of Infection and Disease. | 186 | ||
| Socioeconomic Patterns. | 186 | ||
| Relating Infection and Disease to Place | 186 | ||
| Global Variation. | 187 | ||
| Local Patterns of Infection and Disease. | 187 | ||
| Temporal Patterns of Infection and Disease | 188 | ||
| Definitions. | 188 | ||
| Time Clusters. | 189 | ||
| Short-Term Patterns | 190 | ||
| Epidemics. | 190 | ||
| Seasonal and Cyclic Variations. | 190 | ||
| Long-Term Trends. | 191 | ||
| Emerging Infections. | 191 | ||
| Biostatistics | 192 | ||
| Statistical Significance | 192 | ||
| Hypothesis Testing | 192 | ||
| Type I Error, Type II Error, and Statistical Power | 193 | ||
| Multiple Comparisons | 193 | ||
| Tests of Statistical Significance | 194 | ||
| Continuous Variables | 194 | ||
| Categorical Values | 194 | ||
| Confidence Intervals | 195 | ||
| Adjustment for Potential Confounding Variables | 195 | ||
| Meta-analysis | 196 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 197 | ||
| What is Normal? | 197 | ||
| Accuracy of a Diagnostic Test | 197 | ||
| Predictive Value of a Diagnostic Test | 198 | ||
| Assessment of the Protective Efficacy of a Vaccine (or of Any Intervention) | 199 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 199 | ||
| Observational Cohort Studies | 200 | ||
| Case-Control Studies | 200 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 200 | ||
| References | 201 | ||
| II Infection of Specific Organ Systems | 203 | ||
| I Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 205 | ||
| 7 The Common Cold | 206 | ||
| History | 206 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 206 | ||
| Epidemiology | 207 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 208 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 210 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 210 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 210 | ||
| Treatment | 211 | ||
| Prognosis | 212 | ||
| Prevention | 213 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 213 | ||
| References | 214 | ||
| 8 Infections of the Oral Cavity | 219 | ||
| Microbiologic Considerations in Dental Infections | 219 | ||
| Normal Flora | 219 | ||
| Pathogenic Organisms | 219 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 220 | ||
| Treatment of Odontogenic Infections | 221 | ||
| General Therapeutic Principles | 223 | ||
| Nursing Bottle Caries | 225 | ||
| Periapical Abscess | 225 | ||
| Periodontal Infections | 225 | ||
| Pericoronitis | 226 | ||
| Oral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Children | 227 | ||
| Complications of Odontogenic Infections | 228 | ||
| Fascial Space Infections | 228 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 229 | ||
| Odontogenic Sinusitis | 229 | ||
| Buccal and Periorbital Cellulitis | 230 | ||
| Orbital and Intracranial Complications | 230 | ||
| Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Children | 231 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 231 | ||
| Microbiology | 231 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 231 | ||
| Suppurative Osteomyelitis | 232 | ||
| Infantile Osteomyelitis | 232 | ||
| Garré Sclerosing Osteomyelitis | 233 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | 233 | ||
| Intraoral and Perioral Piercings | 234 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 234 | ||
| References | 235 | ||
| 9 Pharyngitis (Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Tonsillopharyngitis, and Nasopharyngitis) | 237 | ||
| History | 237 | ||
| Nasopharyngitis | 237 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 237 | ||
| Epidemiology | 237 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 239 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 239 | ||
| Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, and Tonsillopharyngitis | 239 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 239 | ||
| Epidemiology | 242 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 242 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 242 | ||
| General | 242 | ||
| Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Adenitis (PFAPA) | 243 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 244 | ||
| Treatment | 244 | ||
| Complications | 245 | ||
| Prognosis | 245 | ||
| Prevention | 245 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 245 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| 10 Uvulitis | 246 | ||
| Etiology | 246 | ||
| Epidemiology | 246 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 251 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 251 | ||
| Diagnosis | 251 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 251 | ||
| Treatment | 251 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 252 | ||
| References | 253 | ||
| 11 Peritonsillar, Retropharyngeal, and Parapharyngeal Abscesses | 252 | ||
| Epidemiology of Head and Neck Space Infections in Children | 252 | ||
| Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy) | 254 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 254 | ||
| Treatment | 255 | ||
| Retropharyngeal Abscess (Posterior Visceral Space, Retrovisceral Space, and Retroesophageal Space Abscesses) | 256 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 257 | ||
| Treatment | 257 | ||
| Parapharyngeal Abscess (Pterygomaxillary, Pharyngomaxillary, Lateral, and Pharyngeal Space Abscesses) | 258 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 258 | ||
| Treatment | 259 | ||
| Microbiology of Deep Neck Abscesses | 259 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 261 | ||
| References | 262 | ||
| 12 Cervical Lymphadenitis | 261 | ||
| Epidemiology | 264 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 266 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 267 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 269 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 272 | ||
| Treatment | 273 | ||
| Prognosis | 276 | ||
| Prevention | 276 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 276 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| 13 Parotitis | 277 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 277 | ||
| Etiology | 277 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 282 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Parotid Enlargement | 283 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 284 | ||
| Treatment | 284 | ||
| Complications | 284 | ||
| Prevention | 284 | ||
| New Reference Since the Sixth Edition | 285 | ||
| References | 286 | ||
| 14 Rhinosinusitis | 285 | ||
| History | 285 | ||
| Anatomy | 285 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 288 | ||
| Etiology | 289 | ||
| Epidemiology | 291 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 291 | ||
| Complications | 292 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 293 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 293 | ||
| Treatment | 294 | ||
| Acute and Subacute Sinusitis | 294 | ||
| Chronic and Recurrent Sinusitis | 295 | ||
| Prognosis | 296 | ||
| Prevention | 296 | ||
| New References Since The Sixth Edition | 297 | ||
| References | 298 | ||
| 15 Otitis Externa | 297 | ||
| Epidemiology | 302 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 302 | ||
| Protective Mechanisms of the External Ear | 302 | ||
| Normal Bacterial Flora | 302 | ||
| Acute Otitis Externa | 303 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 303 | ||
| Pathogens in Acute Otitis Externa | 303 | ||
| Management of Acute Otitis Externa | 304 | ||
| Chronic Otitis Externa | 305 | ||
| Otomycosis | 305 | ||
| Necrotizing Otitis Externa | 305 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 306 | ||
| Prevention | 306 | ||
| Conclusion | 306 | ||
| New References Since The Sixth Edition | 307 | ||
| References | 308 | ||
| 16 Otitis Media | 307 | ||
| Incidence and Epidemiology of Acute Otitis Media | 310 | ||
| Host Risk Factors | 310 | ||
| Environmental Risk Factors | 311 | ||
| Cost Analyses | 312 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 312 | ||
| Etiology in Neonates | 315 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 315 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 315 | ||
| Tympanic Membrane | 315 | ||
| Eustachian Tube | 316 | ||
| Diagnosis | 316 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 317 | ||
| Examination of the Ear | 317 | ||
| Otoscopy | 317 | ||
| Tympanometry | 318 | ||
| Acoustic Reflectometry | 318 | ||
| Audiometric Tests | 318 | ||
| Tympanocentesis and Myringotomy | 318 | ||
| Radiography | 320 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 320 | ||
| Otitis Media with Effusion | 321 | ||
| Complications and Sequelae | 321 | ||
| Hearing Loss | 322 | ||
| Vestibular Dysfunction | 322 | ||
| Effects of Otitis Media on Development of the Child | 322 | ||
| Child Behavior and Quality-of-Life Outcomes | 322 | ||
| Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane and Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media | 323 | ||
| Cholesteatoma | 323 | ||
| Adhesive Otitis Media | 323 | ||
| Tympanosclerosis | 323 | ||
| Ossicular Discontinuity and Fixation | 323 | ||
| Mastoiditis | 323 | ||
| Petrositis | 324 | ||
| Labyrinthitis | 324 | ||
| Meningitis | 324 | ||
| Facial Paralysis | 324 | ||
| Other Suppurative Complications | 324 | ||
| Management of Acute Otitis Media | 325 | ||
| Clinical Implications of Antibiotic Resistance | 326 | ||
| Diffusion of Antimicrobial Agents into Middle Ear Fluids | 326 | ||
| Sterilization of Middle Ear Fluids by Antimicrobial Agents | 326 | ||
| Sterilization of Middle Ear Fluids Without Antibacterial Agents | 326 | ||
| Initial Observation Rather Than Antimicrobial Agent Therapy | 326 | ||
| Choice of Antimicrobial Agents | 327 | ||
| Dosage Schedules | 328 | ||
| Duration of Therapy | 328 | ||
| Clinical Course After Initiation of Therapy | 328 | ||
| Symptomatic Therapy | 328 | ||
| Management of Acute Otitis Media in a Child with Tympanostomy Tubes | 329 | ||
| Management of Otitis Media with Effusion | 329 | ||
| Prevention | 330 | ||
| Advising Parents | 330 | ||
| Pneumococcal Vaccines | 330 | ||
| Influenza Virus Vaccines | 331 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 331 | ||
| Surgical Options | 332 | ||
| New References Since The Sixth Edition | 332 | ||
| References | 333 | ||
| 17 Mastoiditis | 338 | ||
| History | 338 | ||
| Anatomy and Pathophysiology | 338 | ||
| Microbiology | 339 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 339 | ||
| Complications | 341 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 342 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 342 | ||
| Treatment | 343 | ||
| Prognosis | 345 | ||
| Prevention | 345 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 345 | ||
| References | 346 | ||
| 18 Croup (Laryngitis, Laryngotracheitis, Spasmodic Croup, Laryngotracheobronchitis, Bacterial Tracheitis, and Laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis) and Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis) | 348 | ||
| Historical Aspects | 348 | ||
| Terminology | 349 | ||
| Etiology of Croup Syndromes | 349 | ||
| Etiology of Supraglottitis | 351 | ||
| Epidemiology of Croup | 352 | ||
| Epidemiology of Supraglottitis | 353 | ||
| Pathology and Pathogenesis of Croup | 354 | ||
| Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Supraglottitis | 355 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 356 | ||
| Acute Laryngitis | 356 | ||
| Acute Laryngotracheitis | 356 | ||
| Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis and Laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis (Bacterial Tracheitis) | 359 | ||
| Spasmodic Croup | 359 | ||
| Supraglottitis | 359 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 360 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis in Croup Syndromes | 360 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis in Supraglottitis | 360 | ||
| Treatment of Croup | 361 | ||
| Acute Laryngotracheitis and Spasmodic Croup | 361 | ||
| Laryngotracheobronchitis and Laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis (Bacterial Tracheitis) | 364 | ||
| Laryngitis | 364 | ||
| Treatment of Supraglottitis | 364 | ||
| Securing the Airway | 364 | ||
| Antibiotics | 366 | ||
| Other Supportive Measures | 366 | ||
| Prognosis | 366 | ||
| Prevention of Croup | 366 | ||
| Prevention of Epiglottitis Caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type b | 366 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 366 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| II Lower Respiratory Tract Infections | 376 | ||
| 19 Acute Bronchitis | 377 | ||
| Etiology | 377 | ||
