BOOK
Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease E-Book
Alan J. Magill | G. Thomas Strickland | James H. Maguire | Edward T Ryan | Tom Solomon
(2012)
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Book Details
Abstract
Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease is your comprehensive, go-to resource on the health conditions that arise in the tropics! From infectious diseases through environmental issues, poisoning and toxicology, animal injuries, and nutritional and micronutrient deficiencies, this medical reference book provides you with all the guidance you need to diagnose and manage even the most exotic health concerns. Stay at the forefront of this ever-changing field with Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease!
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Understand the common characteristics and methods of transmission for each disease, and learn all the applicable diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention techniques.
- Get the information you need in the most organized way with infectious agents arranged by syndromes, as they typically present.
- Stay abreast of the latest maladies seen in returning travelers through useful chapters on delusional parasitosis, international adoptions, transplant patients, medical tourism, and more.
- Access the most up-to-date information on emerging and re-emerging diseases (such as H1N1), and see how progression occurs through all-new illustrative life cycles.
- Hone your techniques with a new skills-based section which includes dentistry, neonatal pediatrics and ICMI, and surgery in the tropics, and a service-based section covering transfusion in resource-poor settings, microbiology, and imaging.
- Learn everything you need to know about infrequently encountered tropical drugs and their practical application in the clinical setting.
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Acknowledgements | ii | ||
| Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| List of Contributors | xiv | ||
| 1 Clinical Practice in the Tropics | 1 | ||
| A Organ-Based Chapters | 3 | ||
| 1 Tropical Lung Diseases | 4 | ||
| Introduction | 4 | ||
| Pneumonia | 4 | ||
| Investigations and Management | 4 | ||
| Atypical Pneumonia | 7 | ||
| Other Conditions Associated with Pulmonary Infection | 7 | ||
| Eosinophilic Pneumonias | 8 | ||
| Bronchiectasis, Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 8 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 10 | ||
| Nontuberculous Granulomatous Lung Disease | 10 | ||
| Occupational and Dust Lung Diseases | 10 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| 2 Cardiovascular Diseases | 12 | ||
| Common Syndromes of Cardiovascular Disease in the Tropics | 12 | ||
| Heart Failure | 12 | ||
| Stroke | 12 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 13 | ||
| An Approach to the Patient with Cardiovascular Disease | 14 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 14 | ||
| Heart Failure | 14 | ||
| Stroke | 15 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 16 | ||
| Management and Outcomes | 16 | ||
| Pediatric Consideration: Congenital Heart Disease | 16 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 16 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| 3 Gastrointestinal Diseases | 18 | ||
| Presentations | 18 | ||
| Diarrhea | 18 | ||
| Etiology and Distribution | 18 | ||
| Transmission and Epidemiology | 18 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 18 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 18 | ||
| Antibiotic-Associated Colitis | 19 | ||
| Chronic Diarrhea | 19 | ||
| Complications | 19 | ||
| Diagnosis | 20 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 20 | ||
| Treatment of Dehydration | 20 | ||
| Antimicrobial Agents | 20 | ||
| Additional Therapy | 20 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 20 | ||
| Traveler’s Diarrhea | 20 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 21 | ||
| Abdominal Distension | 21 | ||
| Intestinal Obstruction | 21 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 21 | ||
| Anatomic Differentials | 22 | ||
| Mouth | 22 | ||
| Dental Caries | 22 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 22 | ||
| Candidiasis | 22 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Infection | 22 | ||
| Cancrum Oris (Noma) | 22 | ||
| Esophagus | 22 | ||
| Esophagitis | 22 | ||
| Caustic Esophageal Injury | 22 | ||
| Esophageal Varices | 22 | ||
| Megaesophagus | 22 | ||
| Esophageal Cancer | 23 | ||
| Stomach | 23 | ||
| Gastritis | 23 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 23 | ||
| Gastric Neoplasms | 23 | ||
| Small Bowel | 23 | ||
| Tropical Sprue | 23 | ||
| Celiac Disease | 24 | ||
| Protein-Losing Enteropathy | 24 | ||
| Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease | 24 | ||
| Pathology | 24 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis | 24 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 25 | ||
| Enteritis Necroticans (Pigbel) | 25 | ||
| Intussusception | 25 | ||
| Colon | 25 | ||
| Appendicitis | 25 | ||
| Intestinal Tuberculosis | 25 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 25 | ||
| Megacolon | 26 | ||
| Stenosing Lesions of the Colon and Rectum | 26 | ||
| Rectum and Anus | 26 | ||
| Proctitis | 26 | ||
| Rectal Prolapse | 26 | ||
| Anal Lesions | 26 | ||
| Anal Cancer | 26 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Diseases in Patients with HIV/AIDS | 26 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| 4 Hepatobiliary Diseases | 28 | ||
| Introduction | 28 | ||
| Approach to Liver Disease | 28 | ||
| Hepatitis and Jaundice (Table 4-2 and Fig. 4.1) | 29 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis | 29 | ||
| Chronic Liver Disease | 31 | ||
| Jaundice and Biliary Obstruction | 32 | ||
| Vascular Liver Disease (see Table 4-2) | 32 | ||
