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Book Details
Abstract
Equip yourself with all the guidance you need to diagnose, stabilize and provide the initial management of MSK emergencies as effectively as possible. Optimize patient’s disposition ranging from emergency department discharge to the operating room. A leading orthopaedic trauma surgeon and a respected emergency physician bridge the gap between these specialties to help you give these patients the best chances of favorable outcomes.
- Address emergency orthopaedics - both acute trauma and urgent general orthopaedic issues - at the point of care with the multidisciplinary guidance from experts in both trauma surgery and emergency medicine.
- Easily navigate the information you need to make critical decisions related to diagnosis; options for initial therapeutic intervention; disposition planning; and follow up through a consistent, templated format designed for rapid reference.
- Manage the full spectrum of traumatic musculoskeletal challenges, including infections, soft tissue injuries, and compartment syndrome, that you might encounter in a hospital emergency department, urgent care facility, or primary care setting.
- Make the best decisions for every patient with unique coverage of both adult and pediatric injuries.
- Access Musculoskeletal Emergencies online at www.expertconsult.com, search the complete contents, and download all the images.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Expert Consult Page | FM_1 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Emergencies | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| A Thumbnail Assessment of Emergency Medicine in the United States | xii | ||
| The Start | xii | ||
| Academia Stumbles Forward | xii | ||
| Well-earned Respect | xii | ||
| Now What | xiii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiv | ||
| Musculoskeletal Emergencies Online Video Contents | xvi | ||
| I General Principles | 1 | ||
| 1 General Principles of Initial Care | 2 | ||
| History | 2 | ||
| Traumatic Presentation | 2 | ||
| Limb-Specific Presentation | 2 | ||
| Spine Presentation | 2 | ||
| Physical Examination | 3 | ||
| Resuscitation | 4 | ||
| Wound Management | 5 | ||
| Antibiotic and Tetanus Prophylaxis | 6 | ||
| Antibiotics | 6 | ||
| Tetanus Prophylaxis | 6 | ||
| Splinting and Immobilization | 7 | ||
| Priorities | 8 | ||
| References | 9 | ||
| 2 Radiographic Imaging | 10 | ||
| Ordering Basics | 10 | ||
| Spine | 13 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 13 | ||
| Pediatric Spine | 14 | ||
| Thoracic Spine and Lumbar Spine | 14 | ||
| Pelvis | 14 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 15 | ||
| Shoulder | 15 | ||
| Scapula | 15 | ||
| Humerus | 16 | ||
| Elbow | 16 | ||
| Forearm | 17 | ||
| Wrist | 17 | ||
| Hand | 17 | ||
| Lower Extremity | 18 | ||
| Hip | 18 | ||
| Femur | 19 | ||
| Knee | 19 | ||
| Tibia and Fibula | 19 | ||
| Ankle | 20 | ||
| Calcaneus | 20 | ||
| Foot | 20 | ||
| Interpreting Images | 21 | ||
| Tips | 21 | ||
| Communicating Findings | 22 | ||
| Bibliography | 22 | ||
| 3 Infections Involving the Musculoskeletal System | 23 | ||
| Nontraumatic Skin and Soft Tissue Infections | 23 | ||
| Common Infections Limited to Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues | 23 | ||
| Folliculitis, Furuncles, and Carbuncles | 23 | ||
| Cellulitis | 23 | ||
| Herpetic Whitlow | 23 | ||
| Indolent Infections Primarily Affecting the Fingers | 25 | ||
| Infections of the Skin That Extend Below the Subcutaneous Tissues | 25 | ||
| Abscess | 25 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 25 | ||
| Clinical Approach to Soft Tissue Infections | 25 | ||
| Septic Arthritis | 26 | ||
| Diagnosis | 26 | ||
| Therapy | 26 | ||
| Prosthetic Joint Infections | 27 | ||
| Infections Related to Traumatic Injuries | 27 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 28 | ||
| Bacterial Contamination | 28 | ||
| Risk Factors for Wound Infections | 29 | ||
| Antimicrobial Prophylaxis | 29 | ||
| Bite Wounds | 30 | ||
| Animal Bites | 30 | ||
| Cat Bite | 30 | ||
| Dog Bite | 31 | ||
| Exotic Pet Bites | 32 | ||
| Monkey Bites | 32 | ||
| Snake Bites | 32 | ||
| Human Bites | 32 | ||
| Assault Wounds | 32 | ||
| Gunshot Wounds | 32 | ||
| Stab Wounds | 33 | ||
| Water Injuries | 34 | ||
| Use of Antibiotics | 35 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| Bibliography | 35 | ||
| 4 Analgesia, Conscious Sedation, Regional Blocks, and Anesthesia | 37 | ||
| General Concepts for Pain Management | 37 | ||
| Analgesia | 37 | ||
| Mild Pain | 37 | ||
| Moderate Pain | 37 | ||
| Severe Pain | 37 | ||
| Medications for Pain | 37 | ||
| Opioids | 37 | ||
| Morphine | 38 | ||
| Hydromorphone | 38 | ||
| Fentanyl | 38 | ||
| Oxycodone | 38 | ||
| Methadone | 38 | ||
| Buprenorphine and Buprenorphine-Naloxone (Suboxone) | 38 | ||
| Non-Narcotic Pain Medications | 38 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 38 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs | 38 | ||
| Ibuprofen | 39 | ||
| Diclofenac | 39 | ||
| Naproxen | 39 | ||
| Ketorolac | 39 | ||
| Celecoxib | 39 | ||
| Procedural Sedation | 39 | ||
| Phases of Procedural Sedation | 39 | ||
| Pharmacology | 40 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 40 | ||
| Narcotics | 40 | ||
| Other Agents | 40 | ||
| Antagonists | 40 | ||
| Regional Blocks | 40 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 40 | ||
| Lower Extremity | 40 | ||
| Hematoma and Arthro-Blocks | 43 | ||
| Intravenous Regional Anesthesia | 43 | ||
| References | 43 | ||
| Bibliography | 43 | ||
| 5 Multiple Trauma | 44 | ||
| Hospital Resuscitation | 44 | ||
| Airway | 44 | ||