| Epidemiology | 377 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Pathology | 377 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 378 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Specific Diagnosis | 379 | ||
| Treatment | 379 | ||
| Prognosis | 379 | ||
| Prevention | 380 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 380 | ||
| References | 381 | ||
| 20 Chronic Bronchitis | 380 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 380 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology | 386 | ||
| Treatment | 386 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 388 | ||
| References | 389 | ||
| 21 Bronchiolitis and Infectious Asthma | 388 | ||
| Definitions | 388 | ||
| History | 390 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 390 | ||
| Epidemiology | 391 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 392 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 393 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 396 | ||
| Diagnosis | 396 | ||
| Treatment | 396 | ||
| Prevention | 398 | ||
| Complications and Prognosis | 399 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 400 | ||
| References | 401 | ||
| 22 Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia | 406 | ||
| Etiology | 406 | ||
| Viral Pathogen | 407 | ||
| Bacterial Pathogens | 407 | ||
| Epidemiology | 408 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 408 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 410 | ||
| Diagnosis | 412 | ||
| Management | 412 | ||
| Prevention | 415 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 415 | ||
| References | 418 | ||
| 23 Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 422 | ||
| Classification | 422 | ||
| Disorders Associated with Infection | 422 | ||
| Bronchiolitis Obliterans | 422 | ||
| Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis | 423 | ||
| Other Conditions | 423 | ||
| Entities That May Mimic Community-Acquired Pneumonia | 424 | ||
| Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia | 424 | ||
| Pulmonary Vasculitis | 424 | ||
| Connective Tissue Disorders | 424 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 424 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 424 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 425 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests | 425 | ||
| High-Resolution Computed Tomography | 425 | ||
| Bronchoalveolar Lavage | 426 | ||
| Lung Biopsy | 426 | ||
| Treatment | 427 | ||
| Outcome | 427 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 428 | ||
| Pathology and Pathogenesis | 428 | ||
| Etiology | 428 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 428 | ||
| Diagnosis | 430 | ||
| Treatment and Outcome | 431 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 432 | ||
| References | 434 | ||
| 24 Complications of Pneumonia | 433 | ||
| Empyema | 433 | ||
| Epidemiology | 438 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 438 | ||
| Microbiology | 440 | ||
| Diagnosis | 441 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 441 | ||
| Imaging | 441 | ||
| Pleural Fluid Analysis | 441 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Studies | 444 | ||
| Management | 444 | ||
| Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome | 446 | ||
| Lung Abscess | 446 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 447 | ||
| Microbiology | 448 | ||
| Clinical Features | 449 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 449 | ||
| Diagnosis | 450 | ||
| Treatment | 450 | ||
| Prognosis | 452 | ||
| Additional Complications | 452 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 453 | ||
| References | 454 | ||
| 25 Cystic Fibrosis | 457 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 457 | ||
| Diagnosis | 460 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 461 | ||
| Microbiology | 465 | ||
| Epidemiology of Pathogens | 465 | ||
| Age-Specific Prevalence of Pathogens | 466 | ||
| Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory | 466 | ||
| Specimen Processing | 466 | ||
| Selective Media | 466 | ||
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing | 467 | ||
| Molecular Methods | 467 | ||
| Specific Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens | 467 | ||
| Viral Pathogens | 467 | ||
| Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae | 468 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 468 | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 469 | ||
| Burkholderia cepacia Complex | 469 | ||
| Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia | 470 | ||
| Achromobacter xylosoxidans | 470 | ||
| Aspergillus Species and Scedosporium Species | 470 | ||
| Nontuberculous Mycobacteria | 470 | ||
| Treatment of Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients | 471 | ||
| Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa | 471 | ||
| Early Eradication of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa | 471 | ||
| Treatment of Pulmonary Exacerbations | 473 | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 473 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 474 | ||
| Burkholderia cepacia Complex | 475 | ||
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter xylosoxidans | 475 | ||
| Nontuberculous Mycobacteria | 475 | ||
| Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis | 475 | ||
| Long-Term Suppressive Therapy | 476 | ||
| Inhaled Antibiotics. | 476 | ||
| Macrolide Antibiotics. | 477 | ||
| Lung Transplantation | 477 | ||
| Anti-Inflammatory Therapy | 478 | ||
| Prevention | 478 | ||
| Immunizations | 478 | ||
| Infection Control Precautions | 479 | ||
| Conclusion | 480 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 480 | ||
| References | 483 | ||
| III Infections of the Heart | 493 | ||
| 26 Infective Endocarditis | 494 | ||
| Epidemiology | 494 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 496 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 500 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 501 | ||
| Microbiology | 504 | ||
| Streptococci | 504 | ||
| Staphylococci | 505 | ||
| Gram-Negative Organisms | 506 | ||
| Gram-Positive Bacilli | 506 | ||
| Other Organisms | 507 | ||
| Fungi | 507 | ||
| Treatment | 507 | ||
| Prevention | 512 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 514 | ||
| References | 515 | ||
| 27 Infectious Pericarditis | 527 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 527 | ||
| Bacterial Pericarditis | 527 | ||
| Population and Incidence | 527 | ||
| Etiology | 527 | ||
| Pathology and Pathogenesis | 529 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 530 | ||
| Diagnosis | 531 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 534 | ||
| Treatment | 534 | ||
| Prognosis | 535 | ||
| Viral Pericarditis | 535 | ||
| Etiology | 535 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 535 | ||
| Investigative Techniques | 536 | ||
| Course and Prognosis | 536 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 536 | ||
| References | 538 | ||
| 28 Myocarditis | 537 | ||
| Epidemiology | 537 | ||
| Etiologies | 537 | ||
| Pathology | 541 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 542 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Ventricular Dysfunction in Myocarditis | 545 | ||
| Diagnosis | 547 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics and Radiographic Evidence | 547 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostic Studies | 551 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 551 | ||
| Virologic and Bacteriologic Studies | 552 | ||
| Serum Biomarkers | 552 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 552 | ||
| Treatment | 553 | ||
| Standard Approaches | 553 | ||
| Immune Modulating Agents | 554 | ||
| Prognosis | 555 | ||
| Myocarditis in Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 556 | ||
| Parasitic Myocarditis | 556 | ||
| Chagas Disease | 556 | ||
| Other Parasitic Causes of Myocarditis | 557 | ||
| New References Since The Sixth Edition | 558 | ||
| References | 559 | ||
| 29 Acute Rheumatic Fever | 563 | ||
| Epidemiology | 563 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 567 | ||
| Vaccine Development | 568 | ||
| Rheumatic Fever in Developing Countries | 569 | ||
| Pathology | 570 | ||
| Clinical Course | 570 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 572 | ||
| Diagnosis | 574 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 574 | ||
| Treatment | 575 | ||
| Cardiac Surgery | 576 | ||
| Prognosis | 577 | ||
| Prevention | 577 | ||
| Conclusion | 580 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 580 | ||
| References | 581 | ||
| 30 Mediastinitis | 587 | ||
| Acute Mediastinitis | 587 | ||
| Mediastinitis due to Esophageal Perforation | 587 | ||
| Mediastinitis due to Extension of Infection from Adjacent Structures | 588 | ||
| Postoperative Mediastinitis | 589 | ||
| Chronic Mediastinitis | 590 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 591 | ||
| References | 592 | ||
| IV Central Nervous System Infections | 593 | ||
| 31 Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period | 594 | ||
| Incidence and Epidemiology | 594 | ||
| Epidemiology of Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae | 595 | ||
| Epidemiology of Meningococcal Meningitis | 597 | ||
| Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis | 598 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 600 | ||
| Organisms Encountered | 600 | ||
| Routes of Infection | 600 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 600 | ||
| Mucosal Colonization | 600 | ||
| Bacteremia | 601 | ||
| Bacterial Traversal of the Blood-Brain Barrier | 601 | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Intracranial Inflammation | 602 | ||
| Neuronal Injury | 604 | ||
| Factors Predisposing the Host to Bacterial Meningitis | 605 | ||
| Pathology | 606 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiologic Relationships | 607 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 610 | ||
| Diagnosis | 610 | ||
| Treatment | 615 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 615 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy | 618 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory Therapy | 620 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 620 | ||
| Glycerol | 622 | ||
| Supportive Care | 622 | ||
| Prognosis and Sequelae | 624 | ||
| Prevention | 627 | ||
| Pneumococcal Infection | 627 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 627 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis | 627 | ||
| Meningococcal Infection | 628 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 628 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis | 628 | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis | 629 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 629 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis | 630 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 630 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 630 | ||
| References | 631 | ||
| 32 Parameningeal Infections | 640 | ||
| Brain Abscess | 640 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathology | 640 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 642 | ||
| Rupture of Brain Abscess into the Ventricular System | 644 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 644 | ||
| Diagnosis | 644 | ||
| Treatment | 646 | ||
| Adjunctive Agents | 646 | ||
| Subdural Empyema | 647 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 647 | ||
| Diagnosis | 647 | ||
| Treatment | 648 | ||
| Epidural Abscess | 648 | ||
| Spinal Epidural Infections | 648 | ||
| Sources of Infection | 649 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 649 | ||
| Phase 1: Spinal Ache | 649 | ||
| Phase 2: Root Pain | 649 | ||
| Phases 3 and 4: Weakness and Paralysis | 649 | ||
| Diagnosis | 649 | ||
| Treatment | 650 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 650 | ||
| References | 651 | ||
| 33 Fungal Meningitis | 652 | ||
| Epidemiology | 652 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 652 | ||
| Infection with Specific Organisms | 653 | ||
| Candidal Meningitis | 653 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 654 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 655 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 656 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 657 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 657 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 658 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 658 | ||
| Other Fungal Infections | 658 | ||
| Diagnosis | 658 | ||
| Conclusion | 659 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 659 | ||
| References | 661 | ||
| 34 Eosinophilic Meningitis | 660 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 660 | ||