| Focal Liver Lesions (Table 4-4) | 32 | ||
| HIV and the Liver (Table 4-5) | 33 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| 5 Hematologic Diseases | 35 | ||
| Anemia | 35 | ||
| Etiology | 35 | ||
| Epidemiology | 35 | ||
| Diagnosis | 35 | ||
| Clinical Features | 35 | ||
| Management Principles | 36 | ||
| Anemia Caused by Reduced Red Cell Production | 36 | ||
| Iron Deficiency (Table 5-4) | 36 | ||
| Folate Deficiency | 37 | ||
| Vitamin B12 Deficiency | 37 | ||
| Anemia Caused by Excessive Loss of Red Cells | 37 | ||
| Anemia Caused by Reduced Bone Marrow Activity | 37 | ||
| Anemia of Inflammation | 37 | ||
| Anemia and HIV | 38 | ||
| Anemia and Parvovirus B19 | 38 | ||
| Anemia Caused by Excessive Red Cell Destruction (Hemolytic Anemias) | 38 | ||
| Important Tropical Infections Associated with Anemia | 38 | ||
| Malaria | 38 | ||
| Visceral Leishmaniasis | 38 | ||
| Thalassemias | 38 | ||
| β-Thalassemia | 38 | ||
| β-Thalassemia Major | 38 | ||
| Investigations | 38 | ||
| Management and Outcome | 40 | ||
| β-Thalassemia Intermedia | 40 | ||
| β-Thalassemia Trait | 40 | ||
| α-Thalassemia | 40 | ||
| Silent Carrier (-α/αα) | 40 | ||
| α-Thalassaemia Trait (-α/-α or –/αα) | 40 | ||
| Hemoglobin H Disease (HbH) (–/-α) | 40 | ||
| Hemoglobin Bart’s Hydrops Fetalis | 40 | ||
| Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies | 41 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease (HbSS) [11] | 41 | ||
| Investigations | 42 | ||
| Management and Outcome | 42 | ||
| Sickle Cell Trait | 42 | ||
| Hemoglobin Sickle Cell (SC) Disease | 43 | ||
| Hemoglobin S (HbS) β-Thalassemia | 43 | ||
| Enzymopathies | 43 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency | 43 | ||
| Neonatal Jaundice | 43 | ||
| Acute Hemolysis | 43 | ||
| Chronic Hemolysis | 43 | ||
| Investigations | 43 | ||
| Red Cell Membrane Defects | 43 | ||
| White Cell Disorders | 43 | ||
| Leukemia | 44 | ||
| Acute Leukemias | 44 | ||
| Investigations | 44 | ||
| Management and Outcome | 44 | ||
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) | 44 | ||
| 2 Viral Diseases | 213 | ||
| Introduction and General Principles | 214 | ||
| Introduction | 214 | ||
| Epidemiologic Considerations | 214 | ||
| Clinical Syndromes and Pathogenesis | 215 | ||
| Diagnostic Challenges | 215 | ||
| Opportunities for Treatment | 215 | ||
| Disease Control | 216 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| 27 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 217 | ||
| Introduction | 217 | ||
| Epidemiology | 218 | ||
| Molecular Epidemiology | 218 | ||
| Modes of Transmission | 218 | ||
| Geographic Epidemiology | 219 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 219 | ||
| Asia | 220 | ||
| Latin America | 220 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 222 | ||
| Manifestations and Management of HIV Infection and Complications of HIV Disease | 223 | ||
| Acute HIV Infection | 223 | ||
| Staging of HIV Disease | 225 | ||
| Opportunistic Illnesses | 225 | ||
| Select Major Opportunistic Infections and Co-Infections | 228 | ||
| Fungal Infections—Focus on Cryptococcal Meningitis and Pneumocystis Pneumonia | 228 | ||
| Cryptococcal Meningitis | 228 | ||
| Pneumocystis Pneumonia | 229 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 229 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | 229 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 229 | ||
| Select Major Clinical Syndromes | 230 | ||
| Fever | 230 | ||
| Dermatologic Disease | 230 | ||
| Ophthalmologic Disease | 231 | ||
| Pulmonary Disease | 231 | ||
| Esophageal Disease | 231 | ||
| Gastroenteritis/Diarrheal Disease | 231 | ||
| Focal Central Nervous System (CNS) Lesions | 232 | ||
| Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) | 232 | ||
| HIV-Associated Malignancies | 232 | ||
| Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) | 232 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 232 | ||
| Cervical Cancer | 232 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 233 | ||
| HIV Testing | 233 | ||
| HIV Diagnosis | 233 | ||
| HIV Counseling | 233 | ||
| Initial Evaluation of the Newly Diagnosed Patient | 234 | ||
| Initial Evaluation of Newly Diagnosed Women of Reproductive Age | 234 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy (Art) | 234 | ||
| Introduction | 234 | ||
| Goals of ART | 235 | ||
| Art: When to Start | 235 | ||
| ART: Initiating Therapy for Women of Reproductive Age | 235 | ||
| Art: What to Start | 235 | ||
| ART: What to Start—Special Considerations for Women Previously Given Antiretroviral Drugs as Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV | 235 | ||
| ART: What to Start—Special Considerations for Pregnant Women | 236 | ||
| ART: What to Start—Special Considerations in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection | 236 | ||
| Art: Adherence to Therapy | 236 | ||
| Art: Monitoring the Effectiveness of ART | 237 | ||
| Art: Monitoring for Tolerability | 237 | ||
| Art: Metabolic Complications during Treatment | 238 | ||
| Art: When to Change ART | 238 | ||
| Art: How to Change (Switch) ART | 238 | ||
| ART for Children | 238 | ||
| Prevention | 238 | ||
| Special Considerations for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Resource-Limited Settings | 238 | ||
| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole/Cotrimoxazole | 238 | ||
| Fluconazole and Itraconazole | 239 | ||
| Non-Tuberculosis Anti-Mycobacterials [Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC)] | 239 | ||
| Non-Pharmacologic Interventions | 239 | ||
| Chronic Primary Care Considerations | 239 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | 239 | ||
| Mental Health | 239 | ||
| Vaccinations | 239 | ||
| Nutrition | 239 | ||
| Primary HIV Prevention | 239 | ||
| Prevention with Positives | 240 | ||
| Palliative Care | 240 | ||
