BOOK
Odze and Goldblum Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas E-Book
Robert D. Odze | John R. Goldblum
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The updated edition of Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas is designed to act as a one-stop medical reference book for the entire gastrointestinal system, providing exhaustive coverage and equipping you with all of the necessary tools to make a comprehensive diagnostic workup. You'll access thousands of high-quality illustrations and eight brand-new chapters, so you can recognize and diagnose any pathological slide you encounter.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader , conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Make a comprehensive diagnostic workup with data from ancillary techniques and molecular findings whenever appropriate.
- Effectively grasp complex topics and streamline decision-making by using extensive tables, graphs, and flowcharts.
- Avoid diagnostic errors thanks to practical advice on pitfalls in differential diagnosis.
- Navigate the book quickly with a "road map" featured at the beginning of each chapter.
- Provide the clinician with the most accurate and up-to-date diagnostic and prognostic indicators, including key molecular aspects of tumor pathology, with access to the latest classification and staging systems available.
- Evaluate diagnostically challenging cases using diagnostic algorithms.
- Stay abreast of the latest advances with eight new chapters: Autoimmune Disorders of the GI Tract; Drug Induced Disorders of the GI Tract; Molecular Diagnostics of Tubal Gut Neoplasms; Molecular Diagnostics of the Gallbladder, Extrahepatic Biliary Tree, and Pancreatic Tumors; Tumors of the Ampulla; Molecular Diagnostics of Hepatocellular Neoplasms; Approach to the Liver Biopsy, and Approach to Gastrointestinal Tract Biopsies.
- Remain at the forefront of your field with coverage of new molecular and genetic markers in GI neoplasms; updated knowledge on liver and biliary tree pathology; and expanded information on tumors of the ampulla.
- Recognize and diagnose any tissue sample under the microscope with help from over 3000 high-quality color illustrations.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Odze and Goldblum Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas, 3/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface to the Third Edition | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Table Of Contents | xvii | ||
| 1 Gastrointestinal Tract | 1 | ||
| I General Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 3 | ||
| 1 Gastrointestinal Tract Endoscopic and Tissue Processing Techniques and Normal Histology | 4 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 4 | ||
| Introduction | 4 | ||
| Bowel Preparation | 4 | ||
| Methods for Obtaining Tissue Specimens | 5 | ||
| Endoscopic Pinch Biopsy | 5 | ||
| Endoscopic Snare Polypectomy | 6 | ||
| Endoscopic Mucosal Resection | 7 | ||
| Methods of Processing Tissue for Pathologic Evaluation | 8 | ||
| Formalin | 8 | ||
| Orientation of Formalin-Fixed Tissue Obtained at Endoscopy | 11 | ||
| Flow Cytometry | 12 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 12 | ||
| Endoscopy-Induced Artifacts | 12 | ||
| Pathologic Features of a Healing Biopsy Site | 13 | ||
| Methods for Obtaining Cytology Specimens | 14 | ||
| Brush Cytology | 14 | ||
| Fine-Needle Aspiration | 15 | ||
| Optical Techniques | 16 | ||
| Normal Histology of the Tubal Gut | 17 | ||
| Esophagus | 17 | ||
| Stomach | 17 | ||
| The Gastric Cardia | 21 | ||
| Small Intestine | 22 | ||
| Endocrine Cells | 24 | ||
| The Intestinal Mucosal Immune System | 24 | ||
| Colon | 25 | ||
| Appendix | 26 | ||
| Rectum and Anus | 28 | ||
| Lymph Node Drainage and Lymphatics of the Tubal Gut | 30 | ||
| Esophagus | 30 | ||
| Stomach | 30 | ||
| Small Intestine | 30 | ||
| Colon | 30 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 31 | ||
| References | 33.e1 | ||
| 2 Screening and Surveillance Guidelines in Gastroenterology | 34 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 34 | ||
| Introduction | 34 | ||
| Surveillance in Patients with Barrett Esophagus | 34 | ||
| Surveillance in Patients with Chronic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia or Dysplasia | 35 | ||
| Surveillance for Colorectal Neoplasia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 36 | ||
| Screening and Surveillance Guidelines for Colon Polyps | 37 | ||
| Definition and Clinical Considerations | 38 | ||
| Initial Management of Polyps | 38 | ||
| Management of Small Polyps | 38 | ||
| Management of Sessile Serrated Adenomas/Polyps | 39 | ||
| Hyperplastic Polyposis Syndromes | 39 | ||
| Management of Large Pedunculated Polyps | 39 | ||
| Management of Large Sessile Polyps | 39 | ||
| Postpolypectomy Surveillance | 40 | ||
| Management of Malignant Polyps | 40 | ||
| Colonoscopic Surveillance after Colon Cancer Resection | 41 | ||
| Interaction of Gastrointestinal Endoscopists and Pathologists | 42 | ||
| References | 42.e1 | ||
| 3 Diagnostic Cytology of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 43 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| Specimen Types | 43 | ||
| Specimen Preparations | 43 | ||
| Value and Accuracy of Specimens | 44 | ||
| Normal Morphology | 44 | ||
| Esophagus | 44 | ||
| Stomach | 44 | ||
| Small Intestine | 44 | ||
| Large Intestine | 44 | ||
| Infections | 45 | ||
| Candida | 45 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 45 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 46 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | 46 | ||
| Giardia | 46 | ||
| Atypical Mycobacteria | 46 | ||
| Cryptosporidia | 47 | ||
| Microsporidia | 47 | ||
| Inflammatory, Reactive, and Metaplastic Changes | 47 | ||
| Nonspecific Changes | 47 | ||
| Pemphigus | 48 | ||
| Barrett Esophagus | 48 | ||
| Neoplastic Lesions | 49 | ||
| Squamous Dysplasia or Carcinoma | 49 | ||
| Glandular Dysplasia or Carcinoma | 50 | ||
| Endocrine Tumors | 51 | ||
| Mesenchymal Tumors | 52 | ||
| Lymphoid Tumors | 53 | ||
| References | 54.e1 | ||
| 4 Infectious Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 55 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 55 | ||
| Introduction | 55 | ||
| Viral Infections of the GI Tract | 55 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 55 | ||
| Clinical Features | 55 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 56 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 57 | ||
| Herpesvirus | 57 | ||