| Epidemiology | 665 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 665 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 665 | ||
| Diagnosis | 666 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 666 | ||
| Treatment | 666 | ||
| Course and Prognosis | 667 | ||
| Prevention | 667 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 667 | ||
| References | 668 | ||
| 35 Aseptic Meningitis and Viral Meningitis | 667 | ||
| History | 669 | ||
| Etiology | 669 | ||
| Epidemiology | 672 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 673 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 673 | ||
| Aseptic Meningitis Caused by Other Agents | 673 | ||
| Recurrent Aseptic Meningitis (Mollaret Meningitis) | 673 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 674 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 674 | ||
| Treatment | 675 | ||
| Prognosis | 675 | ||
| Prevention | 675 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 675 | ||
| References | 677 | ||
| 36 Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis | 676 | ||
| History | 685 | ||
| Etiology | 685 | ||
| Viruses | 685 | ||
| Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses | 685 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 691 | ||
| Arboviruses | 691 | ||
| Vaccine-Preventable Viruses | 692 | ||
| Rare and/or Newly Emerging Viruses | 692 | ||
| Bacteria | 693 | ||
| Parasites and Free-Living Amoebae | 693 | ||
| Fungi | 693 | ||
| Other Putative Agents of Encephalitis | 693 | ||
| Postimmunization Encephalitis | 694 | ||
| Postinfectious Encephalitis | 695 | ||
| Chronic Encephalitic or Encephalopathic Illnesses | 695 | ||
| Epidemiology | 695 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 695 | ||
| Pathology | 696 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 696 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 697 | ||
| Evaluation of a Patient with Encephalopathy or Possible Encephalitis | 698 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 698 | ||
| Electroencephalography | 699 | ||
| Diagnosis | 699 | ||
| Treatment | 701 | ||
| Prognosis | 702 | ||
| Prevention | 703 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 703 | ||
| References | 705 | ||
| 37 Parainfectious and Postinfectious Disorders of the Nervous System | 714 | ||
| 37A Parainfectious and Postinfectious Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System | 714 | ||
| Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | 714 | ||
| Epidemiology | 714 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 714 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 715 | ||
| Clinical Variants | 715 | ||
| Pathology and Pathogenesis | 716 | ||
| Role of Infection | 716 | ||
| Role of Immunization | 717 | ||
| Immunologic Factors | 718 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 719 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 719 | ||
| Treatment | 720 | ||
| Outcome and Prognosis | 721 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 721 | ||
| References | 722 | ||
| 37B Infection-Associated Myelitis and Myelopathies of the Spinal Cord | 721 | ||
| Acute Transverse Myelitis | 721 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 721 | ||
| Epidemiology | 723 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 723 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 724 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture | 725 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 725 | ||
| Conditions That Mimic Acute Transverse Myelitis | 725 | ||
| Extramedullary Lesions | 725 | ||
| Intramedullary Lesions | 725 | ||
| Peripheral Lesions | 726 | ||
| Disease-Associated Acute Transverse Myelitis | 726 | ||
| Role of Infections in Transverse Myelitis | 728 | ||
| Infectious Myelopathies | 728 | ||
| Postinfectious Acute Transverse Myelitis | 728 | ||
| Role of the Immune System in Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis | 729 | ||
| Treatment | 729 | ||
| Outcome and Prognosis | 730 | ||
| Recurrences | 730 | ||
| Disability | 730 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 730 | ||
| References | 731 | ||
| V Genitourinary Tract Infections | 733 | ||
| 38 Urethritis | 734 | ||
| Epidemiology | 734 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 734 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 734 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 735 | ||
| Noninfectious | 735 | ||
| Infectious | 736 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 736 | ||
| Treatment | 737 | ||
| Prognosis | 738 | ||
| Prevention | 739 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 739 | ||
| References | 740 | ||
| 39 Cystitis and Pyelonephritis | 739 | ||
| Epidemiology | 739 | ||
| Risk for Urinary Tract Infection | 739 | ||
| Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection | 741 | ||
| Uncircumcised Boys | 741 | ||
| Dysfunctional Voiding | 741 | ||
| Constipation | 741 | ||
| Sexual Activity | 741 | ||
| Catheters | 742 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 742 | ||
| Bacteriology | 742 | ||
| Virulence Factors | 742 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 743 | ||
| Cystitis | 743 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 743 | ||
| Physical Examination | 743 | ||
| Asymptomatic Bacteriuria | 743 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 744 | ||
| Infectious | 744 | ||
| Noninfectious | 745 | ||
| Diagnosis | 745 | ||
| Collection of a Urine Specimen | 745 | ||
| Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection | 747 | ||
| Microscopy | 747 | ||
| Urine Dipsticks | 748 | ||
| Determining the Site of Infection | 748 | ||
| Imaging | 749 | ||
| Renal Ultrasonography | 749 | ||
| Renal Scintigraphy | 749 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 750 | ||
| Voiding Cystourethrography | 751 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 751 | ||
| Treatment | 751 | ||
| Antibiotics for Treatment of Acute Infection | 751 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 753 | ||
| Dysfunctional Voiding | 753 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 753 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 753 | ||
| Epidemiology | 753 | ||
| Natural History | 753 | ||
| Management | 754 | ||
| Antimicrobial Prophylaxis | 754 | ||
| Surgery | 756 | ||
| Prognosis | 756 | ||
| Prevention | 757 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 757 | ||
| References | 759 | ||
| 40 Renal Abscess | 758 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 763 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 763 | ||
| Therapeutic Considerations | 765 | ||
| Conclusion | 767 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 767 | ||
| References | 768 | ||
| 41 Prostatitis | 767 | ||
| Summary | 770 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 770 | ||
| References | 771 | ||
| 42 Genital Infections | 770 | ||
| General Approach to Evaluation of Prepubertal Child | 770 | ||
| Normal Vaginal Flora | 772 | ||
| Lower Genital Tract Infections | 774 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis | 774 | ||
| Prepubertal | 774 | ||
| Postpubertal | 775 | ||
| Nonspecific Vulvovaginitis | 775 | ||
| Prepubertal. | 775 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis Secondary to Poor Perineal Hygiene. | 775 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis Secondary to Intestinal Parasites. | 777 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis Secondary to Vaginal Foreign Bodies. | 778 | ||
| Specific Non–Sexually Transmitted Vulvovaginitis | 778 | ||
| Nongonorrheal Neisserial Vulvovaginitis. | 778 | ||
| Group A Streptococcal Vulvovaginitis. | 779 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis Secondary to Bacteria That Colonize the Nasopharynx. | 779 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis Secondary to Skin Infections. | 779 | ||
| Shigella Vulvovaginitis. | 779 | ||
| Other Specific Bacterial Causes of Vulvovaginitis. | 780 | ||
| Mycotic (Fungal) Vulvovaginitis. | 780 | ||
| Prepubertal. | 780 | ||
| Postpubertal. | 780 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 781 | ||
| Treatment. | 781 | ||
| Specific Sexually Transmitted Vulvovaginitis | 781 | ||
| Gonorrhea | 782 | ||
| Prepubertal | 782 | ||
| Diagnosis | 782 | ||
| Treatment | 782 | ||
| Chlamydia | 785 | ||
| Prepubertal | 785 | ||
| Diagnosis | 786 | ||
| Treatment | 786 | ||
| Trichomoniasis | 786 | ||
| Prepubertal | 786 | ||
| Postpubertal | 787 | ||
| Diagnosis | 787 | ||
| Treatment | 788 | ||
| Bacterial Vaginosis | 788 | ||
| Prepubertal | 788 | ||
| Postpubertal | 789 | ||
| Diagnosis | 789 | ||
| Treatment | 789 | ||
| Infections of the Clitoris | 789 | ||
| Urethritis | 790 | ||
| Bartholinitis and Bartholin Abscess | 790 | ||
| Vulvovaginal Lesions, Ulcerations, and Granulomatous Infections | 790 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus and Genital Warts | 791 | ||
| Prepubertal | 791 | ||
| Postpubertal | 791 | ||
| Diagnosis | 792 | ||
| Treatment | 792 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum | 792 | ||
| Ulcerations and Granulomatous Infections | 793 | ||
| Lymphogranuloma Venereum | 795 | ||
| Cervicitis | 795 | ||
| Prepubertal | 795 | ||
| Postpubertal | 795 | ||
| Diagnosis | 796 | ||
| Treatment | 796 | ||
| Chlamydia | 797 | ||
| Gonorrhea | 797 | ||
| Upper Genital Tract Infections | 797 | ||
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | 797 | ||
| Endometritis | 798 | ||
| Salpingitis | 798 | ||
| Diagnosis | 799 | ||
| Treatment | 799 | ||
| Perihepatitis | 800 | ||
| Tubo-ovarian Abscess | 801 | ||
| Oophoritis | 801 | ||
| New References Since The Sixth Edition | 801 | ||
| References | 803 | ||
| VI Gastrointestinal Tract Infections | 807 | ||
| 43 Esophagitis | 808 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Causative Organisms | 808 | ||
| Clinical Features | 808 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 809 | ||
| Diagnosis | 809 | ||
| Barium Esophagography | 809 | ||
| Esophagoscopy | 810 | ||
| Treatment | 811 | ||
| Candida Esophagitis | 811 | ||
| Other Causes of Fungal Esophagitis | 812 | ||
| Viral Esophagitis | 812 | ||
| Bacterial Esophagitis | 812 | ||
| Prognosis | 812 | ||
| References | 813 | ||
| 44 Approach to Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Food Poisoning | 814 | ||
| Epidemiology | 814 | ||
| Epidemiologic Categories of Diarrhea | 815 | ||
| Diarrhea Acquired in Institutional Centers: Childcare Centers | 815 | ||
| Antimicrobial-Associated Diarrhea | 815 | ||
| Diarrhea in Immunosuppressed Host | 815 | ||
| Traveler’s Diarrhea | 816 | ||
| Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases: Food Poisoning | 817 | ||
| Foodborne Disease due to Bacteria, Viruses, and Parasites. | 818 | ||
| Food Poisoning by Chemicals. | 820 | ||
| Prevention of Foodborne Disease. | 820 | ||
| Waterborne Disease. | 822 | ||
| Clinical Classification of Diarrheal Episodes | 822 | ||
| Organisms That Cause Diarrhea | 822 | ||
| Viruses | 822 | ||
| Rotaviruses | 822 | ||
| Noroviruses | 823 | ||
| Astroviruses | 824 | ||
| Enteric Adenoviruses | 824 | ||
| Bacteria | 824 | ||
| Shigella | 824 | ||
| Salmonella | 825 | ||
| Campylobacter | 825 | ||
| Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli | 825 | ||
| Vibrio cholerae | 827 | ||
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 828 | ||
| Yersinia enterocolitica | 828 | ||
| Aeromonas hydrophila | 828 | ||
| Plesiomonas shigelloides | 828 | ||
| Clostridium difficile | 829 | ||
| Clostridium perfringens | 829 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 829 | ||
| Bacillus cereus | 829 | ||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 829 | ||
| Parasites | 829 | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 830 | ||
| Giardia intestinalis | 830 | ||
| Cryptosporidium | 830 | ||
| Isospora belli | 831 | ||
| Cyclospora | 831 | ||
| Microsporidia | 831 | ||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 831 | ||
| Diagnosis | 832 | ||
| Macroscopic Stool Examination | 832 | ||
| Microscopic Examination | 833 | ||
| Fecal Leukocytes | 833 | ||
| Ova and Parasites | 833 | ||
| Special Stains for Coccidia | 833 | ||
| Stool Cultures | 834 | ||
| Immunologic Methods | 834 | ||
| Molecular Methods | 835 | ||
| Treatment | 835 | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy | 836 | ||
| Nutritional Management | 838 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 838 | ||
| Therapy for Dysentery | 838 | ||
| Shigella | 839 | ||
| Campylobacter | 839 | ||
| Salmonella | 840 | ||
| Shiga Toxin–Producing E. coli (STEC) | 840 | ||
| Therapy for Other Bacterial Agents | 840 | ||
| Diarrheagenic E. coli | 840 | ||