| References | 240 | ||
| 27.1 HIV, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Streptococcus pneumoniae | 248 | ||
| HIV and Tuberculosis | 248 | ||
| The Effect of HIV on Tuberculosis | 248 | ||
| The Effect of Tuberculosis on HIV Disease | 248 | ||
| 3 Bacterial Infections | 381 | ||
| A Infections of the Eye & Throat | 383 | ||
| 35 Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis | 384 | ||
| 35.1 Trachoma | 384 | ||
| Introduction | 384 | ||
| Epidemiology | 384 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 384 | ||
| Clinical Features | 386 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 386 | ||
| Treatment | 387 | ||
| Active Trachoma (Trachomatous Inflammation Follicular and/or Trachoma Inflammation Intense) | 387 | ||
| Complications from Chronic Disease | 388 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 388 | ||
| 35.2 Inclusion Conjunctivitis | 389 | ||
| Introduction | 389 | ||
| Epidemiology | 389 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 389 | ||
| Clinical Features | 389 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 389 | ||
| Treatment | 389 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 389 | ||
| References | 390 | ||
| 36 Group A Streptococcus | 391 | ||
| Introduction | 391 | ||
| Epidemiology | 391 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 391 | ||
| Clinical Features | 392 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 394 | ||
| Treatment | 397 | ||
| References | 401 | ||
| 37 Diphtheria | 402 | ||
| Introduction | 402 | ||
| Epidemiology | 402 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 403 | ||
| Clinical Features | 404 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 405 | ||
| Treatment | 405 | ||
| Prevention | 406 | ||
| References | 406 | ||
| B Respiratory Tract Infections | 407 | ||
| 38 Bacterial Pneumonia | 408 | ||
| Introduction | 408 | ||
| Epidemiology | 408 | ||
| The Bacterial Etiology of Pneumonia | 408 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 410 | ||
| Clinical Features | 410 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 410 | ||
| Clinical Examination Findings | 410 | ||
| Supportive Clinical Findings | 411 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 411 | ||
| Chest Roentgenograms (Chest X-Rays) | 411 | ||
| Miscellaneous Clinical Findings | 411 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 411 | ||
| Reactive Airways Disease (RAD or Asthma) | 411 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 411 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 411 | ||
| Malaria | 411 | ||
| Foreign Body Aspiration | 411 | ||
| Pertussis | 411 | ||
| Diphtheria | 411 | ||
| Treatment | 414 | ||
| Good Clinical Practice | 414 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 414 | ||
| References | 414 | ||
| 39 Tuberculosis | 416 | ||
| Introduction | 416 | ||
| Epidemiology | 416 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology | 416 | ||
| Clinical Features | 418 | ||
| Pulmonary Tuberculosis | 418 | ||
| Tuberculous Adenitis | 418 | ||
| Pleural Tuberculosis | 418 | ||
| Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System | 419 | ||
| Osteoarticular Tuberculosis | 419 | ||
| Other Manifestations | 419 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 420 | ||
| Sputum Smear Microscopy | 420 | ||
| Radiography | 420 | ||
| Tuberculosis Culture | 421 | ||
| Analysis of other Bodily Fluids and Tissue Samples | 421 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Tests | 421 | ||
| Tests for Tuberculosis Infection | 421 | ||
| Empiric Treatment of Tuberculosis | 421 | ||
| Monitoring Treatment Response | 422 | ||
| Treatment | 422 | ||
| Treatment of Patients with Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis | 429 | ||
| Retreatment Regimens and the Treatment of Individuals with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis | 429 | ||
| Adjunctive Treatments | 430 | ||
| Adherence | 431 | ||
| Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection | 431 | ||
| References | 431 | ||
| 40 Pertussis | 433 | ||
| Introduction | 433 | ||
| Epidemiology | 433 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 434 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 434 | ||
| Patient Evaluation | 435 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 435 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 435 | ||
| Serology | 435 | ||
| Treatment | 436 | ||
| Immunization Strategies | 436 | ||
| References | 436 | ||
| C Gastrointestinal Tract Infections | 437 | ||
| 41 Helicobacter pylori Infection | 438 | ||
| Introduction | 438 | ||
| Epidemiology | 438 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 438 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 438 | ||
| Clinical Features | 439 | ||
| Gastritis | 439 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 439 | ||
| Gastric Cancer | 439 | ||
| Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma | 439 | ||
| Ménétrier’s Disease | 439 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | 439 | ||
| H. pylori Infection in Children | 439 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 439 | ||
| Noninvasive Tests [10] | 440 | ||
| Urea Breath Tests | 440 | ||
| Serology | 440 | ||
| Fecal Antigen Testing | 440 | ||
| Invasive Tests [10] | 440 | ||
| Culture | 440 | ||
| Histology | 440 | ||
| Rapid Urease Test | 441 | ||
| Treatment | 441 | ||
| Indications | 441 | ||
| Antimicrobials | 441 | ||
| Alternatives | 441 | ||
| References | 441 | ||
| 42 Escherichia coli Diarrhea | 442 | ||
| Introduction | 442 | ||
| Epidemiology | 442 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 442 | ||
| Distribution and Incidence | 442 | ||
| Transmission | 442 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 443 | ||
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) | 443 | ||
