Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This popular text covers the ratio and proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis methods offering a step-by-step approach to the calculation and administration of drug dosages. With over 2,000 practice problems, Gray Morris focuses on enhancing the learning experience of nursing students at all curricular levels by making content clinically applicable. Calculate with Confidence, 6th Edition addresses the increasing responsibility of the nurse in medication administration, prioritizes client safety, and reflects the current scope of practice.
- Tips for Clinical Practice boxes call attention to information critical to math calculation and patient safety.
- Safety Alert boxes highlight issues that may lead to mediation errors and empower you to identify actions that must be taken to avoid calculation errors
- Chapter review problems test all major topics presented in the chapter.
- Separate basic math review test allows you to assess and evaluate your understanding of basic math material covered in Unit 1, directing you to review chapters if you miss any of these test questions.
- Pre-test basic math review tests help you assess your basic math skills and identify areas of strength and weakness in competency of basic math.
- Comprehensive unit on basic math review offers complete coverage of basic math: roman numerals, fractions, decimals, ratio and proportion, and percentages.
- NEW! Integration of QSEN information related to patient safety in the Medication Administration chapter and throughout text.
- NEW! NCLEX-style questions on Evolve help prepare you for the NCLEX-RN Examination.
- NEW! Content additions and updates includes word problems involving dosages, Critical Thinking Scenarios, a discussion of the concepts regarding safety issues with medication administration, plus significant updates in the insulin, critical care and IV chapters.
- NEW! Reorganization of Answer Key features answers and the work to practice problems at the end of each chapter rather than in the back of the book.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Calculate with Confidence | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface to the Instructor | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Unit One: Math Review | 1 | ||
| Pre-Test | 2 | ||
| Chapter 1. Roman Numerals | 6 | ||
| Chapter 2. Fractions | 11 | ||
| Types of Fractions | 12 | ||
| Converting Fractions | 13 | ||
| Comparing Fractions | 13 | ||
| Reducing Fractions | 15 | ||
| Adding Fractions | 16 | ||
| Subtracting Fractions | 17 | ||
| Multiplying Fractions | 19 | ||
| Dividing Fractions | 20 | ||
| Chapter 3. Decimals | 28 | ||
| Reading and Writing Decimals | 29 | ||
| Comparing the Value of Decimals | 31 | ||
| Adding and Subtracting Decimals | 32 | ||
| Multiplying Decimals | 34 | ||
| Dividing Decimals | 35 | ||
| Rounding Off Decimals | 37 | ||
| Changing Fractions to Decimals | 38 | ||
| Changing Decimals to Fractions | 39 | ||
| Chapter 4. Ratio and Proportion | 44 | ||
| Ratios | 44 | ||
| Proportions | 45 | ||
| Solving for x in Ratio and Proportion | 46 | ||
| Applying Ratio and Proportion to Dosage Calculation | 48 | ||
| Chapter 5. Percentages | 55 | ||
| Percentage Measures | 56 | ||
| Converting Percentages to Fractions, Decimals, and Ratios | 57 | ||
| Converting Fractions, Decimals, and Ratios to Percentages | 59 | ||
| Comparing Percents and Ratios | 61 | ||
| Determining the Percent of a Quantity | 61 | ||
| Determinig What Percent One Number Is of Another | 62 | ||
| Calculating the Percent of Change | 63 | ||
| Post-Test | 68 | ||
| Unit Two: Systems of Measurement | 73 | ||
| Chapter 6. Metric System | 74 | ||
| Particulars of the Metric System | 74 | ||
| Rules of the Metric System | 77 | ||
| Units of Measure | 78 | ||