| Cholera | 841 | ||
| Therapy for Intestinal Parasites | 841 | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 841 | ||
| Giardia | 841 | ||
| Cryptosporidium | 841 | ||
| Cyclospora | 841 | ||
| Microsporidia | 841 | ||
| Strongyloides | 841 | ||
| Additional Therapy | 841 | ||
| Zinc | 841 | ||
| Probiotics | 842 | ||
| Antisecretory Agents | 842 | ||
| Prevention | 842 | ||
| Vaccines | 843 | ||
| Rotavirus Vaccine | 843 | ||
| Vaccines for Enteric Bacteria | 844 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 844 | ||
| References | 849 | ||
| 45 Antibiotic-Associated Colitis | 848 | ||
| History | 848 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 848 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 861 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 862 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 862 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 863 | ||
| Treatment | 864 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 864 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 865 | ||
| References | 867 | ||
| 46 Whipple Disease | 866 | ||
| History | 866 | ||
| Epidemiology | 870 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 870 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 872 | ||
| Acute Infection | 872 | ||
| Gastroenteritis | 872 | ||
| Bacteremia | 872 | ||
| Pneumonia | 873 | ||
| “Classic” Whipple Disease | 873 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 873 | ||
| Joints | 873 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 873 | ||
| Eye | 874 | ||
| Skin | 874 | ||
| Heart | 874 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 874 | ||
| Lymph Nodes and Spleen | 874 | ||
| Lungs | 874 | ||
| Kidney | 874 | ||
| Blood | 874 | ||
| Diagnosis | 875 | ||
| Treatment | 875 | ||
| Conclusion | 876 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 876 | ||
| References | 877 | ||
| VII Liver Disease | 879 | ||
| 47 Hepatitis | 880 | ||
| History | 880 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation | 880 | ||
| Patient History | 880 | ||
| Physical Findings | 881 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 881 | ||
| Infectious Causes | 882 | ||
| Viruses | 882 | ||
| Hepatitis Viruses | 882 | ||
| Hepatitis A Virus. | 882 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus. | 882 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus. | 884 | ||
| Hepatitis D Virus. | 885 | ||
| Hepatitis E Virus. | 885 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 885 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus. | 885 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus. | 886 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus. | 886 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus. | 886 | ||
| Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8. | 886 | ||
| Herpes B Virus. | 887 | ||
| Adenoviruses | 887 | ||
| Erythroviruses—Human Parvovirus B19 | 887 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 887 | ||
| Measles Virus | 887 | ||
| Rubella Virus | 887 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses | 888 | ||
| Bacteria | 888 | ||
| Spirochetes | 888 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 888 | ||
| Parasites and Fungi | 889 | ||
| Noninfectious Causes | 889 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 890 | ||
| References | 891 | ||
| 48 Cholangitis and Cholecystitis | 890 | ||
| Cholangitis | 890 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 895 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 896 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 897 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 898 | ||
| Treatment | 899 | ||
| Prevention | 900 | ||
| Complications | 900 | ||
| Specific Populations and Cholangitis | 900 | ||
| Cholangitis and Biliary Atresia | 900 | ||
| Cholangitis After Liver Transplantation | 901 | ||
| Cholangitis in Immunocompromised Patients | 902 | ||
| Cholangitis in Association with Congenital Anatomic Abnormalities: Choledochal Cysts and Caroli Disease | 902 | ||
| Cholangitis After Endoscopic and Other Biliary Procedures | 903 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 903 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 903 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 905 | ||
| Evaluation | 905 | ||
| Management | 905 | ||
| Complications | 906 | ||
| Acalculous Cholecystitis | 906 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 907 | ||
| References | 909 | ||
| 49 Pyogenic Liver Abscess | 908 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 908 | ||
| Microbiology | 915 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 915 | ||
| Diagnosis | 916 | ||
| Treatment | 916 | ||
| Complications and Prognosis | 917 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 917 | ||
| References | 918 | ||
| 50 Reye Syndrome | 920 | ||
| Epidemiology | 920 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings | 920 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 921 | ||
| New Reference Since the Sixth Edition | 921 | ||
| References | 922 | ||
| VIII Other Intra-Abdominal Infections | 923 | ||
| 51 Appendicitis and Pelvic Abscess | 924 | ||
| History | 924 | ||
| Epidemiology | 924 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 925 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 925 | ||
| Diagnosis | 926 | ||
| Microbiology | 928 | ||
| Bacteria | 929 | ||
| Parasites | 929 | ||
| Viruses | 930 | ||
| Fungi | 930 | ||
| Treatment | 930 | ||
| Nonperforated Appendicitis | 930 | ||
| Perforated Appendicitis | 930 | ||
| Prognosis and Early Complications | 931 | ||
| Pelvic Abscess | 932 | ||
| Late Complications | 932 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 933 | ||
| References | 935 | ||
| 52 Pancreatitis | 934 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 934 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 940 | ||
| Noninfectious Causes | 940 | ||
| Trauma | 941 | ||
| Medications | 941 | ||
| Obstructive Diseases | 942 | ||
| Genetic and Metabolic Diseases | 942 | ||
| Vasculitic and Autoimmune Diseases | 942 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes | 942 | ||
| Infectious Causes | 943 | ||
| Viral Infections | 943 | ||
| Parasite Infestations and Infections | 944 | ||
| Mycoplasmal and Bacterial Infections | 945 | ||
| Fungal Infections | 945 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 945 | ||
| Treatment | 945 | ||
| Complications | 946 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 946 | ||
| References | 948 | ||
| 53 Peritonitis and Intra-Abdominal Abscess | 952 | ||
| Peritonitis | 952 | ||
| Anatomy | 952 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 952 | ||
| Primary Peritonitis | 952 | ||
| Secondary Peritonitis | 954 | ||
| Peritonitis and Implanted Devices | 955 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 955 | ||
| Diagnosis | 956 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 956 | ||
| Treatment | 956 | ||
| Complications | 958 | ||
| Intra-Abdominal Abscess | 958 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 958 | ||
| Diagnosis | 959 | ||
| Treatment | 959 | ||
| Complications | 959 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 959 | ||
| References | 960 | ||
| 54 Retroperitoneal Infections | 962 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 962 | ||
| Microbiology | 962 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 964 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 964 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 964 | ||
| Treatment | 964 | ||
| Prognosis | 965 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 965 | ||
| References | 966 | ||
| IX Musculoskeletal Infections | 967 | ||
| 55 Osteomyelitis | 968 | ||
| Hematogenous Osteomyelitis | 968 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 968 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 969 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 971 | ||
| Diagnosis | 971 | ||
| Microbiology | 971 | ||
| Radiology | 972 | ||
| Plain Radiographs. | 972 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 972 | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging. | 973 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 974 | ||
| Treatment of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis | 974 | ||
| Special Manifestations of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis | 976 | ||
| Brodie Abscess | 976 | ||
| Osteomyelitis in Patients After Closed Fractures | 976 | ||
| Epiphyseal Osteomyelitis | 976 | ||
| Involvement of Nontubular Bones | 976 | ||
| Spinal Osteomyelitis | 977 | ||
| Diskitis. | 977 | ||
| Vertebral Osteomyelitis. | 978 | ||
| Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Special Populations | 980 | ||
| Osteomyelitis in Neonates | 980 | ||
| Osteomyelitis in Long-Term Hemodialysis Patients | 980 | ||
| Osteomyelitis in Children with Hemoglobinopathies | 980 | ||
| Osteomyelitis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 981 | ||
| Osteomyelitis in Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease | 981 | ||
| Nonhematogenous Osteomyelitis | 981 | ||
| Puncture Wound Osteomyelitis | 981 | ||
| Osteomyelitis Caused by Spread of Infection from a Contiguous Focus | 982 | ||
| Orthopedic Fixator Devices | 982 | ||
| Unusual Microbial Causes of Osteomyelitis | 982 | ||
| Actinomyces | 982 | ||
| Brucella | 982 | ||
| Fungi | 982 | ||
| Chronic Osteomyelitis | 983 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 984 | ||
| References | 985 | ||
| 56 Septic Arthritis | 984 | ||
| Epidemiology | 984 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 990 | ||
| Etiology | 990 | ||
| Diagnosis | 992 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 992 | ||
| Radiologic Findings | 992 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 993 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 994 | ||
| Treatment | 994 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 994 | ||
| Antibiotic Therapy | 994 | ||
| Prognosis | 995 | ||
| Special Problems | 995 | ||
| Neonatal Septic Arthritis | 995 | ||
| Fungal Arthritis | 996 | ||
| Joint Infections During Rheumatoid Arthritis | 996 | ||
| Reactive Arthritis | 996 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 996 | ||
| References | 997 | ||
| 57 Bacterial Myositis and Pyomyositis | 999 | ||
| Pyomyositis | 999 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 999 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1000 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1001 | ||
| Treatment | 1001 | ||
| Acute Bacterial Myositis | 1002 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1002 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1003 | ||
| Treatment and the Eagle Effect | 1003 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes of Myositis | 1003 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1003 | ||
| References | 1004 | ||
| X Skin Infections | 1005 | ||
| 58 Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Infections | 1006 | ||
| History | 1006 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 1006 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1015 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Pathology of Exanthems | 1015 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1024 | ||
| Erythematous Macular Exanthems | 1024 | ||
| Erythematous Maculopapular Exanthems | 1025 | ||
| Vesicular Exanthems | 1027 | ||
| Petechial and Purpuric Exanthems | 1027 | ||
| Urticarial Exanthems | 1028 | ||
| Papular, Nodular, and Ulcerative Lesions | 1029 | ||
| Distinctive Clinical Features or Syndromes | 1029 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 1029 | ||
| Erythema Nodosum | 1029 | ||
| Hand, Foot, and Mouth Syndrome | 1029 | ||
| Roseola-like Illness | 1030 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever–Like Illness | 1030 | ||
| Exanthem and Meningitis | 1030 | ||
| Exanthem and Pulmonary Involvement | 1031 | ||
| Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome (Papular Acrodermatitis) | 1031 | ||
| Cutaneous Manifestations Associated with Infections in Immunocompromised Patients | 1031 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1031 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1031 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 1032 | ||
| Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevention | 1032 | ||
| References | 1034 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1032 | ||
| 59 Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum) | 1033 | ||
| History | 1033 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1033 | ||