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) | 443 | ||
| Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) | 443 | ||
| Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) | 443 | ||
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) | 443 | ||
| Diffuse-adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) | 443 | ||
| Clinical Features | 443 | ||
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) | 444 | ||
| Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) | 444 | ||
| Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) | 444 | ||
| Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) | 444 | ||
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) | 444 | ||
| Diffuse-adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) | 444 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 444 | ||
| Indicative Clinical Features | 444 | ||
| ETEC | 444 | ||
| EPEC | 444 | ||
| EIEC | 445 | ||
| EHEC | 445 | ||
| EAEC | 445 | ||
| DAEC | 445 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 445 | ||
| Stool Culture | 445 | ||
| Immunoassays | 445 | ||
| DNA Probes and PCR | 445 | ||
| Adherence to HEp-2 cells | 445 | ||
| Serology | 446 | ||
| Stool microscopy | 446 | ||
| Treatment | 446 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 446 | ||
| References | 446 | ||
| 43 Cholera and Other Vibrios | 448 | ||
| Vibrio cholerae | 448 | ||
| Introduction | 448 | ||
| Epidemiology | 448 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 448 | ||
| Clinical Features | 448 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 449 | ||
| Treatment | 449 | ||
| Correction of Fluid Loss | 449 | ||
| Antibiotics | 450 | ||
| Prevention | 451 | ||
| Other Vibrios | 453 | ||
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 453 | ||
| Vibrio vulnificus | 453 | ||
| References | 453 | ||
| 44 Shigellosis | 454 | ||
| Introduction | 454 | ||
| Epidemiology | 454 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 454 | ||
| Clinical Features | 455 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis | 456 | ||
| Treatment | 459 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 459 | ||
| Supportive Therapy and Treatment of Complications | 459 | ||
| References | 461 | ||
| 45 Nontyphoid Salmonella Disease | 462 | ||
| Introduction | 462 | ||
| Epidemiology | 462 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology | 463 | ||
| Diarrheal Disease | 463 | ||
| Invasive Disease | 463 | ||
| Microbiology | 463 | ||
| Clinical Features | 464 | ||
| Diarrheal NTS Disease | 464 | ||
| Invasive Disease (iNTS) | 464 | ||
| Recurrent iNTS Disease | 464 | ||
| Focal and Suppurative NTS Disease | 464 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis | 465 | ||
| 4 The Mycoses | 607 | ||
| 76 General Principles | 608 | ||
| Distribution and Medical Importance | 608 | ||
| Morphology | 608 | ||
| Diagnosis | 608 | ||
| Disease Classification | 608 | ||
| Superficial Mycoses (see Chapter 77) | 608 | ||
| Subcutaneous Mycoses or Mycoses of Implantation (see Chapter 78) | 609 | ||
| Systemic Mycoses (see Chapters 79, 80) | 609 | ||
| References | 609 | ||
| 77 Superficial Mycoses | 610 | ||
| 77.1 Dermatophyte Infection (Ringworm, Tinea) | 610 | ||
| Introduction | 610 | ||
| Epidemiology | 610 | ||
| Tinea Imbricata | 610 | ||
| Natural History, Pathology, and Pathogenesis | 610 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 610 | ||
| Foot Infections | 610 | ||
| Tinea Cruris (Ringworm of the Groin) | 611 | ||
| Tinea Corporis (Ringworm of the Body) | 611 | ||
| Tinea Capitis (Ringworm of the Scalp) | 611 | ||
| Onychomycosis | 612 | ||
| Dermatophytosis of Other Sites | 612 | ||
| Diagnosis | 612 | ||
| Culture | 612 | ||
| Treatment | 612 | ||
| Topical Therapy | 612 | ||
| Topical Antifungals | 612 | ||
| Systemic Therapy | 612 | ||
| 77.2 Superficial Candidiasis | 612 | ||
| Definition | 612 | ||
| Epidemiology | 612 | ||
| Natural History and Pathogenesis | 613 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 613 | ||
| Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) | 613 | ||
| Vaginal Candidiasis | 613 | ||
| Paronychia and Candida Onychomycosis | 613 | ||
| Candida Intertrigo | 613 | ||
| Diagnosis | 613 | ||
| Treatment | 613 | ||
| 77.3 Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor | 613 | ||
| Introduction | 613 | ||
| Epidemiology | 614 | ||
| Pathology and Pathogenesis | 614 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 614 | ||
| Diagnosis | 614 | ||
| Treatment | 614 | ||
| 77.4 Other Superficial Mycoses | 614 | ||
| Black Piedra | 614 | ||
| White Piedra | 614 | ||
| Tinea Nigra | 614 | ||
| References | 614 | ||
| 78 Subcutaneous Mycoses: | 616 | ||
| 5 Protozoal Infections | 655 | ||
| 88 General Principles | 656 | ||
| Parasitism | 656 | ||
| 6 Helminthic Infections | 793 | ||
| 106 General Principles | 794 | ||
| Definitions | 794 | ||
| Classification | 794 | ||
| Annelida | 794 | ||
| Nematoda | 794 | ||
| Adults That Reside in the Gut | 794 | ||
| Adults That Reside in the Blood, Lymphatic, or Subcutaneous Tissues | 794 | ||
| Larval Stages that Cause Human Pathologic Conditions in Various Tissues | 794 | ||
| Infections That Are Usually Limited to the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues | 794 | ||
| Infections Primarily Involving the Muscles | 794 | ||
| Infections Causing a Visceral Larva Migrans Syndrome | 794 | ||
| Platyhelminthes | 794 | ||
| Trematoda | 794 | ||
| Cestoda | 795 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 795 | ||
| Transmission | 795 | ||
| Oral Transmission | 795 | ||
| Transmission by Skin Penetration | 795 | ||
| Transmission by Bite of a Vector | 795 | ||
| Magnitude of the Health Problem | 795 | ||
| Tropics and Subtropics | 795 | ||
| Temperate Climates | 795 | ||
| Migrants and Travelers | 795 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 795 | ||