| Clinical Features | 57 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 57 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 58 | ||
| Adenovirus | 58 | ||
| Other Enteric Viruses | 58 | ||
| Human Papillomaviruses | 59 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 59 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 60 | ||
| Acute Self-Limited Colitis | 60 | ||
| Major Causes of Bacterial Enterocolitis | 60 | ||
| Vibrio cholerae and Related Species | 60 | ||
| Aeromonas and Related Species | 62 | ||
| Escherichia coli | 62 | ||
| Enterotoxigenic and Enteropathogenic E. coli | 62 | ||
| Enteroinvasive E. coli | 62 | ||
| Enteroadherent E. coli | 63 | ||
| Enterohemorrhagic E. coli | 63 | ||
| Salmonella | 63 | ||
| Typhoid (Enteric) Fever | 64 | ||
| Nontyphoid Salmonella Species | 64 | ||
| Shigella | 66 | ||
| Campylobacter | 66 | ||
| Yersinia | 67 | ||
| Clostridial Diseases of the Gut | 67 | ||
| Clostridium difficile–Related Colitis | 68 | ||
| Mycobacterial Infections of the GI Tract | 70 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 70 | ||
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex | 71 | ||
| Spirochetal Infections of the GI Tract | 71 | ||
| Syphilis | 71 | ||
| Intestinal Spirochetosis | 72 | ||
| Other Causes of Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Proctocolitis | 74 | ||
| Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections | 74 | ||
| Bacterial Esophagitis | 74 | ||
| Phlegmonous Gastritis and Enteritis | 74 | ||
| Actinomycosis | 75 | ||
| Whipple Disease | 75 | ||
| Rhodococcus equi | 76 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | 76 | ||
| Malakoplakia | 76 | ||
| Bacillary Angiomatosis | 77 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter heilmannii | 77 | ||
| Fungal Infections of the GI Tract | 77 | ||
| Candida Species | 77 | ||
| Aspergillus Species | 78 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 79 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 80 | ||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | 80 | ||
| Pneumocystis jiroveci | 80 | ||
| Parasitic Infections of the GI Tract | 81 | ||
| Protozoal Infections | 81 | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 81 | ||
| Flagellates | 83 | ||
| Giardia lamblia | 83 | ||
| Leishmania donovani and Related Species | 83 | ||
| Chagas Disease | 83 | ||
| Ciliates | 86 | ||
| Balantidium coli | 86 | ||
| Coccidians | 86 | ||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 86 | ||
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | 87 | ||
| Isospora belli and Related Species | 87 | ||
| Microsporidia | 87 | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii | 88 | ||
| Miscellaneous Protozoal Infections | 88 | ||
| Helminthic Infections | 88 | ||
| Nematodes | 89 | ||
| Enterobius vermicularis | 89 | ||
| Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm) | 89 | ||
| Ancylostomiasis (Hookworm) | 90 | ||
| Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) | 90 | ||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 90 | ||
| Anisakis simplex and Related Species | 90 | ||
| Capillaria Species (Intestinal Capillariasis) | 91 | ||
| Trematodes | 91 | ||
| Schistosomiasis | 91 | ||
| Fasciolopsis buski and Related Species | 91 | ||
| Cestodes | 91 | ||
| Other Helminthic Infections | 91 | ||
| References | 93.e1 | ||
| 5 Manifestations of Immunodeficiency in the Gastrointestinal Tract | 94 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 94 | ||
| Primary Disorders of Immune Deficiency | 94 | ||
| Humoral Immunodeficiencies | 94 | ||
| Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency | 94 | ||
| X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia | 95 | ||
| X-Linked Hyperimmunoglobuin M Syndrome | 97 | ||
| Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome | 98 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency | 98 | ||
| Infections in CVID | 98 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders and Malignancy in CVID | 99 | ||
| Stomach | 99 | ||
| Small Bowel | 100 | ||
| Large Bowel | 101 | ||
| Combined Cellular/Humoral Immunodeficiencies | 101 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 101 | ||
| Omenn Syndrome | 103 | ||
| Other Primary Immunodeficiencies | 103 | ||
| DiGeorge Syndrome | 103 | ||
| Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis | 103 | ||
| Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome | 103 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease | 104 | ||
| Miscellaneous Immune Deficiency Syndromes | 104 | ||
| Graft-versus-Host Disease | 105 | ||
| Acute GVHD | 106 | ||
| Chronic GVHD | 108 | ||
| Neutropenic Enterocolitis | 109 | ||
| The Gastrointestinal Tract in HIV Infection | 110 | ||
| Infections | 110 | ||
| HIV Enteropathy | 112 | ||
| Malignancy | 113 | ||
| References | 114.e1 | ||
| 6 Systemic Illnesses Involving the Gastrointestinal Tract | 115 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 116 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disorders | 116 | ||
| Cardiac Surgery and Heart Transplantation | 116 | ||
| Ischemic Disease | 116 | ||
| Dermatologic Disorders | 116 | ||
| Bullous Diseases | 116 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa | 117 | ||
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | 117 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid | 117 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 117 | ||
| Hailey-Hailey and Darier Diseases | 117 | ||
| Dermatitis Herpetiformis | 118 | ||
| Dermatogenic Enteropathy | 118 | ||
| Dermatologic Disorders Associated with Malignancies of the GI Tract | 118 | ||
| Acanthosis Nigricans | 118 | ||
| Tylosis | 118 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 118 | ||
| Endocrine Disorders | 118 | ||
| Adrenal Gland | 118 | ||
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary | 118 | ||
| Pancreas | 118 | ||
| Parathyroid | 119 | ||
| Thyroid | 119 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia | 119 | ||
| Hematologic Disorders | 119 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Disorders | 119 | ||
| Thrombotic Disorders | 120 | ||
| Megaloblastic Anemia | 120 | ||
| Leukemia and Lymphoma | 120 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders | 120 | ||
| Acrodermatitis Enteropathica | 120 | ||
| Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (Paterson–Brown Kelly Syndrome) | 121 | ||
| Vitamin Disorders | 121 | ||
| Pellagra | 121 | ||
| Lipoprotein Disorders | 121 | ||
| Abetalipoproteinemia | 121 | ||
| Tangier Disease | 121 | ||
| Lysosomal Storage Disorders | 121 | ||
| Fabry Disease | 122 | ||