| Breathing | 44 | ||
| Circulation | 44 | ||
| Primary Survey | 44 | ||
| Disability | 45 | ||
| Exposure and Environmental Control | 46 | ||
| Secondary Survey | 46 | ||
| Specific Injury Management and Treatment | 46 | ||
| Head Injury | 47 | ||
| Neck Trauma | 47 | ||
| Thoracic Trauma | 47 | ||
| Abdominal Trauma | 47 | ||
| Pelvic Injury | 47 | ||
| Retroperitoneal Injuries | 47 | ||
| Genitourinary Injuries | 47 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Injuries | 47 | ||
| Tertiary Survey | 47 | ||
| Summary | 47 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| Bibliography | 48 | ||
| 6 Perioperative Assessment | 49 | ||
| Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment | 49 | ||
| Surgical Stratification | 49 | ||
| Pulmonary Risk Assessment | 51 | ||
| Medications | 51 | ||
| Beta Blockers | 51 | ||
| Hyperglycemic Medications | 52 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 52 | ||
| Antihypertensive Medications | 53 | ||
| Anticoagulation Medications | 53 | ||
| Herbal Supplements | 54 | ||
| Other Medications | 54 | ||
| Ordering Tests | 54 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 55 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 55 | ||
| Liver Disease | 55 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia for Musculoskeletal Trauma | 56 | ||
| Delirium | 57 | ||
| Conclusion | 57 | ||
| References | 57 | ||
| 7 Pregnancy | 59 | ||
| Assessment | 59 | ||
| Physiologic Changes in Pregnancy | 59 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging in Pregnancy | 60 | ||
| X-ray | 60 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 61 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 61 | ||
| Nuclear Imaging | 61 | ||
| Common Musculoskeletal Complaints in Pregnancy | 61 | ||
| Fetal Monitoring during Nonobstetric Surgery | 62 | ||
| Anesthesia during Pregnancy | 62 | ||
| Preterm Labor | 62 | ||
| Trauma in Pregnancy | 62 | ||
| Medications for Use in Pregnant Patients with Musculoskeletal Complaints | 63 | ||
| References | 63 | ||
| II Specific Anatomic Regions | 65 | ||
| One Upper Extremity | 65 | ||
| 8 Spine | 66 | ||
| Initial Emergency Department Treatment | 66 | ||
| Physical Examination | 66 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 67 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 69 | ||
| Thoracic Spine | 71 | ||
| Lumbar Spine | 73 | ||
| Low Back Pain | 73 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 74 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| 9 Shoulder | 79 | ||
| Proximal Humerus Fractures | 79 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 79 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 79 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 80 | ||
| Glenohumeral Dislocations | 81 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 81 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 82 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 83 | ||
| Clavicle Fractures | 86 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 86 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 86 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 86 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries | 87 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 87 | ||
| Classification | 87 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 87 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 88 | ||
| Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries | 88 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 88 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 88 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 89 | ||
| Scapula Fractures | 90 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 90 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 90 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 91 | ||
| Septic Shoulder | 92 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Nontraumatic Complaints | 92 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Problems | 93 | ||
| Shoulder Arthritides | 93 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Nontraumatic Problems | 93 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Problems | 94 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 94 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 94 | ||
| Lyme Arthritis | 94 | ||
| Crystal-Induced Synovitis | 94 | ||
| Rotator Cuff Injuries | 94 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 94 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 95 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 97 | ||
| Capsular and Muscular Shoulder Injuries | 97 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 97 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 98 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 98 | ||
| Bibliography | 99 | ||
| 10 Elbow and Distal Humerus | 100 | ||
| Humeral Shaft Fractures | 100 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 100 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 100 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 101 | ||
| Distal Humeral Fractures | 106 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 106 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 106 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 107 | ||
| Radial Head Fractures | 109 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 109 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 110 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 111 | ||
| Olecranon Fractures | 112 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 112 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 112 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 113 | ||