| A Intestinal Nematode Infections | 797 | ||
| 107 Nematodes Limited to the Intestinal Tract (Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria philippinensis and Trichostrongylus spp.) | 798 | ||
| Enterobiasis | 798 | ||
| Epidemiology | 798 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 798 | ||
| Clinical Features | 798 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis | 798 | ||
| Treatment | 799 | ||
| Trichuriasis | 800 | ||
| Epidemiology | 800 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis and Pathology | 800 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis | 802 | ||
| 7 Poisonous and Toxic Plants and Animals | 923 | ||
| 133 Poisonous Plants and Aquatic Animals | 924 | ||
| 133.1 Poisonous Aquatic Animals | 924 | ||
| Introduction: Seafood Poisoning [1] | 924 | ||
| Prevention of Seafood Poisoning | 924 | ||
| Reference | 924 | ||
| 133.2 Fish Poisoning: Gastrointestinal and Neurotoxic Syndromes | 925 | ||
| Neurotoxic Fish Poisoning | 925 | ||
| Ciguatera Fish Poisoning [1, 2] | 925 | ||
| Tetrodotoxin Poisoning | 925 | ||
| Histamine-Like Syndrome (Scombrotoxic Poisoning) | 926 | ||
| Palytoxin Poisoning [3] | 926 | ||
| Poisoning by Ingesting Carp’s Gallbladder [4] | 926 | ||
| Pfiesteria-Associated Possible Estuary Associated Syndrome (Peas) | 927 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Seafood Poisoning | 927 | ||
| Treatment of Seafood Poisoning [5] | 927 | ||
| References | 927 | ||
| 133.3 Mushroom Poisoning | 927 | ||
| Illness after Mushroom Ingestion | 927 | ||
| Fungal Poisoning—Causes and Circumstances | 927 | ||
| Diagnosis [1, 2] | 928 | ||
| Fungal Toxins | 928 | ||
| Cytotoxic Fungi [3] | 928 | ||
| Amatoxins | 928 | ||
| Species | 928 | ||
| Mechanisms of Toxicity | 928 | ||
| Symptoms | 928 | ||
| Management [4] | 929 | ||
| Orellanine [5, 6] | 929 | ||
| 8 Nutritional Problems and Deficiency Diseases | 987 | ||
| 137 General Principles | 988 | ||
| 138 Protein-energy Malnutrition in Children | 989 | ||
| Introduction | 989 | ||
| Epidemiology and Consequences | 989 | ||
| Causes of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (Pem) | 989 | ||
| Clinical Features | 991 | ||
| Management of Mild or Moderate Malnutrition | 992 | ||
| Phases of Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) | 992 | ||
| Step 1: Treat/Prevent Hypoglycemia | 992 | ||
| Step 2: Treat/Prevent Hypothermia | 994 | ||
| Step 3: Treat/Prevent Dehydration | 994 | ||
| Step 4: Correct Electrolyte Imbalance | 994 | ||
| Step 5: Treat Infection | 994 | ||
| Step 6: Correct Micronutrient Deficiencies | 994 | ||
| Step 7: Start Cautious Feeding | 995 | ||
| Criteria for Increasing Volume/Decreasing Frequency of F-75 Feeds | 995 | ||
| Step 8: Achieve Catch-up Growth | 995 | ||
| Step 9: Provide Sensory Stimulation and Emotional Support | 995 | ||
| Step 10: Prepare for Follow-up After Recovery | 995 | ||
| Treatment of Complications | 995 | ||
| Community-Based Management of SAM | 995 | ||
| Dose of Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic Food (Rutf) | 996 | ||
| Reference | 996 | ||
| Further Reading | 996 | ||
| 139 Vitamin Deficiencies | 997 | ||
| Introduction and Significance | 997 | ||
| Vitamin A | 997 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) | 998 | ||
| Xerophthalmia | 998 | ||
| Diagnosis of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) | 998 | ||
| Prevention of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) | 999 | ||
| Clinically Imporant B Vitamin Deficiencies | 999 | ||
| Beriberi and Thiamine (Vitamin B1) | 999 | ||
| Ariboflavinosis and Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | 999 | ||
| Pellagra and Niacin (Vitamin B3) | 999 | ||
| Folate (Vitamin B9) | 1000 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (the Cobalamins) | 1000 | ||
| Scurvy and Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | 1000 | ||
| Rickets, Osteomalacia and Vitamin D | 1000 | ||
| Diagnosis of Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) | 1001 | ||
| Treatment of Vitmain D Deficiency (VDD) | 1001 | ||
| Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) | 1001 | ||
| References | 1001 | ||
| 140 Mineral Deficiencies | 1003 | ||
| Introduction | 1003 | ||
| Iron | 1003 | ||
| Global Burden of Iron Deficiency | 1003 | ||
| Overview of Iron Biology | 1003 | ||
| Causes of Iron Deficiency | 1005 | ||
| Assessment of Iron Status | 1005 | ||
| Persons Affected and Consequences of Iron Deficiency | 1005 | ||
| Control of Iron Deficiency | 1005 | ||
| Conclusion | 1005 | ||
| Zinc | 1005 | ||
| Global Burden of Zinc Deficiency | 1005 | ||
| Overview of Zinc Biology | 1005 | ||
| Causes of Zinc Deficiency | 1006 | ||
| Assessment of Zinc Status | 1006 | ||
| Persons Affected and Consequences of Zinc Deficiency | 1006 | ||
| Control of Zinc Deficiency | 1006 | ||
| 9 Vector Transmission of Diseases and Zoonoses | 1011 | ||
| 141 Arthropods in Disease Transmission | 1012 | ||
| History | 1012 | ||
| Disease Transmission | 1012 | ||
| Mechanical Transmission | 1012 | ||
| Biologic Transmission | 1012 | ||
| Propagative | 1012 | ||
| Cyclopropagative | 1012 | ||
| Cyclodevelopmental | 1012 | ||
| Transovarial or Vertical | 1012 | ||
| Extrinsic Incubation Period | 1013 | ||
| Factors Influencing Transmission | 1013 | ||
| Systematics | 1013 | ||
| Importance | 1016 | ||
| References | 1016 | ||
| 10 The Sick Returning Traveller | 1017 | ||
| 142 General Principles | 1018 | ||
| References | 1020 | ||
| 143 Fever in the Returned Traveler | 1021 | ||
| Introduction | 1021 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1021 | ||
| Individual Factors | 1021 | ||
| Pathogen Factors | 1021 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1021 | ||
| Undifferentiated Fever | 1022 | ||
| Malaria [7] | 1022 | ||