| Common Mimics of Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 124 | ||
| Pigmented Lesions | 124 | ||
| Melanosis. | 124 | ||
| Pseudomelanosis. | 124 | ||
| Brown Bowel Syndrome. | 125 | ||
| Hemosiderosis/Hemochromatosis. | 125 | ||
| Barium Granuloma. | 125 | ||
| Nonpigmented Lesions | 126 | ||
| Xanthoma. | 126 | ||
| Muciphages. | 126 | ||
| Pseudolipomatosis. | 126 | ||
| Whipple Disease. | 126 | ||
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Infection. | 126 | ||
| Malakoplakia. | 128 | ||
| Granular Cell Tumor. | 129 | ||
| Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma. | 129 | ||
| Clear Cell Carcinoid Tumor. | 129 | ||
| Malignant Histiocytosis. | 129 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 129 | ||
| Classification | 129 | ||
| Clinical Features | 129 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 130 | ||
| Familial Mediterranean Fever (Familial Paroxysmal Polyserositis, Recurring Polyserositis) | 130 | ||
| Pulmonary Disorders | 131 | ||
| Reproductive Disorders | 131 | ||
| Effects of Pregnancy and Exogenous Hormones | 131 | ||
| Decidualization of the Peritoneum | 131 | ||
| Endometriosis | 131 | ||
| Clinical Features | 131 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 131 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 132 | ||
| Rheumatologic Disorders | 132 | ||
| Scleroderma | 132 | ||
| Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis | 133 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 133 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease | 133 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 133 | ||
| Reactive Arthritis | 133 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 133 | ||
| Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorders | 133 | ||
| Urologic Disorders | 134 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 134 | ||
| Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome | 134 | ||
| Chronic Renal Failure | 134 | ||
| Uremia | 134 | ||
| Long-Term Hemodialysis | 134 | ||
| Kidney Transplantation | 134 | ||
| Urinary Conduits | 134 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 135 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease | 135 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 135 | ||
| Mastocytosis | 136 | ||
| Neoplastic Disease | 136 | ||
| References | 137.e1 | ||
| 7 Neuromuscular Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 138 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 138 | ||
| Introduction | 138 | ||
| Muscle Coats of the Bowel Wall | 139 | ||
| Neural Network of the Bowel | 139 | ||
| Esophagus | 141 | ||
| Primary Achalasia | 141 | ||
| Clinical Features | 141 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 141 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 143 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 143 | ||
| Natural History and Treatment | 144 | ||
| Secondary Achalasia | 144 | ||
| Idiopathic Muscular Hypertrophy | 145 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 145 | ||
| Stomach | 145 | ||
| Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis | 145 | ||
| Clinical Features | 146 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 146 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 146 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 146 | ||
| Natural History and Treatment | 146 | ||
| Gastroparesis | 146 | ||
| Small and Large Intestine | 148 | ||
| Hirschsprung Disease | 148 | ||
| Clinical Features | 148 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 149 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 149 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 151 | ||
| Treatment and Follow-Up | 154 | ||
| Other Developmental Disorders of the Enteric Nervous System | 154 | ||
| Hypoganglionosis | 154 | ||
| Hyperganglionosis | 155 | ||
| Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction | 156 | ||
| Acute Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction | 156 | ||
| Paralytic Ileus | 156 | ||
| Acute Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome) | 156 | ||
| Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction | 156 | ||
| Primary Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction | 156 | ||
| Myopathic Forms. | 156 | ||
| Pathologic Features. | 157 | ||
| Neuropathic Forms. | 158 | ||
| Pathologic Features. | 161 | ||
| ICC Abnormalities. | 163 | ||
| Pathologic Features. | 163 | ||
| Neurohormonal Peptide Abnormalities. | 164 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 164 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 165 | ||
| Secondary Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction | 166 | ||
| Systemic Disorders. | 166 | ||
| Drugs and Toxins. | 167 | ||
| Infections. | 167 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 168 | ||
| Miscellaneous Conditions | 168 | ||
| Ceroidosis (Brown Bowel Syndrome) | 168 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 168 | ||
| Small Bowel Diverticulosis | 168 | ||
| Severe Idiopathic Constipation (Slow-Transit Constipation, Arbuthnot Lane Disease) | 168 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Workup of Patients with Intestinal Dysmotility | 169 | ||
| Suction Mucosal Biopsies | 171 | ||
| Full-Thickness/Seromuscular Biopsies | 172 | ||
| Resection Specimens | 173 | ||
| Microscopy | 173 | ||
| Histochemical Stains | 173 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Stains | 173 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 173 | ||
| Future Outlook | 174 | ||
| References | 174.e1 | ||
| 8 Congenital and Developmental Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 175 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 175 | ||
| Molecular Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Development | 175 | ||
| Embryology and Anatomic Development of the GI tract | 175 | ||
| Esophagus | 179 | ||
| Stomach | 179 | ||
| Small and Large Intestine | 180 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies of the GI Tract | 182 | ||
| General Aspects | 182 | ||
| Esophagus | 182 | ||
| Short Esophagus | 182 | ||
| Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 182 | ||
| Esophageal Cysts and Duplications | 185 | ||
| Neurenteric Remnants | 186 | ||
| Stomach | 187 | ||
| Gastric Atresia and Stenosis | 188 | ||
| Gastric Duplication | 188 | ||
| Neonatal Gastric Perforation | 188 | ||
| Small and Large Intestine | 188 | ||
| Hernias and Abdominal Wall Defects | 188 | ||
| Omphalocele (Exomphalos) | 189 | ||
| Gastroschisis (Laparoschisis) | 189 | ||
| Cloacal Exstrophy | 189 | ||