| Etiology | 1038 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1039 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1039 | ||
| Clinical Complications | 1040 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1040 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1040 | ||
| References | 1041 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1040 | ||
| 60 Skin Infections | 1043 | ||
| 60A ■ Bacterial Skin Infections | 1043 | ||
| Normal Skin | 1043 | ||
| Anatomy | 1043 | ||
| Flora | 1043 | ||
| Cutaneous Infection and Dermatologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease | 1043 | ||
| Impetigo | 1043 | ||
| Nonbullous or Simple Superficial Impetigo | 1043 | ||
| Bullous Impetigo | 1044 | ||
| Treatment of Impetigo | 1045 | ||
| Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis | 1046 | ||
| Blistering Distal Dactylitis | 1046 | ||
| Erysipelas | 1047 | ||
| Ecthyma | 1047 | ||
| Folliculitis, Furunculosis, and Carbuncles | 1047 | ||
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 1048 | ||
| Cellulitis | 1048 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 1049 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1049 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1050 | ||
| Treatment | 1050 | ||
| Contaminated Wounds | 1051 | ||
| Human Bites | 1051 | ||
| Animal Bites | 1051 | ||
| Soil-Contaminated and Water-Contaminated Wounds | 1052 | ||
| References | 1053 | ||
| 60B ■ Viral and Fungal Skin Infections | 1056 | ||
| Viral Infections | 1056 | ||
| Warts | 1056 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum | 1056 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1056 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1056 | ||
| Parvovirus B19 Infections | 1057 | ||
| Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome (Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood) | 1057 | ||
| Asymmetric Periflexural Viral Exanthem | 1058 | ||
| Hand, Foot, and Mouth Syndrome | 1058 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 1058 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus | 1058 | ||
| Fungal Infections | 1058 | ||
| Superficial Fungal Infections | 1058 | ||
| Dermatophyte Infections | 1058 | ||
| Tinea Capitis | 1058 | ||
| Tinea Corporis | 1059 | ||
| Tinea Faciei | 1059 | ||
| Tinea Pedis | 1060 | ||
| Tinea Cruris | 1060 | ||
| Tinea Unguium | 1060 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1061 | ||
| Treatment | 1061 | ||
| Candida | 1061 | ||
| Malassezia | 1063 | ||
| Chromoblastomycosis | 1063 | ||
| Tinea Nigra | 1064 | ||
| Trichosporonosis | 1064 | ||
| Deep Fungal Infections | 1065 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 1065 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 1065 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 1065 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 1066 | ||
| Fusariosis | 1066 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 1066 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 1066 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 1066 | ||
| References | 1067 | ||
| XI Ocular Infectious Diseases | 1069 | ||
| 61 Ocular Infections | 1070 | ||
| Infections of the Eyelids | 1070 | ||
| Anterior Eyelid Infection | 1070 | ||
| Staphylococcal Blepharitis | 1070 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum Infection | 1070 | ||
| Parasitic Eyelid Disease | 1071 | ||
| Phthirus pubis Infestation | 1071 | ||
| Demodex Infection | 1071 | ||
| Posterior Eyelid Infection | 1072 | ||
| Hordeolum | 1072 | ||
| Chalazion | 1072 | ||
| Dacryoadenitis | 1073 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction | 1073 | ||
| Dacryocystitis | 1073 | ||
| Preseptal (Periorbital) Cellulitis | 1074 | ||
| Posttraumatic Preseptal Cellulitis | 1074 | ||
| Nontraumatic Preseptal Cellulitis | 1074 | ||
| Orbital Cellulitis | 1075 | ||
| Conjunctival Infections | 1077 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 1078 | ||
| Mild Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 1078 | ||
| Severe Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 1078 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 1078 | ||
| Adenoviral Conjunctivitis | 1078 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis and Complex Forms | 1079 | ||
| External Ocular Infections with Varicella-Zoster Virus | 1080 | ||
| Chlamydial Conjunctivitis and Trachoma | 1080 | ||
| Neonatal Conjunctivitis | 1081 | ||
| Keratitis: Corneal Inflammation | 1082 | ||
| Isolated Epithelial Keratitis | 1083 | ||
| Stromal Keratitis | 1083 | ||
| Bacterial Keratitis | 1083 | ||
| Fungal Keratitis | 1083 | ||
| Protozoan Keratitis | 1084 | ||
| Infections Primarily Involving the Uvea | 1085 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1086 | ||
| Viral Uveitis | 1086 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 1086 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus | 1086 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 1086 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 1086 | ||
| Rubella Virus | 1087 | ||
| Mumps Virus | 1087 | ||
| Measles Virus | 1087 | ||
| Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis | 1087 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | 1087 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 1087 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Infection | 1087 | ||
| Parvovirus Infection | 1087 | ||
| Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Infection | 1087 | ||
| Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection | 1087 | ||
| Viruses | 1088 | ||
| Rift Valley Fever Virus. | 1088 | ||
| Herpes B Virus. | 1088 | ||
| Influenza A Virus. | 1088 | ||
| Bacterial Uveitis | 1088 | ||
| Syphilis | 1088 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 1088 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 1088 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 1089 | ||
| Leprosy | 1089 | ||
| Brucella Infection | 1089 | ||
| Cat-Scratch Disease | 1089 | ||
| Fungal Uveitis | 1089 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 1089 | ||
| Candidiasis | 1089 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 1089 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 1089 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 1090 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 1090 | ||
| Protozoal Uveitis | 1090 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 1090 | ||
| Protozoal Infection | 1090 | ||
| Amebiasis. | 1090 | ||
| Trypanosomiasis. | 1090 | ||
| Malaria. | 1090 | ||
| Giardiasis. | 1090 | ||
| Helminthic Uveitis | 1090 | ||
| Toxocariasis | 1090 | ||
| Onchocerciasis | 1091 | ||
| Loiasis | 1091 | ||
| Cysticercosis | 1091 | ||
| Rare Causes of Parasitic Posterior Uveitis In Children | 1091 | ||
| Schistosomiasis. | 1091 | ||
| Hydatid disease. | 1091 | ||
| Gnathostoma spinigerum. | 1091 | ||
| Wuchereria bancrofti. | 1091 | ||
| Rickettsial disease. | 1091 | ||
| Typhus. | 1091 | ||
| Spotted Fever. | 1091 | ||
| Q Fever. | 1091 | ||
| Trench Fever. | 1091 | ||
| Uveitis Caused by Insect-Induced Disease | 1092 | ||
| Postinfectious Uveitis | 1092 | ||
| Infections Involving Primarily the Retina | 1092 | ||
| Eye Manifestations of Intrauterine Infections (TORCHS Complex) | 1092 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 1092 | ||
| Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection | 1093 | ||
| Rubella Infection | 1093 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Infection | 1094 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Infection | 1094 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection | 1095 | ||
| Syphilis | 1095 | ||
| Endophthalmitis | 1096 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1096 | ||
| References | 1099 | ||
| XII Systemic Infectious Diseases | 1105 | ||
| 62 Bacteremia and Septic Shock | 1106 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1107 | ||
| Endotoxin Shock in Animals | 1108 | ||
| Endotoxin Shock in Humans | 1109 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 1113 | ||
| Treatment | 1115 | ||
| Investigative Therapies | 1117 | ||
| Prognosis | 1118 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1118 | ||
| References | 1119 | ||
| 63 Fever Without Source and Fever of Unknown Origin | 1124 | ||
| Fever Without Source | 1124 | ||
| Occult Bacteremia | 1124 | ||
| Clinical Management of Fever Without Source | 1126 | ||
| Fever of Unknown Origin | 1127 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to a Child with Fever of Unknown Origin | 1128 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 1128 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 1129 | ||
| Infectious Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin | 1131 | ||
| Generalized Infections | 1131 | ||
| Brucellosis. | 1131 | ||
| Cat-Scratch Disease. | 1131 | ||
| Leptospirosis. | 1131 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis. | 1131 | ||
| Malaria. | 1131 | ||
| Salmonellosis. | 1131 | ||
| Tuberculosis. | 1131 | ||
| Tularemia. | 1132 | ||
| Viral Infections. | 1132 | ||
| Immunodeficiency. | 1132 | ||
| Localized Infections | 1132 | ||
| Bacterial Endocarditis. | 1132 | ||
| Bone and Joint Infections. | 1132 | ||
| Intra-Abdominal Abscesses. | 1132 | ||
| Liver Abscess and Other Hepatic Infections. | 1132 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. | 1132 | ||
| Noninfectious Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin | 1133 | ||
| Central Nervous System Dysfunction | 1133 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 1133 | ||
| Drug Fever | 1133 | ||
| Factitious Fever | 1133 | ||
| Familial Dysautonomia | 1133 | ||
| Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis | 1133 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1134 | ||
| Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis | 1134 | ||
| Juvenile Idiopathic (Rheumatoid) Arthritis | 1134 | ||
| Periodic Fevers | 1134 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1135 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition. | 1135 | ||
| References | 1136 | ||
| 64 Toxic Shock Syndrome | 1135 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1139 | ||
| Surveillance and Incidence | 1139 | ||
| Risk Factors for Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome | 1140 | ||
| Risk Factors for Nonmenstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome | 1141 | ||
| Host Risk Factors: General | 1142 | ||
| Colonization with Exotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus | 1142 | ||
| Absence of Protective Antibody Levels | 1142 | ||
| Interruption of a Mucosal or Skin Surface | 1142 | ||
| Presence of a Foreign Body | 1142 | ||
| Other Potential Host Risk Factors | 1143 | ||
| Histopathology | 1143 | ||
| Clinical Spectrum | 1144 | ||
| Acute Phase: Moderate to Severe Disease* | 1144 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1145 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1146 | ||
| Treatment | 1146 | ||
| Location and Drainage of the Infected Site. | 1146 | ||
| Identification and Susceptibility Testing of the Organism. | 1146 | ||
| Administration of Antimicrobial Agents. | 1146 | ||
| Management of Systemic Multiorgan Actions of the Toxins or Mediators | 1147 | ||
| Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Toxin Inhibition. | 1147 | ||
| Corticosteroids. | 1147 | ||
| Fluid Replacement. | 1147 | ||
| Subacute Phase: After Treatment Is Initiated | 1147 | ||
| Outcome and Sequelae | 1149 | ||
| Recurrences | 1149 | ||
| Atypical Manifestations | 1149 | ||
| Mild Disease | 1149 | ||
| Nonmenstrual Disease | 1150 | ||
| Recalcitrant Erythematous Desquamating Disorder | 1150 | ||
| Neonatal Toxic Shock Syndrome–Like Exanthematous Disease | 1150 | ||
| Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome | 1151 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1151 | ||
| Prevention and Prophylaxis | 1151 | ||
| Characteristics of Toxic Shock Syndrome–Associated Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates | 1152 | ||
| Role of Staphylococcal Exotoxin Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin–I and the Enterotoxins in Toxic Shock Syndrome | 1152 | ||
| Role of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin–I | 1152 | ||
| Role of Enterotoxins | 1152 | ||
| Prevalence of Exotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus Aureus Strains and Antibody to the Exotoxins | 1153 | ||
| Prevalence of Exotoxin-Producing Organisms | 1153 | ||
| Prevalence of Antibody to Exotoxins | 1153 | ||
| Physicochemical and Biologic Characteristics of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin–I | 1154 | ||
| Physicochemical Properties, Structure, and Function | 1154 | ||
| Regulation of Production | 1154 | ||