| Enteric Fever (Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi) | 1022 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 1022 | ||
| Arbovirus | 1022 | ||
| Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama Fever) | 1024 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 1025 | ||
| Amebic Liver Abscess [21] | 1025 | ||
| Brucellosis [22] | 1025 | ||
| Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) [23] | 1025 | ||
| HIV and Other STIs | 1025 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Infections | 1025 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 1025 | ||
| Lower Respiratory Tract Infections | 1025 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Infections | 1026 | ||
| Diarrhea | 1026 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 1026 | ||
| Jaundice | 1026 | ||
| Neurologic Infections | 1026 | ||
| Meningitis | 1026 | ||
| Encephalitis | 1026 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis [5] | 1026 | ||
| Treatment | 1026 | ||
| Malaria | 1027 | ||
| Amebic Liver Abscess | 1027 | ||
| Enteric Fever | 1028 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 1028 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 1028 | ||
| Acute Schistosomiasis | 1028 | ||
| Bacterial Sepsis | 1028 | ||
| References | 1031 | ||
| 144 Malaria in the Returned Traveler | 1032 | ||
| Introduction | 1032 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1032 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1032 | ||
| Uncomplicated Malaria | 1032 | ||
| Severe or Complicated Malaria | 1032 | ||
| Patient Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | 1032 | ||
| Treatment | 1033 | ||
| Uncomplicated Disease | 1033 | ||
| Non-Falciparum | 1033 | ||
| Falciparum | 1034 | ||
| Severe Disease | 1035 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 1035 | ||
| Supportive Therapy | 1035 | ||
| Adjunctive Treatment | 1035 | ||
| Monitoring and Prognosis | 1035 | ||
| References | 1035 | ||
| 145 Screening of the Asymptomatic Long-term Traveler | 1037 | ||
| Introduction | 1037 | ||
| How does a Clinician Evaluate an Asymptomatic Long-Term Traveler on Return? | 1037 | ||
| History | 1037 | ||
| Examination | 1038 | ||
| General Screening Tests | 1038 | ||
| Targeted Disease Evaluation | 1039 | ||
| Eosinophilia | 1039 | ||
| Schistosomiasis | 1039 | ||
| Sexual Health and HIV Screening | 1039 | ||
| Trypanosomiasis | 1040 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 1040 | ||
| Rabies PEP | 1040 | ||
| Malaria | 1040 | ||
| Psychological Health | 1040 | ||
| Conclusions | 1040 | ||
| References | 1040 | ||
| 146 Persistent Diarrhea in the Returned Traveler | 1041 | ||
| Introduction | 1041 | ||
| Etiology | 1041 | ||
| Assessment | 1042 | ||
| Investigations (Table 146-2) | 1042 | ||
| Management | 1043 | ||
| References | 1043 | ||
| 147 Skin Lesions in Returning Travelers | 1044 | ||
| Introduction | 1044 | ||
| Approach to a Traveler with a Skin Lesion | 1044 | ||
| Localized Skin Diseases | 1044 | ||
| Skin and Soft Tissue Infection | 1044 | ||
| Creeping Dermatitis | 1044 | ||
| Cutaneous Ulcer | 1045 | ||
| Fixed Localized Papules and Nodules | 1045 | ||
| Fixed and Localized Pruritic Eruption | 1048 | ||
| Arthropod-Related Dermatitis | 1048 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 1048 | ||
| Dermatophytosis | 1048 | ||
| Other Localized Dermatologic Syndromes | 1048 | ||
| Disseminated Skin Diseases | 1048 | ||
| Febrile Exanthem | 1048 | ||
| Urticaria | 1048 | ||
| Disseminated Pruritus with or Without Rash | 1049 | ||
| References | 1049 | ||
| 148 Eosinophilia in Migrants and Returned Travelers: | 1050 | ||
| Introduction | 1050 | ||
| General Principles | 1050 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 1050 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 1050 | ||
| Direct Microscopy | 1050 | ||
| Serology | 1050 | ||
| Management | 1051 | ||
| Follow-Up Issues | 1051 | ||
| Clinical Syndromes | 1051 | ||
| Asymptomatic Eosinophilia | 1051 | ||
| Fever and/or Respiratory Symptoms | 1051 | ||
| Katayama Syndrome | 1051 | ||
| Loeffler’s Syndrome | 1051 | ||
| Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary Symptoms | 1051 | ||
| Strongyloidiasis | 1051 | ||
| Soil-Transmitted Helminths (Geohelminths) | 1055 | ||
| Schistosomiasis/Bilharzia: Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. haematobium | 1055 | ||
| Hydatid | 1055 | ||
| Liver Flukes | 1055 | ||
| Neurological Symptoms | 1055 | ||
| Dermatologic Presentations | 1055 | ||
| Filariasis: Onchocerciasis, Lymphatic Filariasis and Loa loa | 1055 | ||
| References | 1056 | ||
| 149 Immigrant Medicine | 1057 | ||
| Introduction | 1057 | ||
| Pre-Departure and Post-Arrival Health Assessment | 1057 | ||
| Infectious Diseases of Immigrants | 1058 | ||
| Febrile Illnesses | 1058 | ||
| Pulmonary | 1058 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 1058 | ||
| Neurologic and Ophthalmologic | 1059 | ||
| Cardiac | 1059 | ||
| Genitourinary | 1059 | ||
| Dermatologic | 1059 | ||
| Noninfectious Diseases of Immigrants | 1060 | ||
| Conclusion | 1060 | ||
| References | 1060 | ||
| 150 International Adoption | 1061 | ||
| Introduction | 1061 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 1061 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 1062 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 1062 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 1062 | ||
| Syphilis | 1062 | ||
| HIV | 1062 | ||
| Intestinal Pathogens | 1062 | ||
| Eosinophilia | 1062 | ||
| Immunizations | 1062 | ||
| Conclusions | 1062 | ||
| References | 1064 | ||
| 151 Medical Tourism | 1066 | ||
| Introduction | 1066 | ||
| What Services Are Available via Medical Tourism? | 1066 | ||
| How Many Medical Tourists Are There and Where Do They Come From? | 1066 | ||
| Where Are Medical Tourism Services Provided? | 1067 | ||
| Infection-Related Risks | 1067 | ||