| Congenital Atresias and Stenoses | 189 | ||
| Malrotation | 191 | ||
| Duplications | 193 | ||
| Congenital Diverticula, Including Omphalomesenteric Remnants and Meckel Diverticulum | 193 | ||
| Heterotopias | 195 | ||
| Anorectal Malformations | 195 | ||
| References | 198.e1 | ||
| 9 Enteropathies Associated with Chronic Diarrhea and Malabsorption in Childhood | 199 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 199 | ||
| Introduction | 199 | ||
| Biopsy Sampling and Indications In Children | 200 | ||
| Intestinal Development in Children | 200 | ||
| Congenital Disorders of Intestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Transport | 201 | ||
| Carbohydrate Malabsorption and Disaccharidase Deficiencies | 201 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 201 | ||
| Lipid Trafficking Disorders | 202 | ||
| Abetalipoproteinemia | 202 | ||
| Hypobetalipoproteinemia | 202 | ||
| Chylomicron Retention Disease | 202 | ||
| Amino Acid Transport Disorders | 203 | ||
| Electrolytes and Trace Elements | 203 | ||
| Vitamins | 204 | ||
| Bile Acids | 204 | ||
| Congenital Defects of Intestinal Epithelial Differentiation | 204 | ||
| Microvillus Inclusion Disease | 204 | ||
| Clinical Features | 204 | ||
| Pathology | 204 | ||
| 2 Gallbladder, Extrahepatic Biliary Tract, and Pancreas | 919 | ||
| 33 Gallbladder, Extrahepatic Biliary Tract, and Pancreas Tissue Processing Techniques and Normal Histology | 921 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 921 | ||
| Introduction | 921 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Histology | 921 | ||
| Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract | 921 | ||
| Pancreas | 923 | ||
| Gallbladder | 923 | ||
| Gallstones | 924 | ||
| Cholesterol Stones | 924 | ||
| Pigment Stones | 925 | ||
| Processing Gallbladder Specimens | 925 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 925 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Gallbladder | 926 | ||
| Specimen Appearance | 926 | ||
| Specimen Dissection | 927 | ||
| Specimen Sectioning | 927 | ||
| Extrahepatic Biliary Tract | 927 | ||
| Processing Biliary Tract Specimens | 928 | ||
| Biliary Tract Cancer | 928 | ||
| Choledochal Cyst | 928 | ||
| Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia | 928 | ||
| Hepatectomy Specimens | 929 | ||
| Pancreas | 929 | ||
| Processing Pancreaticoduodenectomy Specimens | 929 | ||
| Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms | 931 | ||
| Distal Pancreatectomy for Tumor | 931 | ||
| Distal Pancreatectomy for Pancreatitis | 932 | ||
| Frozen Sections and Intraoperative Consultation | 933 | ||
| Bile Duct Margins | 933 | ||
| Hilar Resections or Partial Hepatectomy | 933 | ||
| Distal Bile Duct Margin | 933 | ||
| Proximal Bile Duct Margin | 933 | ||
| Prognostic Considerations | 934 | ||
| Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple) Procedure | 934 | ||
| Pancreatic Margins | 934 | ||
| Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms | 935 | ||
| Intraoperative Pancreatic Biopsy | 935 | ||
| Gallbladder | 936 | ||
| References | 936.e1 | ||
| 34 Molecular Genetics of Pancreatobiliary Neoplasms | 937 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 937 | ||
| Introduction | 937 | ||
| Pancreatic Neoplasms | 937 | ||
| Ductal Adenocarcinoma | 937 | ||
| Germline Alterations | 937 | ||
| Somatic Alterations | 938 | ||
| Implications for Pathology | 940 | ||
| Variants of Ductal Adenocarcinoma | 941 | ||
| Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm | 942 | ||
| Germline Alterations | 942 | ||
| Somatic Alterations | 942 | ||
| Implications for Pathology | 942 | ||
| Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm | 943 | ||
| 3 Liver | 1141 | ||
| 42 Algorithmic Approach to Diagnosis of Liver Disorders | 1143 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1143 | ||
| Introduction | 1143 | ||
| Helpful Diagnostic Tips | 1143 | ||
| Identification of Major Pattern of Injury | 1144 | ||
| Predominantly Portal Inflammation | 1144 | ||
| Predominantly Lymphocytic Inflammation in Portal Tracts | 1144 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis C | 1144 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis B | 1145 | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis | 1146 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis | 1147 | ||
| Chronic Biliary Diseases | 1148 | ||
| Miscellaneous Conditions | 1148 | ||
| Predominantly Plasma Cell Inflammation in Portal Tracts | 1148 | ||
| Predominantly Mixed Portal Inflammation in Portal Tracts | 1149 | ||
| Predominantly Eosinophilic Inflammation in Portal Tracts | 1149 | ||
| Predominantly Granulomatous Inflammation in Portal Tracts | 1149 | ||
| Atypical Lymphoid Infiltrate in Portal Tracts | 1150 | ||
| Evaluation of Clinical and Serologic Information | 1150 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis C | 1150 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis B | 1151 | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis | 1152 | ||
| Ductular Reaction | 1153 | ||
| Acute Bile Duct Obstruction | 1154 | ||
| Ascending Cholangitis | 1154 | ||
| Cholangitis Lenta (Ductular Cholestasis) | 1154 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis with Submassive or Massive Hepatic Necrosis | 1154 | ||
| Chronic Bile Duct Obstruction | 1155 | ||
| Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 1155 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 1155 | ||
| Mass Lesions | 1156 | ||
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia | 1156 | ||
| Inflammatory Hepatocellular Adenoma | 1156 | ||
| Space-Occupying Lesion | 1156 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 1156 | ||
| Other Chronic Liver Diseases | 1156 | ||
| Steatosis | 1156 | ||
| Steatosis with Ballooned Hepatocytes or Mallory-Denk Hyalin | 1157 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 1157 | ||
| Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease | 1158 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis C | 1159 | ||
| Wilson Disease | 1160 | ||
| Steatosis without Mallory-Denk Hyalin or Ballooned Hepatocytes | 1160 | ||
| Diffuse Microvesicular (Small Droplet) Steatosis | 1160 | ||
| Steatosis Associated with Tumors | 1160 | ||
| Prominent Lobular Inflammation | 1160 | ||
| Nonsinusoidal Pattern of Lymphocytic Infiltration | 1160 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis | 1160 | ||
| Features of Recent Acute or Subacute Resolving Hepatitis | 1161 | ||
| Nonhepatotropic Virus Hepatitis | 1162 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus. | 1162 | ||