| Kinetics of Distribution | 1155 | ||
| Cellular Interactions | 1155 | ||
| Biologic Functions | 1155 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1156 | ||
| References | 1157 | ||
| 65 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Children | 1156 | ||
| Definition | 1164 | ||
| Etiology | 1164 | ||
| Incidence | 1165 | ||
| Clinical Course | 1165 | ||
| Mortality | 1166 | ||
| Pathology and Role of Immunomodulators | 1166 | ||
| Pathology and Pathophysiology | 1166 | ||
| Immunomodulators | 1167 | ||
| Treatment | 1167 | ||
| Pulmonary Management | 1167 | ||
| Modes of Mechanical Ventilation | 1167 | ||
| Low Tidal Volume Ventilation | 1168 | ||
| Positive End-Expiratory Pressure | 1168 | ||
| Gas Exchange Goals | 1168 | ||
| Permissive Hypercapnia | 1168 | ||
| Permissive Hypoxemia | 1169 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapies | 1169 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 1169 | ||
| Inhaled Nitric Oxide | 1169 | ||
| Surfactant Replacement | 1169 | ||
| Prone Positioning | 1170 | ||
| Nonpulmonary Supportive Management | 1170 | ||
| Fluid Balance | 1170 | ||
| Sedation and Neuromuscular Blockade | 1170 | ||
| Nutrition | 1170 | ||
| Patient Isolation | 1170 | ||
| Rescue Therapies | 1170 | ||
| Summary | 1171 | ||
| References | 1173 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1171 | ||
| XIII Infections of the Fetus and Newborn | 1176 | ||
| 66 Approach to Infections in the Fetus and Newborn | 1177 | ||
| Viral Infections of the Fetus and Neonate | 1177 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1177 | ||
| Congenital Viral Infections | 1177 | ||
| Viruses and Congenital Malformation | 1177 | ||
| Natal or Perinatal Viral Infections | 1177 | ||
| Postnatal Viral Infections | 1178 | ||
| Approach to Diagnosis | 1178 | ||
| Clinical Features in Fetus and Newborn | 1178 | ||
| Evaluation of the Mother | 1179 | ||
| Clinical Features in the Neonate | 1179 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1180 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 1180 | ||
| Treatment | 1181 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn | 1181 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathogenesis | 1181 | ||
| Sepsis Neonatorum | 1182 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 1185 | ||
| Otitis Media | 1187 | ||
| Diarrheal Disease | 1187 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections | 1188 | ||
| Suppurative Arthritis and Osteomyelitis | 1189 | ||
| Conjunctivitis and Orbital Cellulitis | 1190 | ||
| Funisitis and Omphalitis | 1190 | ||
| Breast Abscess | 1190 | ||
| Suppurative Parotitis | 1190 | ||
| Scalp Abscess | 1191 | ||
| Pneumonia | 1191 | ||
| Yeast and Fungal Infections of the Fetus and Neonate | 1192 | ||
| Neonatal Candidiasis | 1192 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1196 | ||
| Treatment | 1196 | ||
| Prevention | 1197 | ||
| Invasive Yeasts Other Than Candida | 1197 | ||
| Invasive Fungal Diseases | 1198 | ||
| Congenital and Perinatal Transmission | 1198 | ||
| Acquired Invasive Fungal Disease | 1198 | ||
| Aspergillus. | 1199 | ||
| Zygomycetes (Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Rhizomucor). | 1199 | ||
| Treatment | 1200 | ||
| Congenital Toxoplasmosis | 1200 | ||
| Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma Infections in the Neonate | 1200 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1201 | ||
| References | 1202 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 1201 | ||
| XIV Infections of the Compromised Host | 1203 | ||
| 67 Primary Immunodeficiencies | 1204 | ||
| Initial Evaluation for Suspected Immunodeficiency | 1204 | ||
| Medical History | 1204 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1205 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 1206 | ||
| Evaluation of Humoral Immunity | 1207 | ||
| Evaluation of Cellular Immunity | 1207 | ||
| Evaluation of the Complement System | 1208 | ||
| Evaluation of Phagocyte Function | 1208 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 1208 | ||
| Neonatal Screening for T-Cell Deficiencies | 1209 | ||
| Management | 1209 | ||
| Selected Primary Antibody Deficiencies | 1209 | ||
| X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia | 1209 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1209 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1209 | ||
| 9780323186605v2_WEB | 2485 | ||
| Front Cover | 2485 | ||
| Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases | 2486 | ||
| Copyright Page | 2487 | ||
| Dedication | 2488 | ||
| Ralph D. Feigin, M.D.: April 3, 1938–August 14, 2008 | 2489 | ||
| A Tribute To: Caroline Breese Hall | 2490 | ||
| About the editors | 2491 | ||
| Contributors | 2492 | ||
| Preface | 2512 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 2514 | ||
| III Infections with Specific Microorganisms | 2524 | ||
| XVII Viral Infections | 2524 | ||
| 150 Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses | 2525 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2532 | ||
| References | 2533 | ||
| DNA Viruses | 2532 | ||
| 151 Human Parvovirus B19 | 2532 | ||
| History | 2532 | ||
| Properties of the Virus | 2534 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2535 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathology | 2536 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2537 | ||
| Erythema Infectiosum | 2537 | ||
| Other Exanthems | 2539 | ||
| Aplastic Crisis | 2539 | ||
| Other Hematologic Manifestations | 2540 | ||
| Arthritis and Arthralgia | 2541 | ||
| Infection in Immunocompromised Patients | 2541 | ||
| Intrauterine Infection | 2542 | ||
| Neurologic Illness | 2543 | ||
| Myocarditis | 2543 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis | 2544 | ||
| Other Illnesses | 2544 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 2545 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2545 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 2546 | ||
| Prevention | 2546 | ||
| New References Since Sixth Edition | 2547 | ||
| References | 2548 | ||
| 152 Human Bocaviruses | 2559 | ||
| History | 2559 | ||
| Properties | 2559 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2559 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 2560 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2561 | ||
| Respiratory Illness | 2561 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 2561 | ||
| Lower Respiratory Tract Infections | 2561 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Illness | 2561 | ||
| Infections in Immunocompromised Patients | 2562 | ||
| Other Clinical Findings | 2562 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2562 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 2562 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 2562 | ||
| Treatment | 2562 | ||
| Prognosis | 2562 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2562 | ||
| References | 2565 | ||
| Subsection 2 Polyomaviridae | 2564 | ||
| 153 Human Polyomaviruses | 2564 | ||
| History | 2564 | ||
| Virology | 2568 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2569 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2570 | ||
| Central Nervous System Manifestations | 2570 | ||
| Urinary Tract Manifestations | 2571 | ||
| Cutaneous Manifestations | 2571 | ||
| Pulmonary Manifestations | 2572 | ||
| Other Manifestations | 2572 | ||
| Malignancies | 2572 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 2572 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 2573 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2573 | ||
| References | 2575 | ||
| 154 Human Papillomaviruses | 2579 | ||
| History | 2579 | ||
| Virology | 2579 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2582 | ||
| Female-Specific HPV-Associated Malignancies | 2582 | ||
| Male-Specific HPV-Associated Malignancies | 2583 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2584 | ||
| Cutaneous Warts | 2584 | ||
| Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis | 2584 | ||
| Infections of Male and Female Genital Tract | 2584 | ||
| Female-Specific Disease | 2585 | ||
| Male-Specific Disease | 2586 | ||
| Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis | 2586 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Papillomas | 2587 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Disease | 2588 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Cancer | 2588 | ||
| Anal Cancer | 2588 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 2589 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 2589 | ||
| Cell Culture | 2589 | ||
| Serology | 2589 | ||
| Cytology | 2589 | ||
| Colposcopy | 2590 | ||
| Histology | 2590 | ||
| Molecular Methods That Detect Human Papillomavirus DNA | 2590 | ||
| In Situ Hybridization | 2590 | ||
| Treatment | 2590 | ||
| Prevention | 2592 | ||
| Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine | 2592 | ||
| Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine Efficacy | 2592 | ||
| Females. | 2593 | ||
| Males. | 2593 | ||
| Bivalent HPV Vaccine | 2593 | ||
| Bivalent Vaccine Efficacy | 2593 | ||
| Higher Valency Vaccines | 2594 | ||
| Vaccine Limitations | 2594 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2594 | ||
| References | 2596 | ||
| Subsection 3 Adenoviridae | 2603 | ||
| 155 Adenoviruses | 2603 | ||
| History | 2603 | ||
| Properties of the Virus | 2603 | ||
| Classification | 2603 | ||
| Physical Properties | 2604 | ||
| Antigenic Composition | 2605 | ||
| Tissue Culture Growth | 2605 | ||
| Virus Multiplication | 2605 | ||
| Animal Susceptibility | 2606 | ||
| Adeno-associated Viruses | 2606 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2606 | ||
| General Prevalence | 2606 | ||
| Age Incidence and Prevalence | 2606 | ||
| Military Recruits | 2607 | ||
| Geographic Distribution | 2607 | ||
| Seasonal Patterns | 2607 | ||
| Host and Social Factors | 2607 | ||
| Spread of Infection | 2607 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathology | 2608 | ||
| Viral Infection | 2608 | ||
| Coinfections | 2608 | ||
| Pathology | 2609 | ||
| Immunologic Events | 2609 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2610 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 2610 | ||
| Common Cold | 2610 | ||
| Nasopharyngitis, Pharyngitis, and Tonsillitis | 2610 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Disease | 2611 | ||
| Acute Laryngotracheitis | 2612 | ||
| Acute Bronchiolitis | 2612 | ||
| Pneumonia | 2612 | ||
| Young Children. | 2612 | ||
| Atypical Pneumonia in Military Recruits. | 2613 | ||
| Pertussis-like Syndrome. | 2613 | ||
| Bronchiolitis Obliterans. | 2613 | ||
| Unilateral Hyperlucent Lung. | 2613 | ||
| Eye | 2613 | ||
| Acute Follicular Conjunctivitis | 2613 | ||
| Pharyngoconjunctival Fever | 2614 | ||
| Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis | 2614 | ||
| Skin | 2615 | ||
| Genitourinary Tract | 2616 | ||
| Acute Hemorrhagic Cystitis | 2616 | ||
| Nephritis | 2616 | ||
| Orchitis | 2616 | ||
| Oculogenital Syndrome | 2616 | ||
| Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome | 2616 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome | 2616 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 2616 | ||
| Gastroenteritis | 2616 | ||
| Mesenteric Lymphadenitis | 2617 | ||
| Intussusception | 2617 | ||
| Appendicitis | 2617 | ||
| Hepatitis | 2617 | ||
| Heart | 2617 | ||
| Myocarditis | 2617 | ||
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 2617 | ||
| Pericarditis | 2617 | ||
| Nervous System | 2618 | ||
| Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts | 2618 | ||
| Other Manifestations | 2619 | ||
| Arthritis | 2619 | ||
| Thyroiditis | 2619 | ||
| Deafness | 2619 | ||
| Obesity | 2620 | ||
| Congenital and Neonatal Infections | 2620 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 2620 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2621 | ||
| Treatment | 2622 | ||
| Prevention | 2623 | ||
| Prognosis | 2623 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2623 | ||
| References | 2627 | ||
| Subsection 4 Hepatoviridae | 2626 | ||
| 156 Hepatitis B and D Viruses | 2626 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | 2626 | ||
| Biology | 2626 | ||
| Molecular Virology | 2641 | ||
| Viral Life Cycle Overview | 2642 | ||
| Viral Binding and Cell Entry | 2643 | ||
| Genomic Replication | 2643 | ||
| Viral Assembly and Release | 2644 | ||
| Viral Persistence | 2644 | ||
| Immunopathogenesis | 2644 | ||
| Carcinogenesis | 2645 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2645 | ||
| Natural History | 2646 | ||
| Acute HBV Infection | 2646 | ||
| Chronic HBV Infection | 2647 | ||
| Histopathologic Features | 2648 | ||
| Treatment | 2649 | ||
| Interferon | 2649 | ||