| Conversion Between Metric Units | 80 | ||
| Chapter 7. Apothecary and Household Systems | 85 | ||
| Apothecary System | 85 | ||
| Household System | 86 | ||
| Chapter 8. Converting Within and Between Systems | 92 | ||
| Equivalents Among Metric and Household Systems | 92 | ||
| Converting | 92 | ||
| Methods of Converting | 93 | ||
| Converting Within the Same System | 96 | ||
| Converting Between Systems | 98 | ||
| Calculating Intake and Output | 100 | ||
| Chapter 9. Additional Conversions Useful in the Health Care Setting | 110 | ||
| Converting Between Celsius and Fahrenheit | 110 | ||
| Formulas for Converting Between Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales | 111 | ||
| Metric Measures Relating to Length | 113 | ||
| Conversions Relating to Weight | 114 | ||
| Military Time | 116 | ||
| Calculating Completion Times | 118 | ||
| Unit Three: Methods of Administration and Calculation | 123 | ||
| Chapter 10. Medication Administration | 124 | ||
| Medication Errors | 124 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Medication Administration | 127 | ||
| Factors That Influence Drug Dosages and Action | 128 | ||
| Special Considerations for the Elderly | 128 | ||
| The Six Rights of Medication Administration | 130 | ||
| Medication Reconciliation | 135 | ||
| Teaching the Client | 136 | ||
| Home Care Considerations | 137 | ||
| Routes of Medication Administration | 138 | ||
| Equipment Used for Medication Administration | 139 | ||
| Equipment for Administering Oral Medications to a Child | 141 | ||
| Chapter 11. Understanding and Interpreting Medication Orders | 147 | ||
| Verbal Orders | 147 | ||
| Transcription of Medication Orders | 149 | ||
| Writing a Medication Order | 150 | ||
| Components of a Medication Order | 151 | ||
| Interpreting a Medication Order | 154 | ||
| Chapter 12. Medication Administration Records and Medication Distribution Systems | 165 | ||
| Medication Orders | 165 | ||
| Medication Administration Record | 166 | ||
| Essential Components on a Medication Record | 168 | ||
| Documentation of Medications Administered | 170 | ||
| Explanation of Medication Administration Records | 170 | ||
| Use of Computers in Medication Administration | 170 | ||
| Medication Distribution Systems | 171 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology | 174 | ||
| Scheduling Medication Times | 175 | ||
| Military Time | 175 | ||
| Chapter 13. Reading Medication Labels | 180 | ||
| Reading Medication Labels | 180 | ||
| Chapter 14. Dosage Calculation Using the Ratio and Proportion Method | 217 | ||
| Use of Ratio and Proportion in Dosage Calculation | 217 | ||
| Chapter 15. Dosage Calculation Using the Formula Method | 246 | ||
| Formula for Calculating Dosages | 246 | ||
| Steps for Use of the Formula | 247 | ||
| Chapter 16. Dosage Calculation Using the Dimensional Analysis Method | 267 | ||
| Understanding the Basics of Dimensional Analysis | 267 | ||
| Dosage Calculation Usin Dimensional Analysis | 270 | ||
| Unit Four: Oral and Parenteral Dosage Forms and Insulin | 287 | ||
| Chapter 17. Oral Medications | 288 | ||
| Forms of Solid Medication | 288 | ||
| Calculating Dosages Involving Tablets and Capsules | 292 | ||
| Calculating Oral Liquids | 309 | ||
| Measuring Oral Liquids | 310 | ||
| Chapter 18. Parenteral Medications | 349 | ||
| Packaging of Parenteral Medications | 349 | ||
| Syringes | 352 | ||
| Reading Parenteral Labels | 361 | ||
| Medications Labeled in Percentage Strengths | 366 | ||
| Solutions Expressed in Ratio Strength | 366 | ||
| Parenteral Medications Measured in Units | 367 | ||
| Parenteral Medications in Milliequivalents | 367 | ||
| Calculating Parenteral Dosages | 369 | ||
| Calculating Injectable Medications According to the Syringe | 370 | ||
| Calculating Dosages for Medications in Units | 374 | ||
| Mixing Medications in the Same Syringe | 376 | ||