| Monteggia Lesions | 114 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 114 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 114 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 116 | ||
| Elbow Dislocation | 116 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 116 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 117 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 118 | ||
| Supracondylar Humerus Fractures | 120 | ||
| Soft Tissue Injuries—annular Radial Ligament Displacement | 120 | ||
| Painful Atraumatic Elbow | 120 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 120 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 121 | ||
| Bibliography | 122 | ||
| 11 Wrist and Forearm | 123 | ||
| Carpal Fractures and Carpal Instability | 123 | ||
| Scaphoid Fractures | 123 | ||
| Hook of Hamate Fractures | 125 | ||
| Pisiform Fractures | 127 | ||
| Scapholunate Ligament Injuries | 127 | ||
| Midcarpal Dislocations | 129 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 132 | ||
| Distal Radius Fractures | 133 | ||
| Forearm Fractures | 140 | ||
| Galeazzi and Monteggia Fractures | 141 | ||
| Painful Atraumatic Wrist | 143 | ||
| Septic Wrist | 143 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 144 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 144 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 146 | ||
| Gout and Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease) | 146 | ||
| Bibliography | 147 | ||
| 12 Hand and Digits | 148 | ||
| Carpometacarpal Joint Dislocations | 148 | ||
| Metacarpophalangeal Joint Dislocations | 151 | ||
| Interphalangeal Joint Dislocations | 154 | ||
| Phalangeal Fractures | 158 | ||
| Metacarpal Fractures | 164 | ||
| Nail-Bed Injuries | 168 | ||
| Painful Atraumatic Hand and Finger | 171 | ||
| Stenosing Tenosynovitis (Trigger Finger) | 171 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 171 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 172 | ||
| Gout | 172 | ||
| Pseudogout | 173 | ||
| Ring Removal | 173 | ||
| Ring Cutter | 173 | ||
| String Pull Technique | 173 | ||
| Surgical Glove Technique | 173 | ||
| Hand Infections | 173 | ||
| Cellulitis | 173 | ||
| Paronychial Infection | 174 | ||
| Felon | 174 | ||
| Herpetic Whitlow | 175 | ||
| Purulent Flexor Tenosynovitis | 175 | ||
| Palmar Space Infections | 176 | ||
| Web Space Infection (“Collar Button Abscess”) | 176 | ||
| Bite Wounds | 176 | ||
| Injection Injuries | 177 | ||
| Hand Burns | 177 | ||
| Hand and Digit Lacerations | 178 | ||
| Bibliography | 182 | ||
| Two Lower Extremity | 185 | ||
| 13 Hip and Thigh | 186 | ||
| Anatomy | 186 | ||
| History | 187 | ||
| Physical Examination | 187 | ||
| Inspection | 187 | ||
| Palpation | 188 | ||
| Range of Motion | 188 | ||
| Neurologic Examination | 188 | ||
| Vascular Examination | 188 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 188 | ||
| Proximal Femur Fractures | 189 | ||
| Femoral Head Fractures | 189 | ||
| Hip Fractures | 190 | ||
| Femoral Neck Fractures | 190 | ||
| Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures | 191 | ||
| Hip Dislocations | 192 | ||
| Posterior Hip Dislocations | 192 | ||
| Anterior Hip Dislocations | 193 | ||
| Subtrochanteric Fractures | 194 | ||
| Femoral Shaft Fractures | 195 | ||
| Soft Tissue Injuries of the Hip | 196 | ||
| Proximal Hamstring Strains | 196 | ||
| Adductor Strain | 197 | ||
| Quadriceps Contusion | 197 | ||
| Trochanteric Bursitis | 197 | ||
| Septic Arthritis of the Hip | 198 | ||
| Avascular Necrosis of the Hip (Osteonecrosis) | 198 | ||
| References | 199 | ||
| 14 Distal Femur, Knee, and Patella | 202 | ||
| Distal Femur Fractures | 202 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 202 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 204 | ||
| Patella Fractures | 206 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 206 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 207 | ||
| Quadriceps and Patella Tendon Ruptures | 210 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 210 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 211 | ||
| Tibial Plateau and Proximal Tibia Fractures | 212 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 212 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 213 | ||
| Knee Dislocations | 215 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 215 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 215 | ||
| Patella Dislocations | 217 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 217 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 218 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 218 | ||
| Ligament and Meniscal Injury | 220 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 220 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 222 | ||
| Crystalline Arthropathy | 223 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Nontraumatic Complaints | 223 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 224 | ||
| Septic Knee | 225 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Nontraumatic Complaints | 225 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 226 | ||
| Bibliography | 227 | ||
| 15 Ankle | 228 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 228 | ||
| Bones | 228 | ||
| Muscles and Tendons | 228 | ||
| Ligaments | 233 | ||
| Surface Anatomy Landmarks | 234 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 234 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 246 | ||
| Tibial and Fibula Shaft Fractures | 249 | ||
| Distal Tibia Pilon Fractures | 251 | ||
| Ankle Malleolar Fractures | 256 | ||
| Soft Tissue Injuries | 262 | ||
| Acute Ankle Sprain | 262 | ||
| Chronic Ankle Instability | 266 | ||