| Herpes Simplex. | 1162 | ||
| Adenovirus. | 1162 | ||
| Sinusoidal Pattern of Lymphocytic Infiltration | 1162 | ||
| Celiac Disease | 1162 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 1162 | ||
| Lymphoma and Leukemia | 1162 | ||
| Extramedullary Hematopoiesis | 1162 | ||
| Stellate Cell Lipidosis Associated with Hypervitaminosis A | 1162 | ||
| Pigments in the Liver | 1163 | ||
| Lipofuscin | 1163 | ||
| Iron | 1163 | ||
| Copper | 1163 | ||
| Fibrosis (and Cirrhosis) | 1164 | ||
| Fragmented Biopsy Specimen | 1164 | ||
| Portal-Based Fibrosis | 1164 | ||
| Perivenular and Perisinusoidal Fibrosis | 1165 | ||
| Diagnosis of Solid and Cystic Masses | 1165 | ||
| Tumor with Eosinophilic Cells | 1166 | ||
| Cystic Tumors | 1168 | ||
| References | 1169.e1 | ||
| 43 Liver Tissue Processing and Normal Histology | 1170 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1170 | ||
| Liver Biopsy Specimens | 1170 | ||
| Specimen Handling | 1171 | ||
| Normal Microanatomy of the Liver | 1172 | ||
| Interpretation of Liver Biopsies | 1174 | ||
| Liver Resection Specimens | 1176 | ||
| Partial Hepatectomies | 1176 | ||
| Liver Explants | 1176 | ||
| Routine and Special Stains | 1176 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 1179 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 1179 | ||
| Molecular Studies | 1182 | ||
| In Situ Hybridization | 1182 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 1183 | ||
| Laser Capture Microdissection | 1183 | ||
| Gene Array Analysis | 1183 | ||
| Prognostic and Therapeutic Information from Liver Biopsies | 1183 | ||
| References | 1184.e1 | ||
| 44 Molecular Pathogenesis and Diagnostics of Hepatocellular Tumors | 1185 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1185 | ||
| Introduction | 1185 | ||
| Benign Hepatocellular Tumors | 1185 | ||
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia | 1185 | ||
| Molecular Changes | 1185 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 1186 | ||
| Hepatocellular Adenoma | 1186 | ||
| Hepatocellular Adenoma with Inactivating Mutations of the HNF1A Gene | 1186 | ||
| Molecular Changes | 1186 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 1187 | ||
| Hepatocellular Adenoma with Activating Mutations of the CTNNB1 Gene | 1188 | ||
| Molecular Changes | 1188 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 1188 | ||
| Inflammatory Hepatocellular Adenoma | 1189 | ||
| Molecular Changes | 1189 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 1189 | ||
| Unclassified Hepatocellular Adenoma | 1189 | ||
| Use of Molecular Diagnostics | 1189 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Precursors | 1189 | ||
| Molecular Changes in Hepatocarcinogenesis | 1191 | ||
| Precancerous Lesions in Hepatocarcinogenesis | 1192 | ||
| Dysplastic Foci | 1192 | ||
| Large Cell Change in Hepatocytes | 1192 | ||
| Dysplastic Nodules | 1193 | ||
| Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications | 1193 | ||
| Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1193 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 1196 | ||
| References | 1196.e1 | ||
| 45 Diagnostic Cytology of the Liver | 1197 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1197 | ||
| Introduction | 1197 | ||
| Use of Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy | 1197 | ||
| Guidance Systems | 1197 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 1198 | ||
| Complications | 1198 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 1198 | ||
| Specimen Preparation | 1199 | ||
| Diagnostic Accuracy | 1199 | ||
| Diagnostic Issues | 1199 | ||
| Integrative Approach to the Evaluation of Liver Aspirates | 1200 | ||
| Cytohistology of the Liver | 1200 | ||
| Normal Morphology | 1200 | ||
| Pigments | 1202 | ||
| Steatosis | 1202 | ||
| Infections | 1203 | ||
| Cystic Lesions of the Liver | 1204 | ||
| Cystic Lesions with an Epithelial Lining | 1204 | ||
| Bile Duct Cyst, Simple Hepatic Cyst, and Fibropolycystic Disease | 1204 | ||
| Ciliated Foregut Cyst | 1204 | ||
| Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm and Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm | 1205 | ||
| Metastases | 1205 | ||
| Cystic Lesions without an Epithelial Lining | 1205 | ||
| Non-neoplastic Cysts | 1205 | ||
| Neoplastic Cysts and Tumor-like Lesions | 1206 | ||
| Cavernous Hemangioma | 1206 | ||
| Mesenchymal Hamartoma | 1207 | ||
| Cystic Degeneration in a Benign or Malignant Tumor | 1207 | ||
| Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma | 1207 | ||
| Solid Lesions of the Liver | 1207 | ||
| Hepatocellular Appearance | 1207 | ||
| Benign Hepatocellular Nodules | 1207 | ||
| Primary Malignant Hepatocellular Neoplasms | 1210 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1210 | ||
| Cellularity | 1210 | ||
| Epithelial Cohesiveness | 1210 | ||
| Vascular Patterns | 1211 | ||
| Cellular Characteristics | 1212 | ||
| Pigments | 1213 | ||
| Cellular Inclusions | 1213 | ||
| Background Elements | 1213 | ||
| Cell Blocks and Microbiopsies | 1213 | ||
| Variants of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1213 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Fatty Changes | 1213 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Clear Cell Changes | 1214 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Small Cell Changes | 1214 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Pleomorphic Features | 1215 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Spindle Cell Features | 1215 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Giant Cell Features | 1215 | ||
| Special Types of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1216 | ||
| Fibrolamellar Variant of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1216 | ||
| Scirrhous Type of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1216 | ||
| Undifferentiated Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1216 | ||
| Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma | 1216 | ||
| Sarcomatoid Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1216 | ||
| Very-Well-Differentiated Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1217 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 1217 | ||
| Hepatoblastoma | 1218 | ||
| Combined Hepatocellular-Glandular Appearance | 1219 | ||
| Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma | 1219 | ||
| Nonhepatocellular Appearance | 1220 | ||
| Benign Nonhepatocellular Lesions | 1220 | ||
| Bile Duct Hamartoma, Bile Duct Adenoma (Peribiliary Gland Hamartoma) | 1220 | ||
| Angiomyolipoma | 1220 | ||