| Quality Control, Safety, and Risk | 1067 | ||
| The Returned Medical Tourist | 1067 | ||
| Conclusion | 1068 | ||
| References | 1068 | ||
| 152 Transplant Patients and Tropical Diseases | 1069 | ||
| Introduction | 1069 | ||
| Transplant Tourism | 1069 | ||
| Degrees of Immunosuppression | 1069 | ||
| Immunosuppression and Tropical Diseases | 1070 | ||
| Disease Distribution in Returning Travelers | 1070 | ||
| Malaria | 1071 | ||
| Malaria in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients | 1071 | ||
| Leishmaniasis in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients | 1071 | ||
| Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients | 1071 | ||
| Strongyloidiasis in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients | 1072 | ||
| Campylobacter Infections in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients | 1072 | ||
| References | 1073 | ||
| 153 Delusional Parasitosis | 1074 | ||
| Introduction | 1074 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1074 | ||
| Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology | 1074 | ||
| Classification of Delusional Parasitosis | 1075 | ||
| Primary Delusional Parasitosis | 1075 | ||
| Secondary Delusional Parasitosis Associated with Underlying Psychiatric Disease | 1075 | ||
| Secondary Delusional Parasitosis Associated with Underlying Medical Conditions | 1075 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1075 | ||
| Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis | 1076 | ||
| Psychiatric Assessment | 1076 | ||
| Treatment | 1076 | ||
| First-Generation Antipsychotic Agents | 1077 | ||
| Second-Generation Antipsychotic (SGA) Agents | 1077 | ||
| Outcome and Prognosis | 1077 | ||
| References | 1077 | ||
| 11 Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic | 1079 | ||
| 154 General Principles | 1080 | ||
| 154.1 Preparation of Samples for Morphologic Diagnosis of Parasites in Stool and Urine Specimens | 1080 | ||
| Physical Characteristics of the Specimen | 1080 | ||
| Techniques of Stool Examination | 1080 | ||
| Direct Wet Film | 1080 | ||
| Modified D’Antoni Iodine Solution | 1081 | ||
| Permanent Staining of Fixed Specimens | 1081 | ||
| Concentration Methods | 1081 | ||
| Examination of Urine and Vaginal Secretions | 1081 | ||
| Special Detection Methods | 1081 | ||
| Agar Plate Culture for Strongyloides Larvae [3] | 1081 | ||
| Cellophane Tape Swab for Enterobius and Taenia Eggs | 1081 | ||
| Duodenal Sampling and Biopsy | 1081 | ||
| Methods for Estimation of Worm Burden | 1081 | ||
| Kato-Katz Thick-Smear Technique | 1081 | ||
| Special Methods for Intestinal Helminths | 1081 | ||
| Platyhelminths | 1081 | ||
| Nematodes | 1081 | ||
| References | 1081 | ||
| 154.2 Examination of Blood, Other Body Fluids, Tissues, and Sputum | 1082 | ||
| Examination of Fresh Blood | 1082 | ||
| The Thin Film | 1082 | ||
| Thick Blood Films | 1082 | ||
| Estimating Numbers of Malaria Parasites in Blood | 1082 | ||
| Blood Concentration Procedures | 1082 | ||
| Quantitative Buffy Coat | 1082 | ||
| Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria | 1082 | ||
| Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid | 1082 | ||
| Tissue Impressions | 1082 | ||
| Biopsy and Aspiration | 1082 | ||
| Examination of Sputum | 1083 | ||
| Rapid Methenamine Silver Stain for Pneumocystis jirovecii | 1083 | ||
| Culture Methods | 1083 | ||
| Other Culture Methods | 1083 | ||
| Animal Inoculation | 1083 | ||
| References | 1083 | ||
| 12 Drugs Used in Tropical Medicine | 1085 | ||
| Mebendazole | 1086 | ||
| Description | 1086 | ||
| Available Products | 1086 | ||
| Indications | 1086 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1086 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1086 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1086 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1086 | ||
| Dose | 1086 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1086 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1086 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1086 | ||
| Contraindications | 1087 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1087 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1087 | ||
| Lactation | 1087 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1087 | ||
| Elderly (Age > 60 Years) | 1087 | ||
| Resistance | 1087 | ||
| Storage | 1087 | ||
| Further Reading | 1087 | ||
| Albendazole | 1088 | ||
| Description | 1088 | ||
| Available Products | 1088 | ||
| Indications | 1088 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1088 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1088 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1088 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1088 | ||
| Dose | 1088 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1089 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1089 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1089 | ||
| Contraindications | 1089 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1089 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1089 | ||
| Lactation | 1089 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1089 | ||
| Elderly (Age >60 Years) | 1089 | ||
| Resistance | 1089 | ||
| Storage | 1089 | ||
| Further Reading | 1089 | ||
| Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs | 1090 | ||
| Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) | 1098 | ||
| Description | 1098 | ||
| Available Products | 1098 | ||
| Indications | 1098 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1098 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1098 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1098 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1098 | ||
| Dose | 1098 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1098 | ||
| How to Give the Drug | 1098 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1098 | ||