| Peroneal Tendon Injuries | 266 | ||
| Achilles Tendon Ruptures | 269 | ||
| Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle Rupture | 271 | ||
| Septic Arthritis of the Ankle | 271 | ||
| References | 273 | ||
| 16 Foot | 275 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 275 | ||
| Bones | 275 | ||
| Joints | 278 | ||
| Tendons | 280 | ||
| Nerves | 281 | ||
| Arterial Supply | 282 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 282 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 287 | ||
| Fractures | 289 | ||
| Talus Fractures | 289 | ||
| Calcaneus Fractures | 291 | ||
| Navicular Fractures | 296 | ||
| Cuboid Fractures | 297 | ||
| Metatarsal Fractures | 299 | ||
| Phalangeal Fractures | 301 | ||
| Sesamoid Fractures | 302 | ||
| Joint Disorders | 302 | ||
| Subtalar Dislocations | 302 | ||
| Lisfranc Injuries | 304 | ||
| First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Injury | 306 | ||
| Lesser Metatarsophalangeal Joint Dislocations | 308 | ||
| Metatarsophalangeal Synovitis, Instability, and Interdigital Neuritis | 309 | ||
| Gout | 311 | ||
| Puncture Wounds | 312 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome of the Foot | 312 | ||
| Soft Tissue Disorders | 314 | ||
| Plantar Fasciitis | 314 | ||
| Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction | 315 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus Tenosynovitis and Hallux Saltans (“Trigger Toe”) | 316 | ||
| Diabetic Foot Disorders | 316 | ||
| Bibliography | 319 | ||
| Three Central Skeletal Axis Injuries | 321 | ||
| 17 Pelvis | 322 | ||
| Pelvic Ring Injuries | 322 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 322 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 327 | ||
| Acetabular Fracture | 330 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 330 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 334 | ||
| Sacral Fractures | 336 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 336 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 338 | ||
| Iliac Wing and Avulsion Fractures | 338 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 338 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 341 | ||
| Pubic Rami Fractures | 341 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Traumatic Complaints | 341 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 342 | ||
| Bibliography | 342 | ||
| References | 343 | ||
| III Pediatrics | 345 | ||
| 18 Introduction to Pediatric Trauma | 346 | ||
| Overview | 346 | ||
| Epidemiology | 346 | ||
| Biology of Pediatric Bone | 347 | ||
| General Management of Pediatric Musculoskeletal Complaints | 349 | ||
| Techniques of Cast and Splint Application | 354 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 359 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 359 | ||
| Septic Arthritis and Lyme Arthritis | 362 | ||
| References | 363 | ||
| 19 Pediatric Pathologic Fractures | 364 | ||
| Introduction | 364 | ||
| General Approach to A Pediatric Patient with A Pathologic Fracture | 364 | ||
| Unicameral Bone Cyst | 365 | ||
| Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | 366 | ||
| Nonossifying Fibroma and Fibrous Cortical Defect | 366 | ||
| Giant Cell Tumor | 367 | ||
| Enchondroma | 368 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Eosinophilic Granuloma | 368 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 369 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 369 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 369 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis | 370 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disease | 370 | ||
| Myelomeningocele | 371 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 371 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 372 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 372 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 372 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 374 | ||
| Nutritional Deficiencies | 374 | ||
| Rickets | 374 | ||
| Scurvy | 374 | ||
| Iatrogenic Pathologic Fracture | 375 | ||
| Immobilization Osteoporosis | 375 | ||
| Limb Lengthening | 375 | ||
| Cancer Treatment | 376 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| 20 Pediatric Shoulder and Humeral Shaft | 378 | ||
| Introduction | 378 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 378 | ||
| History | 380 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 380 | ||
| Physical Examination | 380 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 381 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 382 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 383 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 387 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 390 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| 21 Pediatric Elbow | 392 | ||
| Introduction | 392 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 392 | ||
| History | 394 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 394 | ||
| Physical Examination | 394 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 395 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Elbow Pain and Dysfunction | 396 | ||
| Specific Injuries and Treatment | 396 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 405 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 410 | ||
| References | 410 | ||
| 22 Pediatric Forearm and Distal Radius and Ulna Fractures | 412 | ||
| Introduction | 412 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 412 | ||
| History | 414 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 414 | ||
| Physical Examination | 415 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 415 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 416 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 416 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 422 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 425 | ||
| References | 425 | ||
| 23 Pediatric Hand Injuries | 426 | ||
| Introduction | 426 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 426 | ||
| History | 426 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 427 | ||
| Physical Examination | 427 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 427 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 428 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 429 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 433 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 436 | ||
| References | 436 | ||
| 24 Pediatric Cervical Spine Fractures | 437 | ||
| Introduction | 437 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 437 | ||
| History | 439 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 439 | ||
| Physical Examination | 440 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 440 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 442 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 446 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 447 | ||
| References | 447 | ||
| 25 Pediatric Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures | 449 | ||
| Introduction | 449 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 449 | ||
| History | 449 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 450 | ||
| Physical Examination | 450 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 451 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 451 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 454 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 455 | ||
| References | 455 | ||
| 26 Pediatric Fractures of the Pelvis and Acetabulum | 456 | ||
| Introduction | 456 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 456 | ||
| History | 456 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 457 | ||
| Physical Examination | 457 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 458 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 458 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 458 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 461 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 462 | ||
| References | 462 | ||
| 27 Pediatric Fractures and Dislocations of the Hip | 463 | ||
| Introduction | 463 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 463 | ||
| History | 464 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 464 | ||
| Physical Examination | 464 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 465 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 465 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 466 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 469 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 469 | ||
| References | 469 | ||
| 28 Pediatric Femur | 471 | ||
| Introduction | 471 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 471 | ||
| History | 471 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 472 | ||
| Physical Examination | 472 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 473 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 474 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 474 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 475 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 477 | ||
| References | 477 | ||
| 29 Fractures of the Pediatric Knee | 478 | ||
| Introduction | 478 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 478 | ||
| History | 480 | ||
| Physical Examination | 481 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 481 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 482 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 483 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 487 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 490 | ||
| References | 491 | ||
| 30 Pediatric Tibia and Fibular Shaft and Ankle Fractures | 492 | ||
| Introduction | 492 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 492 | ||
| History | 495 | ||
| Physical Examination | 495 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 495 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 496 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 496 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 499 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 501 | ||
| References | 501 | ||
| 31 Pediatric Foot | 502 | ||
| Introduction | 502 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 502 | ||
| History | 502 | ||
| Prehospital Care and Management | 502 | ||
| Physical Examination | 502 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 503 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 504 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 504 | ||
| Guidelines for Emergency Department Management | 509 | ||
| Common Pitfalls | 512 | ||
| References | 512 | ||
| Appendix Administrative and Regulatory Issues Relating to Emergency Department Management of Musculoskeletal Emergencies | e1 | ||
| Credentials | e1 | ||
| Consent | e1 | ||
| Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act Basics | e2 | ||
| Documentation | e2 | ||
| Bibliography | e2 | ||
| Index | 513 | ||
| A | 513 | ||
| B | 514 | ||
| C | 514 | ||
| D | 514 | ||
| E | 515 | ||
| F | 516 | ||
| G | 518 | ||
| H | 518 | ||
| I | 519 | ||
| J | 519 | ||
| K | 519 | ||
| L | 519 | ||
| M | 520 | ||
| N | 520 | ||
| O | 521 | ||
| P | 521 | ||
| Q | 524 | ||
| R | 524 | ||
| S | 524 | ||
| T | 526 | ||
| U | 526 | ||
| V | 526 | ||
| W | 526 | ||
| X | 527 | ||
| Y | 527 |