| Primary Malignant Nonhepatocellular Lesions | 1221 | ||
| Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | 1221 | ||
| Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma | 1222 | ||
| Angiosarcoma | 1222 | ||
| Metastatic Malignant Nonhepatocellular Lesions | 1222 | ||
| References | 1227.e1 | ||
| 46 Acute and Chronic Infectious Hepatitis | 1228 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1228 | ||
| Introduction | 1228 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 1228 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1228 | ||
| Acute Viral Hepatitis | 1228 | ||
| Chronic Viral Hepatitis | 1229 | ||
| Hepatitis Viruses | 1229 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 1229 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 1229 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 1230 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 1231 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 1231 | ||
| Other Hepatitis Viruses | 1231 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis | 1232 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1232 | ||
| Massive and Submassive Necrosis | 1233 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 1233 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1233 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis | 1234 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1234 | ||
| Portal Inflammation | 1234 | ||
| Lobular Necroinflammatory Activity | 1235 | ||
| Fibrosis | 1236 | ||
| Nomenclature and Scoring | 1236 | ||
| Pathology of Specific Types of Chronic Viral Hepatitis | 1238 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis B | 1238 | ||
| Delta Virus Infection | 1239 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 1239 | ||
| Combined Viral Infections | 1239 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 1240 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1240 | ||
| Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C | 1241 | ||
| Cirrhosis and Regression of Fibrosis | 1241 | ||
| Other Viral Infections of the Liver | 1242 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 1242 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 1242 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Patients | 1243 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Infection in Immunocompromised Patients | 1243 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates | 1243 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 1244 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 6 | 1244 | ||
| Enteric Viruses | 1244 | ||
| Viral Hemorrhagic Fever | 1245 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Liver | 1246 | ||
| Suppurative Bacterial Infections | 1246 | ||
| Pyogenic Bacterial Abscess | 1246 | ||
| Tularemia | 1247 | ||
| Listeriosis | 1247 | ||
| Liver in Sepsis | 1247 | ||
| Granulomatous Bacterial Infections | 1247 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 1248 | ||
| Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare | 1250 | ||
| Leprosy | 1250 | ||
| Bartonella Species | 1251 | ||
| Brucellosis | 1251 | ||
| Rickettsia and Similar Species | 1251 | ||
| Spirochete Infections | 1252 | ||
| Syphilis | 1252 | ||
| Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections | 1253 | ||
| Salmonella Species | 1253 | ||
| Whipple Disease | 1253 | ||
| Fungal Infections of the Liver | 1254 | ||
| Candidiasis | 1254 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 1254 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 1254 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 1256 | ||
| Parasitic Infections of the Liver | 1256 | ||
| Protozoa | 1256 | ||
| Malaria | 1256 | ||
| Amebiasis | 1257 | ||
| Flagellates | 1257 | ||
| Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) | 1257 | ||
| Miscellaneous Flagellates | 1257 | ||
| Coccidians | 1258 | ||
| Helminths | 1258 | ||
| Nematodes | 1258 | ||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 1258 | ||
| Toxocara canis | 1258 | ||
| Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms) | 1259 | ||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 1259 | ||
| Trematodes | 1259 | ||
| Schistosomiasis | 1259 | ||
| Cestodes | 1259 | ||
| Echinococcus granulosus and Related Species | 1259 | ||
| References | 1261.e1 | ||
| 47 Autoimmune and Chronic Cholestatic Disorders of the Liver | 1262 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1262 | ||
| Introduction | 1262 | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis | 1262 | ||
| Clinical Features and Epidemiology | 1262 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1263 | ||
| Pathology | 1264 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1266 | ||
| Acute-Onset Autoimmune Hepatitis | 1266 | ||
| Chronic Autoimmune Hepatitis | 1267 | ||
| Grading and Staging | 1268 | ||
| Natural History and Treatment | 1268 | ||
| Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 1268 | ||
| Clinical Features and Epidemiology | 1268 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1269 | ||
| Pathology | 1269 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1270 | ||
| Autoimmune Cholangitis | 1273 | ||
| Natural History | 1274 | ||
| Treatment | 1274 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 1274 | ||
| Clinical Features and Epidemiology | 1274 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1274 | ||
| Natural History | 1275 | ||
| Pathology | 1275 | ||
| Large Ducts | 1275 | ||
| Liver | 1275 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1277 | ||
| Treatment | 1278 | ||
| Overlap Syndromes | 1278 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G4–Associated Sclerosing Cholangitis | 1280 | ||
| Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 1280 | ||
| Ischemic Cholangitis | 1281 | ||
| Miscellaneous Ductopenic Syndromes | 1282 | ||
| Obstructive Cholangitis | 1283 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1283 | ||
| Pathology | 1283 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1283 | ||
| References | 1284.e1 | ||
| 48 Toxin- and Drug-Induced Disorders of the Liver | 1285 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1285 | ||
| Introduction | 1285 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1287 | ||
| Clinical Assessment and Prediction of Hepatotoxicity | 1288 | ||
| Prevention of Drug Hepatotoxicity | 1290 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1291 | ||
| Pathologic Patterns of Toxic Liver Injury | 1291 | ||
| Hepatocellular Injury | 1292 | ||
| Acute Hepatocellular Injury | 1292 | ||
| Predominantly Cytolytic Injury | 1292 | ||