| Due to the Drug Itself | 1098 | ||
| Due to the Effect on the Parasite | 1098 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1099 | ||
| Contraindications | 1099 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1099 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1099 | ||
| Lactation | 1099 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1099 | ||
| Elderly (Age > 60) | 1099 | ||
| Resistance | 1099 | ||
| Storage | 1099 | ||
| Availability in the USA | 1099 | ||
| Comments on Use | 1099 | ||
| References | 1099 | ||
| Ivermectin | 1100 | ||
| Description | 1100 | ||
| Available Product | 1100 | ||
| Indications | 1100 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1100 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1100 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1100 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1100 | ||
| Dose | 1100 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1100 | ||
| How to Give the Drug | 1100 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1100 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1100 | ||
| Contraindications | 1101 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1101 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1101 | ||
| Lactation | 1101 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1101 | ||
| Elderly (Age > 60) | 1101 | ||
| Resistance | 1101 | ||
| Storage | 1101 | ||
| Availability in the USA | 1101 | ||
| Comments on Use | 1101 | ||
| References | 1101 | ||
| Pentavalent Antimony | 1102 | ||
| Description | 1102 | ||
| Available Products | 1102 | ||
| Indications | 1102 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1102 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1102 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1102 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1102 | ||
| Dose | 1102 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1102 | ||
| How to Give the Drug | 1102 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1102 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1103 | ||
| Contraindications | 1103 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1103 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1103 | ||
| Lactation | 1103 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1103 | ||
| Elderly (Age >60 Years) | 1103 | ||
| Resistance | 1103 | ||
| Storage | 1103 | ||
| Product Insert | 1103 | ||
| Availability in the USA | 1103 | ||
| Comments on Use | 1103 | ||
| References | 1103 | ||
| Pentamidine | 1104 | ||
| Description | 1104 | ||
| Available Products | 1104 | ||
| Indications | 1104 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1104 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1104 | ||
| DOse Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1104 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1104 | ||
| Dose | 1104 | ||
| Injectable | 1104 | ||
| Inhaled | 1104 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1104 | ||
| How to Give the Drug | 1104 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1104 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1105 | ||
| Contraindications | 1105 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1105 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1105 | ||
| Lactation | 1105 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1105 | ||
| Elderly (Age >60 Years) | 1105 | ||
| Resistance | 1105 | ||
| Storage | 1105 | ||
| Availability in the USA | 1105 | ||
| Comments on Use | 1105 | ||
| Further Reading | 1105 | ||
| Nitazoxanide | 1106 | ||
| Description | 1106 | ||
| Available Products | 1106 | ||
| Indications | 1106 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1106 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1106 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1106 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1106 | ||
| Dose | 1106 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1106 | ||
| How to Give the Drug | 1106 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1106 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1106 | ||
| Contraindications | 1106 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1106 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1106 | ||
| Lactation | 1107 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1107 | ||
| Elderly (Age >60 Years) | 1107 | ||
| Resistance | 1107 | ||
| Storage | 1107 | ||
| Availability in the USA | 1107 | ||
| Comments on Use | 1107 | ||
| Further Reading | 1107 | ||
| Dapsone | 1108 | ||
| Description | 1108 | ||
| Available Products | 1108 | ||
| Indications | 1108 | ||
| Mode of Action | 1108 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 1108 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure | 1108 | ||
| Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure | 1108 | ||
| Dose | 1108 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1108 | ||
| How to Give the Drug | 1108 | ||
| Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events | 1108 | ||
| Key Drug Interactions | 1109 | ||
| Contraindications | 1109 | ||
| Use in Special Populations | 1109 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1109 | ||
| Lactation | 1109 | ||
| Pediatrics | 1109 | ||
| Elderly (Age > 60) | 1109 | ||
| Resistance | 1109 | ||
| Storage | 1109 | ||
| Availability in the USA | 1109 | ||
| Comments on Use | 1109 | ||
| Further Reading | 1109 | ||
| Subject Index | 1111 | ||
| A | 1111 | ||
| B | 1118 | ||
| C | 1121 | ||
| D | 1129 | ||
| E | 1132 | ||
| F | 1136 | ||
| G | 1138 | ||
| H | 1140 | ||
| I | 1146 | ||
| J | 1149 | ||
| K | 1149 | ||
| L | 1150 | ||
| M | 1153 | ||
| N | 1159 | ||
| O | 1161 | ||
| P | 1163 | ||
| Q | 1170 | ||
| R | 1170 | ||
| S | 1173 | ||
| T | 1180 | ||
| U | 1186 | ||
| V | 1186 | ||
| W | 1188 | ||
| X | 1189 | ||
| Y | 1190 | ||
| Z | 1190 |