| Chapter 19. Reconstitution of Solutions | 413 | ||
| Basic Principles for Reconstitution | 414 | ||
| Reconstituting Medications with More Than One Direction for Mixing (Multiple Strength) | 423 | ||
| Reconstitution from Package Insert Directions and Medications with Different Reconstitution Directions Depending on Route of Administration | 426 | ||
| Medications with Instructions to \"See Accompanying Literature\" (Package Insert) for Reconstitution and Administration | 427 | ||
| Calculation of Dosages | 428 | ||
| Reconstitution of Noninjectable Solutions | 430 | ||
| Chapter 20. Insulin | 465 | ||
| Types of Insulin | 466 | ||
| Labels | 466 | ||
| Insulin Action Times | 467 | ||
| Appearance of Insulin | 470 | ||
| Insulin Administration | 471 | ||
| Insulin Orders | 478 | ||
| Current Recommendations for Use of the Sliding Scale Protocol | 479 | ||
| Preparing a Single Dose of Insulin in an Insulin Syringe | 480 | ||
| Measuring Two Types of Insulin in the Same Syringe | 481 | ||
| Unit Five: Intravenous, Heparin, and Critical Care Calculations and Pediatric Dosage Calculations | 497 | ||
| Chapter 21. Intravenous Solutions and Equipment | 498 | ||
| IV Delivery Methods | 498 | ||
| IV Solutions | 499 | ||
| Administration of IV Fluids | 506 | ||
| Chapter 22. Intravenous Calculations | 520 | ||
| IV Flow Rate Calculation | 520 | ||
| Calculating IV Flow Rates in gtt/min | 523 | ||
| IV Tubing | 524 | ||
| Calculating Flow Rates in Drops per Minute Using a Formula | 526 | ||
| Calculating IV Flow Rates When Several Solutions Are Ordered | 538 | ||
| Calculating Intermittent IV Infusions Piggyback | 540 | ||
| Determining the Amount of Medication in a Specific Amount of Solution | 543 | ||
| Determining Infusion Times and Volumes | 545 | ||
| Steps to Calculating a Problem with an Unknown with the Formula Method | 545 | ||
| Recalculating an IV Flow Rate | 548 | ||
| Calculating Total Infusion Times | 553 | ||
| Calculating Infusion Time When Rate in ml/hr Is Not Indicated for Large Volumes of Fluid | 556 | ||
| Calculating Infusion Time for Small Volumes of Fluid | 557 | ||
| Charting IV Therapy | 558 | ||
| Labeling Solution Bags | 558 | ||
| Administration of Medications by IV Push | 559 | ||
| Chapter 23. Heparin Calculations | 588 | ||
| Heparin Errors | 588 | ||
| Heparin Dosage Strengths | 589 | ||
| Reading Heparin Labels | 590 | ||
| Calculation of Subcutaneous Dosages | 591 | ||
| Calculation of IV Heparin Solutions | 592 | ||
| Calculating Heparin Dosages Based on Weight | 594 | ||
| Chapter 24. Critical Care Calculations | 614 | ||
| Calculating Rate in mL/hr | 615 | ||
| Calculating Critical Care Dosages per Hour or per Minute | 616 | ||
| Medications Ordered in Milligrams per Minute | 617 | ||
| Calculating Dosages Based on mcg/kg/min | 618 | ||
| IV Flow Rates for Titrated Medications | 619 | ||
| Developing a Titration Table | 620 | ||
| Chapter 25. Pediatric and Adult Dosage Calculation Based on Weight | 642 | ||
| Principles Relating to Basic Calculations | 643 | ||
| Calculation of Dosages Based on Body Weight | 644 | ||
| Converting Pounds to Kilograms | 644 | ||
| Converting Kilograms to Pounds | 647 | ||
| Converting Grams to Kilograms | 649 | ||
| Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight | 661 | ||
| Calculating Pediatric Dosages Using Body Surface Area | 666 | ||
| Reading the West Nomogram Chart | 667 | ||
| Calculating Body Surface Area Using a Formula | 669 | ||
| Dosage Calculation Based on Body Surface Area | 671 | ||
| Calculating Using the Formula | 672 | ||
| IV Therapy and Children | 675 | ||
| Calculating IV Medications by Burette | 676 | ||
| Determining Whether an IV Dose Is Safe for Children | 679 | ||
| Pediatric Oral and Parenteral Medications | 680 | ||
| Comprehensive Post-Test | 706 | ||
| References | 725 | ||
| Index | 727 |