| HBV Polymerase Inhibitors | 2650 | ||
| Lamivudine | 2650 | ||
| Combination of IFN-α and Lamivudine | 2651 | ||
| Adefovir Dipivoxil | 2651 | ||
| Entecavir | 2651 | ||
| Hepatitis B in Special Populations | 2652 | ||
| Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection | 2652 | ||
| Hepatitis B in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients | 2653 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis | 2653 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin | 2653 | ||
| Hepatitis B Vaccine | 2654 | ||
| Others Who Should Receive Hepatitis B Vaccine | 2655 | ||
| Vaccine Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 2655 | ||
| Contraindications | 2656 | ||
| Recommendations to Prevent Household Transmission | 2656 | ||
| Future Strategies/Targets for Treatment | 2656 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 2656 | ||
| Virology | 2657 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2657 | ||
| Immunopathogenesis | 2657 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2658 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2658 | ||
| Treatment | 2660 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis | 2661 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2661 | ||
| References | 2663 | ||
| Subsection 5 Herpesviridae | 2662 | ||
| 157 Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 | 2662 | ||
| The Viruses | 2662 | ||
| Transmission | 2668 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2669 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathology | 2672 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2674 | ||
| Gingivostomatitis | 2674 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis | 2675 | ||
| Other Primary Skin Infections | 2677 | ||
| Infection of the Eye | 2679 | ||
| Infections of the Central Nervous System | 2679 | ||
| Infection of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Normal Hosts | 2682 | ||
| Recurrent Infections | 2683 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 2685 | ||
| HSV Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts | 2685 | ||
| Fetus and Newborn | 2688 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2689 | ||
| Viral Culture | 2689 | ||
| Direct Detection of HSV-Infected Cells | 2690 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays | 2690 | ||
| Serologic Diagnosis | 2691 | ||
| Genetic Analysis for Molecular Epidemiology | 2691 | ||
| Antiviral Drug Susceptibility Testing | 2692 | ||
| Prognosis, Complications, and Sequelae | 2692 | ||
| Treatment | 2692 | ||
| Oral HSV Infection | 2693 | ||
| HSV Keratitis | 2693 | ||
| HSV Encephalitis | 2694 | ||
| Genital HSV Infection | 2694 | ||
| Mucocutaneous HSV Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts | 2695 | ||
| Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection | 2696 | ||
| Acyclovir-Resistant HSV Infection | 2697 | ||
| Prevention and Infection Control | 2698 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis and Chemoprophylaxis | 2700 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2701 | ||
| References | 2703 | ||
| 158 Cytomegalovirus | 2702 | ||
| History | 2713 | ||
| Virology | 2713 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2714 | ||
| Pregnancy | 2714 | ||
| Congenital Infection | 2714 | ||
| Perinatal Infection | 2715 | ||
| Postnatal Infection in Childhood | 2715 | ||
| Adolescents | 2715 | ||
| Intrafamilial Transmission | 2716 | ||
| Sexual Transmission | 2716 | ||
| Nosocomial Transmission | 2716 | ||
| Immunosuppressed Patients | 2717 | ||
| Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity | 2718 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2719 | ||
| Fetal and Congenital Infections | 2719 | ||
| Perinatal Infections | 2719 | ||
| Mononucleosis Syndrome | 2720 | ||
| Interstitial Pneumonitis | 2720 | ||
| Retinitis and Other Eye Abnormalities | 2721 | ||
| Hepatitis | 2721 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Disease | 2722 | ||
| Meningoencephalitis and Other Neurologic Disorders | 2722 | ||
| Deafness and Other Ear Disorders | 2724 | ||
| Myocarditis and Other Cardiovascular Disorders | 2724 | ||
| Endocrine System | 2724 | ||
| Genitourinary System | 2725 | ||
| Skin | 2725 | ||
| Unusual Associations | 2725 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 2725 | ||
| Detection of the Infectious Agent | 2725 | ||
| Serology | 2726 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis of Specific Clinical Syndromes | 2727 | ||
| Pregnancy | 2727 | ||
| Congenital Infection | 2727 | ||
| Perinatal and Postnatal Infection | 2728 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Syndromes in Immunocompromised Hosts | 2728 | ||
| Treatment | 2728 | ||
| Prevention | 2731 | ||
| Blood Product, Human Milk, and Transplant Donor Selection | 2731 | ||
| Passive Immunoprophylaxis | 2731 | ||
| Prophylaxis and Early Preemptive Therapy with Antiviral Agents | 2732 | ||
| Active Immunization | 2733 | ||
| Behavioral Strategies to Prevent Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection | 2733 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2734 | ||
| References | 2736 | ||
| 159 Epstein-Barr Virus | 2746 | ||
| History | 2746 | ||
| Virology | 2747 | ||
| Structure and Genome | 2747 | ||
| Molecular Biology | 2747 | ||
| Replication | 2747 | ||
| Latency | 2747 | ||
| EBNA. | 2748 | ||
| Latent Membrane Proteins. | 2748 | ||
| EBERs. | 2748 | ||
| BARTs. | 2748 | ||
| Transformation | 2748 | ||
| EBV Genotypes | 2749 | ||
| Immunopathogenesis | 2749 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 2749 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Tumors | 2749 | ||
| Histopathology | 2750 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 2750 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases | 2750 | ||
| Other Epstein-Barr Virus– Associated Diseases | 2751 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2751 | ||
| Seroprevalence | 2751 | ||
| Incidence | 2751 | ||
| Viral Shedding | 2751 | ||
| Transmission | 2752 | ||
| Common Modes of Transmission | 2752 | ||
| Transmission via Blood Products or Transplanted Organs | 2752 | ||
| Intrauterine and Perinatal Transmission | 2752 | ||
| Sexual Transmission | 2752 | ||
| Nonmalignant Clinical Syndromes Associated with EBV Infection | 2752 | ||
| Silent, Nonspecific Infections | 2752 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 2753 | ||
| Prodrome | 2753 | ||
| Acute Phase | 2753 | ||
| Resolution Phase | 2754 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis in Young Children | 2754 | ||
| Disseminated EBV Infection in X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease | 2754 | ||
| Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis | 2755 | ||
| Chronic Active Disease | 2755 | ||
| Other Diseases | 2755 | ||
| Complications of Infectious Mononucleosis | 2755 | ||
| Exanthems | 2756 | ||
| Ampicillin Rash. | 2756 | ||
| Other Exanthems. | 2756 | ||
| Cardiac | 2756 | ||
| Hematologic | 2756 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia. | 2756 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia. | 2756 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia. | 2756 | ||
| Neutropenia. | 2757 | ||
| Pancytopenia. | 2757 | ||
| Spleen | 2757 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 2757 | ||
| Liver. | 2757 | ||
| Other. | 2757 | ||
| Neurologic | 2757 | ||
| Encephalitis and Aseptic Meningitis. | 2757 | ||
| Other CNS Manifestations. | 2758 | ||
| Non-CNS Neurologic Complications. | 2758 | ||
| Renal | 2758 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 2758 | ||
| Airway Obstruction. | 2758 | ||
| Neck Abscesses. | 2758 | ||
| Pulmonary Disease. | 2758 | ||
| Psychiatric | 2758 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue. | 2758 | ||
| “Alice in Wonderland” Syndrome. | 2758 | ||
| Miscellaneous Complications | 2758 | ||
| Malignant Diseases Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus | 2759 | ||
| Burkitt Lymphoma | 2759 | ||
| Hodgkin Disease | 2759 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | 2759 | ||
| Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease | 2759 | ||
| Lymphoproliferative Disease in Other Immunodeficient Patients | 2760 | ||
| Other Malignant Diseases | 2760 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 2760 | ||
| Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis | 2761 | ||
| General Laboratory Findings | 2761 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies | 2762 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) | 2764 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus Proteins | 2765 | ||
| Virus Isolation | 2765 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 2765 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 2765 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 2765 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis. | 2765 | ||
| Other EBV-Associated Disorders. | 2766 | ||
| Treatment | 2766 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 2766 | ||
| Supportive Care. | 2766 | ||
| Antiviral Treatment. | 2766 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases | 2766 | ||
| Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease | 2766 | ||
| B-Cell Lymphoma | 2767 | ||
| Hodgkin Disease | 2767 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | 2767 | ||
| Nonmalignant Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Diseases | 2767 | ||
| XLP. | 2767 | ||
| HLH. | 2768 | ||
| CAEBV Infection. | 2768 | ||
| HIV-Associated Diseases. | 2768 | ||
| Prognosis | 2768 | ||
| Prevention | 2768 | ||
| Vaccine | 2769 | ||
| Prevention of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease | 2769 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2769 | ||
| References | 2770 | ||
| 160 Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 | 2782 | ||
| Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 | 2782 | ||
| Diseases Caused by HHV-6 and HHV-7 | 2782 | ||
| Neurologic Complications | 2784 | ||
| Pathogenesis of HHV-6 and HHV-7 Infection | 2784 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2785 | ||
| Treatment of HHV-6 Infection | 2785 | ||
| Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) | 2785 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus | 2786 | ||
| Transmission of HHV-8 Among Children | 2786 | ||
| Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis | 2787 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of HHV-8 Infection | 2787 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2787 | ||
| References | 2788 | ||
| 161 Varicella-Zoster Virus | 2787 | ||
| The Organism | 2789 | ||
| Transmission | 2789 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2790 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 2791 | ||
| Nosocomial Varicella | 2792 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2792 | ||
| Varicella | 2792 | ||
| Complications of Varicella | 2793 | ||
| Congenital Varicella Syndrome | 2793 | ||
| Zoster | 2794 | ||
| Complications of Zoster | 2794 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2795 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis of Varicella and Zoster | 2795 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 2795 | ||
| Treatment | 2795 | ||
| Prognosis | 2796 | ||
| Prevention | 2797 | ||
| Passive Immunization Against Varicella | 2797 | ||
| Active Immunization Against Varicella | 2798 | ||
| Safety | 2798 | ||
| Effectiveness | 2798 | ||
| Drug Prophylaxis | 2799 | ||
| References | 2801 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2799 | ||
| Subsection 6 Poxviridae | 2800 | ||
| 162 Smallpox (Variola Virus) | 2800 | ||
| History* | 2800 | ||
| Etiology | 2806 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2806 | ||
| Pathology | 2807 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2807 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 2808 | ||
| Specific Diagnosis | 2808 | ||
| Treatment | 2808 | ||
| Prevention | 2808 | ||
| Active Immunization | 2808 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Events of Smallpox Vaccines | 2810 | ||
| Smallpox Vaccine Availability | 2811 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2811 | ||
| References | 2812 | ||
| 163 Monkeypox and Other Poxviruses | 2814 | ||
| Properties of the Viruses | 2814 | ||
| Classification | 2814 | ||
| Structure | 2814 | ||
| Specific Viruses and Their Illnesses | 2814 | ||
| Monkeypox Virus | 2814 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2814 | ||
| Clinical Features | 2816 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2816 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 2817 | ||
| Bioterrorism Concerns | 2818 | ||
| Cowpox Virus | 2818 | ||