| Hepatitis with Spotty Necrosis/Apoptosis. | 1293 | ||
| Hepatitis with Submassive Necrosis. | 1296 | ||
| Massive Necrosis. | 1297 | ||
| Predominantly Cholestatic Injury | 1297 | ||
| Bland Cholestasis. | 1298 | ||
| Cholestatic Hepatitis. | 1298 | ||
| Chronic Hepatocellular Injury | 1299 | ||
| Drug-Induced Liver Injury with Features of Autoimmune Hepatitis | 1301 | ||
| Steatosis/Steatohepatitis and Phospholipidosis | 1302 | ||
| Drug-Induced Steatosis and Steatohepatitis | 1302 | ||
| Microvesicular Steatosis. | 1302 | ||
| Macrovesicular Steatosis. | 1304 | ||
| Steatofibrosis | 1304 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Chemotherapy-Associated Steatohepatitis | 1304 | ||
| Phospholipidosis | 1305 | ||
| Miscellaneous Patterns of Hepatocellular Injury | 1305 | ||
| Pigment Accumulation | 1305 | ||
| Adaptive Changes and Ground-Glass Hepatocytes | 1306 | ||
| Anisonucleosis and Increased Mitoses | 1306 | ||
| Bile Duct Injury | 1306 | ||
| Acute Cholangitis | 1306 | ||
| Chronic Cholangitis | 1307 | ||
| Ductopenia | 1307 | ||
| Vascular Injury | 1310 | ||
| Portal Vein Lesions | 1310 | ||
| Hepatoportal Sclerosis | 1310 | ||
| Hepatic Artery Lesions | 1310 | ||
| Hepatic Vein Lesions | 1310 | ||
| Sinusoids | 1311 | ||
| Sinusoidal Dilation | 1311 | ||
| Peliosis | 1312 | ||
| Sinusoidal Cells | 1312 | ||
| Changes in Hepatic Stellate Cells. | 1312 | ||
| Changes in Kupffer Cells and Macrophages. | 1313 | ||
| Granulomatous Reactions | 1313 | ||
| Hepatic Tumors | 1313 | ||
| Examples of Common Offending Drugs | 1314 | ||
| Analgesics | 1314 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 1314 | ||
| Acetylsalicylic Acid | 1318 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 1318 | ||
| Sulindac | 1319 | ||
| Ibuprofen | 1319 | ||
| Antiinfectious Agents | 1319 | ||
| Isoniazid and Antituberculosis Agents | 1319 | ||
| Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid | 1321 | ||
| Immunosuppressive and Antineoplastic Drugs | 1321 | ||
| Oxaliplatin | 1322 | ||
| Methotrexate | 1323 | ||
| Drugs Used in Cardiovascular Diseases | 1325 | ||
| Amiodarone | 1325 | ||
| Statins | 1326 | ||
| Drugs Used in Transplantation | 1326 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 1326 | ||
| Tacrolimus | 1327 | ||
| Anabolic and Contraceptive Steroids and Estrogen Receptor Modulators | 1327 | ||
| Contraceptive Pills | 1327 | ||
| C17-Alkylated Anabolic Steroids | 1327 | ||
| Danazol | 1327 | ||
| Tamoxifen | 1327 | ||
| Flutamide | 1327 | ||
| Psychotropic Drugs | 1328 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 1328 | ||
| References | 1328.e1 | ||
| 49 Fatty Liver Disease | 1329 | ||
| Contents | 1329 | ||
| Introduction | 1329 | ||
| Definitions | 1329 | ||
| Nomenclature | 1329 | ||
| Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease | 1330 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1330 | ||
| Epidemiology and Prevalence | 1330 | ||
| Familial Associations | 1331 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1331 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1331 | ||
| Pathology | 1331 | ||
| Steatosis | 1332 | ||
| Steatohepatitis | 1332 | ||
| Alcoholic Hepatitis | 1333 | ||
| Alcoholic Foamy Degeneration | 1333 | ||
| Fibrosis and Cirrhosis | 1333 | ||
| Other Pathologic Features of Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease | 1335 | ||
| Megamitochondria. | 1335 | ||
| Iron Deposition. | 1335 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Cholestasis. | 1335 | ||
| Vascular Lesions. | 1336 | ||
| Treatment Effects. | 1336 | ||
| Prognostic Lesions. | 1336 | ||
| Lesions in the Allograft Liver. | 1336 | ||
| Natural History and Treatment | 1336 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 1337 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1337 | ||
| Epidemiology and Prevalence | 1338 | ||
| Familial Associations and Risk Factors | 1339 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1340 | ||
| Pathology | 1341 | ||
| Steatosis | 1341 | ||
| Steatohepatitis | 1343 | ||
| Fibrosis and Cirrhosis | 1344 | ||
| Other Pathologic Features of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 1345 | ||
| Mallory-Denk Bodies. | 1345 | ||
| Megamitochondria. | 1346 | ||
| Iron Deposition. | 1346 | ||
| Glycogenated Nuclei. | 1346 | ||
| Ductular Reaction. | 1346 | ||
| Hepatocellular Glycogen. | 1346 | ||
| Vascular Alterations. | 1346 | ||
| Treatment Effects. | 1346 | ||
| Prognostic Lesions. | 1347 | ||
| Natural History and Treatment | 1347 | ||
| Fatty Liver Disease in Various Patient Groups | 1348 | ||
| Concurrent Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 1348 | ||
| Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Other Liver Disorders | 1348 | ||
| Fatty Liver Disease in Children | 1348 | ||
| Differentiating Alcohol-Induced from Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 1350 | ||
| Features That Occur More Frequently in Alcoholic Liver Disease | 1350 | ||
| Features That Occur More Frequently In Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 1350 | ||
| Grading and Staging of Fatty Liver Disease | 1351 | ||
| Other Forms of Fatty Liver Disease | 1353 | ||
| Drug- and Toxin-Induced Fatty Liver Disease | 1353 | ||
| Fatty Liver Disease after Transplantation | 1353 | ||
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition | 1353 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | 1353 | ||
| Celiac Disease | 1353 | ||
| Viral Hepatitides | 1355 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes of Fatty Liver Disease | 1355 | ||
| References | 1355.e1 | ||
| 50 Cirrhosis | 1356 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1356 | ||
| Introduction | 1356 | ||
| Definition | 1357 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1358 | ||
| Collagen in the Liver | 1358 | ||
| Hepatic Arterialization and Capillarization | 1359 | ||
| Parenchymal Extinction | 1360 | ||
| Shunt Formation | 1361 | ||
| Congestive Hepatopathy | 1362 | ||
| Vascular Thrombosis | 1364 | ||
| Regeneration | 1364 | ||
| Natural History and Reversibility of Cirrhosis | 1365 | ||
| Anatomic Classification and Pathology | 1365 | ||
| Macroscopic Features | 1366 | ||
| Micronodular Cirrhosis | 1366 | ||
| Macronodular Cirrhosis | 1369 | ||
| Mixed Cirrhosis | 1369 | ||
| Microscopic Features | 1369 | ||
| Evolution of Cirrhosis | 1369 | ||
| Micronodular Cirrhosis | 1370 | ||
| Macronodular Cirrhosis | 1371 | ||
| Unusual Variants | 1371 | ||
| Incomplete Septal Cirrhosis | 1371 | ||
| Postnecrotic Cirrhosis | 1371 | ||
| Differential Diagnostic Considerations | 1372 | ||