| Vaccinia Virus | 2819 | ||
| Recombinant Vaccinia Virus | 2819 | ||
| Camelpox | 2820 | ||
| Orf Virus | 2820 | ||
| Other Parapoxviruses | 2820 | ||
| Yatapoxviruses | 2820 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum Virus | 2821 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 2821 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2821 | ||
| References | 2822 | ||
| 164 Mimiviruses | 2825 | ||
| Structure and Properties | 2825 | ||
| Viral Replication | 2825 | ||
| Animal Susceptibility | 2825 | ||
| Mimivirus Infection in Humans | 2825 | ||
| Prevalence of Antibodies to Mimivirus in Patients with Pneumonia | 2825 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 2826 | ||
| Mimivirus as an Emerging Pathogen | 2827 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2827 | ||
| References | 2828 | ||
| RNA Viruses | 2829 | ||
| Subsection 1 Picornaviridae | 2829 | ||
| 165 Enteroviruses, Parechoviruses, and Saffold Viruses | 2829 | ||
| History | 2829 | ||
| The Viruses | 2830 | ||
| Classification | 2830 | ||
| Morphology and Replication | 2831 | ||
| Replication Characteristics and Host Systems | 2832 | ||
| Antigenic Characteristics | 2834 | ||
| Host Range | 2834 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2834 | ||
| Transmission | 2834 | ||
| Geographic Distribution and Season | 2834 | ||
| Prevalence of Different Types | 2835 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathology | 2837 | ||
| Events During Pathogenesis | 2837 | ||
| Factors That Affect Pathogenesis | 2838 | ||
| Pathology | 2839 | ||
| Coxsackieviruses A | 2839 | ||
| Coxsackieviruses B | 2839 | ||
| Heart | 2839 | ||
| Brain and Spinal Cord | 2839 | ||
| Other Organs | 2839 | ||
| Echoviruses | 2840 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 2840 | ||
| Polioviruses | 2840 | ||
| Parechoviruses | 2841 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations: Nonpolio Enteroviruses, Parechoviruses, and Saffold Viruses | 2841 | ||
| Asymptomatic Infection | 2841 | ||
| Nonspecific Febrile Illness | 2842 | ||
| Respiratory Manifestations | 2842 | ||
| Common Cold | 2842 | ||
| Pharyngitis (Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Tonsillopharyngitis, and Nasopharyngitis) | 2843 | ||
| Other Intraoral Manifestations | 2843 | ||
| Herpangina. | 2843 | ||
| Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis. | 2844 | ||
| Stomatitis and Other Lesions in the Anterior of the Mouth. | 2844 | ||
| Parotitis | 2844 | ||
| Croup | 2844 | ||
| Bronchitis | 2844 | ||
| Bronchiolitis and Infectious Asthma | 2844 | ||
| Pneumonia | 2845 | ||
| Pleurodynia (Bornholm Disease) | 2845 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Manifestations | 2846 | ||
| Vomiting | 2846 | ||
| Diarrhea | 2847 | ||
| Constipation | 2848 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 2848 | ||
| Peritonitis, Pseudoperitonitis, Appendicitis, Pseudo-obstruction, Mesenteric Adenitis, and Intussusception | 2848 | ||
| Hepatitis | 2848 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 2850 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 2850 | ||
| Eye Findings | 2851 | ||
| Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis | 2851 | ||
| Conjunctivitis Associated with Other Enteroviral Illness | 2852 | ||
| Photophobia | 2852 | ||
| Other Eye Findings | 2852 | ||
| Cardiovascular Manifestations | 2853 | ||
| Pericarditis, Myocarditis, and Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 2853 | ||
| Other Cardiac Manifestations | 2855 | ||
| Genitourinary Manifestations | 2855 | ||
| Orchitis and Epididymitis | 2855 | ||
| Nephritis | 2855 | ||
| Other Genitourinary Findings | 2856 | ||
| Hematologic Findings | 2856 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Manifestations | 2856 | ||
| Arthritis | 2856 | ||
| Myositis | 2856 | ||
| Skin Manifestations | 2856 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A2 | 2857 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A3 | 2857 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A4 | 2857 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A5 | 2857 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A6 | 2857 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A7 | 2857 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A9 | 2857 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A10 | 2860 | ||
| Coxsackievirus A16 | 2860 | ||
| Coxsackievirus B1 | 2861 | ||
| Coxsackievirus B2 | 2861 | ||
| Coxsackievirus B3 | 2861 | ||
| Coxsackievirus B4 | 2862 | ||
| Coxsackievirus B5 | 2862 | ||
| Coxsackievirus B6 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 1 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 2 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 3 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 4 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 5 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 6 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 7 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 9 | 2862 | ||
| Echovirus 11 | 2863 | ||
| Echovirus 13 | 2863 | ||
| Echovirus 14 | 2863 | ||
| Echovirus 16 | 2863 | ||
| Echovirus 17 | 2863 | ||
| Echovirus 18 | 2863 | ||
| Echovirus 19 | 2863 | ||
| Echovirus 21 | 2864 | ||
| Echovirus 24 | 2864 | ||
| Echovirus 25 | 2864 | ||
| Echovirus 30 | 2864 | ||
| Echovirus 32 | 2864 | ||
| Echovirus 33 | 2864 | ||
| Enterovirus 71 | 2864 | ||
| Parechoviruses | 2864 | ||
| Clinical Exanthematous Manifestations and Syndromes | 2864 | ||
| Neurologic Manifestations | 2864 | ||
| Aseptic Meningitis | 2864 | ||
| Encephalitis | 2868 | ||
| Paralysis | 2868 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Transverse Myelitis | 2868 | ||
| Other Neurologic Illnesses | 2868 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia | 2869 | ||
| Sudden Infant Death | 2869 | ||
| Chronic Enteroviral Infections in Immunocompromised Patients | 2869 | ||
| Congenital Infections | 2869 | ||
| Abortion | 2869 | ||
| Congenital Malformations | 2870 | ||
| Prematurity and Stillbirth | 2870 | ||
| Neonatal Infections | 2870 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathogenesis | 2870 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2871 | ||
| Inapparent Infection. | 2871 | ||
| Mild, Nonspecific Febrile Illness. | 2873 | ||
| Sepsis-Like Illness. | 2873 | ||
| Respiratory Illness. | 2873 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Manifestations. | 2873 | ||
| Cardiovascular Manifestations. | 2874 | ||
| Exanthem. | 2875 | ||
| Neurologic Manifestations. | 2875 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations: Polioviruses | 2875 | ||
| Minor Illness (Abortive Poliomyelitis) | 2876 | ||
| Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis (Aseptic Meningitis) | 2876 | ||
| Paralytic Poliomyelitis | 2876 | ||
| Congenital Infections | 2878 | ||
| Abortion. | 2878 | ||
| Congenital Malformations. | 2878 | ||
| Prematurity and Stillbirth. | 2878 | ||
| Neonatal Infections | 2878 | ||
| General. | 2878 | ||
| Infection Acquired In Utero. | 2878 | ||
| Postnatally Acquired Infection. | 2879 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 2879 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 2879 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 2879 | ||
| Virus Isolation and Detection Techniques | 2879 | ||
| Serology | 2880 | ||
| Histology | 2880 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 2880 | ||
| Treatment | 2881 | ||
| Specific Therapy | 2881 | ||
| Nonspecific Therapy | 2881 | ||
| Mild, Nonspecific Febrile Illness | 2881 | ||
| Myocarditis | 2882 | ||
| Meningoencephalitis | 2882 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 2882 | ||
| Prognosis | 2882 | ||
| Prevention | 2883 | ||
| Nonpolio Enteroviral Infections | 2883 | ||
| Polioviral Infections | 2883 | ||
| Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis | 2884 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2885 | ||
| References | 2888 | ||
| 166 Rhinoviruses | 2887 | ||
| History | 2887 | ||
| The Organism | 2910 | ||
| Structure of the Virion | 2910 | ||
| Virus Life Cycle | 2910 | ||
| Host Range | 2911 | ||
| Animals | 2911 | ||
| Cell and Tissue Cultures | 2911 | ||
| Antigenic Properties | 2911 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2911 | ||
| Seasonal Distribution | 2912 | ||
| Cycling and Circulation of Individual Rhinovirus Types | 2912 | ||
| Predominating Rhinovirus Types | 2912 | ||
| Median Human Infectious Dose for Rhinovirus | 2913 | ||
| Person-to-Person Transmission | 2914 | ||
| Epidemiologic Observations | 2914 | ||
| Person-to-Person Transmission to Human Volunteers | 2914 | ||
| Early Experiments with Rhinovirus Colds | 2914 | ||
| Characteristics of a “Good” Rhinovirus Transmitter | 2915 | ||
| Some Early Conclusions | 2915 | ||
| Route-of-Transmission Experiments | 2915 | ||
| Route-of-Transmission “Blocking” Experiments | 2916 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Host Factors | 2918 | ||
| General Course of Infection | 2918 | ||
| Innate Immune Response | 2918 | ||
| Immunity Associated with Serum Antibody | 2918 | ||
| Immunity Associated with Antibody in Nasal Secretions | 2919 | ||
| Antibody Appearance over the Course of Infection | 2919 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 2919 | ||
| Interference Among Rhinoviruses | 2919 | ||
| Influence of a Cold Environment on the Course of Infection | 2920 | ||
| Effect of Age and Sex | 2920 | ||
| Effect of Psychosocial Factors | 2920 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2921 | ||
| Spectrum of Respiratory Disease | 2922 | ||
| Rhinovirus Infections in Hospitalized Children | 2922 | ||
| Asthma | 2923 | ||
| Otitis Media | 2923 | ||
| Sinusitis | 2924 | ||
| Immunocompromised Patients | 2925 | ||
| Diagnosis of Infection | 2925 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 2925 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2926 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2926 | ||
| References | 2928 | ||
| 167 Hepatitis A Virus | 2934 | ||
| History | 2934 | ||
| Properties | 2934 | ||
| Classification | 2934 | ||
| Genomic Organization and Genetic Variation | 2934 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2935 | ||
| Routes of Transmission | 2935 | ||
| Patterns of Disease Worldwide | 2936 | ||
| Patterns of Disease in the United States | 2938 | ||
| Variation by Age and Race or Ethnicity | 2938 | ||
| Geographic Variation | 2939 | ||
| Potential Sources of Infection | 2940 | ||
| Community-Wide Epidemic | 2940 | ||
| Epidemiology of Hepatitis a in Specific Settings | 2940 | ||
| Child Care Centers | 2940 | ||
| Other Groups and Settings | 2941 | ||
| Pathology and Pathogenesis | 2942 | ||
| Pathology | 2942 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 2942 | ||
| Host Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses | 2942 | ||
| Cellular Immune Response | 2942 | ||
| Humoral Immune Response | 2943 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2943 | ||
| Incubation Period | 2943 | ||
| Spectrum of Illness | 2943 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Symptoms | 2943 | ||
| Laboratory Abnormalities | 2944 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 2944 | ||
| Atypical Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Hepatitis A | 2945 | ||
| Relapsing Hepatitis A | 2945 | ||
| Fulminant Hepatitis A | 2945 | ||
| Extrahepatic Manifestations | 2946 | ||
| Cholestatic Hepatitis A | 2946 | ||
| Hepatitis A Triggering Autoimmune Hepatitis | 2947 | ||
| Treatment | 2947 | ||
| Prevention | 2947 | ||
| Immunoglobulin | 2947 | ||
| Hepatitis A Vaccine | 2948 | ||
| Vaccine Preparation and Performance | 2948 | ||
| Vaccine Recommendations and Use | 2950 | ||
| New References Since the Sixth Edition | 2952 | ||
| References | 2954 | ||
| Subsection 2 Caliciviridae | 2953 | ||
| 168 Caliciviruses | 2953 | ||
| Properties of Caliciviruses | 2963 | ||
| Structural Features of the Virion | 2963 | ||
| Taxonomic Relationships Among the Caliciviruses | 2964 | ||
| Genomic Organization | 2964 | ||
| Recombinants | 2965 | ||
| Evidence for Recombination Within Caliciviruses | 2965 | ||
| Antigenic Properties of the Virion | 2965 | ||
| Norovirus and Sapovirus, Human Caliciviruses | 2966 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2966 | ||
| Seasonal Patterns | 2966 | ||
| Pathogenesis, Pathology, and Immunology | 2967 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 2967 | ||
| Pathology | 2967 | ||
| Immunology | 2967 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 2968 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 2968 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2968 | ||
| Vesivirus | 2969 |