| Lobar Hypertrophy and Atrophy | 1372 | ||
| Large Nodules in the Cirrhotic Liver | 1372 | ||
| Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia | 1372 | ||
| Hepar Lobatum | 1372 | ||
| Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis | 1372 | ||
| Infarction of Nodules versus Congestive Necrosis of Nodules | 1373 | ||
| Portal Vein Thrombosis | 1373 | ||
| Patent Paraumbilical Veins | 1373 | ||
| Capsular Fibrosis | 1373 | ||
| Etiology | 1373 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis | 1373 | ||
| Fatty Liver Disease | 1374 | ||
| Chronic Biliary Diseases in Adults | 1374 | ||
| Biliary Diseases in Pediatric Patients | 1375 | ||
| Biliary Atresia | 1375 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 1376 | ||
| Metal Overload States | 1376 | ||
| Iron | 1376 | ||
| Copper | 1377 | ||
| Wilson Disease | 1377 | ||
| Non-Wilsonian Copper Toxicosis | 1377 | ||
| Congestive Cirrhosis | 1377 | ||
| Drug-Induced Cirrhosis | 1378 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1378 | ||
| Types of Biopsy and Technical Issues | 1378 | ||
| Role of Biopsy | 1380 | ||
| Staging Systems | 1380 | ||
| Diagnostic Pitfalls | 1380 | ||
| Pitfalls in Assessing Fibrosis | 1381 | ||
| Pitfalls in Diagnosing Cirrhosis | 1381 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1383 | ||
| References | 1383.e1 | ||
| 51 Vascular Disorders of the Liver | 1384 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1384 | ||
| Introduction | 1384 | ||
| Portal Vein Disease (Portal Vein Obstruction) | 1385 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1385 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1387 | ||
| Large Portal Veins | 1387 | ||
| Small Portal Veins | 1388 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1388 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1388 | ||
| Exclusion of Cirrhosis and Regressed Cirrhosis | 1388 | ||
| Exclusion of Portal Vein Thrombosis | 1390 | ||
| Exclusion of Parasitic Disease | 1390 | ||
| Arterial Disease | 1390 | ||
| Liver Injury Resulting from Ischemia and Shock | 1391 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1391 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1391 | ||
| Arteritis | 1391 | ||
| Hepatic Artery Obstruction | 1392 | ||
| Arterioportal and Arteriovenous Shunts | 1392 | ||
| Sinusoidal Disease | 1392 | ||
| Sinusoidal Dilatation | 1392 | ||
| Peliosis Hepatis | 1393 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1393 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1394 | ||
| Bacillary Angiomatosis | 1394 | ||
| Sinusoidal Injury, Fibrosis, and Arterialization | 1394 | ||
| Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (Veno-occlusive Disease) | 1395 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1395 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1395 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1396 | ||
| Sinusoidal Cellular Infiltration | 1396 | ||
| Amyloidosis and Light Chain Deposition Disease | 1396 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1396 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1397 | ||
| Hepatic Vein Disease | 1397 | ||
| Thrombosis of Large Hepatic Veins (Budd-Chiari Syndrome) | 1399 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1399 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1400 | ||
| Membranous Obstruction of the Vena Cava | 1400 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1400 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1400 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 1401 | ||
| Small Hepatic Vein Disease (Obliterative Hepatic Venopathy) | 1402 | ||
| Nodular Hyperplasia and Other Tumor-Like Conditions | 1402 | ||
| Large Regenerative Nodules | 1402 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1402 | ||
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia | 1402 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1403 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1403 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1403 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1403 | ||
| Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia | 1403 | ||
| Hepar Lobatum | 1403 | ||
| Fibrotic Conditions with Vascular Pathophysiology | 1405 | ||
| Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis | 1405 | ||
| Hepatoportal Sclerosis | 1405 | ||
| Definition | 1406 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1406 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1406 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1407 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1407 | ||
| References | 1407.e1 | ||
| 52 Pathology of Liver and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 1408 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1408 | ||
| Introduction | 1409 | ||
| Donor Evaluation | 1409 | ||
| Cadavers | 1409 | ||
| Living Donors | 1411 | ||
| Sources of Graft Dysfunction | 1411 | ||
| Graft Dysfunction After Transplantation | 1411 | ||
| Operative Timing and Methods | 1411 | ||
| Posttransplantation Needle Biopsies of Allografts | 1412 | ||
| Evaluation of the Failed Allograft | 1412 | ||
| Reduced-Size and Living Related Allografts | 1412 | ||
| Preservation/Reperfusion Injury | 1414 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1414 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1414 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1414 | ||
| Small-for-Size Syndrome | 1416 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1416 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1416 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1416 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1417 | ||
| Complications of Transplantation | 1418 | ||
| Vascular Complications | 1418 | ||
| Hepatic Artery Thrombosis | 1418 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1418 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1419 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 1419 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1419 | ||
| Portal Vein Thrombosis | 1420 | ||
| Index | 1573 | ||
| A | 1573 | ||
| B | 1576 | ||
| C | 1578 | ||
| D | 1582 | ||
| E | 1583 | ||
| F | 1586 | ||
| G | 1587 | ||
| H | 1590 | ||
| I | 1593 | ||
| J | 1595 | ||
| K | 1595 | ||
| L | 1595 | ||
| M | 1599 | ||
| N | 1601 | ||
| O | 1602 | ||
| P | 1603 | ||
| Q | 1606 | ||
| R | 1606 | ||
| S | 1607 | ||
| T | 1610 | ||
| U | 1611 | ||
| V | 1611 | ||
| W | 1611 | ||
| X | 1612 | ||
| Y | 1612 | ||
| Z | 1612 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |