BOOK
Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book
Mark G. Lebwohl | Warren R. Heymann | John Berth-Jones | Ian Coulson
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Treatment of Skin Disease is your definitive source for managing the complete range of dermatologic conditions you’re likely to encounter in practice. This medical reference book boasts an intuitive and easy to use format that covers the full spectrum of options, equipping you with not only standard treatment strategies, but second- and third-line therapies for instances when other alternatives fail. You’ll be thoroughly prepared to offer your patients the expertly informed medical care they deserve when facing common or complex dermatologic diseases.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader , conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Address your most difficult clinical challenges by having every possible therapy option at your disposal, including third- and fourth-line therapies, as well as standard treatments for dermatologic disorders.
- Apply the in-depth knowledge of leading dermatologists through a summary of each treatment strategy along with detailed discussions of treatment choices.
- Gain insight to the essential features which define each dermatologic disease with chapters presented in a tabular format, using checklists of diagnostic and investigative pearls and color-coded boxed text, for quick at-a-glance summaries of key details.
- Make the most informed decisions possible with the inclusion of up-to-date evidence levels throughout the text.
- Stay abreast of emerging drug treatments and research with the very latest options for the 251 most common dermatologic conditions, and take advantage of today’s expert knowledge on hot topics in dermatology such as bed bugs, erosive pustular dermatosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and more.
- Achieve effective visual diagnoses by viewing over 250 full-color clinical images of skin diseases, most of which are brand new in this edition.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Treatment of Skin Disease | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| List of Contributors | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxv | ||
| Dedication | xxv | ||
| Evidence Levels | xxvi | ||
| A: Double-Blind Study | xxvi | ||
| B: Clinical Trial ≥20 Subjects | xxvi | ||
| C: Clinical Trial <20 Subjects | xxvi | ||
| D: Series ≥5 Subjects | xxvi | ||
| E: Anecdotal Case Reports | xxvi | ||
| 1 Acanthosis nigricans | 1 | ||
| Management strategy | 1 | ||
| Specific investigations | 1 | ||
| Prevalence and significance of acanthosis nigricans in an adult population. | 1 | ||
| Prevalence of obesity, acanthosis nigricans and hyperinsulinemia in an adolescent clinic. | 1 | ||
| Juvenile acanthosis nigricans. | 1 | ||
| Acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance: pathophysiology and management. | 1 | ||
| Genes, growth factors and acanthosis nigricans. | 2 | ||
| Characterization of groups of hyperandrogenic women with acanthosis nigricans, impaired glucose tolerance and/or hyperinsulinemia. | 2 | ||
| Malignant acanthosis nigricans: a review. | 2 | ||
| Acanthosis nigricans: a new manifestation of insulin resistance in patients receiving treatment with protease inhibitors. | 2 | ||
| Acanthosis nigricans-like lesions from nicotinic acid. | 2 | ||
| Somatotrophin-induced acanthosis nigricans. | 2 | ||
| First-line therapy | 2 | ||
| Acanthosis nigricans: a cutaneous marker of tissue resistant to insulin. | 2 | ||
| Clearance of acanthosis nigricans associated with the HAIR-AN syndrome after partial pancreatectomy: an 11-year follow up. | 2 | ||
| Acanthosis nigricans in association with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: resolution after treatment. | 2 | ||
| Second-line therapy | 2 | ||
| Topical therapy with tretinoin and ammonium lactate for acanthosis nigricans associated with obesity. | 2 | ||
| Acanthosis nigricans and hypovitaminosis A. Response to topical vitamin A acid. | 2 | ||
| Successful symptomatic tazarotene treatment of juvenile acanthosis nigricans of the familial obesity-associated type in insulin resistance. | 2 | ||
| Treatment of mixed-type acanthosis nigricans with topical calcipotriol. | 2 | ||
| Therapeutic approach in insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans. | 2 | ||
| Using trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans: a pilot study. | 2 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 3 | ||
| Treatment of acanthosis nigricans with oral isotretinoin. | 3 | ||
| Improvement of acanthosis nigricans on isotretinoin and metformin. | 3 | ||
| Effect of ketoconazole in the hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN) syndrome. | 3 | ||
| Malignant acanthosis nigricans: potential role of chemotherapy. | 3 | ||
| Treatment of acanthosis nigricans with cyproheptadine. | 3 | ||
| Acanthosis nigricans. | 3 | ||
| Remission of acanthosis nigricans associated with polycystic ovarian disease and stromal luteoma. | 3 | ||
| Treatment of acanthosis nigricans of the axillae using a long-pulsed (5-msec) alexandrite laser. | 3 | ||
| Continuous-wave carbon dioxide laser therapy of pseudoacanthosis nigricans. | 3 | ||
| 2 Acne keloidalis nuchae | 4 | ||
| Management strategy | 4 | ||
| Specific investigations | 4 | ||
| First-line therapies | 5 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis barbae. | 5 | ||
| An open label study of clobetasol propionate 0.05% and betamethasone valerate 0.12% foams in the treatment of mild to moderate acne keloidalis. | 5 | ||
| Acne keloidalis is a form of scarring alopecia. | 5 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 5 | ||
| Folliculitis nuchae scleroticans – successful treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin). | 5 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 5 | ||
| The surgical management of extensive cases of acne keloidalis nuchae. | 5 | ||
| Surgical excision of acne keloidalis nuchae with secondary intention healing. | 5 | ||
| 3 Acne vulgaris | 6 | ||
| Management strategy | 6 | ||
| Specific investigations | 7 | ||
| First-line therapy | 7 | ||
| European evidence-based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of acne. | 7 | ||
| Topical retinoids in acne – an evidence-based overview. | 7 | ||
| Clinical evidence for the role of a topical anti-inflammatory agent in comedonal acne: findings from a randomized study of dapsone gel 5% in combination with tazarotene cream 0.1% in patients with acne vulgaris. | 7 | ||
| Effects of benzoyl peroxide 5% clindamycin combination gel versus adapalene 0.1% on quality of life in patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized single-blind study. | 7 | ||
| A randomized, single-blind comparison of topical clindamycin + benzoyl peroxide and adapalene in the treatment of mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris. | 7 | ||
| A randomized, single-blind comparison of topical clindamycin + benzoyl peroxide (Duac) and erythromycin + zinc acetate (Zineryt) in the treatment of mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris. | 8 | ||
| Study of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of 2 fixed-dose combination gels in the management of acne vulgaris. | 8 | ||
| Clindamycin phosphate/tretinoin gel formulation in the treatment of acne vulgaris. | 8 | ||
| What’s new in antibiotics in the management of acne? | 8 | ||
| Isotretinoin: state of the art treatment for acne vulgaris. | 8 | ||
| Hormonal antiandrogens in acne treatment. | 8 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of 3 mg drospirenone/20 mcg ethinylestradiol oral contraceptive administered in 24/4 regimen in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 8 | ||
| Efficacy of a combined oral contraceptive containing 0.030 mg ethinylestradiol/2 mg dienogest for the treatment of papulopustular acne in comparison with placebo and 0.035 mg ethinylestradiol/2 mg cyproterone acetate. | 8 | ||
| Second-line therapy | 8 | ||
| Efficacy of topical azelaic acid gel in the treatment of mild-moderate acne vulgaris. | 9 | ||
| Combination of azelaic acid 5% and clindamycin 2% for the treatment of acne vulgaris. | 9 | ||
| Dapsone gel 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris: safety and efficacy of long-term (1 year) treatment. | 9 | ||
| Dapsone gel 5% in combination with adapalene gel 0.1%, benzoyl peroxide gel 4% or moisturizer for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind study. | 9 | ||
| A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of picolinic acid gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. | 9 | ||
| New and emerging treatments in dermatology: acne. | 9 | ||
| Randomized trial comparing a chemical peel containing a lipophilic hydroxy acid derivative of salicylic acid with a salicylic acid peel in subjects with comedonal acne. | 9 | ||
| Combination of azelaic acid 5% and erythromycin 2% in the treatment of acne vulgaris. | 9 | ||
| Lack of irritative potential of nadifloxacin 1% when combined with other topical anti-acne agents. | 9 | ||
| Zileuton, a new efficient and safe systemic anti-acne drug. | 9 | ||
| Application of the essential oil from copaiba (Copaifera langsdori Desf.) for acne vulgaris: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | 9 | ||
| The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. | 9 | ||
| A 10% glycolic acid containing oil-in-water emulsion improves mild acne: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. | 10 | ||
| Lasers and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne. | 10 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy with intralesional 5-aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light versus intense pulsed light alone in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a comparative study. | 10 | ||
| Long-pulsed dye laser versus long-pulsed dye laser-assisted photodynamic therapy for acne vulgaris: a randomized controlled trial. | 10 | ||
| An assessment of the efficacy of blue light phototherapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris. | 10 | ||
| Clinical efficacy of home-use blue-light therapy for mild-to moderate acne. | 10 | ||
| Comparison of red and infrared low-level laser therapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris. | 10 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of a 1450-nm diode laser as adjunctive treatment for refractory facial acne vulgaris. | 10 | ||
| Cyproterone acetate loading to lipid nanoparticles for topical acne treatment: particle characterisation and skin uptake. | 10 | ||
| The efficacy of topical cyproterone acetate alcohol lotion versus placebo in the treatment of the mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a double blind study. | 10 | ||
| A review of phytotherapy of acne vulgaris: perspective of new pharmacological treatments. | 10 | ||
| Current state of acne treatment: highlighting lasers, photodynamic therapy, and chemical peels. | 10 | ||
| Superficial chemical peels and microdermabrasion for acne vulgaris. | 10 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 10 | ||
| Evidence and considerations in the application of chemical peels in skin disorders and aesthetic resurfacing. | 11 | ||
| Management of acne scarring, Part I: a comparative review of laser surgical approaches. | 11 | ||
| Deep peeling using phenol versus percutaneous collagen induction combined with trichloroacetic acid 20% in atrophic post-acne scars; a randomized controlled trial. | 11 | ||
| Treatment of acne scars by fractional bipolar radiofrequency energy. | 11 | ||
| Acne scars in ethnic skin treated with both non-ablative fractional 1,550 nm and ablative fractional CO2 lasers: comparative retrospective analysis with recommended guidelines. | 11 | ||
| Treatment of facial scarring: lasers, filler, and nonoperative techniques. | 11 | ||
| 4 Acrodermatitis enteropathica | 12 | ||
| Management strategy | 12 | ||
| Specific investigations | 12 | ||
| Homozygosity mapping places the acrodermatitis enteropathica gene on chromosomal regions 8q24.3. | 12 | ||
| Identification of SLC39A4, a gene involved in acrodermatitis enteropathica. | 12 | ||
| Bullous lesions in acrodermatitis enteropathica delaying diagnosis of zinc deficiency: a report of two cases and review of the literature. | 12 | ||
| First-line therapy | 12 | ||
| Zinc deficiency in acrodermatitis enteropathica: multiple dietary intolerance treated with synthetic diet. | 13 | ||
| Acrodermatitis enteropathica and other zinc deficiency disorders. | 13 | ||
| Acrodermatitis enteropathica and an overview of zinc metabolism. | 13 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 13 | ||
| 5 Actinic keratoses | 14 | ||
| Management strategy | 14 | ||
| Specific investigations | 14 | ||
| Actinic keratoses and the incidence of occult squamous cell carcinoma: a clinical–histopathologic correlation. | 14 | ||
| Clinical recognition of actinic keratoses in a high-risk population: how good are we? | 14 | ||
| First-line therapies | 15 | ||
| A randomized controlled trial to assess sunscreen application and beta carotene supplementation in the prevention of solar keratoses. | 15 | ||
| Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. | 15 | ||
| A prospective study of the use of cryosurgery for the treatment of actinic keratoses. | 15 | ||
| Effect of a 1 week treatment with 0.5% topical fluorouracil on occurrence of actinic keratosis after cryosurgery. | 15 | ||
| Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results from two phase III, randomized, double- blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials. | 15 | ||
| Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 3-week cycles. | 15 | ||
| Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 2-week cycles. | 15 | ||
| A randomised study of topical 5% imiquimod vs. topical 5-fluorouracil vs. cryosurgery in immunocompetent patients with actinic keratoses: a comparison of clinical and histological outcomes including 1-year follow-up. | 15 | ||
| Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. | 15 | ||
| Intraindividual, right–left comparison of topical methyl aminolaevulinate–photodynamic therapy and cryotherapy in subjects with actinic keratoses: a multicentre, randomized controlled study. | 15 | ||
| Multicentre intraindividual randomized trial of topical methyl aminolaevulinate–photodynamic therapy vs. cryotherapy for multiple actinic keratoses on the extremities. | 16 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: investigator-blinded, phase 3, multicenter trials. | 16 | ||
| Results of an investigator-initiated single-blind split-face comparison of photodynamic therapy and 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses. | 16 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 16 | ||
| Assessment of adapalene gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses and lentigines: a randomized trial. | 16 | ||
| Three percent diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses: a meta-analysis of the recent studies. | 16 | ||
| Diclofenac sodium 3% gel for the management of actinic keratosis: 10+ years of cumulative evidence of efficacy and safety. | 16 | ||
| Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis. | 16 | ||
| Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, vehicle-controlled study of ingenol mebutate gel 0.025% and 0.05% for actinic keratosis. | 16 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 16 | ||
| Full face laser resurfacing: therapy and prophylaxis for actinic keratoses and non-melanoma skin cancer. | 17 | ||
| Recurrence rates and long-term follow-up after laser resurfacing as a treatment for widespread actinic keratoses on the face and scalp. | 17 | ||
| Nonablative fractional photothermolysis for facial actinic keratoses: 6-month follow-up with histologic evaluation. | 17 | ||
| A clinical comparison and long-term follow-up of topical 5-fluorouracil versus laser resurfacing in the treatment of widespread actinic keratoses. | 17 | ||
| Long-term efficacy and safety of Jessner’s solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid vs 5% fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses. | 17 | ||
| Dermabrasion for prophylaxis and treatment of actinic keratoses. | 17 | ||
| 6 Actinic prurigo | 18 | ||
| Management strategy | 18 | ||
| Specific investigations | 18 | ||
| Actinic prurigo – a specific photodermatosis? | 18 | ||
| Actinic prurigo among the Chimila Indians in Colombia: HLA studies. | 18 | ||
| Actinic prurigo: an update. | 18 | ||
| HLA-DR4 may determine expression of actinic prurigo in British patients. | 18 | ||
| Actinic prurigo and HLA-DR4. | 18 | ||
| Association of HLA subtype DRB10407 in Colombian patients with actinic prurigo. | 18 | ||
| Actinic prurigo: clinical features and HLA associations in a Canadian Inuit population. | 18 | ||
| Actinic prurigo of the lower lip – review of the literature and report of five cases. | 19 | ||
| Follicular cheilitis – a distinctive histopathologic finding in actinic prurigo. | 19 | ||
| Actinic prurigo cheilitis: clinicopathologic analysis and therapeutic results in 116 cases. | 19 | ||
| Augmentation of ultraviolet erythema by indomethacin in actinic prurigo: evidence of mechanism of photosensitivity. | 19 | ||
| First-line therapies | 19 | ||
| Topical photoprotection for hereditary polymorphic light eruption of American Indians. | 19 | ||
| Actinic prurigo deterioration due to degradation of DermaGard window film. | 19 | ||
| Treatment of actinic prurigo with intermittent short-course topical 0.05% clobetasol 17-propionate: a preliminary report. | 19 | ||
| Narrow-band UVB (TL-01) phototherapy: an effective preventative treatment for the photodermatoses. | 19 | ||
| The quality of life of 790 patients with photodermatoses. | 19 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 19 | ||
| Controlled trial of methoxsalen in solar dermatitis of Chippewa Indians. | 19 | ||
| Treatment of actinic prurigo with PUVA: mechanism of action. | 19 | ||
| Thalidomide in the treatment of actinic prurigo. | 19 | ||
| Thalidomide in actinic prurigo. | 19 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 20 | ||
| Hereditary polymorphic light eruption in American Indians: photoprotection and prevention of streptococcal pyoderma and glomerulonephritis. | 20 | ||
| Pentoxifylline in the treatment of actinic prurigo: a preliminary report of 10 patients. | 20 | ||
| Treatment of actinic prurigo in Chimila Indians. | 20 | ||
| The clinical features and management of actinic prurigo: a retrospective study. | 20 | ||
| Actinic prurigo: clinico-pathological correlation. | 20 | ||
| Use of topical cyclosporine for conjunctival manifestations of actinic prurigo. | 20 | ||
| Topical cyclosporine in the treatment of ocular actinic prurigo. | 20 | ||
| 7 Actinomycosis | 21 | ||
| Management strategy | 21 | ||
| Clinical review: Actinomycosis. | 21 | ||
| Susceptibility of pathogenic actinomycetes to antimicrobial compounds. | 21 | ||
| Specific investigations | 21 | ||
| Diagnostic methods for human actinomycosis. | 21 | ||
| Cervicofacial actinomycosis: diagnosis and management. | 21 | ||
| Diagnosis of pelvic actinomycosis by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and its clinical significance. | 21 | ||
| Cervicofacial actinomycosis: CT and MR imaging findings in seven patients. | 21 | ||
| First-line therapies | 21 | ||
| Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Actinomyces species with 12 antimicrobial agents. | 22 | ||
| Actinomycosis. | 22 | ||
| Actinomycosis and nocardiosis. A review of basic differences in therapy. | 22 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 22 | ||
| The use of oral amoxycillin for the treatment of actinomycosis: a clinical and in vitro study. | 22 | ||
| Actinomycosis abscess of the thyroid gland. | 22 | ||
| Successful treatment of thoracic actinomycosis with ceftriaxone. | 22 | ||
| Mandibular actinomycosis treated with oral clindamycin. | 22 | ||
| Clindamycin in the treatment of cervicofacial actinomycosis. | 22 | ||
| Clindamycin in the treatment of serious anaerobic infections. | 22 | ||
| Primary actinomycosis of the hand: a case report and literature review. | 22 | ||
| Actinomycosis of the prostate. | 22 | ||
| Actinomycosis of the temporomandibular joint. | 22 | ||
| Use of imipenem in the treatment of thoracic actinomycosis. | 22 | ||
| Report of eight cases of pulmonary actinomycosis and their treatment with imipenem–cilastatin. | 22 | ||
| Cutaneous disseminated actinomycosis in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. | 22 | ||
| Antibiotic treatment of cervicofacial actinomycosis for patients allergic to penicillin: a clinical and in vitro study. | 22 | ||
| Primary actinomycosis of the quadriceps. | 22 | ||
| Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents. | 22 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 23 | ||
| Treatment of recalcitrant actinomycosis with ciprofloxacin. | 23 | ||
| Treatment of pulmonary actinomycosis with levofloxacin. | 23 | ||
| Treatment of pulmonary actinomycosis with rifampin. | 23 | ||
| Pulmonary actinomycosis. Rapid improvement with isoniazid and rifampin. | 23 | ||
| Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy for actinomycotic lacrimal canaliculitis. | 23 | ||
| Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of actinomycosis. | 23 | ||
| 8 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis | 24 | ||
| Management strategy | 24 | ||
| Specific investigations | 24 | ||
| First-line therapies | 24 | ||
| Risk factors for acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) – results of a multinational case-control study (EuroSCAR). | 24 | ||
| Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Analysis of 63 cases. | 24 | ||
| Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) – a clinical reaction pattern. | 25 | ||
| Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. | 25 | ||
| Pustular eruption after drug exposure: is it pustular psoriasis or a pustular drug eruption? | 25 | ||
| Generalized pustular psoriasis or drug-induced toxic pustuloderma? The use of patch testing. | 25 | ||
| A systemic reaction to patch testing for the evaluation of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. | 25 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 25 | ||
| Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis. | 25 | ||
| 9 Allergic contact dermatitis and photoallergy | 26 | ||
| Management strategy | 26 | ||
| Specific investigations | 27 | ||
| Contact dermatitis: allergic. | 27 | ||
| First-line therapies | 27 | ||
| A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study comparing topical immunomodulating agents and corticosteroids for treatment of experimentally induced nickel contact dermatitis. | 27 | ||
| Efficacy of topical corticosteroids in nickel-induced contact allergy. | 27 | ||
| The effect of two moisturisers on skin barrier damage in allergic contact dermatitis. | 27 | ||
| Tacrolimus 0.1% vs mometasone furoate topical treatment in allergic contact hand eczema: a prospective randomized clinical study. | 27 | ||
| SDZ ASM 981 is the first non-steroid that suppresses established nickel contact dermatitis elicited by allergen challenge. | 27 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. | 27 | ||
| Efficacy and tolerability of alitretinoin for chronic hand eczema under daily practice conditions: results of the TOCCATA open study comprising 680 patients. | 27 | ||
| Treatment with topical tacrolimus favors chronic actinic dermatitis: a clinical and immunopathological study. | 27 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 27 | ||
| Chronic eczematous dermatitis of the hands: a comparison of PUVA and UVB treatment. | 28 | ||
| Azathioprine versus betamethasone for the treatment of Parthenium dermatitis: a randomized controlled study. | 28 | ||
| Oral cyclosporine inhibits the expression of contact hypersensitivity in man. | 28 | ||
| Treatment of parthenium dermatitis with methotrexate. | 28 | ||
| A double-blind study of Grenz ray therapy in chronic eczema of the hands. | 28 | ||
| Disulfiram and low nickel diet in the management of hand eczema: a clinical study. | 28 | ||
| Azathioprine treatment in chronic actinic dermatitis: a double-blind controlled trial with monitoring of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. | 28 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis: an analysis of 51 patients evaluated in the United States and Japan. | 28 | ||
| Actinic reticuloid: response to cyclosporine. | 28 | ||
| Psoralen plus UVA protocol for Compositae photosensitivity. | 28 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis treated with mycophenolate mofetil. | 28 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 28 | ||
| The effect of the topical application of different pentoxifylline concentrations on the patch test results of nickel-sensitive patients. | 28 | ||
| 10 Alopecia areata | 29 | ||
| Management strategy | 29 | ||
| Specific investigations | 30 | ||
| First-Line therapies | 30 | ||
| A comparison of intralesional triamcinolone hexacetonide and triamcinolone acetonide in alopecia areata. | 30 | ||
| Intralesional treatment of alopecia areata with triamcinolone acetonide by jet injector. | 30 | ||
| Diphencyprone in the treatment of alopecia areata. | 30 | ||
| Topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone in the treatment of chronic extensive alopecia areata. | 30 | ||
| Fexofenadine hydrochloride enhances the efficacy of contact immunotherapy for extensive alopecia areata: retrospective analysis of 121 cases. | 30 | ||
| Second-Line therapies | 30 | ||
| Clobetasol propionate 0.05% under occlusion in the treatment of alopecia totalis/universalis. | 30 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of a new clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam in alopecia areata: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 30 | ||
| Treatment of alopecia areata by anthralin-induced dermatitis. | 30 | ||
| Topical tretinoin as an adjunctive therapy with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide for alopecia areata. Clinical experience in northern Saudi Arabia. | 30 | ||
| Comparative assessment of topical steroids, topical tretinoin (0.05%) and dithranol paste in alopecia areata. | 30 | ||
| Topical minoxidil solution (1% and 5%) in the treatment of alopecia areata. | 31 | ||
| Bimatoprost in the treatment of eyelash universalis alopecia areata. | 31 | ||
| Latanoprost in the treatment of eyelash alopecia in alopecia areata universalis. | 31 | ||
| Lack of efficacy of topical latanoprost and bimatoprost ophthalmic solutions in promoting eyelash growth in patients with alopecia areata. | 31 | ||
| Treatment of alopecia areata with three different PUVA modalities. | 31 | ||
| Effects of psoralen-UVA-turban in alopecia areata. | 31 | ||
| Third-Line therapies | 31 | ||
| High-dose pulse corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of severe alopecia areata. | 31 | ||
| Placebo-controlled oral pulse prednisolone therapy in alopecia areata. | 31 | ||
| Oral cyclosporine for the treatment of alopecia areata. | 31 | ||
| Evaluation of oral minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. | 32 | ||
| Treatment of persistent alopecia areata with sulfasalazine. | 32 | ||
| Efficacy and tolerability of methotrexate in severe childhood alopecia areata. | 32 | ||
| Could azathioprine be considered as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of alopecia areata? A pilot study. | 32 | ||
| Inosiplex for treatment of alopecia areata: a randomized placebo-controlled study. | 32 | ||
| A parallel study of inosine pranobex, diphencyprone and both treatments combined in the treatment of alopecia totalis. | 32 | ||
| Treatment of alopecia areata with topical nitrogen mustard. | 32 | ||
| Topical nitrogen mustard in the treatment of alopecia areata: a bilateral comparison study. | 32 | ||
| Dermatography as a new treatment for alopecia areata of the eyebrows. | 32 | ||
| Effect of superficial hypothermic cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen on alopecia areata. | 32 | ||
| Use of the pulsed infrared diode laser (904 nm) in the treatment of alopecia areata. | 32 | ||
| 308-nm excimer laser for the treatment of alopecia areata. | 32 | ||
| Phase I/II randomized bilateral half-head comparison of topical bexarotene 1% gel for alopecia areata. | 33 | ||
| Comparison of azelaic acid and anthralin for the therapy of patchy alopecia areata: a pilot study. | 33 | ||
| Case reports: alopecia universalis: hair growth following initiation of simvastatin and ezetimibe therapy. | 33 | ||
| Hair growth in patients alopecia areata totalis after treatment with simvastatin and ezetimibe. | 33 | ||
| Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. | 33 | ||
| Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. | 33 | ||
| Combination of topical garlic gel and betamethasone valerate cream in the treatment of localised alopecia areata: a double-blinded randomised control study. | 33 | ||
| 11 Amyloidosis | 34 | ||
| Management strategy | 34 | ||
| Specific investigations | 34 | ||
| First-Line therapies | 34 | ||
| Second-Line therapies | 34 | ||
| Comparative study of phototherapy (UVB) vs. photochemotherapy (PUVA) vs. topical steroids in the treatment of primary cutaneous lichen amyloidosis. | 34 | ||
| Successful treatment of lichen amyloidosis with combined bath PUVA photo-chemotherapy and oral acitretin. | 35 | ||
| Widespread biphasic amyloidosis: response to acitretin. | 35 | ||
| Excess tissue friability during CO2 laser vaporization of nodular amyloidosis. | 35 | ||
| A case of lichen amyloidosis treated with pulsed dye laser. | 35 | ||
| 532-nm and 1064-nm Q-switched Nd : YAG laser therapy for reduction of pigmentation in macular amyloidosis patches. | 35 | ||
| The efficacy of dermabrasion in the treatment of nodular amyloidosis. | 35 | ||
| Lichen amyloidosis improved by 0.1% topical tacrolimus. | 35 | ||
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for reduction of pruritus in macular amyloidosis and lichen simplex. | 35 | ||
| Clinical effect of tocoretinate on lichen and macular amyloidosis. | 35 | ||
| 12 Androgenetic alopecia | 36 | ||
| Management strategy | 36 | ||
| Specific investigations for females | 37 | ||
| Hair loss in women. | 37 | ||
| Male and female pattern hair loss. | 37 | ||
| Hair through the female life cycle. | 37 | ||
| Medical therapies | 37 | ||
| Finasteride, 1 mg daily administration on male androgenetic alopecia in different age groups: 10-year follow-up. | 37 | ||
| Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of dutasteride 0.5 mg once daily in male patients with male pattern hair loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study. | 37 | ||
| A randomized, single-blind trial of 5% minoxidil foam once daily versus 2% minoxidil solution twice daily in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women. | 37 | ||
| Comparative efficacy of various treatment regimens for androgenetic alopecia in men. | 37 | ||
| Minoxidil versus finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. | 38 | ||
| Treatment of female pattern hair loss with oral anti-androgens. | 38 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of finasteride therapy for androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review. | 38 | ||
| Surgical therapies | 38 | ||
| Planning and organization. | 38 | ||
| Follicular unit extraction. | 38 | ||
| Naturally occurring female hairline patterns. | 38 | ||
| Complications in hair restoration surgery. | 38 | ||
| The surgical treatment of cicatricial alopecia. | 38 | ||
| 13 Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia | 39 | ||
| Management strategy | 39 | ||
| Specific investigations | 39 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia associated with pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. | 39 | ||
| First-line therapies | 39 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and vascular tumors of the head and neck. | 39 | ||
| Treatment of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia with the carbon dioxide laser. | 39 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia responsive to pulsed dye laser. | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia successfully treated with an ultralong pulsed dye laser. | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: successful treatment with the Nd : YAG laser. | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia treated with vascular laser. | 40 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia successfully treated with imiquimod. A case report. | 40 | ||
| A case of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia successfully treated with tacrolimus ointment. | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: efficacy of isotretinoin? | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia treated with a novel combination technique of radiofrequency ablation and sclerotherapy. | 40 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia responding to interferon-alpha 2B. | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia treated with anti-interleukin-5 antibody (mepolizumab). | 40 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: successful treatment with the antiallergic agent suplatast tosilate. | 41 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: good response to photodynamic therapy. | 41 | ||
| Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the nail bed and bone: successful treatment with radiation therapy. | 41 | ||
| 14 Angular cheilitis | 42 | ||
| Management strategy | 42 | ||
| Specific investigations | 42 | ||
| Angular cheilitis, part 1: local etiologies. | 42 | ||
| Angular cheilitis, part 2: nutritional, systemic, and drug-related causes and treatment. | 42 | ||
| Epidemiology and etiology of denture stomatitis. | 42 | ||
| Angular cheilitis. | 42 | ||
| Nickel-induced angular cheilitis due to orthodontic braces. | 42 | ||
| Down syndrome: lip lesions (angular stomatitis and fissures) and Candida albicans. | 42 | ||
| First-line therapies | 42 | ||
| Oral candidiasis and angular cheilitis. | 42 | ||
| Diseases of the lips. | 43 | ||
| The association between socioeconomic status, oral hygiene practice, denture stomatitis and oral status in elderly people living different residential homes. | 43 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 43 | ||
| 15 Antiphospholipid syndrome | 44 | ||
| Management strategy | 44 | ||
| Specific investigations | 44 | ||
| International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). | 45 | ||
| Controversies and unresolved issues in antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis and management. | 45 | ||
| First-line therapies | 45 | ||
| Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome. | 45 | ||
| Comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. | 45 | ||
| A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. | 45 | ||
| A systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. | 45 | ||
| Treatment of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) in pregnancy: a randomized pilot trial comparing low-molecular-weight heparin to unfractionated heparin. | 45 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 45 | ||
| Evidence-based management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. | 45 | ||
| Effect of rituximab on clinical and laboratory features of antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and review of literature. | 45 | ||
| A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. | 45 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 45 | ||
| Plasma exchange in the management of high risk pregnant patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. A report of 9 cases and a review of the literature. | 46 | ||
| Insertion of inferior vena cava filters in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. | 46 | ||
| Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome | 46 | ||
| Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): proposed guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. | 46 | ||
| Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome presenting with multiorgan failure and gangrenous lesions of the skin. | 46 | ||
| 16 Aphthous stomatitis | 47 | ||
| Management strategy | 47 | ||
| Specific investigations | 48 | ||
| Aphthous ulcers. | 48 | ||
| Oral mucosal disease: recurrent aphthous stomatitis. | 48 | ||
| Haematological deficiencies in patients with recurrent aphthosis. | 48 | ||
| First-line therapies | 48 | ||
| Urban legends: recurrent aphthous stomatitis. | 48 | ||
| A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of topically applied fluocinonide in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulceration. | 48 | ||
| Topical corticosteroids in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Systematic review. | 48 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of dexamethasone ointment on recurrent aphthous ulceration. | 48 | ||
| Treatment of aphthous ulcers in AIDS patients. | 48 | ||
| Amlexanox for the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers. | 48 | ||
| An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of amlexanox oral adhesive tablets in the treatment of recurrent minor aphthous ulceration in a Chinese cohort: a randomized, double- blind, vehicle-controlled, unparallel multicenter clinical trial. | 48 | ||
| Double-blind trial of tetracycline in recurrent aphthous ulceration. | 48 | ||
| Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in the management of minor aphthous ulceration: a double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over trial. | 48 | ||
| Effect of an antimicrobial mouth rinse on recurrent aphthous ulcerations. | 49 | ||
| Mouth rinses containing triclosan reduce the incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU). | 49 | ||
| Sucralfate suspension as a treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. | 49 | ||
| Performance of a hydroxypropyl cellulose film former in normal and ulcerated mucosa. | 49 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 49 | ||
| Systemic treatment in severe cases of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an open trial. | 49 | ||
| Comparison of colchicine versus prednisolone in recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. | 49 | ||
| Successful treatment of complex aphthosis with colchicine and dapsone. | 49 | ||
| Clinical, historic, and therapeutic features of aphthous stomatitis: literature review and open trial employing steroids. | 49 | ||
| Prevention of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with colchicine: an open trial. | 49 | ||
| Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | 49 | ||
| Refractory aphthous ulceration treated with thalidomide: a report of 10 years’ clinical experience. | 49 | ||
| Use of thalidomide for severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a multicenter cohort analysis. | 50 | ||
| The therapeutic and prophylactic role of oral zinc sulfate in management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (ras) in comparison with dapsone. | 50 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 50 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pentoxifylline for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. | 50 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with pentoxifylline. | 50 | ||
| Topical cyclosporine for oral mucosal disorders. | 50 | ||
| Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis: oral treatment with low-dose interferon alpha. | 50 | ||
| Aphthous ulcers responding to etretinate: a case report. | 50 | ||
| Managing aphthous ulcers: laser treatment applied. | 50 | ||
| Evaluation of penicillin G potassium troches in the treatment of minor recurrent aphthous ulceration in a Chinese cohort: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo and no-treatment-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. | 50 | ||
| Recalcitrant, recurrent aphthous stomatitis treated with etanercept. | 50 | ||
| Recalcitrant, recurrent aphthous stomatitis successfully treated with adalimumab. | 50 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with fumaric acid esters. | 51 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with clofazimine. | 51 | ||
| The effect of ascorbate on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis. | 51 | ||
| Effectiveness of vitamin B12 in treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. | 51 | ||
| Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial. | 51 | ||
| Pilot study on recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS): a randomized placebo-controlled trial for the comparative therapeutic effects of systemic prednisone and systemic montelukast in subjects unresponsive to topical therapy. | 51 | ||
| 17 Atopic dermatitis | 52 | ||
| Management strategy | 52 | ||
| Interventional education | 52 | ||
| Skin care | 52 | ||
| Topical therapies | 53 | ||
| Other treatment considerations | 53 | ||
| Systemic therapies | 54 | ||
| Referral, quality of life issues, and educational resources | 55 | ||
| Hospitalization | 55 | ||
| Specific investigations | 55 | ||
| Management of atopic dermatitis in the pediatric population. | 55 | ||
| Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. | 55 | ||
| Seborrheic dermatitis-like and atopic dermatitis-like eruptions in HIV-infected patients. | 55 | ||
| First-line therapies | 55 | ||
| Age related, structured educational programmes for the management of atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: multicentre, randomized controlled trial. | 56 | ||
| Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children. | 56 | ||
| Emollients improve treatment results with topical corticosteroids in childhood atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparative study. | 56 | ||
| Quantitative assessment of combination bathing and moisturizing regimens on skin hydration in atopic dermatitis. | 56 | ||
| Systematic review of treatments of atopic eczema. | 56 | ||
| Topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: clinical and cost effectiveness of once-daily vs. more frequent use. | 56 | ||
| A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. | 56 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of wet-wrap dressings in children with severe atopic dermatitis: influence of corticosteroid dilution. | 56 | ||
| Wet dressing therapy in conjunction with topical corticosteroids is effective for rapid control of severe pediatric atopic dermatitis: experience with 218 patients over 30 years at Mayo Clinic. | 56 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 56 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. | 56 | ||
| Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus (ASM 981) cream 1% in the treatment of mild and moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents. | 56 | ||
| 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment applied once or twice daily is more efficacious than 1% hydrocortisone acetate in children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial. | 56 | ||
| Sustained efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% when used long-term (up to 26 weeks) to treat children with atopic dermatitis. | 57 | ||
| Intermittent therapy for flare prevention and long-term disease control in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparison of 3-times-weekly applications of tacrolimus ointment versus vehicle. | 57 | ||
| Topical calcineurin inhibitors and malignancies in pediatric patients: a literature review. | 57 | ||
| Long-term efficacy and tolerability of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in infants: a two-year open-label study. | 57 | ||
| Effects of cefuroxime axetil on Staphylococcus aureus colonization and superantigen production in atopic dermatitis. | 57 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus: colonizing features and influence of an antibacterial treatment in adults with atopic dermatitis. | 57 | ||
| Children with atopic dermatitis appear less likely to be infected with community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the San Diego experience. | 57 | ||
| An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. | 57 | ||
| A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in preventing the onset of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis: 18 months’ treatment and 18 months’ posttreatment follow-up. | 57 | ||
| Management of sleep disturbance associated with atopic dermatitis. | 57 | ||
| Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity. | 57 | ||
| New treatments for restoring impaired epidermal barrier permeability: skin barrier repair creams. | 57 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 57 | ||
| Double-blind controlled trial of effect of housedust-mite allergen avoidance on atopic dermatitis. | 57 | ||
| Rice nightmare: kwashiorkor in 2 Philadelphia-area infants fed Rice Dream beverage. | 58 | ||
| Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant. | 58 | ||
| Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: a randomized controlled trial. | 58 | ||
| Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. | 58 | ||
| The role of psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the treatment of severe atopic eczema in adolescents. | 58 | ||
| Phototherapy for atopic eczema with narrow-band UVB. | 58 | ||
| Half-side comparison study on the efficacy of 8-methoxy-psoralen bath-PUVA versus narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in patients with severe chronic atopic dermatitis. | 58 | ||
| Long-term efficacy of medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy in atopic dermatitis. | 58 | ||
| Phototherapy in the management of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. | 58 | ||
| Azathioprine in severe adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. | 58 | ||
| A retrospective evaluation of azathioprine in severe childhood atopic eczema, using thiopurine methyltransferase levels to exclude patients at high risk of myelosuppression. | 58 | ||
| Parallel-group randomized controlled trial of azathioprine in moderate to severe atopic eczema, using a thiopurine methyltransferase-based dose regimen. | 58 | ||
| Efficacy and tolerability at 3 and 6 months following use of azathioprine for recalcitrant atopic dermatitis in children and young adults. | 58 | ||
| Systemic treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil. | 58 | ||
| Oral azathioprine for recalcitrant pediatric atopic dermatitis: clinical response and thiopurine monitoring. | 59 | ||
| Cyclosporine in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema – a systematic review and meta-analysis. | 59 | ||
| Double-blind, controlled, crossover study of cyclosporine in adults with severe refractory atopic dermatitis. | 59 | ||
| Cyclosporine greatly improves the quality of life of adults with severe atopic dermatitis. | 59 | ||
| Cyclosporine in atopic dermatitis: time to relapse and effect of intermittent therapy. | 59 | ||
| Long-term efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in severe adult atopic dermatitis. | 59 | ||
| Cyclosporine in atopic dermatitis: review of the literature and outline of a Belgian consensus. | 59 | ||
| An open-label, dose-ranging study of methotrexate for moderate-to-severe adult atopic eczema. | 59 | ||
| A randomized trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine for severe atopic eczema. | 59 | ||
| Treatment of atopic eczema with oral mycophenolate mofetil. | 59 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: experience in 14 patients. | 59 | ||
| Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus cyclosporin A as long-term treatment in adult patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. | 59 | ||
| Recombinant interferon gamma therapy for atopic dermatitis. | 60 | ||
| Long-term effectiveness and safety of recombinant human interferon gamma therapy for atopic dermatitis despite unchanged serum IgE levels. | 60 | ||
| Do some patients with atopic dermatitis require long term oral steroid therapy? | 60 | ||
| 18 Atypical nevi | 61 | ||
| Management strategy | 61 | ||
| Specific investigations | 62 | ||
| Handbook of dermoscopy. | 62 | ||
| Atlas of dermoscopy. | 62 | ||
| Color atlas of melanocytic lesions of the skin. | 62 | ||
| Variables predicting change in benign melanocytic nevi undergoing short-term dermoscopic imaging. | 62 | ||
| Impact of digital dermoscopy analysis on the decision to follow up or to excise a pigmented skin lesion: a multicentre study. | 62 | ||
| Impact of dermoscopy on the management of high-risk patients from melanoma families: a prospective study. | 62 | ||
| In vivo confocal microscopy for detection and grading of dysplastic nevi: a pilot study. | 63 | ||
| Application of mobile teledermatology for skin cancer screening. | 63 | ||
| First-line therapies | 63 | ||
| A decade of melanomas: identification of factors associated with delayed detection in an academic group practice. | 63 | ||
| The number of benign moles excised for each malignant melanoma: the number needed to treat. | 63 | ||
| Revised U.K. guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma. | 63 | ||
| Dysplastic naevi: to shave, or not to shave? A retrospective study of the use of the shave biopsy technique in the initial management of dysplastic naevi. | 63 | ||
| Clinical decision making based on histopathologic grading and margin status of dysplastic nevi. | 64 | ||
| 19 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis | 65 | ||
| Management strategy | 65 | ||
| Specific investigations | 65 | ||
| The role of intradermal skin testing and patch testing in the diagnosis of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis. | 65 | ||
| Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis and its manifestation as anaphylaxis: a case report and literature review. | 65 | ||
| 20 Bacillary angiomatosis | 68 | ||
| Management strategy | 68 | ||
| Specific investigations | 68 | ||
| Laboratory diagnosis of Bartonella infections. | 69 | ||
| Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical characteristics in a case–control study. | 69 | ||
| Bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised patients. | 69 | ||
| Culture of Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae from human samples: a 5-year experience (1993 to 1998). | 69 | ||
| Rapid identification and differentiation of Bartonella species using a single step PCR assay. | 69 | ||
| Use of Bartonella adhesin A (BadA) immunoblotting in the serodiagnosis of Bartonella henselae infections. | 69 | ||
| First-line therapies | 69 | ||
| Molecular epidemiology of Bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis. | 69 | ||
| MICs of 28 antibiotic compounds for 14 Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) isolates. | 69 | ||
| AIDS commentary: bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | 69 | ||
| Bacillary angiomatosis in an immunocompetent child: a case report and review of the literature. | 69 | ||
| Molecular diagnosis of deep nodular bacillary angiomatosis and monitoring of therapeutic success. | 69 | ||
| Recommendations for the treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. | 69 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 69 | ||
| Clarithromycin therapy for bacillary peliosis did not prevent bacillary angiomatosis. | 69 | ||
| Bacillary angiomatosis: presentation of six patients, some with unusual features. | 70 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 70 | ||
| Bacillary angiomatosis in a pregnant patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 70 | ||
| Lack of bactericidal effect of antibiotics except aminoglycosides on Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae. | 70 | ||
| Cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis in renal transplant recipients: report of three new cases and literature review. | 70 | ||
| 21 Balanitis | 71 | ||
| Management strategy | 71 | ||
| Specific investigations | 71 | ||
| Mild balanoposthitis. | 71 | ||
| Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review. | 71 | ||
| European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. | 71 | ||
| Noninfectious penile lesions. | 71 | ||
| First-Line therapies | 72 | ||
| Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis: association with atopy and genital washing. | 72 | ||
| Second-Line therapies | 72 | ||
| Candida balanitis: risk factors. | 72 | ||
| Lichen sclerosus: review of the literature and current recommendations for management. | 72 | ||
| British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010. | 72 | ||
| Penile lichen sclerosus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: a retrospective clinical and histopathological study. | 72 | ||
| The response of balanitis xerotica obliterans to local steroid application compared with placebo in children. | 72 | ||
| Conservative treatment of phymosis with fluticasone proprionate 0.05%: a clinical study in 1185 boys. | 72 | ||
| Plasma cell balanitis of Zoon: response to Trimovate cream. | 72 | ||
| Lichen sclerosus of the male genitalia and urethra: surgical options and results in a multicenter international experience with 215 patients. | 72 | ||
| Plasma cell balanitis: clinical and histopathological features – response to circumcision. | 72 | ||
| Plasma cell balanitis: clinicopathologic study of 112 cases and treatment modalities. | 72 | ||
| Third-Line therapies | 72 | ||
| Multicentre, phase II trial on the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of lichen sclerosus. | 72 | ||
| Safety and tolerability of adjuvant topical tacrolimus treatment in boys with lichen sclerosus: a prospective phase 2 study. | 73 | ||
| Plasma cell balanitis of Zoon treated with topical tacrolimus 0.1%: report of 3 cases. | 73 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus: an effective therapy for Zoon balanitis. | 73 | ||
| Pimecrolimus 1% cream in non-specific inflammatory recurrent balanitis. | 73 | ||
| Two cases of Zoon’s balanitis treated with pimecrolimus 1% cream. | 73 | ||
| Zoon’s balanitis treated with imiquimod 5% cream. | 73 | ||
| Ablative erbium : YAG laser treatment of idiopathic chronic inflammatory non-cicatricial balanoposthitis (Zoon’s disease). A series of 20 patients with long-term outcome. | 73 | ||
| Genital lichen sclerosus treated by carbon dioxide laser. | 73 | ||
| Zoon’s balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, five treated with a carbon dioxide laser. | 73 | ||
| 22 Basal cell carcinoma | 74 | ||
| Management strategy | 74 | ||
| Specific investigations | 74 | ||
| Subsequent primary cancers after basal-cell carcinoma: a nationwide study in Finland from 1953 to 1995. | 75 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma and risk of subsequent malignancies: a cancer registry-based study in southwest England. | 75 | ||
| Are patients with skin cancer at lower risk of developing colorectal or breast cancer? | 75 | ||
| First-Line therapies | 75 | ||
| Recurrence rates of treated basal cell carcinomas. Part 2: curettage–electrodesiccation. | 75 | ||
| Long term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. | 75 | ||
| Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinoma. | 75 | ||
| Cryosurgery of basal cell carcinoma: a study of 358 patients. | 75 | ||
| A systematic review of treatment modalities for primary basal cell carcinomas. | 75 | ||
| Surgical margins for basal cell carcinoma. | 75 | ||
| Morpheaform basal-cell epitheliomas: a study of subclinical extensions in a series of 51 cases. | 75 | ||
| Efficacy of curettage before excision in clearing surgical margins of nonmelanoma skin cancer. | 75 | ||
| Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. | 76 | ||
| Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinoma. | 76 | ||
| Surgical excision vs Mohs’ micrographic surgery for basal-cell carcinoma of the face: randomized controlled trial. | 76 | ||
| Second-Line therapies | 76 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma of the face: surgery or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study. | 76 | ||
| Therapeutic ionizing radiation and the incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. | 76 | ||
| Third-Line therapies | 76 | ||
| Intralesional interferon therapy for basal cell carcinoma. | 76 | ||
| Intralesional recombinant interferon beta-1a in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: results of an open-label multicentre study. | 76 | ||
| Treatment and prevention of basal cell carcinoma with oral isotretinoin. | 76 | ||
| Topical tretinoin treatment in basal cell carcinoma. | 76 | ||
| Topical treatment of basal cell carcinoma with tazarotene: a clinicopathological study on a large series of cases. | 77 | ||
| Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies. | 77 | ||
| Open study of the efficacy and mechanism of action of topical imiquimod in basal cell carcinoma. | 77 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. | 77 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers with verteporfin and red light-emitting diodes: two year results evaluating tumor response and cosmetic outcomes. | 77 | ||
| Five year follow-up of a randomized prospective trial of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy vs. surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. | 77 | ||
| Treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the skin with 5-fluorouracil ointment. A 10 year follow-up study. | 77 | ||
| Fluorouracil paste treatment of thin basal cell carcinomas. | 77 | ||
| 5% 5-fluorouracil cream for the treatment of small superficial basal cell carcinoma: efficacy, tolerability, cosmetic outcome, and patient satisfaction. | 77 | ||
| Can the carbon dioxide laser completely ablate basal cell carcinomas? A histological study. | 77 | ||
| Effect of perilesional injections of PEG–interleukin-2 from one dose a week to four doses a week. | 78 | ||
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of skin cancer: a population-based case-control study. | 78 | ||
| PEP005 (ingenol mebutate) gel for the topical treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase IIa trial. | 78 | ||
| Inhibition of the hedgehog pathway in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. | 78 | ||
| Targeting superficial or nodular basal cell carcinoma with topically formulated small molecule inhibitor of smoothened. | 78 | ||
| 23 Becker’s nevus | 79 | ||
| Management strategy | 79 | ||
| Becker’s nevus syndrome revisited. | 79 | ||
| Becker nevus syndrome. | 79 | ||
| Becker’s nevus and malignant melanoma. | 79 | ||
| A case of Becker’s nevus with osteoma cutis. | 79 | ||
| Specific investigations | 79 | ||
| Familial Becker’s nevus. | 79 | ||
| Dermoscopic features of congenital melanocytic nevus and Becker nevus in an adult male population: an analysis with a 10-fold magnification. | 80 | ||
| First-line therapies | 80 | ||
| 24 Bed bugs | 82 | ||
| Management strategy | 82 | ||
| Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest’s sudden resurgence? | 83 | ||
| Acute illnesses associated with insecticides used to control bed bugs – seven states, 2003–2010. | 83 | ||
| Identification of the airborne aggregation pheromone of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. | 83 | ||
| Wolbachia as a bacteriocyte-associated nutritional mutualist. | 83 | ||
| Bedbugs as vectors for drug-resistant bacteria [letter]. | 83 | ||
| Bedbugs. | 83 | ||
| Specific investigations | 83 | ||
| Visual inspection | 83 | ||
| Canine inspection | 84 | ||
| Bed bug traps | 84 | ||
| Other monitoring devices | 84 | ||
| Skin biopsy | 84 | ||
| Ability of bed bug-detecting canines to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs. | 84 | ||
| Effectiveness of bed bug monitors for detecting and trapping bed bugs in apartments. | 84 | ||
| First-line therapies | 84 | ||
| Bullous reactions to bedbug bites reflect cutaneous vasculitis. | 84 | ||
| 25 Behçet disease | 85 | ||
| Management strategy | 85 | ||
| Specific investigations | 85 | ||
| Behçet’s syndrome: immunopathological and histopathological assessment of pathergy lesions is useful in diagnosis and follow-up. | 85 | ||
| Behçet’s disease and complex aphthosis. | 85 | ||
| Evaluation of current therapeutic strategies in Behçet’s disease. | 85 | ||
| First-line therapies | 85 | ||
| Management of Behçet’s disease: a systematic literature review for the European League Against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations for the management of Behçet’s disease. | 85 | ||
| A double-blind trial of colchicine in Behçet’s syndrome. | 86 | ||
| Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: treatment with colchicine. An open trial of 54 cases. | 86 | ||
| Oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of Behçet’s disease: a double blind cross-over study. | 86 | ||
| Pimecrolimus versus placebo in genital aphthous ulcers of Behçet’s disease: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. | 86 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 86 | ||
| Dapsone in Behçet’s disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. | 86 | ||
| Thalidomide in the treatment of the mucocutaneous lesions of Behçet syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 86 | ||
| Low-dose weekly methotrexate for unusual neutrophilic vascular reactions: cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and Behçet’s disease. | 86 | ||
| Practical treatment recommendations for pharmacotherapy of Behçet’s syndrome. | 86 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 86 | ||
| Successful treatment of Behçet’s disease with lenalidomide. | 86 | ||
| Differential efficacy of human recombinant interferon-alpha2a on ocular and extraocular manifestations of Behçet disease: results of an open 4-center trial. | 86 | ||
| Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of Behçet disease: a randomized placebo-controlled and double-blind study. | 87 | ||
| Interferon-alpha treatment of Behçet’s disease. | 87 | ||
| Systemic isotretinoin in the treatment of a Behçet’s patient with arthritic symptoms and acne lesions. | 87 | ||
| Double-masked trial of cyclosporine versus colchicine and long-term open study of cyclosporine in Behçet’s disease. | 87 | ||
| Cyclosporine in Behçet’s disease: results in 16 patients after 24 months of therapy. | 87 | ||
| Efficacy of cyclosporine on mucocutaneous manifestations of Behçet’s disease. | 87 | ||
| A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behçet’s syndrome. | 87 | ||
| High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell rescue for the treatment of refractory Behçet’s disease. | 87 | ||
| Long-lasting remission of Behçet’s disease after chlorambucil therapy. | 87 | ||
| Streptococcal infection in the pathogenesis of Behçet’s disease and clinical effects of minocycline on the disease symptoms. | 87 | ||
| Oral prostaglandin E1 as a therapeutic modality for leg ulcers in Behçet’s disease. | 87 | ||
| Efficacy of rebamipide as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers in patients with Behçet’s disease. | 87 | ||
| Short-term trial of etanercept in Behçet’s disease: a double blind, placebo controlled study. | 87 | ||
| Infliximab for the treatment of resistant oral ulcers in Behçet’s disease: a case report and review of the literature. | 87 | ||
| Infliximab treatment for ocular and extraocular manifestations of Behçet’s disease. | 87 | ||
| Anti-TNF agents for Behçet’s disease: analysis of published data on 369 patients. | 88 | ||
| Remission induction in Behçet’s disease following lymphocyte depletion by the anti-CD52 antibody CAMPATH 1-H. | 88 | ||
| Treatment of Behçet’s disease with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis. | 88 | ||
| Clinical and immunological effects of azithromycin in Behçet’s disease. | 88 | ||
| Effect of prophylactic benzathine penicillin on mucocutaneous symptoms of Behçet’s disease. | 88 | ||
| Behçet’s disease: remission of patient symptoms after oral contraceptive therapy. | 88 | ||
| Nicotine-patch therapy of mucocutaneous lesions of Behçet’s disease: a case series. | 88 | ||
| Mycophenolate sodium in the treatment of mucocutaneous Behçet’s disease. | 88 | ||
| 26 Bioterrorism | 89 | ||
| Smallpox | 89 | ||
| Management strategy | 89 | ||
| Specific investigations | 89 | ||
| Laboratory diagnosis to differentiate smallpox, vaccinia, and other vesicular/pustular illnesses. | 89 | ||
| Cutaneous manifestations of category A bioweapons. | 90 | ||
| Development and experience with an algorithm to evaluate suspected smallpox cases in the United States, 2002–2004. | 90 | ||
| First-line therapies | 90 | ||
| Countermeasures and vaccination against terrorism using smallpox: pre-event and post-event smallpox vaccination and its contraindications. | 90 | ||
| Inactivation of poxviruses by upper-room UVC light in a simulated hospital room environment. | 90 | ||
| Vaccinia virus infection after sexual contact with a military smallpox vaccinee. | 90 | ||
| Progressive vaccinia in a military smallpox vaccinee: United States, 2009. | 90 | ||
| Household transmission of vaccinia virus from contact with a military smallpox vaccinee: Illinois and Indiana, 2007. | 90 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, dose-finding phase II study to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of the third generation smallpox vaccine candidate IMVAMUNE. | 90 | ||
| Electrocardiography screening for cardiotoxicity after modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccination. | 90 | ||
| Adverse events following smallpox vaccination with ACAM2000 in a military population. | 90 | ||
| Clinical efficacy of intramuscular Vaccinia immune globulin: a literature review. | 90 | ||
| Ocular complications in the Department of Defense Smallpox Vaccination Program. | 91 | ||
| Pregnancy discovered after smallpox vaccination: is vaccinia immune globulin appropriate? | 91 | ||
| Myopericarditis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive US military personnel. | 91 | ||
| Mucosal immunization induces a higher level of lasting neutralizing antibody response in mice by a replication-competent smallpox vaccine: vaccinia Tiantan strain. | 91 | ||
| Traditional smallpox vaccination with reduced risk of inadvertent contact spread by administration of povidone iodine ointment. | 91 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 91 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 91 | ||
| Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccinee. | 91 | ||
| Cidofovir in the treatment of poxvirus infections. | 91 | ||
| Cutaneous infections of mice with vaccinia or cowpox viruses and efficacy of cidofovir. | 91 | ||
| Anthrax | 91 | ||
| Management strategy | 92 | ||
| Specific investigations | 92 | ||
| Cutaneous manifestations of category A bioweapons. | 92 | ||
| Anthrax infection. | 92 | ||
| An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users. | 92 | ||
| Detection technologies for Bacillus anthracis: prospects and challenges. | 92 | ||
| First-line therapies | 92 | ||
| Conference report on public health and clinical guidelines for anthrax. | 92 | ||
| Anthrax prevention and treatment: utility of therapy combining antibiotic plus vaccine. | 92 | ||
| Raxibacumab [treatment of inhalation anthrax]. | 92 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 92 | ||
| Amoxicillin for postexposure inhalational anthrax in pediatrics: rationale for dosing recommendations. | 92 | ||
| Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational anthrax. | 92 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 93 | ||
| Novel approaches to the treatment of systemic anthrax. | 93 | ||
| A dual-purpose protein ligand for effective therapy and sensitive diagnosis of anthrax. | 93 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 93 | ||
| Use of anthrax vaccine in the U.S.: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). | 93 | ||
| A short course of antibiotic treatment is effective in preventing death from experimental inhalational anthrax after discontinuing antibiotics. | 93 | ||
| Tularemia | 93 | ||
| Management strategy | 93 | ||
| Specific investigations | 93 | ||
| Clinical and laboratory findings of tularemia: a retrospective analysis. | 94 | ||
| WHO guidelines on tularaemia. | 94 | ||
| 27 Bites and stings | 96 | ||
| Management strategy | 96 | ||
| Bite reactions | 96 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 96 | ||
| Vector-borne disease | 96 | ||
| Specific investigations | 96 | ||
| Allergy blood testing: a practical guide for clinicians. | 96 | ||
| Causes of ant sting anaphylaxis in Australia: the Australian Ant Venom Allergy Study. | 96 | ||
| Detection of West Nile virus genome and specific antibodies in Iranian encephalitis patients. | 96 | ||
| Molecular characterization of Swiss Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) and evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the identification of Culicoides biting midges. | 96 | ||
| Usefulness of post mortem determination of serum tryptase, histamine and diamine oxidase in the diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis. | 96 | ||
| First-line therapy | 97 | ||
| Tick bite protection with permethrin-treated summer-weight clothing. | 97 | ||
| Pilot study assessing the effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing for the prevention of tick bites. | 97 | ||
| Synergistic insecticidal and repellent effects of combined pyrethroid- and repellent-impregnated bed nets using a novel long-lasting polymer-coating multi-layer technique. | 97 | ||
| Collapse of Anopheles darlingi populations in Suriname after introduction of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs): malaria down to near elimination level. | 97 | ||
| Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. | 97 | ||
| Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study. | 97 | ||
| Scorpion envenomations in young children in central Arizona. | 97 | ||
| Utility of scorpion antivenin vs prazosin in the management of severe Mesobuthus tamulus (Indian red scorpion) envenoming at rural setting. | 98 | ||
| Safety of Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy: a systematic review. | 98 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 98 | ||
| The use of concentrated heat after insect bites/stings as an alternative to reduce swelling, pain, and pruritus: an open cohort-study at German beaches and bathing-lakes. | 98 | ||
| Field evaluation of commercial repellents against the floodwater mosquito Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in St. Johns County, Florida. | 98 | ||
| Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality. | 98 | ||
| The biological activity of a novel pyrethroid: metofluthrin. | 98 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 98 | ||
| Potential of the bush mint, Hyptis suaveolens essential oil for personal protection against mosquito biting. | 98 | ||
| Repellent plants provide affordable natural screening to prevent mosquito house entry in tropical rural settings: results from a pilot efficacy study. | 99 | ||
| An ethnobotanical survey of mosquito repellent plants in uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. | 99 | ||
| Efficacy of Advanced Odomos repellent cream (N, N-diethyl-benzamide) against mosquito vectors. | 99 | ||
| Repellent activity of plant essential oils against bites of Lutzomyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae). | 99 | ||
| Captopril in the treatment of cardiovascular manifestations of indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus concanesis Pocock) envenomation. | 99 | ||
| 28 Blastomycosis | 100 | ||
| Management strategy | 100 | ||
| Specific investigations | 100 | ||
| Cutaneous inoculation blastomycosis. | 100 | ||
| First-line therapies | 100 | ||
| Blastomycosis. | 100 | ||
| Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. | 101 | ||
| Endemic blastomycosis in Mississippi: epidemiological and clinical studies. | 101 | ||
| Blastomycosis of the central nervous system: a multicenter review of diagnosis and treatment in the modern era. | 101 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 101 | ||
| Treatment of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis with ketoconazole. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. | 101 | ||
| Treatment of blastomycosis with fluconazole: a pilot study. | 101 | ||
| Treatment of blastomycosis with higher doses of fluconazole. | 101 | ||
| The role of voriconazole in the treatment of central nervous system blastomycosis. | 101 | ||
| Voriconazole use for endemic fungal infections. | 101 | ||
| Treatment of chronic pulmonary blastomycosis with caspofungin. | 101 | ||
| Guidelines | 101 | ||
| Clinical practice guidelines for the management of blastomycosis: 2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | 101 | ||
| 29 Blistering distal dactylitis | 103 | ||
| Management strategy | 103 | ||
| Specific investigations | 103 | ||
| A clinically recognizable streptococcal infection. | 103 | ||
| Staphylococcal blistering dactylitis: a case series in children under nine months of age. | 103 | ||
| First-line therapies | 103 | ||
| Is blistering distal dactylitis a variant of bullous impetigo? | 103 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 103 | ||
| Blistering distal dactylitis: a manifestation of group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection. | 103 | ||
| MRSA blistering distal dactylitis and review of reported cases. | 103 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 103 | ||
| A review and report of blistering distal dactylitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in two HIV-positive men. | 103 | ||
| Coexistent infections on a child’s distal phalanx: blistering dactylitis and herpetic whitlow. | 103 | ||
| 30 Body dysmorphic disease (dermatologic nondisease) | 104 | ||
| Management strategy | 104 | ||
| Specific investigations | 104 | ||
| Depression, anxiety, anger, and somatic symptoms in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. | 104 | ||
| Development of a cosmetic procedure screening questionnaire (COPS) for body dysmorphic disorder. | 104 | ||
| A screening questionnaire for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic dermatologic surgery practice. | 105 | ||
| First-line therapies | 105 | ||
| The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. | 105 | ||
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. | 105 | ||
| The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5th edition. | 105 | ||
| Body dysmorphic disorder: A treatment manual. | 105 | ||
| A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. | 105 | ||
| BDD: a CBT model and pilot RCT. | 105 | ||
| Cognitive behavioural body image therapy for BDD. | 105 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 105 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatment of body dysmorphic disorder: A review of the evidence and a recommended treatment approach. | 105 | ||
| The dysmorphic syndrome. | 105 | ||
| 31 Bowen’s disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat | 106 | ||
| Management strategy | 106 | ||
| Specific investigations | 106 | ||
| Dermoscopy of Bowen’s disease. | 106 | ||
| The prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in nonmelanoma skin cancers of nonimmunosuppressed individuals identifies high-risk genital types as possible risk factors. | 106 | ||
| First-line therapies | 106 | ||
| Cutaneous squamous carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease): treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery. | 106 | ||
| Bowen’s disease involving the urethra. | 106 | ||
| Extensive Bowen’s disease of the penile shaft treated with fresh tissue Mohs micrographic surgery in two separate operations. | 106 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 106 | ||
| Comparison of cryotherapy with curettage in the treatment of Bowen’s disease: a prospective study. | 106 | ||
| Curettage-cryosurgery for non-melanoma skin cancer of the external ear: excellent 5-year results. | 106 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 107 | ||
| Topical treatment of Bowen’s disease with 5-fluorouracil. | 107 | ||
| Comparison of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy or fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. | 107 | ||
| Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. | 107 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate for atypical carcinoma in situ of the penis. | 107 | ||
| Imiquimod 5% cream monotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 107 | ||
| Treatment of Bowen’s disease with topical 5% imiquimod cream: retrospective study. | 107 | ||
| Cryoimmunotherapy: superficial basal cell cancer and squamous cell carcinoma in situ treated with liquid nitrogen followed by imiquimod. | 107 | ||
| Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated with imiquimod 5% cream. | 107 | ||
| Radiation therapy for Bowen’s disease of the skin. | 107 | ||
| Concomitant use of a high-energy pulsed CO2 laser and a long-pulsed (810 nm) diode laser for squamous cell carcinoma in situ. | 107 | ||
| Treatment of multiple lesions of Bowen’s disease with iso-tretinoin and interferon alpha. | 107 | ||
| 32 Bullous pemphigoid | 108 | ||
| Management strategy | 108 | ||
| Specific investigations | 108 | ||
| Drug-induced pemphigoid: bullous and cicatricial. | 108 | ||
| Prediction of survival for patients with bullous pemphigoid: a prospective study. | 109 | ||
| Increased frequency of diabetes mellitus in patients with bullous pemphigoid: a case–control study. | 109 | ||
| Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with autoimmune blistering disease. | 109 | ||
| First-line therapies | 109 | ||
| A comparison of oral and topical corticosteroids in patients with bullous pemphigoid. | 109 | ||
| A comparison of two regimens of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with bullous pemphigoid: a multicenter randomized study. | 109 | ||
| Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with prednisolone only: 0.75 mg/kg/day versus 1.25 mg/kg/day. A multicenter randomized study. | 109 | ||
| Nicotinamide and tetracycline therapy of bullous pemphigoid. | 109 | ||
| Minocycline as a therapeutic option in bullous pemphigoid. | 109 | ||
| Generalized bullous pemphigoid controlled by tetracycline therapy alone. | 109 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 109 | ||
| Azathioprine in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. | 109 | ||
| Azathioprine plus prednisone in treatment of pemphigoid. | 109 | ||
| A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. | 109 | ||
| Dapsone as first line therapy for bullous pemphigoid. | 110 | ||
| Combined treatment with low-dose methotrexate and initial short-term superpotent topical steroids in bullous pemphigoid: an open, multicentre, retrospective study. | 110 | ||
| Low-dose methotrexate treatment in elderly patients with bullous pemphigoid. | 110 | ||
| Low-dose oral pulse methotrexate as monotherapy in elderly patients with bullous pemphigoid. | 110 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 110 | ||
| Consensus statement on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases. | 110 | ||
| Chlorambucil as a steroid-sparing agent in bullous pemphigoid. | 110 | ||
| High-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. | 110 | ||
| Severe bullous pemphigoid responsive to pulsed intravenous dexamethasone and oral cyclophosphamide. | 110 | ||
| Successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide. | 110 | ||
| Effects of cyclosporine on bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus. | 110 | ||
| Treatment of coexisting bullous pemphigoid and psoriasis with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept. | 110 | ||
| Rituximab for treatment-refractory pemphigus and pemphigoid: a case series of 17 patients. | 110 | ||
| Bullous and mucous membrane pemphigoid show a mixed response to rituximab: experience in seven patients. | 111 | ||
| Daclizumab: a novel therapeutic option in severe bullous pemphigoid. | 111 | ||
| Pathogenecity of IgE in autoimmunity: successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. | 111 | ||
| Successful management of severe infant bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. | 111 | ||
| 33 Burning mouth syndrome (glossodynia) | 112 | ||
| Management strategies | 112 | ||
| Local factors | 112 | ||
| Systemic factors | 112 | ||
| Psychological factors | 112 | ||
| Specific investigations | 112 | ||
| Pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome. | 113 | ||
| Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with burning mouth syndrome. | 113 | ||
| Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome. | 113 | ||
| Clinical assessment and outcome in 70 patients with complaints of burning or sore mouth symptoms. | 113 | ||
| Burning mouth syndrome: an update. | 113 | ||
| Burning mouth syndrome. | 113 | ||
| First-line therapies | 113 | ||
| Patients complaining of a burning mouth. Further experience in clinical assessment and management. | 113 | ||
| Glossodynia from Candida-associated lesions, burning mouth syndrome, or mixed causes. | 113 | ||
| Drug-induced burning mouth syndrome: a new etiological diagnosis. | 113 | ||
| Proton pump inhibitors. | 113 | ||
| Topirimate-induced burning mouth syndrome. | 113 | ||
| Zinc deficiency may be a cause of burning mouth syndrome as zinc replacement therapy has therapeutic effects. | 113 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 113 | ||
| Application of a capsaicin rinse in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| Capsaicin in burning mouth syndrome: titration strategies. | 114 | ||
| Topical clonazepam in stomatodynia: a randomised placebo-controlled study. | 114 | ||
| A double-blind study on clonazepam in patients with burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| Outcome predictors affecting the efficacy of clonazepam therapy for the management of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). | 114 | ||
| Management of burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| Oral medicine in practice: burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| An open-label, noncomparative, dose escalation pilot study of the effect of paroxetine in treatment of burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| Milnacipran dose–effect study in patients with burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| Marked response of burning mouth syndrome to pregabalin treatment. | 114 | ||
| Gabapentin has little or no effect in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: results of an open-label pilot study. | 114 | ||
| Burning mouth syndrome responsive to duloxetine: a case report. | 114 | ||
| Two cases of burning mouth syndrome treated with olanzapine. | 114 | ||
| Lack of efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. | 114 | ||
| Alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. | 114 | ||
| Cognitive therapy in the treatment of patients with resistant burning mouth syndrome: a controlled study. | 114 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 114 | ||
| The burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| Type 3 burning mouth syndrome: psychological and allergic aspects. | 114 | ||
| Group psychotherapy: an additional approach to burning mouth syndrome. | 114 | ||
| Treatment of burning mouth syndrome with a low-level energy diode laser. | 115 | ||
| 34 Calcinosis cutis | 116 | ||
| Management strategy | 116 | ||
| Specific investigations | 116 | ||
| First-line therapies | 116 | ||
| Self-healing dystrophic calcinosis following trauma with transepidermal elimination. | 116 | ||
| Large subcutaneous calcification in systemic lupus erythematosus: treatment with oral aluminium hydroxide administration followed by surgical excision. | 116 | ||
| Calcinosis cutis in juvenile dermatomyositis responsive to aluminum hydroxide treatment. | 117 | ||
| Cutaneous calcinosis of scleroderma. Successful treatment with intralesional adrenal steroids. | 117 | ||
| Calcinosis cutis occurring in association with autoimmune connective tissue disease: the Mayo Clinic experience with 78 patients, 1996–2009. | 117 | ||
| Calcinosis cutis: part II. Treatment options. | 117 | ||
| A case of juvenile dermatomyositis with severe calcinosis and successful treatment with prednisone and diltiazem. | 117 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 117 | ||
| Effectiveness of the treatment with intravenous pamidronate in calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis. | 117 | ||
| New insight into calcinosis of juvenile dermatomyositis: a study of composition and treatment. | 117 | ||
| Efficacy of probenecid for a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis complicated with calcinosis. | 117 | ||
| Calcinosis universalis complicating juvenile dermatomyositis: resolution during probenecid therapy. | 117 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous calcinosis in limited systemic sclerosis with minocycline. | 117 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 117 | ||
| Low dose warfarin treatment for calcinosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. | 118 | ||
| Treatment of systemic sclerosis-associated calcinosis: a case report of rituximab-induced regression of CREST-related calcinosis and review of the literature. | 118 | ||
| Calcinosis cutis associated with amyopathic dermatomyositis: response to intravenous immunoglobulin. | 118 | ||
| Response of dystrophic calcification to intravenous immunoglobulin. | 118 | ||
| Successful treatment of severe iatrogenic calcinosis cutis with intravenous sodium thiosulfate in a child affected by T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 118 | ||
| A novel treatment for ulcerative calcinosis cutis. | 118 | ||
| Surgical debridement of painful fingertip calcinosis cutis in CREST syndrome. | 118 | ||
| Successful palliation and significant remission of cutaneous calcinosis in CREST syndrome with carbon dioxide laser. | 118 | ||
| Therapy of calcinosis cutis using erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser treatment. | 118 | ||
| Treatment of calcinosis cutis by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. | 118 | ||
| 35 Calciphylaxis | 119 | ||
| Management strategy | 119 | ||
| Specific investigations | 119 | ||
| Pathogenesis of calciphylaxis: Hans Selye to nuclear factor kappa-B. | 119 | ||
| First-line therapies | 119 | ||
| Calcium use increases risk of calciphylaxis: a case-control study. | 119 | ||
| Risk factors and mortality associated with calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease. | 120 | ||
| Calciphylaxis: natural history, risk factor analysis, and outcome. | 120 | ||
| The evolving pattern of calciphylaxis: therapeutic considerations. | 120 | ||
| Sodium thiosulfate as first-line treatment for calciphylaxis. | 120 | ||
| Calciphylaxis is usually non-ulcerating: risk factors, outcome and therapy. | 120 | ||
| Proximal calciphylaxis treated with calcimimetic ‘Cinacalcet’. | 120 | ||
| Rapid improvement of calciphylaxis after intravenous pamidronate therapy in a patient with chronic renal failure. | 120 | ||
| Multi-intervention management of calciphylaxis: a report of 7 cases. | 120 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 120 | ||
| Calciphylaxis: a syndrome of skin necrosis and acral gangrene in chronic renal failure. | 120 | ||
| Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of calciphylaxis: a case series. | 120 | ||
| Successful treatment of severe calciphylaxis in a hemodialysis patient using low-calcium dialysate and medical parathyroidectomy: case report and literature review. | 120 | ||
| Skin necrosis and protein C deficiency associated with vitamin K depletion in a patient with renal failure. | 120 | ||
| Low-dose tissue plasminogen activator for calciphylaxis. | 120 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 120 | ||
| Painful ulcers in calciphylaxis – combined treatment with maggot therapy and oral pentoxyfillin. | 120 | ||
| Ozonetherapy in a dialyzed patient with calcific uremic arteriolopathy. | 120 | ||
| Intensive tandem cryofiltration apheresis and hemodialysis to treat a patient with severe calciphylaxis, cryoglobulinemia, and end-stage renal disease. | 121 | ||
| 36 Capillaritis (pigmented purpuric dermatoses) | 122 | ||
| Management strategy | 122 | ||
| Specific investigations | 122 | ||
| Purpura simplex (inflammatory purpura without vasculitis): a clinicopathologic study of 174 cases. | 122 | ||
| Persistent pigmented purpuric dermatitis: granulomatous variant. | 122 | ||
| Progression of pigmented purpura-like eruptions to mycosis fungoides: report of three cases. | 123 | ||
| CD8-positive mycosis fungoides presenting as capillaritis. | 123 | ||
| Drug-induced chronic pigmented purpura. | 123 | ||
| Drug-induced purpura simplex: clinical and histological characteristics. | 123 | ||
| Acetaminophen-induced progressive pigmentary purpura (Schamberg’s disease). | 123 | ||
| 37 Cat scratch disease | 125 | ||
| Management strategy | 125 | ||
| Specific investigations | 125 | ||
| The agent of bacillary angiomatosis. | 125 | ||
| Bartonella-associated infections. | 125 | ||
| Evaluation of sensitivity, specificity and cross-reactivity in Bartonella henselae serology. | 125 | ||
| Cat-scratch disease. | 125 | ||
| Detection by immunofluorescence assay of Bartonella henselae in lymph nodes from patients with cat scratch disease. | 125 | ||
| The use of Bartonella henselae-specific age dependent IgG and IgM in diagnostic models to discriminate diseased from non-diseased in cat scratch disease serology. | 126 | ||
| First-line therapy | 126 | ||
| Bartonellosis. | 126 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 126 | ||
| Prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled evaluation of azithromycin for treatment of cat-scratch disease. | 126 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 126 | ||
| Immunocompetent individuals | 126 | ||
| Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature. | 126 | ||
| Antimicrobial susceptibility of Rochalimaea quintana, Rochalimaea vinsonii, and the newly recognized Rochalimaea henselae. | 126 | ||
| Hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease in children: selected clinical features and treatment. | 126 | ||
| Successful treatment of cat-scratch disease with ciprofloxacin. | 126 | ||
| Cat-scratch disease of the head and neck in a pediatric population: surgical indications and outcomes. | 126 | ||
| Immunosuppressed individuals | 126 | ||
| Molecular epidemiology of Bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis. | 126 | ||
| Cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and other infections due to Rochalimaea. | 126 | ||
| Cutaneous vascular lesions and disseminated cat-scratch disease in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. | 126 | ||
| 38 Cellulite | 127 | ||
| Management strategy | 127 | ||
| Specific investigations | 127 | ||
| A validated photonumeric cellulite severity scale. | 127 | ||
| Side-by-side comparison of areas with and without cellulite depressions using magnetic resonance imaging. | 127 | ||
| First-line therapies | 127 | ||
| Subcision: a treatment for cellulite. | 127 | ||
| Treatment of cellulite using a 1440-nm pulsed laser with one-year follow-up. | 128 | ||
| Efficacy of a novel bi-directional sidelight optical fiber & 1440 nm Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of cellulite as measured by 3-dimensional surface imaging. | 128 | ||
| Reduction in thigh circumference and improvement in the appearance of cellulite with dual-wavelength, low-level laser energy and massage. | 128 | ||
| A single center, randomized, comparative, prospective clinical study to determine the efficacy of the VelaSmooth system versus the Triactive system for the treatment of cellulite. | 128 | ||
| Cellulite treatment using a novel combination radiofrequency, infrared light, and mechanical tissue manipulation device. | 128 | ||
| A prospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cellulite treatment using the combination of optical and RF energies for subcutaneous tissue heating. | 128 | ||
| The effectiveness of anticellulite treatment using tripolar radiofrequency monitored by classic and high-frequency ultrasound. | 128 | ||
| A multicenter study of cellulite treatment with a variable emission radio frequency system. | 128 | ||
| Unipolar radiofrequency treatment to improve the appearance of cellulite. | 128 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 129 | ||
| Addition of conjugated linoleic acid to a herbal anticellulite pill. | 129 | ||
| A double-blind evaluation of the activity of an anti-cellulite product containing retinol, caffeine, and ruscogenine by a combination of several non-invasive methods. | 129 | ||
| Topical retinol improves cellulite. | 129 | ||
| Parallel placebo-controlled clinical study of a mixture of herbs sold as a remedy for cellulite. | 129 | ||
| Evaluation of the effects of caffeine in the microcirculation and edema on thighs and buttocks using the orthogonal polarization spectral imaging and clinical parameters. | 129 | ||
| The effectiveness and safety of topical PhotoActif phosphatidylcholine-based anti-cellulite gel and LED (red and near-infrared) light on grade II-III thigh cellulite: a randomized, double-blinded study. | 129 | ||
| Third-line treatments | 129 | ||
| Cellulite treatment: a myth or reality: a prospective randomized, controlled trial of two therapies, endermologie and aminophylline cream. | 129 | ||
| 39 Cellulitis and erysipelas | 130 | ||
| Management strategy | 130 | ||
| Specific investigations | 130 | ||
| First-line therapies | 130 | ||
| The course, costs and complications of oral versus intravenous penicillin therapy of erysipelas. | 130 | ||
| Management and morbidity of cellulitis of the leg. | 130 | ||
| Case survey of management of cellulitis in a tertiary teaching hospital. | 131 | ||
| Skin concentrations of phenoxymethylpenicillin in patients with erysipelas. | 131 | ||
| A randomized comparative study of once-daily ceftriaxone and 6-hourly flucloxacillin in the treatment of moderate to severe cellulitis. Clinical efficacy, safety and pharmacoeconomic implications. | 131 | ||
| Roxithromycin versus penicillin in the treatment of erysipelas in adults: a comparative study. | 131 | ||
| Amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid for the treatment of soft tissue infections in children. | 131 | ||
| Nurse-led management of uncomplicated cellulitis in the community: evaluation of a protocol incorporating intravenous ceftriaxone. | 131 | ||
| Prospective evaluation of the management of moderate to severe cellulitis with parenteral antibiotics at a paediatric day treatment centre. | 131 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 131 | ||
| Ciprofloxacin for soft tissue infections. | 131 | ||
| Teicoplanin in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. | 131 | ||
| Twice daily intramuscular imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. | 131 | ||
| Randomized comparison of linezolid (PNU-100766) versus oxacillin-dicloxacillin for treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. | 131 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 132 | ||
| Antibiotic and prednisolone therapy of erysipelas: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. | 132 | ||
| Randomized placebo controlled trial of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in diabetic foot infection. | 132 | ||
| Cellulitis owing to Aeromonas hydrophilia: treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. | 132 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 132 | ||
| Prophylactic antibiotics in erysipelas. | 132 | ||
| Cellulitis and erysipelas. | 132 | ||
| Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of cellulitis (erysipelas) of the leg: results of the UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network’s PATCH II trial. | 132 | ||
| 40 Chancroid | 133 | ||
| Diagnosis and management strategy | 133 | ||
| Specific investigations | 133 | ||
| First-line therapies | 133 | ||
| European guideline for the management of chancroid, 2011. | 133 | ||
| Treatment of chancroid, 1997. | 133 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 133 | ||
| Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. | 133 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single dose ciprofloxacin versus erythromycin for the treatment of chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya. | 134 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 134 | ||
| Treatment of chancroid, 1997. | 134 | ||
| A comparative study of a single-dose treatment of chancroid using thiamphenicol versus azithromycin. | 134 | ||
| 41 Chilblains | 135 | ||
| Management strategy | 135 | ||
| Specific investigations | 135 | ||
| Chilblain lupus erythematosus – a review of literature. | 135 | ||
| Pernio. A possible association with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. | 135 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa associated with acromegaloid features, onset of acrocyanosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon and worsening of chilblains. | 135 | ||
| Perniosis in association with anorexia nervosa. | 135 | ||
| Celiac disease presenting with chilblains in an adolescent girl. | 135 | ||
| Childhood pernio and cryoproteins. | 135 | ||
| Equestrian perniosis associated with cold agglutinins: a novel finding. | 135 | ||
| First-line therapies | 135 | ||
| The treatment of chilblains with nifedipine: the results of a pilot study, a double blind placebo-controlled randomized study and a long term open trial. | 136 | ||
| Diltiazem vs. nifedipine in chilblains: a clinical trial. | 136 | ||
| Corticosteroid therapy for pernio. | 136 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 136 | ||
| Chilblains. | 136 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 136 | ||
| Pernio of the hips in young girls wearing tight-fitting jeans with a low waistband. | 136 | ||
| Treatment of perniosis with oral pentoxyfylline in comparison with oral prednisolone plus topical clobetasol ointment in Iraqi patients. | 136 | ||
| Successful treatment of perniosis with hydroxychloroquine. | 136 | ||
| A double blind study of ultraviolet phototherapy in the prophylaxis of chilblains. | 136 | ||
| 42 Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis chronicus | 137 | ||
| Management strategy | 137 | ||
| Specific investigations | 137 | ||
| First-line therapies | 137 | ||
| Treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis and conventional wisdom? | 137 | ||
| Intralesional triamcinolone for chondrodermatitis nodularis: a follow-up study of 60 patients. | 137 | ||
| Topical nitroglycerin: a promising treatment option for chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. | 137 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 137 | ||
| The treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis with cartilage removal alone. | 137 | ||
| Treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis with removal of the underlying cartilage alone: retrospective analysis of experience in 37 lesions. | 138 | ||
| Twelve years’ experience of simplified surgical treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis by cartilage trimming and sutureless skin closure. | 138 | ||
| Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis et antihelices. | 138 | ||
| Narrow elliptical skin excision and cartilage shaving for chondrodermatitis nodularis. | 138 | ||
| Modified surgical excision for the treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis. | 138 | ||
| Auricular pressure relieving cushions for chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. | 138 | ||
| Effective treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis using a conservative approach. | 138 | ||
| Management of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis using a ‘doughnut pillow’. | 138 | ||
| Management of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis by auricular pressure-relieving device: a retrospective study. | 138 | ||
| Management of chondrodermatitis helicis by protective padding: a series of 12 cases and a review of the literature. | 138 | ||
| Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis – a conservative therapeutic approach by decompression. | 138 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 139 | ||
| Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis treated with curettage and electrocauterization: follow-up of a 15-year material. | 139 | ||
| The surgical management of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. | 139 | ||
| Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Successful treatment with the carbon dioxide laser. | 139 | ||
| The punch and graft technique: a novel method of surgical treatment for chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. | 139 | ||
| 43 Chromoblastomycosis | 140 | ||
| Management strategy | 140 | ||
| Specific investigations | 140 | ||
| First-line therapies | 141 | ||
| Treating chromoblastomycosis with systemic antifungals. | 141 | ||
| Chromoblastomycosis. | 141 | ||
| Chromoblastomycosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. | 141 | ||
| Chromoblastomycosis: clinical and mycologic experience of 51 cases. | 141 | ||
| Subcutaneous mycoses. | 141 | ||
| Pulse itraconazole 400 mg daily in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis. | 141 | ||
| Chromoblastomycosis: a clinical and molecular study of 18 cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | 141 | ||
| Treatment of chromomycosis with terbinafine: preliminary results of an open pilot study. | 141 | ||
| Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with terbinafine: experience with four cases. | 141 | ||
| Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with terbinafine: a report of four cases. | 141 | ||
| Alternate week and combination itraconazole and terbinafine therapy for chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi in Brazil. | 142 | ||
| Posaconazole treatment of refractory eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis. | 142 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 142 | ||
| Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with itraconazole, cryosurgery, and a combination of both. | 142 | ||
| Treatment of chromomycosis by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen: 15 years’ experience. | 142 | ||
| Successful treatment of chromoblastomycosis with topical heat therapy. | 142 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 142 | ||
| Six years experience in treatment of chromomycosis with 5-fluorocytosine. | 142 | ||
| A case of chromoblastomycosis with an unusual clinical manifestation caused by Phialophora verrucosa on an unexposed area: treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine. | 142 | ||
| Extensive chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B and itraconazole. | 142 | ||
| Extensive long-standing chromomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi: three cases with relevant improvement under voriconazole therapy. | 143 | ||
| 44 Chronic actinic dermatitis | 144 | ||
| Management strategy | 144 | ||
| Specific investigations | 144 | ||
| The construction and development of a grating monochromator and its application to the study of the reaction of the skin to light. | 144 | ||
| False-negative monochromator phototesting in chronic actinic dermatitis. | 144 | ||
| A case of false-negative monochromator phototesting in a patient with chronic actinic dermatitis taking prednisolone. | 144 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis in the elderly: recognition and treatment. | 144 | ||
| A preliminary investigation into the effect of exposure of photosensitive individuals to light from compact fluorescent lamps. | 144 | ||
| Contact allergic sensitivity to plants and the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome. | 144 | ||
| Contact and photocontact sensitization in chronic actinic dermatitis: sesquiterpene lactone mix is an important allergen. | 144 | ||
| Contact and photocontact sensitization in chronic actinic dermatitis: a changing picture. | 144 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis in Asian skin: a Singaporean experience. | 145 | ||
| Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D status in patients referred to a tertiary photodiagnostic service: a retrospective study. | 145 | ||
| First-line therapies | 145 | ||
| The quality of life of 790 patients with photodermatoses. | 145 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis: a retrospective analysis of 44 cases referred to an Australian photobiology clinic. | 145 | ||
| Photosensitivity dermatitis/actinic reticuloid syndrome in an Irish population: a review and some unusual features. | 145 | ||
| Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling. | 145 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 145 | ||
| Azathioprine treatment in chronic actinic dermatitis: a double-blind controlled trial with monitoring of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. | 145 | ||
| Azathioprine in dermatology: a survey of current practice in the UK. | 145 | ||
| Severe chronic actinic dermatitis treated with cyclosporine: 2 cases. | 145 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis treated with mycophenolate mofetil. | 145 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis (photosensitivity dermatitis/actinic reticuloid syndrome): beneficial effect from hydroxyurea. | 145 | ||
| PUVA therapy of chronic actinic dermatitis. | 145 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis: two patients with successful management using narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy with systemic steroids. | 145 | ||
| Actinic reticuloid. A clinical photobiologic, histopathologic, and follow-up study of 16 patients. | 145 | ||
| Treatment with topical tacrolimus favors chronic actinic dermatitis: a clinical and immunopathological study. | 146 | ||
| Erythrodermic chronic actinic dermatitis responding only to topical tacrolimus. | 146 | ||
| Successful treatment of chronic actinic dermatitis with topical pimecrolimus. | 146 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 146 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis. An analysis of 51 patients evaluated in the United States and Japan. | 146 | ||
| Chronic actinic dermatitis responding to danazol. | 146 | ||
| Recalcitrant chronic actinic dermatitis treated with low-dose thalidomide. | 146 | ||
| Natural α-interferon in chronic actinic dermatitis. Report of a case. | 146 | ||
| Successful therapy of chronic actinic dermatitis with infliximab. | 146 | ||
| 45 Coccidioidomycosis | 147 | ||
| Management strategy | 147 | ||
| Specific investigations | 147 | ||
| First-line therapies | 147 | ||
| Fluconazole therapy for coccidioidal meningitis. | 147 | ||
| Fluconazole in the treatment of chronic pulmonary and nonmeningeal disseminated coccidioidomycosis. | 148 | ||
| Itraconazole treatment of coccidioidomycosis. | 148 | ||
| Itraconazole therapy for chronic coccidioidal meningitis. | 148 | ||
| Comparison of oral fluconazole and itraconazole for progressive, nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis. A randomized, double-blind trial. | 148 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 148 | ||
| Amphotericin B and coccidioidomycosis. | 148 | ||
| Intrathecal amphotericin in the management of coccidioidal meningitis. | 148 | ||
| Use of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. | 148 | ||
| Ketoconazole therapy of progressive coccidioidomycosis. Comparison of 400- and 800-mg doses and observations at higher doses. | 148 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 148 | ||
| Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of posaconazole therapy in patients with nonmeningeal disseminated or chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. | 148 | ||
| Posaconazole therapy for chronic refractory coccidioidomycosis. | 149 | ||
| Treatment of refractory coccidioidomycosis with voriconazole or posaconazole. | 149 | ||
| Combination therapy of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with caspofungin and fluconazole. | 149 | ||
| Use of the echinocandins (caspofungin) in the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a renal transplant recipient. | 149 | ||
| Two cases illustrating successful adjunctive interferon-γ immunotherapy in refractory disseminated coccidioidomycosis. | 149 | ||
| Current guidelines | 149 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines. | 149 | ||
| Persistent pulmonary infection | 149 | ||
| Diffuse pneumonia | 149 | ||
| Chronic progressive pulmonary infection | 149 | ||
| Disseminated extrapulmonary infection | 149 | ||
| Meningitis | 149 | ||
| 46 Condyloma Acuminata | 150 | ||
| Management strategy | 150 | ||
| Specific investigations | 150 | ||
| Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of referral. | 150 | ||
| Evidence-based treatment and prevention of external genital warts in female pediatric and adolescent patients. | 150 | ||
| First-line therapies | 151 | ||
| Imiquimod, a patient-applied immune response modifier for treatment of external genital warts. | 151 | ||
| Imiquimod 3.75% cream applied daily to treat anogenital warts: combined results from women in two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. | 151 | ||
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load and HPV type in the clinical outcome of HIV-positive patients treated with imiquimod for anogenital warts and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. | 151 | ||
| A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study of cryotherapy versus cryotherapy and podophyllotoxin cream as treatment for external anogenital warts. | 151 | ||
| Safety and efficacy of 0.5% podofilox gel in the treatment of anogenital warts. | 151 | ||
| Efficacy, safety and tolerability of green tea catechins in the treatment of external anogenital warts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | 151 | ||
| Treatment of external genital warts: a randomized clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. | 151 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 151 | ||
| Comparison of podophyllin application with simple surgical excision in clearance and recurrence of perianal condyloma acuminata. | 151 | ||
| Human papilloma virus type and recurrence rate after surgical clearance of anal condylomata acuminata. | 151 | ||
| Study of persistence and recurrence rates in 106 patients with condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia after CO2 laser treatment. | 152 | ||
| Treatment of genital warts in males by pulsed dye laser. | 152 | ||
| Treating vaginal and external anogenital condylomas with electrosurgery vs. CO2 laser ablation. | 152 | ||
| Treatment of external genital warts comparing cryotherapy and trichloroacetic acid. | 152 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 152 | ||
| Natural interferon alfa for treatment of condyloma acuminata. | 152 | ||
| Treatment of condylomata acuminata with oral isotretinoin. | 152 | ||
| Topical cidofovir (HPMPC) is an effective adjuvant to surgical treatment of anogenital condylomata acuminata. | 152 | ||
| Combined surgery and cidofovir is an effective treatment for genital warts in HIV-infected patients. | 152 | ||
| Evaluation of photodynamic therapy using topical aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride in the treatment of condylomata acuminata: a comparative, randomized clinical trial. | 152 | ||
| 47 Cryptococcosis | 153 | ||
| Management strategy | 153 | ||
| Specific investigations | 153 | ||
| Cryptococcal disease and HIV infection. | 153 | ||
| First-line therapies | 153 | ||
| Treatment of cryptococcosis in the setting of HIV coinfection. | 153 | ||
| Epidemiology and management of cryptococcal meningitis: developments and challenges. | 154 | ||
| Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus- negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. | 154 | ||
| Clinical and epidemiological features of 123 cases of cryptococcosis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. | 154 | ||
| Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial. | 154 | ||
| Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in Brazil: report of 11 cases in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. | 154 | ||
| Cutaneous cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients. | 154 | ||
| Successful use of amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of cryptococcosis. | 154 | ||
| High-dose amphotericin B with flucytosine for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial. | 154 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 154 | ||
| The efficacy of fluconazole 600 mg/day versus itraconazole 600 mg/day as consolidation therapy of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients. | 154 | ||
| Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. | 154 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 155 | ||
| Recombinant interferon-gamma 1b as adjunctive therapy for AIDS-related acute cryptococcal meningitis. | 155 | ||
| Guidelines | 155 | ||
| Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | 155 | ||
| 48 Cutaneous candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis | 156 | ||
| Cutaneous candidiasis | 156 | ||
| Management strategy | 156 | ||
| Specific investigations | 156 | ||
| Diagnosis of superficial mycoses by direct microscopy: a statistical evaluation. | 156 | ||
| First-line therapies | 156 | ||
| A multicenter, open-label study to assess the safety and efficacy of ciclopirox topical suspension 0.77% in the treatment of diaper dermatitis due to Candida albicans. | 156 | ||
| Topical treatment of dermatophytosis and cutaneous candidiasis with flutrimazole 1% cream: double-blind randomized comparative trial with ketoconazole 2% cream. | 156 | ||
| Naftifine cream in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. | 157 | ||
| A comparison of nystatin cream with nystatin/triamcinolone acetonide combination cream in the treatment of candidal inflammation of the flexures. | 157 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 157 | ||
| Prospective aetiological study of diaper dermatitis in the elderly. | 157 | ||
| Fluconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of dermatophytoses and cutaneous candidiasis. | 157 | ||
| A comparison of the efficacy of oral fluconazole, 150 mg/week versus 50 mg/day, in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and cutaneous candidosis. | 157 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 157 | ||
| Antifungal activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil against Candida albicans yeast and mycelial form. | 157 | ||
| Perianal candidosis: a comparative study with mupirocin and nystatin. | 157 | ||
| Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis | 157 | ||
| Management strategy | 158 | ||
| Special investigations | 158 | ||
| Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in APECED or thymoma patients correlates with autoimmunity to Th17-associated cytokines. | 158 | ||
| STAT1 mutations in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. | 158 | ||
| First-line therapies | 158 | ||
| Long-term therapy of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with ketoconazole: experience with twenty-one patients. | 158 | ||
| Itraconazole in the treatment of two young brothers with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. | 158 | ||
| Fluconazole in the management of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. | 158 | ||
| Voriconazole: a broad spectrum triazole for the treatment of serious and invasive fungal infections. | 158 | ||
| Successful treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis caused by azole-resistant Candida albicans with posaconazole. | 158 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 159 | ||
| Activity of amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, posaconazole, and voriconazole against Candida albicans with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole from APECED patients on long-term azole treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. | 159 | ||
| Successful treatment of azole-resistant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with caspofungin. | 159 | ||
| Prolonged oral treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with amphotericin B. | 159 | ||
| Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis treated with amphotericin B. Case report. | 159 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 159 | ||
| Case report: successful treatment with cimetidine and zinc sulphate in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. | 159 | ||
| Transfer factor in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. | 159 | ||
| 49 Cutaneous larva migrans | 160 | ||
| Management strategy | 160 | ||
| Specific investigations | 160 | ||
| First-line therapies | 160 | ||
| One-week therapy with oral albendazole in hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans: a retrospective study on 78 patients. | 160 | ||
| Cutaneous larva migrans: clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returning traveler. | 160 | ||
| A randomized trial of ivermectin versus albendazole for the treatment of cutaneous larva migrans. | 160 | ||
| Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with ivermectin. | 160 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous larva migrans. | 160 | ||
| Treatment of 18 children with scabies or cutaneous larva migrans using ivermectin. | 160 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 161 | ||
| Efficacy and tolerability of thiabendazole in a lipophil vehicle for cutaneous larva migrans. | 161 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 161 | ||
| Efficacy of albendazole ointment on cutaneous larva migrans in 2 young children. | 161 | ||
| Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. | 161 | ||
| 50 Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa | 162 | ||
| Management strategy | 162 | ||
| Specific investigations | 162 | ||
| Cutaneous periarteritis nodosa: a clinicopathological study of 79 cases. | 162 | ||
| A case of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated with ulcerative colitis. | 162 | ||
| High titer of phosphatadylserine–prothrombin complex antibodies in patients with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. | 162 | ||
| Hepatitis C virus infection in cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a retrospective study of 16 cases. | 162 | ||
| Polyarteritis-like vasculitis in association with minocycline use: a single center case series. | 163 | ||
| First-line therapies | 163 | ||
| Low-dose weekly methotrexate for unusual neutrophilic vascular reactions: cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and Behçet’s disease. | 163 | ||
| Use of mizoribine in two patients with recalcitrant cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. | 163 | ||
| Ulcerative cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa treated with mycophenolate mofetil and pentoxifylline. | 163 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 163 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulins as treatment of severe cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. | 163 | ||
| Successful treatment of cutaneous PAN with pentoxifylline. | 163 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 163 | ||
| Estrogen-sensitive cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: response to tamoxifen. | 163 | ||
| Successful response to infliximab in a patient with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy coexisting with polyarteritis nodosa-like cutaneous vasculitis. | 163 | ||
| Successful treatment of childhood cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with infliximab. | 163 | ||
| Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: therapy and clinical course in four cases. | 163 | ||
| Use of warfarin therapy at a target international normalized ratio of 3.0 for cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. | 163 | ||
| 51 Darier disease | 164 | ||
| Management strategy | 164 | ||
| Investigations | 164 | ||
| Darier-White disease: a review of the clinical features in 163 patients. | 164 | ||
| First-line therapies | 164 | ||
| Darier’s disease. | 164 | ||
| Linear Darier’s disease successfully treated with 0.1% tazarotene gel ‘short contact’ therapy. | 164 | ||
| Topical isotretinoin in Darier’s disease. | 164 | ||
| Successful treatment of Darier’s disease with adapalene gel. | 164 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 164 | ||
| Clinical and ultrastructural effects of acitretin in Darier’s disease. | 164 | ||
| Isotretinoin treatment of Darier’s disease. | 165 | ||
| Etretinate may work where acitretin fails. | 165 | ||
| Successful treatment of Darier disease with oral alitretinoin. | 165 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of oral retinoids in different psoriasis subtypes: a systematic literature review. | 165 | ||
| Efficacy and risks of topical 5-fluorouracil in Darier’s disease. | 165 | ||
| A case of Darier’s disease successfully treated with topical tacrolimus. | 165 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 165 | ||
| Darier’s disease: severe eczematization successfully treated with cyclosporine. | 165 | ||
| Vulval Darier’s disease treated successfully with cyclosporine. | 165 | ||
| Vesiculobullous Darier’s disease responsive to oral prednisolone. | 165 | ||
| Extensive recalcitrant Darier disease successfully treated with laser ablation. | 165 | ||
| Efficacy of erbium:YAG laser ablation in Darier disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. | 165 | ||
| Successful treatment of Darier disease with the flashlamp-pumped pulse-dye laser. | 165 | ||
| Treatment of Darier’s disease with photodynamic therapy. | 165 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type A: an alternative symptomatic management of Darier’s disease. | 165 | ||
| Treatment of recalcitrant Darier’s disease with electron beam therapy. | 165 | ||
| Electrosurgical treatment of etretinate-resistant Darier’s disease. | 165 | ||
| Dermabrasion in Darier’s disease. | 165 | ||
| The surgical treatment of hypertrophic Darier’s disease. | 166 | ||
| The surgical treatment of hypertrophic intertriginous Darier’s disease. | 166 | ||
| An effective surgical treatment for nail thickening in Darier’s disease. | 166 | ||
| 52 Decubitus ulcers | 167 | ||
| Management strategy | 167 | ||
| Prevention | 167 | ||
| Management | 167 | ||
| Removal of necrotic debris | 167 | ||
| Maintenance of a moist wound environment | 167 | ||
| Correction of the underlying contributing factors | 168 | ||
| General measures | 168 | ||
| Blanchable erythema and non-blanchable erythema | 168 | ||
| Decubitus dermatitis | 168 | ||
| Superficial and deep ulcers | 168 | ||
| Underlying contributing factors | 168 | ||
| Specific investigations | 168 | ||
| Categories of patient | 168 | ||
| Grading or evaluation | 169 | ||
| Dermatologic observation | 169 | ||
| Staging | 169 | ||
| Pressure sores among hospitalized patients. | 169 | ||
| Anaemia and serum protein alteration in patients with pressure ulcers. | 169 | ||
| Characteristics of hospitalised US veterans with nosocomial pressure ulcers. | 169 | ||
| Risk factors associated with pressure ulcer development in critically ill traumatic spinal cord injury patients. | 169 | ||
| Pathophysiology of acute wound healing. | 169 | ||
| Pressure ulcer tissue histology: an appraisal of current knowledge. | 169 | ||
| A review of scales for assessing the risk of developing a pressure ulcer in individuals with SCI. | 169 | ||
| 25 years of pressure ulcers. | 169 | ||
| Pressure ulcer staging revisited: superficial skin changes and deep pressure ulcer framework. | 169 | ||
| National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Pressure ulcers: avoidable or unavoidable? Results of the national pressure ulcer advisory panel consensus conference. | 169 | ||
| Enhancing Braden pressure ulcer risk assessment in acutely ill adult veterans. | 169 | ||
| First-line therapies | 169 | ||
| Eliminating pressure and relieving devices | 170 | ||
| An investigation of geriatric nursing problems in hospital. | 170 | ||
| Shearing force as a factor in decubitus ulcers in paraplegics. | 170 | ||
| Drawsheets for prevention of decubitus ulcer. | 170 | ||
| Decubitus prophylaxis: a prospective trial on the efficiency of alternating-pressure air mattresses and water mattresses. | 170 | ||
| The effectiveness of preventive management in reducing the occurrence of pressure sores. | 170 | ||
| Influence of 30 degrees laterally inclined position and the supersoft 3-piece mattress on areas of maximum pressure and implications for pressure sore prevention. | 170 | ||
| Mechanical loading and support surfaces. | 170 | ||
| A clinical comparison of two pressure reducing surfaces in the management of pressure ulcers. | 170 | ||
| A randomized trial of low-air-loss beds for treatment of pressure ulcers. | 170 | ||
| Comparison of total body tissue interface pressure of specialized pressure-relieving mattresses. | 170 | ||
| Lateral rotation mattresses for wound healing. | 170 | ||
| Dilemmas about the decubitus ulcer: skin-fold ulcerations and apposition lesions. | 170 | ||
| Support surfaces for treating pressure ulcers. | 170 | ||
| Debridement | 170 | ||
| Collagenase in the treatment of dermal and decubitus ulcers. | 170 | ||
| The care of decubitus ulcers, pressure ulcers. | 170 | ||
| Cleansing the traumatic wound by high pressure syringe irrigation. | 170 | ||
| Dissolution of wound coagulum and promotion of granulation tissue under DuoDERM. | 170 | ||
| Debridement of cutaneous ulcer: medical and surgical aspects. | 170 | ||
| Pressure ulcer treatment guide: quick reference guide for clinicians No. 15. | 170 | ||
| Maggot debridement therapy of infected ulcers: patient and wound factors influencing outcome – a study of 101 patients with 117 wounds. | 170 | ||
| The role of surgical debridement in healing of diabetic foot ulcers. | 171 | ||
| Antimicrobial agents | 171 | ||
| Relationship of quantitative wound bacterial counts to healing of decubiti: effect of topical gentamicin. | 171 | ||
| Topical metronidazole gel: the bacteriology of decubitus ulcers. | 171 | ||
| Does this patient have an infection of a chronic wound? | 171 | ||
| Nutrition | 171 | ||
| Ascorbic acid supplementation in the treatment of pressure sores. | 171 | ||
| The importance of dietary protein in healing pressure ulcers. | 171 | ||
| Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. | 171 | ||
| Old age, malnutrition, and pressure sores: an ill-fated alliance. | 171 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 171 | ||
| A comparison of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two methods of managing pressure ulcers. | 171 | ||
| Advances in wound healing. | 171 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 171 | ||
| Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. | 171 | ||
| Clinical aspects of full-thickness wound healing. | 171 | ||
| 53 Delusions of parasitosis | 172 | ||
| Management strategy | 172 | ||
| Specific investigations | 173 | ||
| Clinical, epidemiologic, histopathologic and molecular features of an unexplained dermopathy. | 173 | ||
| Delusions of parasitosis. A dermatologist’s guide to diagnosis and treatment. | 173 | ||
| Delusions of parasitosis. | 173 | ||
| One hundred years of delusional parasitosis. Meta-analysis of 1223 case reports. | 173 | ||
| Diffuse pruritic lesions in a 37-year-old man after sleeping in an abandoned building. | 173 | ||
| First-line therapies | 174 | ||
| Pimozide in dermatologic practice: a comprehensive review. | 174 | ||
| Delusional parasitosis: a dermatologic, psychiatric, and pharmacologic approach. | 174 | ||
| Neurotropic and psychotropic drugs in dermatology. | 174 | ||
| Delusions of parasitosis. A psychiatric disorder to be treated by dermatologists? An analysis of 33 patients. | 174 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 174 | ||
| Second-generation antipsychotics in primary and secondary delusional parasitosis: outcome and efficacy. | 174 | ||
| Therapeutic update: use of risperidone for the treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis. | 174 | ||
| Primary delusional parasitosis treated with olanzapine. | 174 | ||
| Aripiprazole as a viable alternative for treating delusions of parasitosis. | 174 | ||
| Promazine in the treatment of delusional parasitosis. | 174 | ||
| Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delusional parasitosis. | 174 | ||
| Antipsychotic treatment of primary delusional parasitosis: systematic review. | 174 | ||
| 54 Dermatitis artefacta | 175 | ||
| Management strategy | 175 | ||
| Specific investigations | 175 | ||
| Self-induced skin lesions: a review of dermatitis artefacta. | 175 | ||
| Cutaneous manifestations of psychiatric disease that commonly present to the dermatologist – diagnosis and treatment. | 175 | ||
| Dermatitis artefacta: a review of 14 cases. | 176 | ||
| Dermatitis artefacta in pediatric patients: experience at the National Institute of Pediatrics. | 176 | ||
| Dermatitis artefacta in a child. | 176 | ||
| First-line therapies | 176 | ||
| Diagnostic clues to dermatitis artefacta. | 176 | ||
| Self-inflicted skin diseases. A retrospective analysis of 57 patients with dermatitis artefacta seen in a dermatology department. | 176 | ||
| Training future dermatologists in psychodermatology. | 176 | ||
| Dermatitis artefacta. Clinical features and approach to treatment. | 176 | ||
| The current management of delusional parasitosis and dermatitis artefacta. | 176 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 176 | ||
| Treatment of self-mutilation with olanzapine. | 176 | ||
| Olanzapine is effective in the management of some self-induced dermatoses: case reports. | 176 | ||
| 55 Dermatitis herpetiformis | 177 | ||
| Management strategy | 177 | ||
| Specific investigations | 177 | ||
| Deposition of granular IgA relative to clinical lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis. | 177 | ||
| Dermatitis herpetiformis: from the genetics to the development of skin lesions. | 178 | ||
| First-line therapies | 178 | ||
| Suggested guidelines for patient monitoring: hepatic and hematologic toxicity attributable to systemic dermatologic drugs. | 178 | ||
| Advances in celiac disease and gluten free diet. | 178 | ||
| A long-term gluten-free diet as an alternative treatment in severe forms of dermatitis herpetiformis. | 178 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 178 | ||
| Management of dermatitis herpetiformis. | 178 | ||
| The effect of elemental diet with and without gluten on disease activity in dermatitis herpetiformis. | 178 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 178 | ||
| Dermatitis herpetiformis effectively treated with heparin, tetracycline and nicotinamide. | 178 | ||
| A rare case of dermatitis herpetiformis requiring parenteral heparin for long-term control. | 178 | ||
| Efficacy of cyclosporine in two patients with dermatitis herpetiformis resistant to conventional therapy. | 178 | ||
| Dermatitis herpetiformis responsive to systemic corticosteroids. | 179 | ||
| Treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis with colchicine. | 179 | ||
| 56 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans | 180 | ||
| Management strategy | 180 | ||
| Specific investigations | 180 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a unique fibrohistiocytic tumour expressing CD34. | 180 | ||
| Stromelysin-3 (ST3) expression in the differential diagnosis of dermatofibroma (DF) and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: comparison with factor XIIIa and CD34. | 180 | ||
| Differential expression of HMGA1 and HMGA2 in dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: potential diagnostic applications, and comparison with histologic findings, CD34, and factor XIIIa immunoreactivity. | 181 | ||
| First-line therapies | 181 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a report on 29 patients treated by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. | 181 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: wide local excision vs. Mohs micrographic surgery. | 181 | ||
| Outcomes in 11 patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. | 181 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: 35 patients treated with Mohs micrographic surgery using paraffin sections. | 181 | ||
| Surgical treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans using wide local excision combined with Mohs micrographic surgery. | 181 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 181 | ||
| Treatment of advanced dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with imatinib mesylate with or without surgical resection. | 181 | ||
| Advanced dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated with imatinib mesylate. | 181 | ||
| Using imatinib as neoadjuvant therapy in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: potential pluses and minuses. | 181 | ||
| Imatinib mesylate as a preoperative therapy in dermatofibrosarcoma: results of a multicenter phase II study on 25 patients. | 181 | ||
| Radiation in management of patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. | 182 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: treatment results of 35 cases. | 182 | ||
| 57 Dermatomyositis | 183 | ||
| Management strategy | 183 | ||
| Specific investigations | 183 | ||
| Scalp involvement in dermatomyositis. Often overlooked or misdiagnosed. | 183 | ||
| Influence of age on characteristics of polymyositis and dermatomyositis in adults. | 183 | ||
| MR imaging in amyopathic dermatomyositis. | 183 | ||
| The value of malignancy evaluation in patients with dermatomyositis. | 184 | ||
| Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. | 184 | ||
| A new approach to the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: myositis-specific autoantibodies define useful homogeneous patient groups. | 184 | ||
| Clinical correlations with dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies in adult Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: a multicenter cross-sectional study. | 184 | ||
| Insterstitial lung disease in classic and skin-predominant dermatomyositis: a retrospective study with screening recommendations. | 184 | ||
| Incidence of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: a population-based study in Olmstead County, Minnesota. | 184 | ||
| First-line therapies | 184 | ||
| The use of pulse corticosteroid therapy for juvenile dermatomyositis. | 185 | ||
| Dermatomyositis: comparative studies of cutaneous photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus and normal subjects. | 185 | ||
| Cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis are improved by hydroxychloroquine. | 185 | ||
| Combination antimalarials in the treatment of cutaneous dermatomyositis: a retrospective study. | 185 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 185 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for refractory skin disease in dermatomyositis: a pilot study. | 185 | ||
| Low-dose methotrexate administered weekly is an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis. | 185 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil as an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for recalcitrant dermatomyositis. | 185 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil in dermatomyositis: is it safe? | 185 | ||
| A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. | 185 | ||
| Chlorambucil. An effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for patients with recalcitrant dermatomyositis. | 186 | ||
| Cyclosporine A and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. | 186 | ||
| Cyclosporine A versus methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. | 186 | ||
| Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study. | 186 | ||
| A pilot trial of rituximab in the treatment of patients with dermatomyositis. | 186 | ||
| Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) and adult polymyositis (PM): a randomized, placebo-phase trial. (The RIM Study). | 186 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 186 | ||
| Regression of calcinosis during diltiazem treatment in juvenile dermatomyositis. | 186 | ||
| Calcinosis cutis occurring in association with autoimmune connective tissue disease: the Mayo Clinic experience with 78 patients, 1996–2009. | 186 | ||
| Response to total body irradiation in dermatomyositis. | 186 | ||
| Open-label trial of anti-TNF-alpha in dermato- and polymyositis treated concomitantly with methotrexate. | 187 | ||
| A randomized, pilot trial of etanercept in dermatomyositis. | 187 | ||
| Improvement in dermatomyositis rash associated with the use of antiestrogen medication. | 187 | ||
| Rapamycin (sirolimus) as a steroid-sparing agent in dermatomyositis. | 187 | ||
| Efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with drug-resistant polymyositis and dermatomyositis. | 187 | ||
| 58 Diaper dermatitis | 188 | ||
| Management strategy | 188 | ||
| Specific investigations | 188 | ||
| Amoxicillin and diaper dermatitis. | 188 | ||
| The role of allergic contact dermatitis in diaper dermatitis. | 188 | ||
| Diaper dermatitis: a review and update. | 188 | ||
| First-line therapy | 188 | ||
| Prevention, diagnosis, and management of diaper dermatitis. | 189 | ||
| Diaper dermatitis and advances in diaper technology. | 189 | ||
| Second-line therapy | 189 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of two different antifungal pastes in infants with diaper dermatitis: a randomized, controlled study. | 189 | ||
| Absorption and efficacy of miconazole nitrate 0.25% ointment in infants with diaper dermatitis. | 189 | ||
| Topical miconazole nitrate ointment in the treatment of diaper dermatitis complicated by candidiasis. | 189 | ||
| Pediatricians who prescribe clotrimazole-betamethasone dipropionate (Lotrisone) often utilize it in inappropriate settings regardless of their knowledge of the drug’s potency. | 189 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 189 | ||
| Skin benefits from continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper. | 189 | ||
| Contact dermatitis. | 189 | ||
| 59 Discoid eczema | 190 | ||
| Management strategy | 190 | ||
| Specific investigations | 190 | ||
| Pityriasis rosea and discoid eczema: dose related reactions to treatment with gold. | 190 | ||
| Severe, generalized nummular eczema secondary to interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. | 190 | ||
| Cutaneous disease and alcohol misuse. | 190 | ||
| Patch testing in discoid eczema. | 190 | ||
| Patch testing in discoid eczema. | 191 | ||
| Challenge with metal salts. (II). Various types of eczema. | 191 | ||
| Dental infection associated with nummular eczema as an overlooked focal infection. | 191 | ||
| First-line therapies | 191 | ||
| Successful treatment of therapy-resistant atopic dermatitis with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing. | 191 | ||
| Nummular eczema. A review, follow-up and analysis of a series of 325 cases. | 191 | ||
| The antipruritic effect of 5% doxepin cream in patients with eczematous dermatitis. | 191 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 191 | ||
| Photochemotherapy beyond psoriasis. | 191 | ||
| Half-side comparison study on the efficacy of 8-methoxypsoralen bath–PUVA versus narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in patients with severe chronic atopic dermatitis. | 191 | ||
| Antimicrobial effects of phototherapy and photochemotherapy in vivo and in vitro. | 191 | ||
| Suppressive effect of ultraviolet (UVB and PUVA) radiation on superantigen production by Staphylococcus aureus. | 191 | ||
| Hand dermatitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic options, and long-term outcomes. | 191 | ||
| Long-term efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in severe adult atopic dermatitis. | 192 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 192 | ||
| Azathioprine in dermatological practice. An overview with special emphasis on its use in non-bullous inflammatory dermatoses. | 192 | ||
| Azathioprine in dermatology: a survey of current practice in the UK. | 192 | ||
| Methotrexate is a safe and effective treatment for paediatric discoid (nummular) eczema: a case series of 25 children. | 192 | ||
| Hypnosis in dermatology. | 192 | ||
| 60 Discoid lupus erythematosus | 193 | ||
| Management strategy | 193 | ||
| Specific investigations | 193 | ||
| Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: issues in diagnosis and treatment. | 193 | ||
| First-line therapies | 193 | ||
| Photoprovocation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter study evaluating a standardized protocol. | 193 | ||
| Photoprotective effects of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in ultraviolet-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind study. | 193 | ||
| Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle controlled trial. | 193 | ||
| Effectiveness of topical calcineurin inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with hydroxychloroquine in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 194 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 194 | ||
| Clinical and pharmacogenetic influences on response to hydroxychloroquine in discoid lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. | 194 | ||
| Impact of smoking in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 194 | ||
| Low blood concentrations of hydroxychloroquine in patients with refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a French multicenter prospective study. | 194 | ||
| Hypertrophic lupus erythematosus treated successfully with acitretin as monotherapy. | 194 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 194 | ||
| Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus. | 194 | ||
| Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: update of therapeutic options. Parts I and II. | 194 | ||
| 61 Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp | 195 | ||
| Management strategy | 195 | ||
| Specific investigations | 195 | ||
| Tinea capitis mimicking dissecting cellulitis: a distinct variant. | 195 | ||
| Inflammatory tinea capitis (kerion) mimicking dissecting cellulitis. | 195 | ||
| Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp in 2 girls. | 195 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma arising in dissecting perifolliculitis of the scalp. | 195 | ||
| Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides with large cell transformation presenting as dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. | 195 | ||
| First-line therapies | 195 | ||
| Management of primary cicatricial alopecias: options for treatment. | 195 | ||
| Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens. | 195 | ||
| Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens (dissecting cellulitis of the scalp). | 196 | ||
| Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp responding to oral quinolones. | 196 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 196 | ||
| Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp: response to isotretinoin. | 196 | ||
| Perifolliculitis capitis: successful control with alternate day corticosteroids. | 196 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 196 | ||
| Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. | 196 | ||
| Dissecting cellulitis treated with the long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser. | 196 | ||
| Use of an 800-nm pulsed-diode laser in the treatment of recalcitrant dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. | 196 | ||
| Treatment of perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens with carbon dioxide laser. | 196 | ||
| Modern external beam radiation therapy for refractory dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. | 196 | ||
| Successful treatment of dissecting cellulitis and acne conglobata with oral zinc. | 196 | ||
| Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens successfully controlled with topical isotretinoin. | 196 | ||
| Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens successfully controlled with infliximab. | 196 | ||
| Three cases of dissecting cellulitis of the scalp treated with adalimumab. | 196 | ||
| 62 Drug eruptions | 197 | ||
| Management strategy | 197 | ||
| Specific investigations | 197 | ||
| Genetic predisposition of life-threatening antiepileptic-induced skin reactions. | 197 | ||
| Skin testing in delayed reactions to drugs. | 197 | ||
| Drug provocation tests in hypersensitivity drug reactions. | 197 | ||
| Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter. | 197 | ||
| First-line therapies | 198 | ||
| Guidelines of care for cutaneous adverse drug reactions. | 198 | ||
| Second-Line therapies | 198 | ||
| Prophylaxis and treatment of dermatologic adverse events from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. | 198 | ||
| Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 198 | ||
| Open trial of cyclosporine treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 198 | ||
| Effects of treatments on the mortality of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a retrospective study on patients included in the prospective EuroSCAR study. | 198 | ||
| Erythema multiforme, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: acute ocular manifestations, causes and management. | 198 | ||
| Other therapies | 198 | ||
| Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome: an update. | 198 | ||
| General considerations on rapid desensitization for drug hypersensitivity: a consensus statement. | 199 | ||
| 63 Eosinophilic fasciitis | 200 | ||
| Management strategy | 200 | ||
| Specific investigations | 200 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis. | 200 | ||
| Serum aldolase level is a useful indicator of disease activity in eosinophilic fasciitis. | 200 | ||
| From diagnosis to remission: place of MRI in eosinophilic fasciitis. | 200 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis: spectrum of MRI findings. | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis associated with tryptophan ingestion: a manifestation of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome. | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis associated with Mycoplasma arginini infection. | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis. A pathologic study of twenty cases. | 201 | ||
| First-line therapies | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis: clinical spectrum and therapeutic response in 52 cases. | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman disease): new insights into the therapeutic management from a series of 34 patients. | 201 | ||
| Two cases of eosinophilic fasciitis. | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis associated with autoimmune thyroid disease and myelodysplasia treated with pulsed methylprednisolone and antihistamines. | 201 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic rheumatic disorders. | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis following exposure to trichloroethylene: successful treatment with cyclosporine. | 201 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis successfully treated with cyclosporine. | 201 | ||
| Long-term remission by cyclosporine in a patient with eosinophilic fasciitis associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. | 202 | ||
| Treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis with methotrexate. | 202 | ||
| The fasciitis–panniculitis syndromes. Clinical and pathologic features. | 202 | ||
| The fasciitis–panniculitis syndrome: clinical spectrum and response to cimetidine. | 202 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis responsive to cimetidine. | 202 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 202 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis treated with psoralen–ultraviolet A bath photochemotherapy. | 202 | ||
| Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis. | 202 | ||
| D-Penicillamine in the treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis: case reports and review of the literature. | 202 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis with late onset arthritis responsive to sulfasalazine. | 202 | ||
| Surgical management of eosinophilic fasciitis of the upper extremity. | 202 | ||
| Use of infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis alpha antibody, for inflammatory dermatoses. | 202 | ||
| Infliximab effective in steroid-dependent juvenile eosinophilic fasciitis. | 202 | ||
| Infliximab may be effective in the treatment of steroid-resistant eosinophilic fasciitis: report of three cases. | 202 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis successfully treated with oral hydroxyzine: a new therapeutic use of an old drug? | 203 | ||
| Rituximab in refractory autoimmune diseases: Brazilian experience with 29 patients (2002–2004). | 203 | ||
| Dapsone treatment for eosinophilic fasciitis. | 203 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis and combined UVA1-retinoid-corticosteroid treatment: two case reports. | 203 | ||
| Eosinophilic fasciitis in a pediatric patient. | 203 | ||
| 64 Epidermal nevi | 204 | ||
| Management strategy | 204 | ||
| Specific investigations | 204 | ||
| Generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis in two unrelated children from parents with localized linear form, and prenatal diagnosis. | 204 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a verrucous epidermal naevus. | 204 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma developing in verrucous epidermal nevus. | 204 | ||
| Epidermal nevus syndromes. | 205 | ||
| Epidermal nevus syndromes: clinical findings in 35 patients. | 205 | ||
| Does inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus represent a segmental type 1/type 2 mosaic of psoriasis? | 205 | ||
| Verrucous epidermal nevi | 205 | ||
| First-line therapies | 205 | ||
| Comparison of treatment modalities for epidermal nevus: a case report and review. | 205 | ||
| Epidermal nevus: surgical treatment by partial-thickness skin excision. | 205 | ||
| Assessment of cryotherapy for the treatment of verrucous epidermal nevi. | 205 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 205 | ||
| Epidermal nevi treated by carbon dioxide laser vaporization: a series of 25 patients. | 205 | ||
| Laser therapy of verrucous epidermal naevi. | 205 | ||
| Er : YAG laser treatment of verrucous epidermal nevi. | 205 | ||
| Successful treatment of dark-coloured epidermal nevus with ruby laser. | 205 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 205 | ||
| A case of verrucous epidermal naevus successfully treated with acitretin. | 206 | ||
| Topical tretinoin and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of linear verrucous epidermal nevus. | 206 | ||
| Verrucous epidermal nevus successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. | 206 | ||
| Inflammatory/dysplastic epidermal nevi | 206 | ||
| First-line therapies | 206 | ||
| Successful treatment of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus with tacrolimus and fluocinonide. | 206 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 206 | ||
| Topical calcipotriol for the treatment of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. | 206 | ||
| Successful therapy of an ILVEN in a 7-year-old girl with calcipotriol. | 206 | ||
| Acitretin treatment of a systematized inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal naevus. | 206 | ||
| Dithranol in the treatment of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. | 206 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 206 | ||
| Pulsed dye laser for inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. | 206 | ||
| Carbon dioxide laser therapy for an inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus: a case report. | 206 | ||
| Full-thickness surgical excision for the treatment of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. | 207 | ||
| Successful treatment of a widespread inflammatory verrucous epidermal nevus with etanercept. | 207 | ||
| Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus successfully treated with methyl-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy. | 207 | ||
| 65 Epidermodysplasia verruciformis | 208 | ||
| Management strategy | 208 | ||
| Specific investigations | 208 | ||
| Human papillomavirus-associated tumors of the skin and mucosa. | 208 | ||
| Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. | 208 | ||
| Epidermodysplasia verruciformis in the setting of graft-versus-host disease. | 208 | ||
| Generalized verrucosis: a review of the associated diseases, evaluation, and treatments. | 208 | ||
| First-line therapies | 208 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 208 | ||
| Treatment of epidermodysplasia verruciformis with a combination of acitretin and interferon alfa-2a. | 209 | ||
| Systemic low-dose isotretinoin maintains remission status in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. | 209 | ||
| Treatment of a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis carrying novel EVER2 mutation with imiquimod. | 209 | ||
| Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, unsuccessful therapeutic approach with imiquimod. | 209 | ||
| Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis syndrome in HIV-infected pediatric patients: prospective treatment trial with topical glycolic acid and human papillomavirus genotype characterization. | 209 | ||
| Epidermodysplasia verruciformis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a marker of human papillomavirus-related disorders not affected by antiretroviral therapy. | 209 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 209 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for human papillomavirus-related diseases in dermatology. | 209 | ||
| CO2 laser treatment of warts in immunosuppressed patients. | 209 | ||
| Skin autografts in epidermodysplasia verruciformis: human papillomavirus-associated cutaneous changes need over 20 years for malignant conversion. | 209 | ||
| 66 Epidermolysis bullosa | 210 | ||
| Management strategy | 210 | ||
| Specific investigations | 211 | ||
| The classification of inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB): Report of the Third International Consensus Meeting on Diagnosis and Classification of EB. | 211 | ||
| First-line therapies | 211 | ||
| A consensus approach to wound care in epidermolysis bullosa. | 211 | ||
| Management of epidermolysis bullosa in infants and children. | 211 | ||
| The challenges of meeting nutritional requirements in children and adults with epidermolysis bullosa: proceedings of a multidisciplinary team study day. | 211 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 211 | ||
| Tissue-engineered skin (Apligraf) in the healing of patients with epidermolysis bullosa wounds. | 211 | ||
| Apligraf in the treatment of severe mitten deformity associated with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. | 211 | ||
| Amniotic membrane grafting in patients with epidermolysis bullosa with chronic wounds. | 211 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 211 | ||
| Bone marrow transplantation for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. | 212 | ||
| Punch grafting of chronic ulcers in patients with laminin-332-deficient, non-Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa. | 212 | ||
| Treatment of epidermolysis bullosa simplex with tetracycline. | 212 | ||
| Tetracycline and epidermolysis bullosa simplex: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover randomized clinical trial. | 212 | ||
| The efficacy of trimethoprim in wound healing of patients with epidermolysis bullosa: a feasibility trial. | 212 | ||
| Chemoprevention of squamous cell carcinoma in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: results of a phase I trial of systemic isotretinoin. | 212 | ||
| Correction of junctional epidermolysis bullosa by transplantation of genetically modified epidermal stem cells. | 212 | ||
| Risk of squamous cell carcinoma in junctional epidermolysis bullosa, non-Herlitz type: report of 7 cases and a review of the literature. | 212 | ||
| 67 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita | 213 | ||
| Management strategy | 213 | ||
| Specific investigations | 213 | ||
| Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: ultrastructural and immunological studies. | 213 | ||
| Identification of the skin basement-membrane autoantigen in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. | 213 | ||
| Development of an ELISA for rapid detection of anti-type VII collagen autoantibodies in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. | 213 | ||
| IgA-mediated epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: two cases and review of the literature. | 214 | ||
| Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and inflammatory bowel disease. | 214 | ||
| The epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen (type VII collagen) is present in human colon and patients with Crohn’s disease have autoantibodies to type VII collagen. | 214 | ||
| Black patients of African descent and HLA-DRB1*15:03 frequency overrepresented in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. | 214 | ||
| Congenital epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: vertical transfer of maternal autoantibody from mother to infant. | 214 | ||
| First-line therapies | 214 | ||
| Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita – a pemphigoid-like disease. | 214 | ||
| Childhood IgA-mediated epidermolysis bullosa acquisita responding to mycophenolate mofetil as a corticosteroid-sparing agent. | 214 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. | 214 | ||
| Bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: presentation, prognosis, and immunotherapy in 11 children. | 214 | ||
| Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita responsive to dapsone therapy. | 214 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 214 | ||
| Severe, refractory epidermolysis bullosa acquisita complicated by an oesophageal stricture responding to intravenous immune globulin. | 214 | ||
| Treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with intravenous immunoglobulin in patients non-responsive to conventional therapy: clinical outcome and post-treatment long-term follow-up. | 215 | ||
| Colchicine for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. | 215 | ||
| Oral cyclosporine in the treatment of inflammatory and noninflammatory cases. A clinical and immunopathologic analysis. | 215 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 215 | ||
| Successful adjuvant treatment of recalcitrant epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. | 215 | ||
| A successful therapeutic trial of rituximab in the treatment of a patient with recalcitrant, high-titre epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. | 215 | ||
| Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita following bullous pemphigoid, successfully treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. | 215 | ||
| Treatment-resistant classical epidermolysis bullosa acquisita responding to rituximab. | 215 | ||
| Clinical response of severe mechanobullous epidermolysis bullosa acquisita to combined treatment with immunoadsorption and rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies). | 216 | ||
| Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab and intravenous immune globulin. | 216 | ||
| 68 Erosive pustular dermatosis | 217 | ||
| Management strategy | 217 | ||
| First-line therapy | 217 | ||
| Chronic atrophic erosive dermatosis of the scalp and extremities: a recharacterization of erosive pustular dermatosis. | 217 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. | 217 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 217 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: a review with a focus on dapsone therapy. | 217 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: treatment with topical tacrolimus. | 217 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 217 | ||
| Disseminated erosive pustular dermatosis also involving the mucosa: successful treatment with oral dapsone. | 218 | ||
| Atypical erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp with eosinophilia and erythroderma. | 218 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: an uncommon condition typical of elderly patients. | 218 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp successfully treated with oral zinc sulphate. | 218 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: a successful treatment with photodynamic therapy. | 218 | ||
| Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in the treatment of erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. | 218 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: a case treated successfully with isotretinoin. | 218 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp responding to acitretin. | 218 | ||
| Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp successfully treated with calcipotriol cream. | 218 | ||
| 69 Erythema annulare centrifugum | 219 | ||
| Management strategy | 219 | ||
| Specific investigations | 220 | ||
| Gyrate erythema. | 220 | ||
| Allergic confirmation that some cases of erythema annulare centrifugum are dermatophytids. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum and intestinal Candida albicans infection – coincidence or connection? | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum: a review of 24 cases with special reference to its association with underlying disease. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum: results of a clinicopathologic study of 73 patients. | 220 | ||
| Clinicopathologic analysis of 66 cases of erythema annulare centrifugum. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annular centrifugum in a HIV-positive patient. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by generalized Phthirus pubis infestation. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum. A case due to tuberculosis. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum and Escherichia coli urinary infection. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum following herpes zoster infection: Wolf’s isotopic response? | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum revealing chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of breast carcinoma. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with mantle B-cell non-hodgkin’s lymphoma. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum: a rare skin finding of autoimmune hepatitis. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of the hypereosinophilic syndrome: observations on therapy. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum-like mycosis fungoides. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum following pancreatico-biliary surgery. | 220 | ||
| Linear IgA dermatosis presenting with erythema annulare centrifugum lesions: report of three cases in adults. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum and relapsing polychondritis. | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum in a patient with polyglandular autoimmune disease type 1. | 220 | ||
| Pregnancy as a possible etiologic factor in erythema annulare centrifugum. | 220 | ||
| Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis manifested as erythema annulare centrifugum: confirmation of progesterone sensitivity by in vitro interferon-gamma release. | 220 | ||
| Contact erythema annulare centrifugum. | 220 | ||
| First-line therapies | 220 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum caused by aldactone. | 220 | ||
| Ampicillin-induced erythema annulare centrifugum. | 221 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum secondary to treatment with finasteride. | 221 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum: an unusual case due to hydroxychloroquine sulfate. | 221 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum. A case due to hypersensitivity to blue cheese Penicillium. | 221 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum and Hodgkin’s disease: association with disease activity. | 221 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum responding to natural ultraviolet light. | 221 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 221 | ||
| Annular erythema responding to tacrolimus ointment. | 221 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 221 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum. | 221 | ||
| Calcipotriol for erythema annulare centrifugum. | 221 | ||
| Erythema annulare centrifugum successfully treated with metronidazole. | 221 | ||
| A novel therapeutic approach to erythema annulare centrifugum. | 221 | ||
| 70 Erythema dyschromicum perstans | 222 | ||
| Management strategy | 222 | ||
| Specific investigations | 222 | ||
| Therapy | 222 | ||
| Erythema dyschromicum perstans in children: a report of 14 cases. | 222 | ||
| Vitamin A in the treatment of lichen planus pigmentosus. | 222 | ||
| Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to dapsone therapy. | 222 | ||
| Erythema dyschromicum perstans in phototype II women: three unusual clinical cases studied with electron microscopy. | 222 | ||
| Erythema dyschromicum perstans: a case report and review. | 222 | ||
| Involvement of cell adhesion and activation molecules in the pathogenesis of erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatitis). The effect of clofazimine therapy. | 222 | ||
| 71 Erythema elevatum diutinum | 223 | ||
| Management strategy | 223 | ||
| Specific investigations | 223 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum: an ultrastructural case study. | 223 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum: clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of six patients. | 223 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinical and histopathologic study of 13 patients. | 223 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum and IgA paraproteinaemia: ‘a preclinical iceberg’. | 223 | ||
| Is IgA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody a marker for patients with erythema elevatum diutinum? A further three cases demonstrating this association. | 223 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum and HIV infection: a report of five cases. | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with peripheral ulcerative keratitis. | 224 | ||
| Progressive keratolysis with pseudopterygium associated with erythema elevatum diutinum. | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum with verrucous carcinoma: a rare association. | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with pyoderma gangrenosum in an HIV-positive patient. | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum in systemic lupus erythematosus. | 224 | ||
| First-line therapies | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinicopathological study. | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum with oral ulceration. | 224 | ||
| Alternative procedure to allow continuation of dapsone therapy despite serious adverse reaction in a case of dapsone-sensitive erythema elevatum diutinum. | 224 | ||
| A case of extensive erosive and bullous erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum with primary Sjögren syndrome associated with IgA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. | 224 | ||
| Peripheral keratitis associated with erythema elevatum diutinum. | 224 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum presenting with a giant annular pattern. | 224 | ||
| Nodular erythema elevatum diutinum in an HIV-1 infected woman: response to dapsone and antiretroviral therapy. | 224 | ||
| Nodular lesions of erythema elevatum diutinum in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | 224 | ||
| Successful combination therapy with dapsone and cyclosporine for erythema elevatum diutinum with unusual appearance. | 225 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum treated with niacinamide and tetracycline. | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum: a case successfully treated with colchicine. | 225 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum in association with coeliac disease. | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with relapsing polychondritis. | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with IgA paraproteinemia successfully controlled with intermittent plasma exchange. | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum after liver transplantation: disappearance of the lesions associated with a reduction in cyclosporine dosage. | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum: an unusual association with ulcerative colitis. | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum manifesting as a penile ulcer. | 225 | ||
| Erythema elevatum diutinum as a paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. | 225 | ||
| 72 Erythema multiforme | 226 | ||
| Management strategy | 226 | ||
| Specific investigations | 226 | ||
| First-line therapies | 226 | ||
| Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical features and treatment in a large series of patients. | 226 | ||
| A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of continuous acyclovir therapy in recurrent erythema multiforme. | 226 | ||
| Recurrent erythema multiforme unresponsive to acyclovir prophylaxis and responsive to valacyclovir continuous therapy. | 226 | ||
| Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, and treatment in a series of 48 patients at Mayo Clinic, 2000 to 2007. | 226 | ||
| Erythema multiforme major associated with CMV infection in an immunocompetent patient. | 227 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 227 | ||
| Dapsone-responsive persistent erythema multiforme. | 227 | ||
| Characteristics of the oral lesions in patients with cutaneous recurrent erythema multiforme. | 227 | ||
| Azathioprine therapy in the management of persistent erythema multiforme. | 227 | ||
| Thalidomide for recurrent erythema multiforme. | 227 | ||
| Treatment by thalidomide of chronic multiforme erythema: its recurrent and continuous variants. A retrospective study of 26 patients. | 227 | ||
| Potassium iodide in erythema nodosum and other erythematous dermatoses. | 227 | ||
| Erythema multiforme – response to corticosteroid. | 227 | ||
| Oral EM | 227 | ||
| Open preliminary clinical trial of clobetasol propionate ointment in adhesive paste for treatment of chronic oral vesiculoerosive diseases. | 227 | ||
| Topically applied fluocinonide in an adhesive base in the treatment of oral vesiculoerosive diseases. | 227 | ||
| Erythema multiforme: diagnosis, clinical manifestations and treatment in a retrospective study of 22 patients. | 227 | ||
| Prednisone and azathioprine in the treatment of patients with vesiculoerosive oral diseases. | 227 | ||
| Recurrent oral erythema multiforme. Clinical experience with 11 patients. | 227 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 227 | ||
| Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical features and treatment in a large series of patients. | 228 | ||
| Recurrent erythema multiforme and chronic hepatitis C: efficacy of interferon alpha. | 228 | ||
| Severe erythema multiforme responding to interferon alfa. | 228 | ||
| Progesterone-induced erythema multiforme. | 228 | ||
| Topical treatment of recurrent herpes simplex and post-herpetic erythema multiforme with low concentrations of zinc sulphate solution. | 228 | ||
| Cimetidine prevents recurrent erythema multiforme major resulting from herpes simplex virus infection. | 228 | ||
| Cyclosporine therapy for bullous erythema multiforme. | 228 | ||
| High-dose systemic corticosteroids can arrest recurrences of severe mucocutaneous erythema multiforme. | 228 | ||
| 73 Erythema nodosum | 229 | ||
| Management strategies | 229 | ||
| Specific investigations | 229 | ||
| Erythema nodosum: a review. | 229 | ||
| Erythema nodosum and associated diseases: a study of 129 cases. | 229 | ||
| Erythema nodosum: a study of 160 cases. | 229 | ||
| Erythema nodosum: an evaluation of 100 cases. | 229 | ||
| First-line therapies | 230 | ||
| Suppression of erythema nodosum by indomethacin. | 230 | ||
| Chronic erythema nodosum treated with indomethacin. | 230 | ||
| Control of chronic erythema nodosum with naproxen. | 230 | ||
| Potassium iodide in erythema nodosum and other erythematous dermatoses. | 230 | ||
| Treatment of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis with potassium iodide. | 230 | ||
| Potassium iodide in dermatology. A 19th century drug for the 21st century: uses, pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications. | 230 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 230 | ||
| Traitement de l’erythème noueux par la colchicine. | 230 | ||
| Erythema nodosum treated with colchicine. | 230 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of chronic erythema nodosum. | 230 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine and chronic erythema nodosum. | 230 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 230 | ||
| Acne fulminans and erythema nodosum during isotretinoin therapy responding to dapsone. | 230 | ||
| Extracorporeal monocyte granulocytapheresis was effective for a patient of erythema nodosum concomitant with ulcerative colitis. | 230 | ||
| Severe erythema nodosum due to Behçet’s disease responsive to erythromycin. | 231 | ||
| Use of mycophenolate mofetil in erythema nodosum. | 231 | ||
| Dermatologic manifestations of Crohn disease in children: response to infliximab. | 231 | ||
| Treatment of chronic erythema nodosum with infliximab. | 231 | ||
| Etanercept treatment of erythema nodosum. | 231 | ||
| Prophylaxis of recurrent erythema nodosum with penicillin. | 231 | ||
| Refractory chronic erythema nodosum successfully treated with adalimumab. | 231 | ||
| Successful treatment of chronic erythema nodosum with vitamin B12. | 231 | ||
| Response of recalcitrant erythema nodosum to tetracyclines. | 231 | ||
| 74 Erythrasma | 232 | ||
| Management strategy | 232 | ||
| Specific investigations | 232 | ||
| First-line therapies | 232 | ||
| A comparison between the effectiveness of erythromycin, single dose clarithromycin and topical fusidic acid in the treatment of erythrasma. | 232 | ||
| Treatment of erythrasma with miconazole. | 232 | ||
| A clinical double-blind trial of topical miconazole and clotrimazole against superficial fungal infections and erythrasma. | 232 | ||
| Topical treatment for erythrasma. | 232 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 232 | ||
| Systemic or local treatment of erythrasma? A comparison between erythromycin tablets and Fucidin cream in general practice. | 232 | ||
| A comparison between the effectiveness of erythromycin, single dose clarithromycin and topical fusidic acid in the treatment of erythrasma. | 233 | ||
| Erythrasma treated with single-dose clarithromycin. | 233 | ||
| The treatment of erythrasma in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. | 233 | ||
| Antibiotic susceptibility of Corynebacterium minutissimum isolated from lesions of Turkish patients with erythrasma. | 233 | ||
| 75 Erythroderma | 234 | ||
| Management strategy | 234 | ||
| Specific investigations | 234 | ||
| Diagnosing erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. | 235 | ||
| Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. | 235 | ||
| Erythrodermic bullous pemphigoid. | 235 | ||
| A case of erythrodermic dermatomyositis associated with gastric cancer. | 235 | ||
| Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus presenting as erythroderma. | 235 | ||
| Idiopathic erythroderma: a follow-up study of 28 patients. | 235 | ||
| Inherited ichthyoses: a review of the histology of the skin. | 235 | ||
| Early skin biopsy is helpful for the diagnosis and management of neonatal and infantile erythrodermas. | 235 | ||
| Congenital erythrodermic psoriasis: case report and literature review. | 235 | ||
| Erythroderma due to dermatophyte. | 235 | ||
| Erythroderma as the initial presentation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 235 | ||
| First-line therapies | 236 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 236 | ||
| Cushing’s syndrome caused by short-term topical glucocorticoid use for erythrodermic psoriasis and development of adrenocortical insufficiency after glucocorticoid withdrawal. | 236 | ||
| Salicylism from topical salicylates: review of the literature. | 236 | ||
| Hypercalcemia caused by vitamin D3 analogs in psoriasis treatment. | 236 | ||
| Low but detectable serum levels of tacrolimus seen with the use of very dilute, extemporaneously compounded formulations of tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of patients with Netherton syndrome. | 236 | ||
| Ofuji’s papuloerythroderma: a study of 17 cases. | 236 | ||
| Treatment of papuloerythroderma of Ofuji with Re-PUVA: a case report and review of the therapy. | 236 | ||
| A dermatitis–eosinophilia syndrome. Treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. | 236 | ||
| Toxic shock syndrome responsive to steroids. | 236 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 236 | ||
| Management of erythrodermic psoriasis with low-dose cyclosporine. | 236 | ||
| Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji responding to treatment with cyclosporine. | 236 | ||
| Psoriatic erythroderma and bullous pemphigoid treated successfully with acitretin and azathioprine. | 236 | ||
| Methotrexate in psoriasis: 26 years’ experience with low-dose long-term treatment. | 236 | ||
| Systemic methotrexate treatment in childhood psoriasis: further experience in 24 children from India. | 236 | ||
| An appraisal of acitretin therapy in children with inherited disorders of keratinization. | 236 | ||
| Treatment of classic pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 237 | ||
| Treatment of refractory adult-onset pityriasis rubra pilaris with TNF-alpha antagonists: a case series. | 237 | ||
| Evidence-based practice of photopheresis 1987–2001: a report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group and the UK Skin Lymphoma Group. | 237 | ||
| Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome: hematologic parameters as predictors of response. | 237 | ||
| U.K. consensus statement on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and chronic graft-versus-host disease. | 237 | ||
| Treatment of severe erythrodermic acute graft-versus- host disease with photochemotherapy. | 237 | ||
| ‘High-dose’ UVA1 therapy of widespread plaque-type, nodular, and erythrodermic mycosis fungoides. | 237 | ||
| Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma: safe and effective topical treatment with calcipotriol ointment in a child. | 237 | ||
| Successful treatment of Netherton’s syndrome with topical calcipotriol. | 237 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in a 1-month-old ‘red baby’: a case report. | 237 | ||
| Erythrodermic chronic actinic dermatitis responding to topical tacrolimus. | 237 | ||
| Successful treatment of bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma with erythromycin. | 237 | ||
| Combination therapy with extracorporeal photophoresis, interferon-alpha, PUVA and topical corticosteroids in the management of Sézary syndrome. | 237 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of biologics in erythrodermic psoriasis: a multicentre, retrospective study. | 237 | ||
| A follow-up study in 28 patients treated with infliximab for severe recalcitrant psoriasis: evidence for efficacy and high incidence of biological autoimmunity. | 237 | ||
| Infliximab as sole or combined therapy, induces rapid clearing of erythrodermic psoriasis. | 237 | ||
| Treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis with etanercept. | 238 | ||
| Alemtuzumab for relapsed and refractory erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a single institution experience from the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center. | 238 | ||
| Novel treatment of Sézary-like syndrome due to adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma with daclizumab (humanized anti-interleukin-2 receptor alpha antibody). | 238 | ||
| The treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with a novel retinoid. | 238 | ||
| Bexarotene therapy for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. | 238 | ||
| 76 Erythrokeratodermas | 239 | ||
| Management strategy | 239 | ||
| Specific investigations | 239 | ||
| Connexin disorders of the skin. | 239 | ||
| The missense mutation G12D in connexin 30.3 can cause both erythrokeratodermia variabilis of Mendes da Costa and progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia of Gottron. | 240 | ||
| Evidence for the absence of mutations at GJB3, GJB4 and LOR in progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia. | 240 | ||
| First-line therapies | 240 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis successfully treated with topical tazarotene. | 240 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis. Report of 3 clinical cases and evaluation of the topical retinoic acid treatment. | 240 | ||
| [Progressive symmetrische erythrokeratodermie Darier-Gottron]. | 240 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis. Case report and review of the literature. | 240 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 240 | ||
| Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of erythrokeratodermia variabilis. | 240 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis caused by a recessive mutation in GJB3. | 240 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis. | 240 | ||
| Erythrokeratoderma variabilis responding to low- dose isotretinoin. | 240 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis with adult onset: report of a sporadic case unresponsive to systemic retinoids. | 240 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 241 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis: successful treatment with retinoid plus psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy. | 241 | ||
| Gottron’s erythroderma congenitalis progressiva symmetrica. | 241 | ||
| Erythrokeratodermia variabilis: case report and review of literature. | 241 | ||
| 77 Erythromelalgia | 242 | ||
| Management strategy | 242 | ||
| Specific investigations | 242 | ||
| Nonspecific capillary proliferation and vasculopathy indicate skin hypoxia in erythromelalgia. | 242 | ||
| Platelet-mediated erythromelalgic, cerebral, ocular and coronary microvascular ischemic and thrombotic manifestations in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera: a distinct aspirin-responsive and coumadin- resistant arterial thrombophilia. | 242 | ||
| Erythromelalgia – a thrombotic complication in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. | 242 | ||
| First-line therapies | 243 | ||
| Aspirin-responsive painful red, blue, black toe, or finger-syndrome in polycythemia vera associated with thrombocythemia. | 243 | ||
| The Erythromelalgia Association Survey 2003. | 243 | ||
| Erythromelalgia – a condition caused by microvascular arteriovenous shunting. | 243 | ||
| Prostacyclin reduces symptoms and sympathetic dysfunction in erythromelalgia in a double-blind randomized pilot study. | 243 | ||
| The prostaglandin E1 analog misoprostol reduces symptoms and microvascular arteriovenous shunting in erythromelalgia – a double-blind, crossover, placebo- compared study. | 243 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 243 | ||
| Treatment of Nav1.7-mediated pain in inherited erythromelalgia using novel sodium channel blocker. | 243 | ||
| Primary erythromelalgia in a 12-year-old boy: positive response to sodium channel blockers despite negative SCN9A mutations. | 243 | ||
| Primary erythromelalagia in a child responding to intravenous lidocaine and oral mexiletine treatment. | 243 | ||
| Lidocaine patch for pain of erythromelalgia: follow-up of 34 patients. | 243 | ||
| Pediatric erythromelalgia: a retrospective review of 32 cases evaluated at Mayo Clinic over a 37-year period. | 243 | ||
| A case of erythromelalgia: good response to treatment with gabapentin. | 243 | ||
| Treatment of familial erythromelalgia with venlafaxine. | 244 | ||
| Combination gel of 1% amitriptyline and 0.5% ketamine to treat refractory erythromelalgia pain: a new treatment option? | 244 | ||
| Erythromelalgia – a condition caused by microvascular arteriovenous shunting. | 244 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 244 | ||
| Erythromelalgia: new theories and new therapies. | 244 | ||
| High-dose oral magnesium treatment of chronic, intractable erythromelalgia. | 244 | ||
| Erythromelalgia. | 244 | ||
| 78 Erythropoietic protoporphyria | 245 | ||
| Management strategy | 245 | ||
| Specific investigations | 245 | ||
| Erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 245 | ||
| Hepatobiliary implications and complications in protoporphyria. A 20-year study. | 245 | ||
| First-line therapies | 245 | ||
| Efficiency of opaque photoprotective agents in the visible light range. | 245 | ||
| Erythropoietic protoporphyria: IV. Protection from sunlight. | 245 | ||
| Beta-carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases. | 245 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 246 | ||
| Narrow-band (TL-01) UVB phototherapy: an effective preventative treatment for the photodermatoses. | 246 | ||
| Photo(chemo)therapy and general management of erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 246 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 246 | ||
| An alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue in erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 246 | ||
| Long-term treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria with cysteine. | 246 | ||
| Inhibition of photosensitivity in erythropoietic protoporphyria with terfenadine. | 246 | ||
| Cimetidine reduces erythrocyte protoporphyrin in erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 246 | ||
| A case of erythropoietic protoporphyria with liver cirrhosis suggesting a therapeutic value of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol. | 246 | ||
| A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of oral vitamin C in erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 246 | ||
| Relief of the photosensitivity of erythropoietic protoporphyria by pyridoxine. | 246 | ||
| Treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria with hydroxyethylrutosides. | 246 | ||
| Iron therapy for hepatic dysfunction in erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 246 | ||
| Symptomatic response of erythropoietic protoporphyria to iron supplementation. | 247 | ||
| Erythropoietic protoporphyria and iron therapy. | 247 | ||
| Fecal protoporphyrin excretion in erythropoietic protoporphyria: effect of cholestyramine and bile acid feeding. | 247 | ||
| Liver failure in protoporphyria: long-term treatment with oral charcoal. | 247 | ||
| Liver disease in erythropoietic protoporphyria: insights and implications for management. | 247 | ||
| Liver transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria liver disease. | 247 | ||
| Liver transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria in Europe. | 247 | ||
| Perioperative measures during liver transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 247 | ||
| The value of intravenous heme-albumin and plasmapheresis in reducing postoperative complications of orthotopic liver transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 247 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent allograft dysfunction with intravenous hematin after liver transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 247 | ||
| Erythropoietic protoporphyria: altered phenotype after bone marrow transplantation for myelogenous leukemia in a patient heteroallelic for ferrochelatase gene mutations. | 247 | ||
| Sequential liver and bone marrow transplantation for treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria. | 247 | ||
| Curative bone marrow transplantation in erythropoietic protoporphyria after reversal of severe cholestasis. | 247 | ||
| 79 Extramammary Paget disease | 248 | ||
| Management strategy | 248 | ||
| Specific investigations | 248 | ||
| Extramammary Paget’s disease: treatment, prognostic factors and outcome in 76 patients. | 248 | ||
| Epidemiology and treatment of EMPD in the Netherlands. | 248 | ||
| First-line therapies | 249 | ||
| Indications for lymph node dissection in the treatment of EMPD. | 249 | ||
| Clinicopathological study of invasive extramammary Paget’s disease: subgroup comparison according to invasion depth. | 249 | ||
| Penile and scrotal Paget’s disease: experiences from 130 Chinese patients with a long-term follow-up. | 249 | ||
| Frozen section-guided wide local excision in the treatment of penoscrotal EMPD. | 249 | ||
| EMPD: surgical treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery. | 249 | ||
| Comparison of Mohs micrographic surgery and wide excision for EMPD. | 249 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 249 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy using a methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid in recurrent Paget’s disease of the vulva: a pilot study. | 249 | ||
| Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy for mammary and extramammary Paget’s disease: a state of the science review. | 249 | ||
| Metastatic EMPD successfully controlled with tumour dormancy therapy using docetaxel. | 249 | ||
| A case of metastatic extramammary Paget’s disease responding to trastuzumab plus paclitaxel combination therapy. | 249 | ||
| Trial of low-dose 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin therapy for advanced EMPD. | 250 | ||
| Low-dose mitomycin C, etoposide, and cisplatin for invasive vulvar Paget’s disease. | 250 | ||
| Definitive radiation therapy for extramammary Paget’s disease. | 250 | ||
| Complete resolution of Paget’s disease of the vulva with imiquimod cream. | 250 | ||
| Treatment of vulvar Paget disease with topical imiquimod: a case report and review of the literature. | 250 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 250 | ||
| EMPD resistant to surgery and imiquimod monotherapy but responsive to imiquimod combination topical chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and retinoic acid: a case report. | 250 | ||
| Intralesional interferon alfa-2b as neoadjuvant treatment for perianal EMPD. | 250 | ||
| Failure of carbon dioxide laser treatment in three patients with penoscrotal EMPD. | 250 | ||
| Estrogen-receptor-alpha-positive EMPD treated with hormonal therapy. | 250 | ||
| Androgen-deprivation regimen for multiple bone metastases of EMPD. | 250 | ||
| 80 Fabry disease | 251 | ||
| Management strategy | 251 | ||
| Specific investigations | 252 | ||
| Angiokeratoma: decision making aid for the diagnosis of Fabry disease. | 252 | ||
| Treatment of Fabry disease: current and emerging strategies. | 252 | ||
| Fabry disease and the skin: data from FOS, the Fabry Outcome Survey. | 252 | ||
| 81 Flushing | 255 | ||
| Management strategy | 255 | ||
| Specific investigations | 255 | ||
| The red face: flushing disorders. | 255 | ||
| Flushing reactions in the chemotherapy patient. | 255 | ||
| Flushing reactions. | 255 | ||
| Influence of a serotonin- and dopamine-rich diet on platelet serotonin content and urinary excretion of biogenic amines and their metabolites. | 255 | ||
| Serotonin, catecholamines, histamine, and their metabolites in urine, platelets, and tumor tissue of patients with carcinoid tumors. | 255 | ||
| Comparison of clinical trials with sildenafil, vardenifil and tadalafil in erectile dysfunction. | 255 | ||
| First-line therapies | 256 | ||
| Oral thermal-induced flushing in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. | 256 | ||
| Aspirin blocks nicotinic acid-induced flushing. | 256 | ||
| Aspirin attenuation of alcohol-induced flushing and intoxication in Oriental and Occidental subjects. | 256 | ||
| Combined versus sequential hormonal replacement therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study on quality of life-related outcome measures. | 256 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 256 | ||
| Scombroid fish poisoning, Pennsylvania, 1998. | 256 | ||
| Histamine receptor antagonism of intolerance to alcohol in the Oriental population. | 256 | ||
| Primary care for survivors of breast cancer. | 256 | ||
| Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. | 256 | ||
| Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot-flashes. | 256 | ||
| Treatment strategies for reducing the burden of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms. | 256 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 257 | ||
| Treatment of type II gastric carcinoid tumors with somatostatin analogues. | 257 | ||
| Management of facial flushing. | 257 | ||
| Carvedilol for the treatment of refractory facial flushing and persistent erythema of rosacea. | 257 | ||
| Symptomatic treatment of idiopathic and rosacea-associated cutaneous flushing with propranolol. | 257 | ||
| Successful treatment of the erythema and flushing of rosacea using a topically applied selective alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist, oxymetazoline. | 257 | ||
| 82 Follicular mucinosis | 258 | ||
| Management strategy | 258 | ||
| Specific investigations | 258 | ||
| The cutaneous mucinoses. | 258 | ||
| Follicular mucinosis: a clinicopathologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular study comparing the primary benign form and the mycosis fungoides-associated follicular mucinosis. | 258 | ||
| First-line therapies | 258 | ||
| Follicular mucinosis: a study of 47 patients. | 258 | ||
| Neonatal follicular mucinosis. | 258 | ||
| Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis responding to dapsone. | 258 | ||
| Atypical follicular mucinosis controlled with mepacrine. | 258 | ||
| A case of follicular mucinosis treated successfully with minocycline. | 259 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 259 | ||
| Follicular mucinosis presenting as an acneiform eruption: report of four cases. | 259 | ||
| Follicular mucinosis treated with PUVA. | 259 | ||
| Treatment of idiopathic mucinosis follicularis with UVA1 cold light phototherapy. | 259 | ||
| Follicular mucinosis: response to indomethacin. | 259 | ||
| Successful treatment of recalcitrant primary follicular mucinosis with indomethacin and low-dose intralesional interferon alpha. | 259 | ||
| Acneiform follicular mucinosis. | 259 | ||
| Alopecia mucinosa: a follow-up study. | 259 | ||
| Primary follicular mucinosis: excellent response to treatment with photodynamic therapy. | 259 | ||
| Treatment of so-called idiopathic follicular mucinosis with hydroxychloroquine. | 259 | ||
| Follicular mucinosis treated with tacrolimus. | 259 | ||
| A case of follicular mucinosis treated successfully with pimecrolimus. | 259 | ||
| 83 Folliculitis | 260 | ||
| Management strategy | 260 | ||
| Specific investigations | 260 | ||
| First-line therapies | 260 | ||
| Topical therapy | 261 | ||
| Topical retapamulin ointment, 1%, versus sodium fusidate ointment, 2%, for impetigo: a randomized, observer-blinded, noninferiority study. | 261 | ||
| A randomized, controlled trial of tea tree topical preparations versus a standard topical regimen for the clearance of MRSA colonization. | 261 | ||
| Refractory Demodex folliculitis in five children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 261 | ||
| Recalcitrant papulopustular rosacea in an immunocompetent patient responding to combination therapy with oral ivermectin and topical permethrin. | 261 | ||
| Successful treatment of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis with topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. | 261 | ||
| Systemic therapy | 261 | ||
| Treatment of MRSA soft tissue infections: an overview. | 261 | ||
| Hot tub folliculitis or hot hand-foot syndrome caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | 261 | ||
| Skin diseases associated with Malassezia species. | 261 | ||
| Therapeutic effectiveness of various treatments for eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. | 261 | ||
| Folliculitis induced by EGFR inhibitors, preventive and curative efficacy of tetracyclines in the management and incidence rates according to the type of EGFR inhibitor administered: a systematic literature review. | 261 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 261 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of tigecycline compared with vancomycin or linezolid for treatment of serious infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant Enterococci: a phase III, multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. | 261 | ||
| Intramuscular immunoglobulin for recalcitrant suppurative diseases of the skin: a retrospective review of 63 cases. | 261 | ||
| Topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy for the treatment of folliculitis. | 262 | ||
| Malassezia folliculitis: characteristics and therapeutic response in 26 patients. | 262 | ||
| 84 Folliculitis decalvans | 263 | ||
| Management strategy | 263 | ||
| Specific investigations | 263 | ||
| Acquired scalp alopecia. Part II: A review. | 263 | ||
| Folliculitis decalvans and cellular immunity – 2 brothers with oral candidiasis. | 263 | ||
| Tufted folliculitis of the scalp; a distinctive clinicohistological variant of folliculitis decalvans. | 263 | ||
| Tinea capitis mimicking folliculitis decalvans. | 263 | ||
| First-line therapies | 263 | ||
| Management of primary cicatricial alopecias: options for treatment. | 263 | ||
| Folliculitis decalvans including tufted folliculitis: clinical, histological and therapeutic findings. | 263 | ||
| Tufted folliculitis of the scalp: a distinctive clinicohistological variant of folliculitis decalvans. | 264 | ||
| Folliculitis decalvans – response to rifampicin. | 264 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 264 | ||
| Folliculitis decalvans. | 264 | ||
| Dapsone treatment of folliculitis decalvans. | 264 | ||
| Simultaneous occurrence of folliculitis decalvans capillitii in identical twins. | 264 | ||
| Treatment of folliculitis decalvans with tacrolimus ointment. | 264 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 264 | ||
| Tufted hair folliculitis. | 264 | ||
| Tufted hair folliculitis. A study of 4 cases. | 264 | ||
| Folliculitis decalvans treated with radiation therapy. | 264 | ||
| Nd : YAG laser treatment of recalcitrant folliculitis decalvans. | 264 | ||
| Successful use of infliximab in a patient with recalcitrant folliculitis decalvans. | 264 | ||
| 85 Fox–Fordyce disease | 265 | ||
| Management strategy | 265 | ||
| Specific investigations | 265 | ||
| Fox–Fordyce disease: diagnosis by transverse histologic sections. | 265 | ||
| Patterns histopathologic of Fox–Fordyce disease. | 265 | ||
| Dilation of apocrine glands. A forgotten but helpful histopathological clue to the diagnosis of axillary Fox–Fordyce disease. | 265 | ||
| Clinicopathological study of Fox–Fordyce disease. | 265 | ||
| Axillary perifollicular xanthomatosis resembling Fox–Fordyce disease. | 265 | ||
| Perifollicular xanthomatosis as a key histological finding in Fox–Fordyce disease. | 265 | ||
| First-line therapies | 265 | ||
| A new treatment of Fox–Fordyce disease. | 265 | ||
| Fox–Fordyce disease – successful treatment with topical clindamycin in alcoholic propylene glycol solution. | 266 | ||
| Fox–Fordyce disease. Treatment with an oral contraceptive. | 266 | ||
| Fox–Fordyce disease. Control with tretinoin cream. | 266 | ||
| Treatment of Fox–Fordyce disease. | 266 | ||
| Pimecrolimus is effective in Fox–Fordyce disease. | 266 | ||
| The treatment of Fox–Fordyce disease. | 266 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 266 | ||
| Fox–Fordyce disease in a male patient – response to oral retinoid treatment. | 266 | ||
| Fox–Fordyce disease in the post-menopausal period treated successfully with electrocoagulation. | 266 | ||
| Surgical treatment of areolar hidradenitis suppurativa and Fox–Fordyce disease. | 266 | ||
| Axillary Fox–Fordyce disease treated with liposuction-assisted curettage. | 266 | ||
| 86 Furunculosis | 267 | ||
| Management strategy | 267 | ||
| Specific investigations | 267 | ||
| First-line therapies | 267 | ||
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cephalexin for treatment of uncomplicated skin abscesses in a population at risk for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. | 267 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 267 | ||
| Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. | 268 | ||
| Tetracyclines as an oral treatment option for patients with community onset skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 268 | ||
| Prevalence, severity, and treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections in 10 medical clinics in Texas: a South Texas Ambulatory Research Network (STARNet) study. | 268 | ||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or clindamycin for treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. | 268 | ||
| Third-line therapies/prevention | 268 | ||
| Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization. | 268 | ||
| Prospective investigation of nasal mupirocin, hexachlorophene body wash, and systemic antibiotics for prevention of recurrent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. | 268 | ||
| Hypochlorite killing of community- associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 268 | ||
| Recurrent staphylococcal infection in families. | 268 | ||
| In vitro activity of retapamulin against Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to fusidic acid and mupirocin. | 268 | ||
| Treatment and prevention of recurrent staphylococcal furunculosis: clinical and bacteriological follow-up. | 268 | ||
| 87 Geographic tongue | 269 | ||
| Management strategy | 269 | ||
| Specific investigations | 269 | ||
| Geographic stomatitis: a critical review. | 269 | ||
| First-line therapies | 269 | ||
| Symptomatic benign migratory glossitis: report of two cases and literature review. | 269 | ||
| Common tongue conditions in primary care. | 269 | ||
| Glossitis and other tongue disorders. | 269 | ||
| Painful geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) in a child. | 269 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 269 | ||
| Glossodynia and other disorders of the tongue. | 269 | ||
| The treatment of geographic tongue with topical retin-A solution. | 270 | ||
| Geographic tongue treated with topical tacrolimus. | 270 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 270 | ||
| Successful treatment with cyclosporine administration for persistent benign migratory glossitis. | 270 | ||
| 88 Gianotti–Crosti syndrome | 271 | ||
| Management strategy | 271 | ||
| Specific investigations | 271 | ||
| Gianotti–Crosti syndrome associated with transfusion acquired hepatitis B virus infection in a patient of sickle cell anemia. | 271 | ||
| Gianotti–Crosti syndrome in a child following hepatitis B virus vaccination. | 272 | ||
| Gianotti-Crosti syndrome after childhood vaccination. | 272 | ||
| Gianotti-Crosti syndrome following novel influenza A (H1N1) vaccination. | 272 | ||
| Gianotti–Crosti syndrome. | 272 | ||
| Atypical Gianotti–Crosti syndrome in two HIV and hepatitis B co-infected adults. | 272 | ||
| Gianotti–Crosti syndrome and allergic background. | 272 | ||
| First-line therapies | 272 | ||
| Acute disseminated erythematous papulovesicular skin lesions in a 7-year-old child: a quiz. Diagnosis: vesicular Gianotti–Crosti syndrome. | 272 | ||
| Recurrent Gianotti–Crosti syndrome. | 272 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 272 | ||
| Infantile acrodermatitis of Gianotti–Crosti and Lyme borreliosis. | 272 | ||
| Efficacy of ribavirin in a case of long lasting and disabling Gianotti–Crosti syndrome. | 272 | ||
| 89 Gonorrhea | 273 | ||
| Management strategy | 273 | ||
| Specific investigations | 273 | ||
| Male urethritis with and without discharge. A clinical and microbiological study. | 273 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010. | 273 | ||
| Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections – 2002. | 273 | ||
| A laboratory-based evaluation of the BioStar Optical ImmunoAssay point-of-care test for diagnosing Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. | 274 | ||
| First-line therapies | 274 | ||
| Oral cefixime versus intramuscular ceftriaxone in patients with uncomplicated gonococcal infections. | 274 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010. | 274 | ||
| First Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with resistance to cefixime causing gonorrhoea treatment failure in Austria, 2011. | 274 | ||
| UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011. | 274 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 274 | ||
| Update on the management of gonorrhea in adults in the United States. | 274 | ||
| Which cephalosporin for gonorrhoea? | 274 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 274 | ||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae with high-level resistance to azithromycin: case report of the first isolate identified in the United States. | 274 | ||
| Spectinomycin resistance in Neisseria spp. due to mutations in IGSrRNA. | 274 | ||
| Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections. | 274 | ||
| Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific and South East Asian Regions, 2009. | 275 | ||
| Annual report of the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme, 2010. | 275 | ||
| Cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: time to consider gentamicin? | 275 | ||
| Special considerations | 275 | ||
| Pharyngeal infection | 275 | ||
| Treating uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections: is the anatomic site of infection important? | 275 | ||
| Disseminated gonococcal infection | 275 | ||
| Pregnancy | 275 | ||
| Treatment of gonorrhoea in pregnancy. | 275 | ||
| Ophthalmia neonatorum | 275 | ||
| Men who have sex with men | 275 | ||
| Gonorrhea screening among men who have sex with men: value of multiple anatomic site testing, San Diego, California, 1997–2003. | 275 | ||
| Treatment failure | 275 | ||
| 90 Graft-versus-host disease | 276 | ||
| Management strategy | 276 | ||
| Acute gvhd | 276 | ||
| Specific investigations | 276 | ||
| Clinical differentiation of acute cutaneous graft-versus-host disease from drug hypersensitivity reactions. | 276 | ||
| Role of skin biopsy to confirm suspected acute graft-vs-host disease: results of decision analysis. | 276 | ||
| Acute graft-versus-host disease biomarkers measured during therapy can predict treatment outcomes: a Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network Study. | 277 | ||
| First-line therapies | 277 | ||
| Early treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with high- or low-dose 6-methylprednisolone: a multicenter randomized trial from the Italian Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation. | 277 | ||
| First- and second-line systemic treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease: recommendations of the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. | 277 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 277 | ||
| Steroid-refractory acute GVHD: lack of long-term improved survival using new generation anticytokine treatment. | 277 | ||
| Etanercept, mycophenolate, denileukin, or pentostatin plus corticosteroids for acute graft-versus-host disease: a randomized phase 2 trial from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network. | 277 | ||
| Role of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) in treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. | 277 | ||
| A phase III study of infliximab and corticosteroids for the initial treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease. | 277 | ||
| Etanercept plus methylprednisolone as initial therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease. | 277 | ||
| Inflammatory cytokine inhibition with combination daclizumab and infliximab for steroid-refractory acute GVHD. | 277 | ||
| Sirolimus for treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. | 277 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 277 | ||
| Diagnosis and management of acute graft-versus-host disease. | 278 | ||
| Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for treatment of steroid-refractory and steroid-dependent acute graft-versus-host disease. | 278 | ||
| Chronic gvhd | 278 | ||
| Specific investigations | 278 | ||
| 91 Granuloma annulare | 280 | ||
| Management strategy | 280 | ||
| Specific investigations | 280 | ||
| Carbohydrate tolerance in patients with granuloma annulare. Study of fifty two cases. | 280 | ||
| Absence of carbohydrate intolerance in patients with granuloma annulare. | 280 | ||
| Localised granuloma annulare is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. | 280 | ||
| Localized granuloma annulare | 280 | ||
| First-line therapies | 280 | ||
| Granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica treated by jet injector. | 280 | ||
| Successful outcome of cryosurgery in patients with granuloma annulare. | 280 | ||
| Successful treatment of chronic skin diseases with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing. | 281 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 281 | ||
| Treatment of granuloma annulare with the 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL), a multicentre retrospective study with long-term follow-up. | 281 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for granuloma annulare: more than a shot in the dark. | 281 | ||
| Successful treatment of granuloma annulare with imiquimod cream 5%: a report of four cases. | 281 | ||
| Granuloma annulare: dramatically altered appearance after application of 5% imiquimod cream. | 281 | ||
| Multiple localized granuloma annulare: ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. | 281 | ||
| Treatment of granuloma annulare by local injections with low dose recombinant human interferon gamma. | 281 | ||
| Scarification treatment of granuloma annulare. | 281 | ||
| Surgical pearl: surgical treatment of tumour sized granuloma annulare of the fingers. | 281 | ||
| Granuloma annulare treated with rifampin, ofloxacin, and minocycline combination therapy. | 281 | ||
| Generalized granuloma annulare | 281 | ||
| First-line therapies | 281 | ||
| UVA1 phototherapy for disseminated granuloma annulare. | 281 | ||
| Resolution of disseminated granuloma annulare with isotretinoin. | 281 | ||
| The response of generalised granuloma annulare to dapsone. | 281 | ||
| Successful treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with topical tacrolimus. | 281 | ||
| Successful treatment of perforating granuloma annulare with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. | 282 | ||
| Generalized granuloma annulare treated with methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy. | 282 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 282 | ||
| Psoralen and ultraviolet A in the treatment of granuloma annulare. | 282 | ||
| Clearance of generalized papular umbilicated granuloma annulare in a child with bath PUVA therapy. | 282 | ||
| Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with low dose fumaric acid. | 282 | ||
| Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare recalcitrant to topical therapy: a retrospective 10 year analysis with comparison of photochemotherapy alone versus photochemotherapy plus oral fumaric acid esters. | 282 | ||
| Antimalarials for control of disseminated granuloma annulare in children. | 282 | ||
| A contact dermatitis reaction to clobetasol propionate cream associated with resolution of recalcitrant, generalised granuloma annulare. | 282 | ||
| Granuloma annulare, generalised. | 282 | ||
| Low dose chlorambucil in the treatment of generalised granuloma annulare. | 282 | ||
| Disseminated granuloma annulare: efficacy of cyclosporine therapy. | 282 | ||
| Treatment of recalcitrant disseminated granuloma annulare with hydroxyurea. | 282 | ||
| Generalized granuloma annulare: response to doxycycline. | 282 | ||
| Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of granuloma annulare: a case report. | 282 | ||
| Pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare. | 283 | ||
| A case of generalized granuloma annulare with myelodysplastic syndrome: successful treatment with systemic isotretinoin and topical pimecrolimus 1% cream combination. | 283 | ||
| Generalized interstitial granuloma annulare: response to adalimumab. | 283 | ||
| Disseminated granuloma annulare: a cutaneous adverse effect of anti-tnf agents. | 283 | ||
| Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with allopurinol: case report. | 283 | ||
| Response of generalized granuloma annulare to high-dose niacinamide. | 283 | ||
| Generalised granuloma annulare successfully treated with pentoxifylline. | 283 | ||
| A case of disseminated granuloma annulare treated with defibrotide: complete clinical remission and progressive hair darkening. | 283 | ||
| Disseminated granuloma annulare: therapy with vitamin E topically. | 283 | ||
| Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with anthralin. | 283 | ||
| 92 Granuloma faciale | 284 | ||
| Management strategy | 284 | ||
| Specific investigations | 284 | ||
| Granuloma faciale: a clinicopathologic study of 66 patients. | 284 | ||
| First-line therapies | 284 | ||
| Granuloma faciale treated with intradermal dexamethasone. | 284 | ||
| Assessment of the efficacy of cryosurgery in the treatment of granuloma faciale. | 284 | ||
| Granuloma faciale: successful treatment of nine cases with a combination of cryotherapy and intralesional corticosteroid injection. | 284 | ||
| Granuloma faciale treated with pulsed-dye laser: a case series. | 284 | ||
| New treatment modalities for granuloma faciale. | 285 | ||
| Granuloma faciale: treatment with the argon laser. | 285 | ||
| Carbon dioxide laser treatment of granuloma faciale. | 285 | ||
| Recurrent facial plaques following full-thickness grafting. | 285 | ||
| Granuloma faciale: comparison of different treatment modalities. | 285 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 285 | ||
| On the efficacy of dapsone in granuloma faciale. | 285 | ||
| Granuloma faciale: is it a new indication for pimecrolimus? A case report. | 285 | ||
| Granuloma faciale: treatment with topical tacrolimus. | 285 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 285 | ||
| Granuloma faciale mimicking rhinophyma: response to clofazimine. | 285 | ||
| Granuloma faciale: treatment with topical psoralen and UVA. | 285 | ||
| 93 Granuloma inguinale | 286 | ||
| Management strategy | 286 | ||
| Specific investigations | 286 | ||
| Genital ulcer disease: accuracy of clinical diagnosis and strategies to improve control in Durban, South Africa. | 286 | ||
| Donovanosis. | 286 | ||
| Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2010. | 286 | ||
| Culture of the causative organism of donovanosis (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) in Hep-2 cells. | 286 | ||
| A colorimetric detection system for Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. | 286 | ||
| First-line therapies | 286 | ||
| Donovanosis: treatment with azithromycin. | 286 | ||
| 2010 European guideline on donovanosis. | 287 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010. | 287 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 287 | ||
| Clinico-epidemiologic features of granuloma inguinale in the era of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | 287 | ||
| Granuloma inguinale. | 287 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 287 | ||
| Ceftriaxone in the treatment of chronic donovanosis in Central Australia. | 287 | ||
| 1998 Guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. | 287 | ||
| Surgical treatment of granuloma inguinale. | 287 | ||
| Treatment of donovanosis with norfloxacin. | 287 | ||
| Trovofloxacin for the treatment of chronic granuloma inguinale. | 287 | ||
| The diagnosis and treatment of donovanosis (granuloma inguinale). | 287 | ||
| Donovanosis in Papua New Guinea. | 287 | ||
| Donovanosis treated with thiamphenicol. | 287 | ||
| Special considerations | 287 | ||
| 94 Granulomatous cheilitis | 288 | ||
| Management strategy | 288 | ||
| Specific investigations | 288 | ||
| Characteristics of patients with orofacial granulomatosis. | 289 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome: a review of 36 patients. | 289 | ||
| Cheilitis granulomatosa. | 289 | ||
| Orofacial granulomatosis. | 289 | ||
| Cheilitis granulomatosa: overview of 13 patients with long-term follow-up: results of management. | 289 | ||
| Orofacial granulomatosis: clinical features and long-term outcome of therapy. | 289 | ||
| Anesthetic management of patients with Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome. | 289 | ||
| Is orofacial granulomatosis in children a feature of Crohn’s disease? | 289 | ||
| Re: Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome as an early manifestation of Crohn’s disease. | 289 | ||
| Orofacial granulomatosis in a patient with Crohn’s disease. | 289 | ||
| Cheilitis granulomatosa and Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome: evaluation of gastrointestinal involvement and therapeutic regimens in 14 patients. | 289 | ||
| Orofacial granulomatosis as the initial presentation of Crohn’s disease in an adolescent. | 289 | ||
| Cutaneous Crohn’s disease mimicking Melkersson– Rosenthal syndrome: treatment with methotrexate. | 289 | ||
| Asymptomatic granulomatous vulvitis and granulomatous cheilitis in childhood: the need for Crohn disease workup. | 289 | ||
| Orofacial granulomatosis: three case reports illustrating the spectrum of disease and overlap with Crohn’s disease. | 289 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome and cheilitis granulomatosa. A clinicopathologic study of thirty-three patients with special reference to their oral lesions. | 289 | ||
| Review article: orofacial granulomatosis. | 289 | ||
| The Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome and food additive hypersensitivity. | 289 | ||
| Contact hypersensitivity in patients with orofacial granulomatosis. | 289 | ||
| Patch testing for food-associated allergies in orofacial granulomatosis. | 289 | ||
| First-line therapies | 289 | ||
| Management of cheilitis granulomatosa. | 289 | ||
| Intralesional steroid injection after nerve block anesthesia in the treatment of orofacial granulomatosis. | 290 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome and orofacial granulomatosis. | 290 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 290 | ||
| Clofazimine as elective treatment for granulomatous cheilitis. | 290 | ||
| Cheilitis granulomatosa Miescher: treatment with clofazimine and review of the literature. | 290 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome: clinical, pathological, and therapeutic considerations. | 290 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome in childhood: successful management with combination steroid and minocycline therapy. | 290 | ||
| Minocycline in granulomatous cheilitis: experience with 6 cases. | 290 | ||
| Granulomatous cheilitis successfully treated with roxithromycin. | 290 | ||
| Successful treatment of granulomatous cheilitis with roxithromycin. | 290 | ||
| Treatment and follow-up of persistent granulomatous cheilitis with intralesional steroid and metronidazole. | 290 | ||
| Cheilitis granulomatosa treated with metronidazole. | 290 | ||
| Treatment of granulomatous cheilitis with infliximab. | 290 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome: a form of pseudoangioedema. | 290 | ||
| Successful treatment of granulomatous cheilitis with adalimumab. | 290 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 291 | ||
| Plastic surgical solutions for Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome: facial liposuction and cheiloplasty procedures. | 291 | ||
| Cheilitis granulomatosa: successful treatment with combined local triamcinolone injections and surgery. | 291 | ||
| Long-term results after surgical reduction cheiloplasty in patients with Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome and cheilitis granulomatosa. | 291 | ||
| Lip reduction cheiloplasty for Miescher’s granulomatous macrocheilitis (cheilitis granulomatosa) in childhood. | 291 | ||
| Treatment of Miesche’s cheilitis granulomatosa in Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome. | 291 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome: reduction cheiloplasty utilizing a transmodiolar labial suspension suture. | 291 | ||
| Successful treatment of granulomatous cheilitis with thalidomide. | 291 | ||
| Cheilitis granulomatosa: report of six cases and review of the literature. | 291 | ||
| 95 Hailey–Hailey disease | 292 | ||
| Management strategy | 292 | ||
| Specific investigations | 292 | ||
| First-line therapies | 292 | ||
| Hailey–Hailey disease: the clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis. | 292 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 292 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus ointment is an effective therapy for Hailey–Hailey disease. | 292 | ||
| Is topical tacrolimus really an effective therapy for Hailey–Hailey disease? | 292 | ||
| Treatment of Hailey–Hailey disease with tacrolimus ointment and clobetasol propionate foam. | 293 | ||
| Familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey–Hailey disease): use of topical immunomodulators as a modern treatment option. | 293 | ||
| Treatment of Hailey–Hailey disease with topical calcitriol. | 293 | ||
| Generalized Hailey–Hailey disease. | 293 | ||
| Benign familial chronic pemphigus treated with dapsone. | 293 | ||
| Topical cyclosporine in chronic benign familial pemphigus (Hailey–Hailey disease). | 293 | ||
| Benign familial pemphigus responsive to cyclosporine, a possible role for cellular immunity in pathogenesis. | 293 | ||
| Benign familial chronic pemphigus (Hailey–Hailey disease) responds to cyclosporine. | 293 | ||
| Intracutaneous botulinum toxin A versus ablative therapy of Hailey–Hailey disease: a case report. | 293 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of axillary Hailey–Hailey disease. | 293 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type A as an adjuvant treatment modality for extensive Hailey–Hailey disease. | 293 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 293 | ||
| Surgical eradication of familial benign chronic pemphigus from the axillae. | 293 | ||
| Dermabrasion of Hailey–Hailey disease. | 293 | ||
| Refractory Hailey–Hailey disease successfully treated with sandpaper dermabrasion. | 293 | ||
| Familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey–Hailey disease): treatment with carbon dioxide laser vaporization. | 293 | ||
| Effective treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease with a long-pulsed (5 ms) alexandrite laser. | 293 | ||
| Persistent improvement of previously recalcitrant Hailey–Hailey disease with electron beam therapy. | 293 | ||
| Methotrexate for refractory Hailey–Hailey disease. | 293 | ||
| Vesiculobullous Hailey–Hailey disease: successful treatment with oral retinoids. | 293 | ||
| Successful treatment of Hailey–Hailey disease with actitretin. | 293 | ||
| Successful treatment of Hailey–Hailey disease with topical 5-fluorouracil. | 293 | ||
| Case reports of etanercept in inflammatory dermatoses. | 293 | ||
| A case report of Hailey–Hailey disease treated with alefacept (Amevive). | 293 | ||
| Experience with photodynamic therapy in Hailey–Hailey disease. | 293 | ||
| 96 Hemangiomas | 294 | ||
| Management strategy | 294 | ||
| Specific investigations | 294 | ||
| Soft-tissue vascular anomalies: utility of US for diagnosis. | 294 | ||
| Hemangioma from head to toe: MR imaging with pathologic correlation. | 295 | ||
| First-line therapies | 295 | ||
| Ultrapotent topical corticosteroid treatment of hemangiomas of infancy. | 295 | ||
| Topical treatment of periocular capillary hemangioma. | 295 | ||
| Intralesional corticosteroid therapy in proliferating head and neck hemangiomas: a review of 155 cases. | 295 | ||
| Oral corticosteroid use is effective for cutaneous hemangiomas. | 295 | ||
| Timolol maleate 0.5% or 0.1% gel-forming solution for infantile hemangiomas: a retrospective, multicenter, cohort study. | 295 | ||
| Propranolol therapy in 55 infants with infantile hemangioma: dosage, duration, adverse effects, and outcome. | 295 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 295 | ||
| Interferon alfa-2a therapy for life-threatening hemangiomas of infancy. | 295 | ||
| Treatment with interferon-alpha 2b in children with life-threatening hemangiomas. | 296 | ||
| Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser for hemangiomas in infancy: treatment of superficial vs. mixed hemangiomas. | 296 | ||
| Surgical treatment of hemangioma in infants. | 296 | ||
| Response of ulcerated perineal hemangiomas of infancy to becaplermin gel, a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor. | 296 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 296 | ||
| Vincristine as a treatment for a large haemangioma threatening vital functions. | 296 | ||
| Topical imiquimod in the treatment of infantile hemangiomas: a retrospective study. | 296 | ||
| Role of intralesional bleomycin in the treatment of complicated hemangiomas: prospective clinical study. | 296 | ||
| 97 Hereditary angioedema | 297 | ||
| Management strategy | 297 | ||
| Acute angioedema | 297 | ||
| Long-term prophylaxis | 297 | ||
| Prevention of relapse due to dental and surgical interventions | 297 | ||
| Specific investigations | 297 | ||
| Angioedema. | 297 | ||
| Hereditary and acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency: biological and clinical characteristics in 235 patients. | 298 | ||
| A multicentre evaluation of the diagnostic efficiency of serological investigations for C1 inhibitor deficiency. | 298 | ||
| Missense mutations in the coagulation factor 12 (Hageman factor) gene in hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibition. | 298 | ||
| Acute Angioedema | 298 | ||
| First-line therapies | 298 | ||
| Treatment of 193 episodes of laryngeal edema with C1 inhibitor concentrate in patients with hereditary angioedema. | 298 | ||
| Treatment of hereditary angioedema with a vapor-heated C1 inhibitor concentrate. | 298 | ||
| Hereditary angioedema: a decade of human C1-inhibitor concentrate therapy. | 298 | ||
| C1-esterase inhibitor transfusions in patients with hereditary angioedema. | 298 | ||
| Nanofiltered C1 inhibitor concentrate for treatment of hereditary angioedema. | 298 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 298 | ||
| Replacement therapy in hereditary angioedema: successful treatment of two patients with fresh frozen plasma. | 298 | ||
| The safety of fresh frozen plasma for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. | 298 | ||
| Treatment of acute edema attacks in hereditary angioedema with a bradykinin receptor-2 antagonist (icatibant). | 299 | ||
| Icatibant, a new bradykinin receptor antagonist in hereditary angioedema. | 299 | ||
| Home treatment of hereditary angioedema with icatibant administered by health care professionals. | 299 | ||
| Ecallantide for the treatment of acute attacks in hereditary angioedema. | 299 | ||
| Long-term prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema | 299 | ||
| First-line therapies | 299 | ||
| How do we treat patients with hereditary angioedema? | 299 | ||
| Treatment of hereditary angioedema with danazol. | 299 | ||
| Long-term treatment of hereditary angioedema with attenuated androgens: a survey of a 13-year experience. | 299 | ||
| Hereditary angioedema: safety of long-term stanozolol therapy. | 299 | ||
| Side effects of long-term prophylaxis with attenuated androgens in hereditary angioedema: comparison of treated and untreated patients. | 299 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 299 | ||
| Hereditary and acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency: biological and clinical characteristics in 235 patients. | 299 | ||
| Tranexamic acid therapy in hereditary angioneurotic edema. | 299 | ||
| Epsilon aminocaproic acid therapy of hereditary angioneurotic edema: a double blind study. | 300 | ||
| Long-term treatment of C1 inhibitor deficiency with epsilon aminocaproic acid in two patients. | 300 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 300 | ||
| Long-term prophylaxis with C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) concentrate in patients with recurrent angioedema caused by hereditary and acquired C1 INH deficiency. | 300 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics of pasteurised C1 inhibitor concentrate (Berinert P) in 40 patients with hereditary angioedema. | 300 | ||
| Prevention of relapse due to dental and surgical interventions | 300 | ||
| First-line therapies | 300 | ||
| Hereditary angioedema: the use of fresh frozen plasma for prophylaxis in patients undergoing oral surgery. | 300 | ||
| The efficacy of short-term danazol prophylaxis in hereditary angioedema patients undergoing maxillofacial and dental procedures. | 300 | ||
| Hereditary angioedema: uncomplicated faciomaxillary surgery using short term C1 inhibitor replacement therapy. | 300 | ||
| Tranexamic acid: preoperative prophylactic therapy for patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. | 300 | ||
| Treatment in children | 300 | ||
| Clinical management of hereditary angio-edema in children. | 300 | ||
| Hereditary angioedema type 3 | 300 | ||
| Hereditary angioedema type 3, angioedema associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists and female sex. | 300 | ||
| 98 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | 301 | ||
| Management strategy | 301 | ||
| Specific investigations | 301 | ||
| Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: from molecular biology to patient care. | 302 | ||
| Evidence of small-bowel involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a capsule-endoscopic study. | 302 | ||
| Evaluation of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with video capsule endoscopy: a single-center prospective study. | 302 | ||
| Liver disease in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | 302 | ||
| First-line therapies | 302 | ||
| Outcome of septal dermoplasty in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | 302 | ||
| Long-term outcome of argon plasma ablation therapy for bleeding in 100 consecutive patients with colonic angiodysplasia. | 302 | ||
| Mucosal vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract: clinical observations and results of neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser therapy. | 302 | ||
| Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | 303 | ||
| Treatment of bleeding gastrointestinal vascular malformations with estrogen-progesterone. | 303 | ||
| Use of estrogen in treatment of familial hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | 303 | ||
| Second-line or temporizing therapies | 303 | ||
| Antiestrogen therapy for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. | 303 | ||
| Treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with submucosal and topical bevacizumab therapy. | 303 | ||
| 99 Herpes genitalis | 304 | ||
| Management strategy | 304 | ||
| Specific investigations | 304 | ||
| Using the evidence base on genital herpes: optimizing the use of diagnostic tests and information provision. | 304 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal surfaces: comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. | 304 | ||
| Use of glycoprotein G-based type-specific assay to detect antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 among persons attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. | 304 | ||
| First-line therapies | 304 | ||
| Primary genital infection | 304 | ||
| Genital herpes. | 304 | ||
| Acute reactivation episodes | 305 | ||
| 100 Herpes labialis | 308 | ||
| Management strategy | 308 | ||
| Specific investigations | 308 | ||
| First-line therapies | 308 | ||
| Primary cutaneous infection | 308 | ||
| Treatment of herpes simplex gingivostomatitis with acyclovir in children: a randomized double blind placebo controlled study. | 308 | ||
| Acute reactivation episodes | 308 | ||
| Acyclovir cream for treatment of herpes simplex labialis: results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled multicenter clinical trials. | 308 | ||
| Early treatment of cold sores with topical ME-180 decreases the frequency of ulcerative lesions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, patient-initiated clinical trial. | 309 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis with oral acyclovir. | 309 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 309 | ||
| Recurrent herpes labialis: efficiacy of topical therapy with penciclovir compared with acyclovir. | 309 | ||
| High-dose, short-duration, early valacyclovir therapy for episodic treatment of cold sores: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter studies. | 309 | ||
| Single-dose, patient-initiated famciclovir: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for episodic treatment of herpes labialis. | 309 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 309 | ||
| Multicenter collaborative trial of intravenous acyclovir for treatment of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in the immunocompromised host. | 309 | ||
| Foscarnet treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: preliminary results of a controlled, randomized, regimen-controlled trial. | 309 | ||
| A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 309 | ||
| Treatment with intravenous (S)-1-[hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]-cytosine of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous infection with herpes simplex virus in a patient with AIDS. | 309 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cidofovir gel for the treatment of acyclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS. | 309 | ||
| Prophylactic treatment | 309 | ||
| Prevention of ultraviolet-light-induced herpes labialis by sunscreen. | 310 | ||
| Oral acyclovir to suppress frequently recurrent herpes labialis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 310 | ||
| Valacyclovir for prevention of recurrent herpes labialis: 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. | 310 | ||
| Valacyclovir prophylaxis for the prevention of herpes simplex virus reactivation in recipients of progenitor cell transplantation. | 310 | ||
| Famciclovir prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus reactivation after laser skin resurfacing. | 310 | ||
| The efficacy of valacyclovir in preventing recurrent herpes simplex virus infections associated with dental procedures. | 310 | ||
| Other therapies | 310 | ||
| Early application of topical 15% idoxuridine in dimethylsulfoxide shortens the course of herpes simplex labialis: a multicenter placebo-controlled trial. | 310 | ||
| Trifluorothymidine 0.5% ointment in the treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in AIDS. | 310 | ||
| Clinical efficay of topical docosanol 10% cream for herpes simplex labialis: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | 310 | ||
| A randomised double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis. | 310 | ||
| 101 Herpes zoster | 311 | ||
| Management strategy | 311 | ||
| Specific investigations | 311 | ||
| First-line therapies | 311 | ||
| Valacyclovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy for herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults. | 311 | ||
| Antiviral therapy for herpes zoster: randomized, controlled clinical trial of valacyclovir and famciclovir therapy in immunocompetent patients 50 years and older. | 311 | ||
| Factors influencing pain outcome in herpes zoster: an observational study with valacyclovir. | 311 | ||
| Famciclovir for the treatment of acute herpes zoster: effects on acute disease and postherpetic neuralgia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. | 311 | ||
| Double-blind, randomized, acyclovir-controlled, parallel-group trial comparing the safety and efficacy of famciclovir and acyclovir in patients with uncomplicated herpes zoster. | 312 | ||
| Oral acyclovir therapy accelerates pain resolution in patients with herpes zoster: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. | 312 | ||
| Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia. | 312 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 312 | ||
| Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | 312 | ||
| Pregabalin and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postherpetic neuralgia treatment. | 312 | ||
| Gabapentin for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. | 312 | ||
| Incidence of postherpetic neuralgia after combination treatment with gabapentin and valacyclovir in patients with acute herpes zoster: open-label study. | 312 | ||
| Gabapentin versus nortriptyline in post-herpetic neuralgia patients: a randomized, double blind clinical trial: The GONIP Trial. | 312 | ||
| Nortriptyline versus amitriptyline in post-herpetic neuralgia: a randomized trial. | 312 | ||
| The effects of pre-emptive treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with amitriptyline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 313 | ||
| Topical lidocaine for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. | 313 | ||
| Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in post-herpetic neuralgia. | 313 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 313 | ||
| A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. | 313 | ||
| Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster vaccine in persons aged 50–59 years. | 313 | ||
| Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. | 313 | ||
| A randomized trial of acyclovir for 7 days or 21 days with and without prednisolone for treatment of acute herpes zoster. | 313 | ||
| Contacts with varicella or with children and protection against herpes zoster in adults: a case controlled study. | 313 | ||
| A randomized vehicle-controlled trial of topical capsaicin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. | 313 | ||
| Benzydamine cream for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: minimum duration of treatment periods in a cross-over trial. | 313 | ||
| Tramadol in post-herpetic neuralgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 313 | ||
| Neuraxial and sympathetic blocks in herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: an appraisal of current evidence. | 313 | ||
| Modified Jaipur block for the treatment of post- herpetic neuralgia. | 313 | ||
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic pain. | 313 | ||
| Cryoanalgesia for post-herpetic neuralgia: a new treatment. | 313 | ||
| 102 Hidradenitis suppurativa | 314 | ||
| Management strategy | 314 | ||
| Specific investigations | 314 | ||
| Hidradenitis suppurativa: disease of follicular epithelium rather than disease of apocrine glands. | 314 | ||
| First-line therapies | 314 | ||
| Topical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with clindamycin. | 314 | ||
| A randomised trial of topical clindamycin vs. systemic tetracycline in hidradenitis suppurativa with special reference to disease assessment. | 315 | ||
| Extent of surgery and recurrence rate of hidradenitis suppurativa. | 315 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 315 | ||
| Combination therapy with clindamycin and rifampicin for hidradenitis suppurativa: a series of 116 consecutive patients. | 315 | ||
| Long-term results of acitretin therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Is acne inversa also a misnomer? | 315 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 315 | ||
| Adalimumab for the treatment of moderate to severe Hidradenitis suppurativa: a parallel randomized trial. | 315 | ||
| A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of adalimumab in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. | 315 | ||
| Infliximab therapy for patients with moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. | 315 | ||
| Dapsone therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa: a series of 24 patients. | 315 | ||
| Cyclosporine-responsive hidradenitis suppurativa. | 315 | ||
| 103 Histoplasmosis | 316 | ||
| Management strategy | 316 | ||
| Specific investigations | 316 | ||
| First-line therapies | 317 | ||
| Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS in Panama: a review of 104 cases. | 317 | ||
| Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. | 317 | ||
| Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. | 317 | ||
| Itraconazole treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 317 | ||
| Safety of discontinuation of maintenance therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis after immunologic response to anti retroviral therapy. | 317 | ||
| Literature review and case histories of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii infections in HIV-infected patients. | 317 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 317 | ||
| Treatment of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis with ketoconazole. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. | 317 | ||
| Fluconazole therapy for histoplasmosis. | 317 | ||
| Treatment of histoplasmosis with fluconazole in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 318 | ||
| Salvage treatment of histoplasmosis with posaconazole. | 318 | ||
| Voriconazole use for endemic fungal infections. | 318 | ||
| Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | 318 | ||
| Mild acute pulmonary histoplasmosis | 318 | ||
| Severe acute pulmonary histoplasmosis | 318 | ||
| Chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis | 318 | ||
| Mild disseminated histoplasmosis | 318 | ||
| Severe disseminated histoplasmosis | 318 | ||
| CNS histoplasmosis | 318 | ||
| Treatment of histoplasmosis in pregnancy | 318 | ||
| An official American Thoracic Society statement. Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. | 318 | ||
| 104 Hydroa vacciniforme | 319 | ||
| Management strategy | 319 | ||
| Specific investigations | 319 | ||
| Hydroa vacciniforme–Aktionsspektrum. | 319 | ||
| Hydroa vacciniforme: a review of ten cases. | 319 | ||
| 105 Hyperhidrosis | 322 | ||
| Management strategy | 322 | ||
| Specific investigations | 323 | ||
| First-line therapies | 323 | ||
| Aluminium chloride hexahydrate versus palmar hyperhidrosis. Evaporimeter study. | 323 | ||
| Axillary hyperhidrosis. Local treatment with aluminium-chloride hexahydrate 25% in absolute ethanol with and without supplementary treatment with triethanolamine. | 323 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 323 | ||
| Topical glycopyrrolate for patients with facial hyperhidrosis. | 323 | ||
| The use of topical glycopyrrolate in the treatment of hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Propantheline bromide in the management of hyperhidrosis associated with spinal cord injury. | 324 | ||
| Use of oral glycopyrronium bromide in hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Systemic therapy for primary hyperhidrosis: a retrospective study of 59 patients treated with glycopyrrolate or clonidine. | 324 | ||
| A randomized placebo-controlled trial of oxybutinin for the initial treatment of palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Iontophoresis with alternating current and direct current offset (AC/DC iontophoresis): a new approach for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Treatment of hyperhidrosis by a battery operated iontopheretic device. | 324 | ||
| Treatment of hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). | 324 | ||
| Botulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Double-blind trial of botulinum A toxin for the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis of the palms. | 324 | ||
| A double-blind, randomized, comparative study of Dysport™ vs. Botox™ in primary palmar hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Effective treatment of frontal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin A. | 324 | ||
| Treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. | 324 | ||
| BOTOX™ delivery by iontophoresis. | 324 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type B: a new therapy for axillary hyperhidrosis. | 324 | ||
| Liposuction for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. | 325 | ||
| Surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis in 123 patients. | 325 | ||
| Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis of the upper limbs: a critical analysis and longterm results of 480 operations. | 325 | ||
| Transthoracic endoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis in children and adolescents: analysis of 350 cases. | 325 | ||
| Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for disabling palmar hyperhidrosis: a prospective randomized comparison between two levels. | 325 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 325 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of a microwave based device for treating axillary hyperhirosis. | 325 | ||
| Use of biofeedback in treating chronic hyperhidrosis. | 325 | ||
| Emotional eccrine sweating. A heritable disorder. | 325 | ||
| Unilateral localized hyperhidrosis responding to treatment with clonazepam. | 325 | ||
| Clonidine treatment in paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis. | 325 | ||
| 106 Hypertrichosis and hirsutism | 326 | ||
| Management strategy | 326 | ||
| Specific investigations | 327 | ||
| The evaluation and treatment of androgen excess. | 327 | ||
| The clinical evaluation of hirsutism. | 327 | ||
| First-line therapies | 327 | ||
| Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. | 327 | ||
| Factors affecting the degree of hirsutism in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. | 327 | ||
| Hirsutism. | 327 | ||
| Medical treatments of hirsutism. | 327 | ||
| A comparative study of axillary hair removal in women: plucking versus the blend method. | 327 | ||
| Evidence based review of hair removal using lasers and light sources. | 327 | ||
| Meta-analysis of hair removal laser trials. | 327 | ||
| Comparison of long-pulsed alexandrite and Nd : YAG lasers, individually and in combination, for leg hair reduction: an assessor blinded, randomized trial with 18 months of follow-up. | 328 | ||
| Randomized, double blind clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in the treatment of women with facial hair. | 328 | ||
| A randomized bilateral vehicle controlled study of eflornithine cream combined with laser treatment versus laser treatment alone for facial hirsutism in women. | 328 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 328 | ||
| 107 Ichthyoses | 329 | ||
| Management strategy | 329 | ||
| Specific investigations | 329 | ||
| Revised nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses: Results of the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference in Sorèze 2009. | 330 | ||
| Expanding the keratin mutation database: novel and recurrent mutations and genotype–phenotype correlation in 28 patients with epidermolytic ichthyosis. | 330 | ||
| Molecular analysis of 250 patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis: evidence for mutation hotspots ALOXE3 and allelic heterogeneity in ALOX12B. | 330 | ||
| Clinical expression and new SPINK5 splicing defects in Netherton syndrome: unmasking a frequent founder synonymous mutation and unconventional intronic mutations. | 330 | ||
| Comprehensive analysis of the gene encoding filaggrin uncovers prevalent and rare mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema. | 330 | ||
| Vitamin D deficiency and rickets in children and adolescents with ichthyosiform erythroderma in type IV and V skin. | 330 | ||
| Acquired ichthyosis. | 330 | ||
| First-line therapies | 330 | ||
| Association of glycerol and paraffin in the treatment of ichthyosis in children: an international, multicentric, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. | 330 | ||
| Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. | 330 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 330 | ||
| Efficacy of urea therapy in children with ichthyosis. A multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, semilateral study. | 330 | ||
| Propylene glycol with occlusion for treatment of ichthyosis. | 331 | ||
| Treatment of ichthyosiform diseases with topically applied tazarotene: risk of systemic absorption. | 331 | ||
| Topical liarozole in ichthyosis: a double-blind, left–right comparative study followed by a long-term open maintenance study. | 331 | ||
| Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of calcipotriol ointment in disorders of keratinization. Results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, right/left comparative study. | 331 | ||
| The safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream for the treatment of Netherton syndrome. | 331 | ||
| Narrowband UVB phototherapy as a novel treatment for Netherton syndrome. | 331 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 331 | ||
| Oral retinoid therapy for disorders of keratinization: single-centre retrospective 25 years’ experience on 23 patients. | 331 | ||
| Oral alitretinoin in congenital ichthyosis: a pilot study shows variable effects and risk of central hypothyroidism. | 331 | ||
| Oral liarozole versus acitretin in the treatment of ichthyosis: a phase II/III multicentre, double-blind, randomized, active-controlled study. | 331 | ||
| Sjögren–Larsson syndrome: a study of clinical symptoms and dermatological treatment in 34 swedish patients. | 331 | ||
| Harlequin ichthyosis: a review of clinical and molecular findings in 45 cases. | 331 | ||
| 108 Impetigo | 332 | ||
| Management strategy | 332 | ||
| Specific investigations | 332 | ||
| Interventions for impetigo (Cochrane Review). | 332 | ||
| Impetigo in epidemic and nonepidemic phases: an incidence study over 4½ years in a general population. | 333 | ||
| Impetigo in a population over 8.5 years: incidence, fusidic acid resistance and molecular characteristics. | 333 | ||
| DNA heterogeneity of Staphylococcus aureus strains evaluated by Sma1 and SgrA1 pulsed field gel electrophoresis in patients with impetigo. | 333 | ||
| NVC-422 topical gel for the treatment of impetigo. | 333 | ||
| First-line therapies | 333 | ||
| Interventions for impetigo (Cochrane Review). | 333 | ||
| Treatment of impetigo: oral antibiotics most commonly prescribed. | 333 | ||
| Common skin infections in children. | 333 | ||
| Topical retapamulin ointment, 1%, versus sodium fusidate ointment, 2%, for impetigo: a randomized, observer-blinded, noninferiority study. | 333 | ||
| Topical retapamulin ointment (1% wt/wt) twice daily for 5 days versus oral cephalexin twice daily for 10 days in the treatment of secondarily infected dermatitis: results of a randomized controlled trial. | 333 | ||
| Topical mupirocin treatment of impetigo is equal to oral erythromycin therapy. | 333 | ||
| Impetigo. Current etiology and comparison of penicillin, erythromycin and cephalexin therapies. | 333 | ||
| The frequency of erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in impetiginized dermatoses. | 334 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 334 | ||
| Fusidic acid tablets in patients with skin and soft-tissue infection: a dose-finding study. | 334 | ||
| Addition of rifampin to cephalexin therapy for recalcitrant staphylococcal skin infections – an observation. | 334 | ||
| Hydrogen peroxide cream: an alternative to topical antibiotics in the treatment of impetigo contagiosa. | 334 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 334 | ||
| Use of 0.3% triclosan (Bacti-Stat) to eradicate an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal nursery. | 334 | ||
| Prevention and control of nosocomial infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a premature infant ward: preventive effect of a povidone-iodine wipe of neonatal skin. | 334 | ||
| Treatment of bullous impetigo and the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in infants. | 334 | ||
| Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. | 334 | ||
| 109 Irritant contact dermatitis | 335 | ||
| Management strategy | 335 | ||
| Specific investigations | 335 | ||
| Irritant contact dermatitis: a review. | 335 | ||
| Clues to an accurate diagnosis of contact dermatitis. | 335 | ||
| Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. | 335 | ||
| First-line therapies | 335 | ||
| Current concepts of irritant contact dermatitis. | 335 | ||
| Therapeutic options for chronic hand dermatitis. | 336 | ||
| Effect of glove-occlusion on human skin (II). | 336 | ||
| High-fat petrolatum-based moisturizers and prevention of work-related skin problems in wet-work occupations. | 336 | ||
| A randomized comparison of an emollient containing skin-related lipids with a petrolatum-based emollient as adjunct in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. | 336 | ||
| Double-blind, randomized trial of scheduled use of a novel barrier cream and an oil-containing lotion for protecting the hands of health care workers. | 336 | ||
| Clinical efficacy evaluation of a novel barrier protective cream. | 336 | ||
| Do topical corticosteroids modulate skin irritation in human beings? Assessment by transepidermal water loss and visual scoring. | 336 | ||
| Short-term glucocorticoid treatment compromises both permeability barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity: inhibition of epidermal lipid synthesis accounts for functional abnormalities. | 336 | ||
| An open-label pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topically applied tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of hand and/or foot eczema. | 336 | ||
| Pimecrolimus cream 1%: a potential new treatment for chronic hand dermatitis. | 336 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 336 | ||
| Novel treatment of chronic severe hand dermatitis with bexarotene gel. | 336 | ||
| Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. | 337 | ||
| PUVA-gel vs. PUVA-bath therapy for severe recalcitrant palmoplantar dermatoses. A randomized, single-blinded prospective study. | 337 | ||
| Local narrowband UVB phototherapy vs. local PUVA in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. | 337 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 337 | ||
| Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. | 337 | ||
| Alitretinoin: its use in intractable hand eczema and other potential indications. | 337 | ||
| Efficacy and patient perception of Grenz ray therapy in the treatment of dermatoses refractory to other medical therapy. | 337 | ||
| Grenz ray therapy in the new millennium: still a valid treatment option? | 337 | ||
| 110 Jellyfish stings | 338 | ||
| Clinical features | 338 | ||
| Major box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) | 338 | ||
| Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi) | 338 | ||
| Bluebottles or Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia species) | 338 | ||
| True jellyfish (Schyphozoans) | 338 | ||
| Seabather’s eruption | 338 | ||
| Cutaneous manifestations of jellyfish stings | 338 | ||
| MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | 339 | ||
| First-line therapies | 339 | ||
| Marine envenomations. Part 1 – Jellyfish. | 339 | ||
| Tropical Australian Stinger Research Unit (TASRU), Cairns. | 339 | ||
| A randomized, controlled field trial for the prevention of jellyfish stings with a topical sting inhibitor. | 339 | ||
| Efficacy of a jellyfish sting inhibitor in preventing jellyfish stings in normal volunteers. | 339 | ||
| Evidence-based treatment of jellyfish stings in North America and Hawaii. | 339 | ||
| Evaluation of the effects of various chemicals on discharge of and pain caused by jellyfish nematocysts. | 339 | ||
| A randomised controlled trial of hot water (45 degrees C) immersion versus ice packs for pain relief in bluebottle stings. | 339 | ||
| First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species. | 339 | ||
| First aid for jellyfish stings: do we really know what we are doing? | 339 | ||
| Is there a role for the use of pressure immobilization bandages in the treatment of jellyfish envenomation in Australia? | 339 | ||
| Antivenom efficacy or effectiveness: the Australian experience. | 339 | ||
| Australian venomous jellyfish, envenomation syndromes, toxins and therapy. | 340 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 340 | ||
| Seabather’s eruption: a case of Caribbean itch. | 340 | ||
| Clinical perspectives on seabather’s eruption, also known as ‘sea lice’. | 340 | ||
| Recurrent dermatitis after solitary envenomation by jellyfish partially responded to tacrolimus ointment 0.1%. | 340 | ||
| Successful management of a delayed and persistent cutaneous reaction to jellyfish with pimecrolimus. | 340 | ||
| Delayed cutaneous reaction to jellyfish. | 340 | ||
| Granulomatous jellyfish dermatitis. | 340 | ||
| Treatment of a pigmented lesion induced by a Pelagia noctiluca sting. | 340 | ||
| 111 Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltrate | 341 | ||
| Management strategy | 341 | ||
| Specific investigations | 341 | ||
| The heterogeneity of Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltration of the skin. Immunohistochemical studies suggesting one form of perivascular lymphocytoma. | 341 | ||
| Could Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin be a dermal variant of lupus erythematosus? An analysis of 210 cases. | 341 | ||
| 112 Juvenile plantar dermatosis | 343 | ||
| Management strategy | 343 | ||
| Specific investigations | 343 | ||
| Juvenile plantar dermatosis: a new entity. | 343 | ||
| Common pediatric foot dermatoses. | 343 | ||
| Sole dermatitis in children: patch testing revisited. | 343 | ||
| First-line therapies | 343 | ||
| Juvenile plantar dermatosis – an 8 year follow-up of 102 patients. | 343 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 343 | ||
| Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Can sweat cause foot rash and peeling? | 343 | ||
| 113 Juvenile xanthogranuloma | 345 | ||
| Management strategy | 345 | ||
| Eye involvement | 345 | ||
| Systemic JXG | 345 | ||
| Triple association of JXG, NF-1, and JMML | 345 | ||
| Association of JXG and hematologic malignancy in adults | 345 | ||
| Specific investigations | 345 | ||
| Radiological and clinicopathological features of orbital xanthogranuloma. | 345 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma associated with neurofibromatosis-1: 14 patients without evidence of hematologic malignancies. | 346 | ||
| JXG, NF-1 and JMML: alphabet soup or a clinical issue? | 346 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma in a child with previously unsuspected NF1 and JMML. | 346 | ||
| Concurrent development of eruptive xanthogranulomas and hematologic malignancy: two case reports. | 346 | ||
| First-line therapies | 346 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma: forms of systemic disease and their clinical implications. | 346 | ||
| Update on juvenile xanthogranuloma: unusual cutaneous and systemic variants. | 346 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the oral mucosa. | 346 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 346 | ||
| Early treatment of juvenile xanthogranuloma of the iris with subconjunctival steroids. | 346 | ||
| Severe congenital systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma in monozygotic twins. | 346 | ||
| Infiltrative subcutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma of the eyelid in a neonate. | 346 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the corneoscleral limbus. | 346 | ||
| Multiple juvenile xanthogranulomas successfully treated with CO2 laser. | 346 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 346 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the iris in an adult. | 346 | ||
| Treatment of severe disseminated juvenile systemic xanthogranuloma with multiple lesions in the CNS. | 346 | ||
| Prolonged severe pancytopenia preceding the cutaneous lesions of JXG. | 346 | ||
| Successful therapy of systemic JXG in a child. | 347 | ||
| Treatment of JXG. | 347 | ||
| Subdural effusion in a CNS involvement of systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma: a case report treated with vinblastin. | 347 | ||
| Successful treatment of central nervous system juvenile xanthogranulomatosis with cladribine. | 347 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma with bilateral ocular involvement: complete response after treatment with vinblastine: case report. | 347 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma with hematological dysfunction treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) and cytosine arabinoside (AraC). | 347 | ||
| Severe persistent bone marrow failure following therapy with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) for relapsing juvenile xanthogranuloma of the brain. | 347 | ||
| A rare case of neonatal systemic xanthogranulomatosis with severe hepatic disease and metachronous skin involvement. | 347 | ||
| 114 Kaposi sarcoma | 348 | ||
| Management strategy | 348 | ||
| Specific investigations | 348 | ||
| Management of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 348 | ||
| Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. | 348 | ||
| First-line therapies | 348 | ||
| PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin plus highly active antiretroviral therapy versus highly active antiretroviral therapy alone in HIV patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 348 | ||
| A randomized controlled trial of highly active antiretroviral therapy versus highly active antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy in therapy-naive patients with HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma in South Africa. | 348 | ||
| Multicenter trial of low-dose paclitaxel in patients with advanced AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. | 348 | ||
| Randomized trial of paclitaxel versus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for advanced human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi sarcoma. | 349 | ||
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma: implications for the design of therapeutic trials in patients with advanced, symptomatic Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 349 | ||
| Cryotherapy for cutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): a phase II trial. | 349 | ||
| Radiotherapy of classic and human immunodeficiency virus-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: results in 1482 lesions. | 349 | ||
| Phase III vehicle-controlled, multi-centered study of topical alitretinoin gel 0.1% in cutaneous AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 349 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 349 | ||
| Intralesional interferon-alpha and zidovudine in epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 349 | ||
| Interferon-alpha2b with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma: an AIDS malignancy consortium phase I trial. | 349 | ||
| Intralesional vinblastine for cutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 349 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 349 | ||
| Phase II study of bevacizumab in patients with HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma receiving antiretroviral therapy. | 349 | ||
| A Kaposi’s sarcoma complete clinical response after sorafenib administration. | 349 | ||
| Lenalidomide in treating AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 349 | ||
| A retrospective analysis of thalidomide therapy in non-HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 349 | ||
| A multicenter phase II study of the intravenous administration of liposomal tretinoin in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 350 | ||
| New photodynamic therapy protocol to treat AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 350 | ||
| 9-cis-retinoic acid capsules in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma: results of a phase 2 multicenter clinical trial. | 350 | ||
| Phase II evaluation of low-dose oral etoposide for the treatment of relapsed or progressive AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: an AIDS Clinical Trials Group clinical study. | 350 | ||
| Sirolimus for Kaposi’s sarcoma in renal-transplant recipients. | 350 | ||
| Rapamycin with antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma: an AIDS malignancy consortium study. | 350 | ||
| Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with interleukin-12 for AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. | 350 | ||
| Activity of subcutaneous interleukin-12 in AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. | 350 | ||
| Randomized phase II trial of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor COL-3 in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: an AIDS Malignancy Consortium Study. | 350 | ||
| Phase II AIDS malignancy consortium trial of topical halofuginone in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. | 350 | ||
| Imiquimod 5% cream for treatment of HIV-negative Kaposi’s sarcoma skin lesions: a phase I to II, open-label trial in 17 patients. | 350 | ||
| Intralesional vinblastine vs. 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate for the treatment of oral Kaposi’s sarcoma. A double blind, randomized clinical trial. | 350 | ||
| Local therapy for mucocutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 350 | ||
| Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. | 350 | ||
| Effect of antiviral drugs used to treat cytomegalovirus end-organ disease on subsequent course of previously diagnosed Kaposi’s sarcoma in patients with AIDS. | 350 | ||
| Successful treatment of classical Kaposi sarcoma with low-dose intramuscular immunoglobulins. | 350 | ||
| 115 Kawasaki disease | 351 | ||
| Management strategies | 351 | ||
| Specific investigations | 351 | ||
| Kawasaki disease: an overview. | 351 | ||
| The diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease. | 351 | ||
| First-line therapies | 351 | ||
| Kawasaki disease: an update on diagnosis and treatment. | 351 | ||
| Resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin in children with Kawasaki disease. | 352 | ||
| Analysis of potential risk factors associated with nonresponse to initial intravenous immunoglobulin treatment among Kawasaki disease patients in Japan. | 352 | ||
| Treatment of acute Kawasaki disease: aspirin’s role in the febrile stage revisited. | 352 | ||
| Revisit high dose aspirin in acute stage of Kawasaki disease. | 352 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 352 | ||
| Efficacy of immunoglobulin plus prednisolone for prevention of coronary artery abnormalities in severe Kawasaki disease (RAISE study): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoints trial. | 352 | ||
| Effects of steroid pulse therapy on immunoglobulin-resistant Kawasaki disease. | 352 | ||
| Risk factors associated with the need for additional intravenous gamma-globulin therapy for Kawasaki disease. | 352 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 352 | ||
| Cyclosporin A treatment for Kawasaki disease refractory to initial and additional intravenous immunoglobulin. | 353 | ||
| Response of refractory Kawasaki disease to pulse steroid and cyclosporin A therapy. | 353 | ||
| Ulinastatin, a urinary trypsin inhibitor, for the initial treatment of patients with Kawasaki disease: a retrospective study. | 353 | ||
| Infliximab for intravenous immunoglobulin resistance in Kawasaki disease: a retrospective study. | 353 | ||
| Resistant Kawasaki disease treated with anti-CD20. | 353 | ||
| Long-term efficacy of plasma exchange treatment for refractory Kawasaki disease. | 353 | ||
| Prevention of thrombosis of coronary aneurysms in patients with a history of Kawasaki disease. | 353 | ||
| Optimal time of surgical treatment for Kawasaki coronary artery disease. | 353 | ||
| 116 Keloids | 354 | ||
| Management strategy | 354 | ||
| Specific investigations | 354 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a unique fibrohistiocytic tumour expressing CD34. | 354 | ||
| First-line therapies | 354 | ||
| A new uniform protocol of combined corticosteroid injections and ointment application reduces recurrence rates after surgical keloid/hypertrophic scar excision. | 354 | ||
| Keloids treated with topical injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Immediate and long term results. | 355 | ||
| Outcomes of surgical excision with pressure therapy using magnets and identification of risk factors for recurrent keloids. | 355 | ||
| A surgical approach for earlobe keloid: keloid fillet flap. | 355 | ||
| Comparison of a silicone gel-filled cushion and silicon gel sheeting for the treatment of hypertrophic or keloid scars. | 355 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of a new self-drying silicone gel in the treatment of scars: a preliminary report. | 355 | ||
| Combination of different techniques for the treatment of earlobe keloids. | 355 | ||
| Effects of combined intralesional 5-fluorouracil and topical silicone in prevention of keloids: a double blind randomized clinical trial study. | 355 | ||
| Comparison of the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and 5-fluorouracil tattooing for the treatment of keloids. | 355 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 355 | ||
| Recurrence rates of excised keloids treated with postoperative triamcinolone acetonide injections or interferon alfa-2b injections. | 355 | ||
| Effects of interferon-α2b on keloid treatment with triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injection. | 355 | ||
| Cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids. | 355 | ||
| A comparison of the combined effect of cryotherapy and corticosteroid injections versus corticosteroids and cryotherapy alone on keloids: a controlled study. | 355 | ||
| Treatment of earlobe keloids using the cobalt 60 teletherapy unit. | 356 | ||
| Keloids can be forced into remission with surgical excision and radiation, followed by adjuvant therapy. | 356 | ||
| Treatment of keloids by surgical excision and immediate postoperative single-fraction radiotherapy. | 356 | ||
| The treatment of 783 keloid scars by iridium 192 interstitial irradiation after surgical excision. | 356 | ||
| Retrospective analysis of treatment of unresectable keloids with primary radiation over 25 years. | 356 | ||
| Postoperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the prevention of keloids. | 356 | ||
| Post-keloidectomy irradiation using high-dose-rate superficial brachytherapy. | 356 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 356 | ||
| Management of ear lobule keloids using 980-nm diode laser. | 356 | ||
| Effect of pulse width of a 595-nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser on the treatment response of keloidal and hypertrophic sternotomy scars. | 356 | ||
| The effect of carbon dioxide laser surgery on the recurrence of keloids. | 356 | ||
| Pilot study of the effect of postoperative imiquimod 5% cream on the recurrence rate of excised keloids. | 356 | ||
| Role of mitomycin C in reducing keloid recurrence: patient series and literature review. | 356 | ||
| Intralesional interferon gamma treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars. | 356 | ||
| The local treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids with topical retinoic acid. | 356 | ||
| Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars using bleomycin. | 356 | ||
| Comparison of intralesional verapamil with intralesional triamcinolone in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. | 357 | ||
| 117 Keratoacanthoma | 358 | ||
| Management strategy | 358 | ||
| Specific investigations | 358 | ||
| Small, solitary keratoacanthoma | 358 | ||
| First-line therapies | 358 | ||
| Evaluation of curettage and electrodesiccation in the treatment of keratoacanthoma. | 359 | ||
| Keratoacanthomas treated with Mohs’ micrographic surgery (chemosurgery). A review of forty-three cases. | 359 | ||
| Keratoacanthoma observed. | 359 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 359 | ||
| Topical treatment with imiquimod may induce regression of facial keratoacanthoma. | 359 | ||
| Spontaneous regression of keratoacanthoma can be promoted by topical treatment with imiquimod cream. | 359 | ||
| Intralesional methotrexate treatment for keratoacanthoma tumours: a retrospective study and review of the literature. | 359 | ||
| Topical 5-fluorouracil as primary therapy for keratoacanthoma. | 359 | ||
| Efficacy of topical photodynamic therapy for keratoacanthomas: a case-series of four patients. | 359 | ||
| Argon laser treatment of small keratoacanthomas in difficult locations. | 359 | ||
| Large, rapidly proliferating keratoacanthoma | 359 | ||
| First-line therapies | 359 | ||
| Treatment of aggressive keratoacanthomas by radiotherapy. | 359 | ||
| Treatment of keratoacanthomas with intralesional fluorouracil. | 359 | ||
| Treatment of keratoacanthomas with intralesional methotrexate. | 359 | ||
| Intralesional methotrexate in solitary keratoacanthoma. | 359 | ||
| Intralesional infusion of methotrexate as neoadjuvant therapy improves the cosmetic and functional results of surgery to treat keratoacanthoma: results of a randomized trial. | 359 | ||
| Intralesional interferon alfa-2b treatment of keratoacanthomas. | 360 | ||
| Use of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in the treatment of keratoacanthoma. | 360 | ||
| Multiple keratoacanthomas | 360 | ||
| 118 Keratosis pilaris and variants | 361 | ||
| Management strategy | 361 | ||
| Specific investigations | 361 | ||
| The prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in young patients with type 1 diabetes. | 361 | ||
| Keratosis pilaris: skin marker of Hodgkin’s disease? | 362 | ||
| Keratosis pilaris atrophicans. One heterogeneous disease or a symptom in different clinical entities? | 362 | ||
| First-line therapies | 362 | ||
| Evaluation of a sodium lactate and urea crème to ameliorate keratosis pilaris. | 362 | ||
| Polyester sponge adjunct in acne management. | 362 | ||
| Practical management of widespread, atypical keratosis pilaris. | 362 | ||
| Keratosis pilaris decalvans non-atrophicans. | 362 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 362 | ||
| A comparative trial comparing the efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment with Aquaphor ointment for the treatment of keratosis pilaris. | 362 | ||
| Tazarotene 0.05% cream for the treatment of keratosis pilaris. | 362 | ||
| Natural history of keratosis pilaris. | 362 | ||
| Clinical findings, cutaneous pathology, and response to therapy in 21 patients with keratosis pilaris atrophicans. | 362 | ||
| A case of atrophoderma vermiculatum responding to isotretinoin. | 362 | ||
| Atrophoderma vermiculatum. Case reports and review. | 362 | ||
| A case of ulerythema ophryogenes responding to isotretinoin. | 363 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 363 | ||
| Keratosis pilaris rubra: a common but underrecognized condition. | 363 | ||
| Natural history of keratosis pilaris. | 363 | ||
| Recalcitrant scarring follicular disorders treated by laser-assisted hair removal: a preliminary report. | 363 | ||
| Folliculitis spinulosa decalvans: successful therapy with dapsone. | 363 | ||
| Treatment of keratosis pilaris atrophicans with the pulsed tunable dye laser. | 363 | ||
| Keratosis rubra pilaris responding to potassium titanyl phosphate laser. | 363 | ||
| Successful treatment of severe keratosis pilaris rubra with a 595-nm pulsed dye laser. | 363 | ||
| Keratosis pilaris rubra and keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei treated with pulsed dye laser: report of 10 cases. | 363 | ||
| Long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser significantly improves keratosis pilaris: a randomized, evaluator-blind study. | 363 | ||
| 119 Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 364 | ||
| Management strategy | 364 | ||
| Specific investigations | 364 | ||
| Histiocytosis syndromes in children: approach to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 365 | ||
| First-line therapies | 365 | ||
| Topical nitrogen mustard: an effective treatment for cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 365 | ||
| Long term follow up of topical mustine treatment for cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 365 | ||
| Topical nitrogen mustard ointment with occlusion for Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis of the scalp. | 365 | ||
| Topical nitrogen mustard in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 365 | ||
| Satisfactory remission achieved by PUVA therapy in Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an elderly patient. | 365 | ||
| Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an elderly man successfully treated with narrowband ultraviolet B. | 365 | ||
| Etoposide in recurrent childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis: an Italian cooperative study. | 365 | ||
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis in childhood: results from the Italian Cooperative AIEOP-CNR-H.X. ‘83 study. | 365 | ||
| A randomised trial of treatment for multisystem Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. | 365 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 365 | ||
| Improved outcome in multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis is associated with therapy intensification. | 365 | ||
| Treatment strategy for disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 366 | ||
| A case of adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis showing successfully regenerated osseous tissue of the skull after chemotherapy. | 366 | ||
| Successful treatment of cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis with thalidomide. | 366 | ||
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis with vulvar involvement and responding to thalidomide therapy – case report. | 366 | ||
| A phase II trial using thalidomide for Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 366 | ||
| Oral methotrexate and alternate-day prednisone for low-risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 366 | ||
| Cytosine-arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisolone in the treatment of children with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis with organ dysfunction: experience at a single institution. | 366 | ||
| Successful treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. | 366 | ||
| Efficacy of continuous infusion 2-CDA (cladribine) in pediatric patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 366 | ||
| Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) in frontline chemotherapy for adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a single centre study of seven cases. | 366 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 366 | ||
| Results of treatment of 127 patients with systemic histiocytosis (Letterer-Siwe syndrome, Schüller-Christian syndrome, and multifocal eosinophilic granuloma). | 367 | ||
| Cyclosporin A therapy for multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 367 | ||
| Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with severe Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hematological dysfunction: experience of the French Langerhans Cell Study Group. | 367 | ||
| Improved outcome of treatment resistant high risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis after allogenic stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning. | 367 | ||
| Effect of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: preliminary observations. | 367 | ||
| Widespread skin-limited Langerhans cell histiocytosis: complete remission with interferon alpha. | 367 | ||
| Successful treatment of two children with Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis with 2’-deoxycoformycin. | 367 | ||
| Interleukin-2 therapy of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 367 | ||
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis: complete remission after oral isotretinoin therapy. | 367 | ||
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult: good response of cutaneous lesions to acitretin. | 367 | ||
| Lenalidomide induced therapeutic response in a patient with aggressive multi-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis resistant to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and early relapse after high dose BEAM chemotherapy with autologous peripheral stem cell transplant. | 367 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for multi-resistant cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 368 | ||
| Clofarabine in refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 368 | ||
| Response to subcutaneous therapy with mistletoe in recurrent multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 368 | ||
| Future therapeutic approaches | 368 | ||
| Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | 368 | ||
| 120 Leg ulcers | 369 | ||
| Management strategy | 369 | ||
| Wound care | 369 | ||
| Dressing | 369 | ||
| Venous leg ulcers | 369 | ||
| Arterial ulcers | 369 | ||
| Diabetic neuropathy | 369 | ||
| Pressure ulcers | 369 | ||
| First-line therapy | 369 | ||
| Compression for venous leg ulcers. | 370 | ||
| Antibiotics and antiseptics for venous leg ulcers. | 370 | ||
| Management of ischemic heel ulceration and gangrene: an evaluation of factors associated with successful healing. | 370 | ||
| Second-line therapy | 370 | ||
| The impact of ablation of incompetent superficial and perforator veins on ulcer healing rates. | 370 | ||
| A factorial, randomized trial of pentoxifylline or placebo, four-layer or single-layer compression, and knitted viscose or hydrocolloid dressings for venous ulcers. | 370 | ||
| The effectiveness of footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in diabetes. | 370 | ||
| Contemporary management of diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration: a study of 917 consecutively treated limbs. | 370 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 370 | ||
| Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. | 370 | ||
| 121 Leiomyoma | 371 | ||
| Management strategy | 371 | ||
| Specific investigations | 371 | ||
| Cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms: clinical features, histological findings and treatment options. | 371 | ||
| Germline mutations in FH predispose to dominantly inherited uterine fibroids, skin leiomyomata and papillary renal cell cancer. | 371 | ||
| Evidence for a new fumarate hydratase gene mutation in a unilateral type 2 segmental leiomyomatosis. | 371 | ||
| First-line therapy | 371 | ||
| Leiomyomas of the skin. | 372 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 372 | ||
| Successful treatment of pain in two patients with cutaneous leiomyomata with the oral alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, doxazosin. | 372 | ||
| Pharmacological modulation of cold-induced pain in cutaneous leiomyomata. | 372 | ||
| Multiple cutaneous leiomyomata and erythrocytosis with demonstration of erythropoietic activity in the cutaneous leiomyomata. | 372 | ||
| Therapy for painful cutaneous leiomyomas. | 372 | ||
| Muscle relaxing agent in cutaneous leiomyoma. | 372 | ||
| Leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri. | 372 | ||
| Gabapentin treatment of multiple piloleiomyoma-related pain. | 372 | ||
| Successful pain relief of cutaneous leiomyomata due to Reed syndrome with the combination treatment of pregabalin and duloxetine. | 372 | ||
| A new indication of botulinum toxin: leiomyoma-related pain. | 372 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type A: treatment of a patient with multiple cutaneous piloleiomyomas. | 372 | ||
| Treatment of multiple cutaneous leiomyomas with CO2 laser ablation. | 372 | ||
| 122 Leishmaniasis | 373 | ||
| Many faces of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 373 | ||
| Cutaneous leishmaniasis mimicking inflammatory and neoplastic processes: a clinical, histopathological and molecular study of 57 cases. | 373 | ||
| Management strategy | 373 | ||
| Specific investigations | 373 | ||
| Epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis: 109 cases in a population of 500. | 374 | ||
| Genus-specific kinetoplast-DNA PCR and parasite culture for the diagnosis of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: applications for clinical trials under field conditions in Brazil. | 374 | ||
| Sensitivity of leishmanin skin test in patients of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 374 | ||
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on soluble promastigote antigen detects immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies in sera from cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 374 | ||
| First-line therapies | 374 | ||
| Clinical features, epidemiology, and efficacy and safety of intralesional antimony treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent experience in Turkey. | 374 | ||
| Clinical efficacy of intramuscular meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with intralesional meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 374 | ||
| Comparative efficacy of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) alone and its combination with intramuscular SSG to treat localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: results of a pilot study. | 374 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 374 | ||
| Recurrent American cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 374 | ||
| The role of rifampicin in the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 374 | ||
| Fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. | 374 | ||
| Comparison of oral itraconazole and intramuscular meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 375 | ||
| Intralesional sodium stibogluconate alone or its combination with either intramuscular sodium stibogluconate or oral ketoconazole in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparative study. | 375 | ||
| Efficacy of a weekly cryotherapy regimen to treat Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 375 | ||
| Evaluation of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: a randomized controlled trial. | 375 | ||
| Randomized, double-blind, comparative clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of intralesional sodium stibogluconate and intralesional 7% hypertonic sodium chloride against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani. | 375 | ||
| Doxycycline for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 375 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 375 | ||
| Miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Brazil: a randomized and controlled trial. | 375 | ||
| Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 375 | ||
| Comparison of topical paromomycin sulfate (twice/day) with intralesional meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. | 375 | ||
| Comparison between the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and topical paromomycin in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. | 375 | ||
| The parasiticidal effect of electricity on Leishmania major, both in vitro and in vivo. | 375 | ||
| Evaluation of CO2 laser efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 376 | ||
| Comparison of intralesionally injected zinc sulfate with meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 376 | ||
| Effect of combination therapy with systemic glucantime and pentoxifylline in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 376 | ||
| Liposomal amphotericin B treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica. | 376 | ||
| 123 Lentigo maligna | 377 | ||
| Management strategy | 377 | ||
| Specific Investigations | 377 | ||
| 124 Leprosy (including reactions) | 381 | ||
| Management strategy | 381 | ||
| Specific investigations | 382 | ||
| First-line therapies | 382 | ||
| Leprosy. | 382 | ||
| Treatment of leprosy/Hansen’s disease in the early 21st century. | 382 | ||
| Leprosy: forgotten, but not gone (yet). | 382 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus and leprosy: an update. | 382 | ||
| Leprosy and HIV co-infection: a critical approach. | 382 | ||
| The role of thalidomide in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum. | 382 | ||
| Secondary leprosy infection in a patient with psoriasis during treatment with infliximab. | 382 | ||
| Leprosy reaction manifesting after discontinuation of adalimumab therapy. | 382 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 382 | ||
| Response to cyclosporine treatment in Ethiopian and Nepali patients with severe leprosy type 1 reactions. | 382 | ||
| Cyclosporin A treatment of leprosy patients with chronic neuritis is associated with pain control and reduction in antibodies against nerve growth factor. | 382 | ||
| Methotrexate treatment for type 1 (reversal) leprosy reactions. | 382 | ||
| Methotrexate in resistant ENL. | 382 | ||
| Azathioprine as a steroid sparing agent in leprosy type 2 reactions: report of nine cases. | 382 | ||
| Clinical outcomes in a randomized controlled study comparing azathioprine and prednisolone versus prednisolone alone in the treatment of severe leprosy type 1 reactions in Nepal. | 382 | ||
| Type 1 leprosy reversal reaction treated with topical tacrolimus along with systemic corticosteroids. | 383 | ||
| Severe refractory erythema nodosum leprosum successfully treated with the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor etanercept. | 383 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum with infliximab. | 383 | ||
| 125 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis | 384 | ||
| Management strategy | 384 | ||
| Specific investigations | 384 | ||
| Cutaneous vasculitis in children and adults: associated diseases and etiologic factors in 303 patients. | 385 | ||
| Cutaneous vasculitis update: classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and prognosis. | 385 | ||
| Clinical approaches to cutaneous vasculitis. | 385 | ||
| First-line therapies | 385 | ||
| Colchicine in the treatment of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis: results of a prospective, randomized controlled trial. | 385 | ||
| Colchicine is effective in controlling chronic cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. | 385 | ||
| Dapsone therapy for Henoch–Schönlein purpura: a case series. | 385 | ||
| Dapsone in Henoch–Schönlein purpura. | 385 | ||
| The therapeutic response of urticarial vasculitis to indomethacin. | 385 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 385 | ||
| Early prednisone therapy in Henoch–Schönlein purpura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 385 | ||
| The clinical and histopathologic spectrums of urticarial vasculitis: study of forty cases. | 385 | ||
| Azathioprine. An effective, corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. | 385 | ||
| Prednisone plus azathioprine treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by vasculitis. | 386 | ||
| Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease). | 386 | ||
| Cyclosporin A in the treatment of cutaneous vasculitis. Clinical and cellular effects. | 386 | ||
| Treatment of complicated Henoch–Schönlein purpura with mycophenolate mofetil: a retrospective case series report. | 386 | ||
| Treatment of severe cutaneous small vessel vasculitis with mycophenolate mofetil. | 386 | ||
| A randomized controlled trial of rituximab following failure of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. | 386 | ||
| A randomized, controlled, trial of rituximab for treatment of severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. | 386 | ||
| Management of non-infectious mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: data from 242 cases included in the CryoVas survey. | 386 | ||
| Successful treatment of rheumatoid vasculitis-associated cutaneous ulcers using rituximab in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis. | 386 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 386 | ||
| Elimination diet in the treatment of selected patients with hypersensitivity vasculitis. | 386 | ||
| Leukocytoclastic vasculitis caused by drug additives. | 387 | ||
| Synergistic effects of pentoxifylline and dapsone in leucocytoclastic vasculitis. | 387 | ||
| Chronic leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with polycythemia vera: effective control with pentoxifylline. | 387 | ||
| Other therapies | 387 | ||
| Plasma exchange in refractory cutaneous vasculitis. | 387 | ||
| Case report: steroid sparing effect of intravenous gamma globulin in a child with necrotizing vasculitis. | 387 | ||
| Successful treatment of chronic leucocytoclastic vasculitis and persistent ulceration with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 387 | ||
| Therapy for severe necrotizing vasculitis with infliximab. | 387 | ||
| Response of deep cutaneous vasculitis to infliximab. | 387 | ||
| Minocycline treatment for leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. | 387 | ||
| Treatment of severe and difficult cases of systemic lupus erythematosus with tacrolimus. A report of three cases. | 387 | ||
| Successful use of interleukin 6 antagonist tocilizumab in a patient with refractory cutaneous lupus and urticarial vasculitis. | 387 | ||
| 126 Lichen myxedematosus | 388 | ||
| Management strategy | 388 | ||
| Specific investigations | 388 | ||
| Lichen myxedematosus (papular mucinosis): new concepts and perspectives for an old disease. | 388 | ||
| Lichen myxedematosus associated with chronic hepatitis C. | 388 | ||
| First-line therapies | 388 | ||
| Scleromyxedema. | 388 | ||
| Scleromyxedema: an experience using treatment with systemic corticosteroid and review of the published work. | 388 | ||
| Scleromyxedema: successful treatment of cutaneous and neurologic symptoms. | 388 | ||
| Scleromyxedema: a case series highlighting long-term outcomes of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). | 388 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 389 | ||
| Generalized papular and sclerodermoid eruption: scleromyxedema. | 389 | ||
| Treatment of recalcitrant scleromyxedema with thalidomide in 3 patients. | 389 | ||
| Discrete papular mucinosis responding to intralesional and topical steroids. | 389 | ||
| Treatment of localized lichen myxedematosus of discrete type with tacrolimus ointment. | 389 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 389 | ||
| Scleromyxedema: role of high-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation. | 389 | ||
| Response to bortezomib of a patient with scleromyxedema refractory to other therapies. | 389 | ||
| Scleromyxedema with subclinical myositis. | 389 | ||
| Successful treatment of intractable scleromyxedema with cyclosporin A. | 389 | ||
| Arndt Gottron scleromyxedema: successful response to treatment with steroid minipulse and methotrexate. | 389 | ||
| Lichen myxedematosus treated with chlorambucil. | 389 | ||
| Scleromyxedema: treatment with interferon alfa. | 389 | ||
| Cutaneo-systemic papulosclerotic mucinosis (scleromyxedema): remission after extracorporeal photochemotherapy and corticoid bolus. | 390 | ||
| Successful treatment of lichen myxoedematosus with PUVA photochemotherapy. | 390 | ||
| Scleromyxedema: treatment of widespread cutaneous involvement by total skin electron-beam therapy. | 390 | ||
| Vincristine, idarubicin, dexamethasone and thalidomide in scleromyxoedema. | 390 | ||
| 127 Lichen nitidus | 391 | ||
| Management strategy | 391 | ||
| Specific investigations | 391 | ||
| First-line therapies | 391 | ||
| Successful treatment of lichen nitidus. | 391 | ||
| Treatment of generalized lichen nitidus with narrow band ultraviolet light. | 391 | ||
| Two cases of generalized lichen nitidus treated successfully with narrow band UVB phototherapy. | 391 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 391 | ||
| Lichen nitidus treated with topical tacrolimus. | 391 | ||
| Generalised lichen nitidus: a report of two cases treated with astemizole. | 391 | ||
| Lichen nitidus treated with astemizole. | 391 | ||
| Treatment of generalized lichen nitidus with PUVA. | 391 | ||
| Association of lichen planus and lichen nitidus – treatment with etretinate. | 391 | ||
| Treatment of palmoplantar lichen nitidus with acitretin. | 392 | ||
| A case of generalized lichen nitidus treated with low dose cyclosporine. | 392 | ||
| Generalized lichen nitidus successfully treated with pimecrolimus 1 percent cream. | 392 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 392 | ||
| Treatment of lichen planus and lichen nitidus with itraconazole: reports of six cases. | 392 | ||
| Improvement of lichen nitidus after topical dinitrochlorobenzene application. | 392 | ||
| Generalised lichen nitidus in a child: response to cetirizine dihydrochloride/levamisol. | 392 | ||
| Generalised lichen nitidus is successfully treated with an antituberculous agent. | 392 | ||
| 128 Lichen planopilaris | 393 | ||
| Management strategy | 393 | ||
| Specific investigations | 393 | ||
| A histologic review of 27 patients with lichen planopilaris. | 393 | ||
| Immunofluorescence abnormalities in lichen planopilaris. | 393 | ||
| Dermatoscopy: alternative uses in daily clinical practice. | 393 | ||
| First-line therapies | 393 | ||
| Lichen planopilaris: report of 30 cases and review of the literature. | 393 | ||
| Scarring alopecia. | 393 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 393 | ||
| Postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia: a frontal variant of lichen planopilaris. | 394 | ||
| Lichen planopilaris: clinical and pathologic study of forty-five patients. | 394 | ||
| Oral treatment of keratinizing disorders of skin and mucous membranes with etretinate. Comparative study of 113 patients. | 394 | ||
| A case-series of 29 patients with lichen planopilaris. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation experience on evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. | 394 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine and lichen planopilaris: efficacy and introduction of Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index scoring system. | 394 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 394 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil for lichen planopilaris. | 394 | ||
| Short course of oral cyclosporine in lichen planopilaris. | 394 | ||
| Thalidomide-induced remission of lichen planopilaris. | 394 | ||
| Low-dose excimer 308-nm laser for treatment of lichen planopilaris. | 394 | ||
| Lichen planopilaris treated with a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-agonist. | 394 | ||
| 129 Lichen planus | 395 | ||
| Management strategy | 395 | ||
| Specific investigations | 395 | ||
| Lichen planus and other cutaneous manifestations in chronic hepatitis C: pre- and post-interferon-based treatment prevalence vary in a cohort of patients from low hepatitis C virus endemic area. | 395 | ||
| Drug-induced lichen planus. | 395 | ||
| First-line therapies | 395 | ||
| Betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate ointment: an effective topical preparation in lichen rubra planus. | 395 | ||
| A randomized controlled trial to compare calcipotriol with betamethasone valerate for the treatment of cutaneous lichen planus. | 395 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 396 | ||
| Efficacy of oral metronidazole in treatment of cutaneous and mucosal lichen planus. | 396 | ||
| Efficacy of sulfasalazine in the treatment of generalized lichen planus: randomized double-blinded clinical trial on 52 patients. | 396 | ||
| Treatment of generalized cutaneous lichen planus with dipropionate and betamethasone disodium phosphate: an open study of 73 cases. | 396 | ||
| Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 65 patients. | 396 | ||
| Ultraviolet-B treatment for cutaneous lichen planus: our experience with 50 patients. | 396 | ||
| Psoralen plus UVA vs. UVB-311 nm for the treatment of lichen planus. | 396 | ||
| Long-term efficacy of PUVA treatment in lichen planus: comparison of oral and external methoxsalen regimens. | 396 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 396 | ||
| Antimicrobials | 397 | ||
| Treatment of lichen planus with Bactrim. | 397 | ||
| Histopathological evaluation of griseofulvin therapy in lichen planus: a double-blind controlled study. | 397 | ||
| Pulsed itraconazole therapy in eruptive lichen planus. | 397 | ||
| The use of oral terbinafine or topical ciclopirox for lichen planus. | 397 | ||
| Systemic immunosuppressive agents | 397 | ||
| Childhood actinic lichen planus: successful treatment with antimalarials. | 397 | ||
| Successful treatment of resistant hypertrophic and bullous lichen planus with mycophenolate mofetil. | 397 | ||
| Generalized severe lichen planus treated with azathioprine. | 397 | ||
| Palmoplantar lichen planus with umbilicated papules: an atypical case with rapid therapeutic response to cyclosporine. | 397 | ||
| Methotrexate for the treatment of generalized lichen planus. | 397 | ||
| Successful treatment of lichen planus with adalimumab. | 397 | ||
| Nail lichen planus: successful treatment with etanercept. | 397 | ||
| Other | 397 | ||
| Treatment of lichen planus of the penis with photo-dynamic therapy. | 397 | ||
| Successful interferon treatment for lichen planus associated with hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus infection. | 398 | ||
| Lichen planus and chronic hepatitis C: exacerbation of the lichen under interferon therapy. | 398 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous lichen planus with thalidomide. | 398 | ||
| Ultraviolet A1 in the treatment of generalized lichen planus: a report of 4 cases. | 398 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of lichen planus in a child. | 398 | ||
| Limited benefit of topical calcipotriol in lichen planus treatment: a preliminary study. | 398 | ||
| Use of pimecrolimus cream in disorders other than atopic dermatitis. | 398 | ||
| The successful treatment of palmoplantar hyperkeratotic lichen planus with enoxaparin. | 398 | ||
| Linear lichen planus pigmentosus of the forehead treated by neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and topical tacrolimus. | 398 | ||
| Response of recalcitrant lichen planus to alitretinoin in 3 patients. | 398 | ||
| 130 Lichen sclerosus | 399 | ||
| Management strategy | 399 | ||
| Specific investigations | 399 | ||
| Light microscopic criteria for the diagnosis of early vulvar lichen sclerosus: a comparison with lichen planus. | 399 | ||
| A comparative analysis of lichen sclerosus of the vulva and lichen sclerosus that evolves to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. | 399 | ||
| First-line therapy | 399 | ||
| Topical interventions of genital lichen sclerosus. | 400 | ||
| Clinical and histologic effects of topical treatments of vulval lichen sclerosus. A critical evaluation. | 400 | ||
| The response of balanitis xerotica obliterans to local steroid application compared with placebo in children. | 400 | ||
| Ultrapotent topical corticosteroid treatment of childhood genital lichen sclerosus. | 400 | ||
| Does treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus influence its prognosis? | 400 | ||
| Topical testosterone versus clobetasol for vulvar lichen sclerosus. | 400 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 400 | ||
| Lichen sclerosus of the male genitalia and urethra: surgical options and results in a multi-centre international experience of 215 patients. | 400 | ||
| Perineoplasty for the treatment of introital stenosis related to vulvar lichen sclerosus. | 400 | ||
| Multicentre, phase II trial on the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of lichen sclerosus. | 400 | ||
| A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of clobetasol versus pimecrolimus in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus. | 400 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 400 | ||
| Acitretin for severe lichen sclerosus of male genitalia: a randomized, placebo controlled study. | 400 | ||
| Is carbon dioxide laser treatment of lichen sclerosus effective in the long run? | 400 | ||
| Genital lichen sclerosus treated by carbon dioxide laser. | 401 | ||
| Other therapies | 401 | ||
| Low-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for extragenital lichen sclerosus: results of a preliminary study. | 401 | ||
| UVA1 phototherapy for genital lichen sclerosus. | 401 | ||
| Open-label trial of cyclosporine for vulvar lichen sclerosus. | 401 | ||
| Response of vulval lichen sclerosus and squamous hyperplasia to photodynamic treatment using sustained topical delivery of aminolevulinic acid from a novel bioadhesive patch system. | 401 | ||
| Treatment of lichen sclerosus with antibiotics. | 401 | ||
| 131 Lichen simplex chronicus | 402 | ||
| Management strategy | 402 | ||
| Specific investigations | 402 | ||
| First-line therapies | 402 | ||
| A double-blind, multicenter trial of 0.05% halobetasol propionate ointment and 0.05% clobetasol 17-propionate ointment in the treatment of patients with chronic, localized atopic dermatitis or lichen simplex chronicus. | 403 | ||
| A review of two controlled multicenter trials comparing 0.05% halobetasol propionate ointment to its vehicle in the treatment of chronic eczematous dermatoses. | 403 | ||
| Flurandrenolone tape in the treatment of lichen simplex chronicus. | 403 | ||
| Update on intralesional steroid: focus on dermatoses. | 403 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 403 | ||
| The antipruritic effect of 5% doxepin cream in patients with eczematous dermatitis. | 403 | ||
| Pimecrolimus 1% cream for pruritus in postmenopausal diabetic women with vulvar lichen simplex chronicus: a prospective non-controlled case series. | 403 | ||
| Treatment of prurigo nodularis, chronic prurigo and neurodermatitis circumscripta with topical capsaicin. | 403 | ||
| Cryosurgical treatment of nodular neurodermatitis with Refrigerant 12. | 403 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of lichen simplex chronicus. | 403 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 403 | ||
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for reduction of pruritus in macular amyloidosis and lichen simplex. | 404 | ||
| Effectiveness of ketotifen in the treatment of neurodermatitis in childhood. | 404 | ||
| Acupuncture treatment of 139 cases of neurodermatitis. | 404 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type A injection in the treatment of lichen simplex: an open pilot study. | 404 | ||
| The effect of topically applied aspirin on localized circumscribed neurodermatosis. | 404 | ||
| Therapeutic hotline: treatment of prurigo nodularis and lichen simplex chronicus with gabapentin. | 404 | ||
| The behavioral treatment of neurodermatitis through habit-reversal. | 404 | ||
| Brief hypnotherapy of neurodermatitis: a case with 4-year followup. | 404 | ||
| Improvement of chronic neurotic excoriations with oral doxepin therapy. | 404 | ||
| Nodular lichen simplex of the scrotum treated by surgical excision. | 404 | ||
| 132 Linear IgA bullous dermatosis | 405 | ||
| Management strategy | 405 | ||
| Specific investigations | 405 | ||
| Linear IgA disease in adults. | 405 | ||
| A clinicopathological study of mucosal involvement in linear IgA disease. | 405 | ||
| Cicatrizing conjunctivitis as predominant manifestation of linear IgA bullous dermatosis. | 406 | ||
| Chronic bullous disease of childhood, childhood cicatricial pemphigoid, and linear IgA disease of adults. A comparative study demonstrating clinical and immunopathologic overlap. | 406 | ||
| Linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis. | 406 | ||
| Vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. | 406 | ||
| First-line therapies | 406 | ||
| Linear IgA dapsone responsive bullous dermatosis. | 406 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 406 | ||
| Colchicine as a novel therapeutic agent in chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. | 406 | ||
| Treatment of pemphigus and linear IgA dermatosis with nicotinamide and tetracycline. | 406 | ||
| Sublamina densa-type linear IgA bullous dermatosis successfully treated with oral tetracycline and niacinamide. | 406 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 406 | ||
| Sulphamethoxypridazine for dermatitis herpetiformis, linear IgA disease, and cicatricial pemphigoid. | 406 | ||
| Treatment of chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood with oral dicloxacillin. | 406 | ||
| Chronic bullous disease of childhood: successful treatment with dicloxacillin. | 406 | ||
| Mixed immunobullous disease of childhood: a good response to antimicrobials. | 406 | ||
| Linear IgA bullous dermatosis responsive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. | 406 | ||
| Linear IgA disease: successful treatment with erythromycin. | 406 | ||
| Treatment of linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood with flucloxacillin. | 406 | ||
| Treatment of linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood with mycophenolate mofetil. | 406 | ||
| Successful treatment of oral linear IgA disease using mycophenolate. | 406 | ||
| Methotrexate and cyclosporine are of value in the treatment of adult linear IgA disease. | 407 | ||
| Linear IgA disease: successful treatment with cyclosporine. | 407 | ||
| Interferon alpha for linear IgA bullous dermatosis. | 407 | ||
| High-dose intravenous immune globulin is also effective in linear IgA disease. | 407 | ||
| Successful treatment of linear IgA disease with salazosulphapyridine and intravenous immunoglobulins. | 407 | ||
| Upper aerodigestive tract complications in a neonate with linear IgA bullous dermatosis. | 407 | ||
| High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases: evaluation of its use in 19 cases. | 407 | ||
| Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood: response to thalidomide. | 407 | ||
| Linear IgA disease: successful application of immunoadsorption and review of the literature. | 407 | ||
| 133 Lipodermatosclerosis | 408 | ||
| Management strategy | 408 | ||
| Specific investigations | 408 | ||
| The clinical spectrum of lipodermatosclerosis. | 408 | ||
| Lipodermatosclerosis: the histologic spectrum with clinical correlation to the acute and chronic forms. | 408 | ||
| Lipodermatosclerosis: a clinicopathological study of 25 cases. | 408 | ||
| Skin iron deposition characterises lipodermatosclerosis and leg ulcer. | 408 | ||
| Duplex venous imaging: role for a comprehensive lower extremity examination. | 408 | ||
| Results of duplex scanning of 205 lower extremities with varices: 106 not previously operated and 99 previously operated for varicose veins. | 408 | ||
| Quantifying fibrosis in venous disease: mechanical properties of lipodermatosclerosis and healthy tissue. | 408 | ||
| Excision of lipodermatosclerotic tissue: an effective treatment for non-healing venous ulcer. | 409 | ||
| Microangiopathy in chronic venous insufficiency: quantitative assessment by capillary microscopy. | 409 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic tool for extensive lipodermatosclerosis. | 409 | ||
| First-line therapies | 409 | ||
| The clinical spectrum of lipodermatosclerosis. | 409 | ||
| Graduated compression stockings reduce lipodermatosclerosis and ulcer recurrence. | 409 | ||
| Removal of dermal edema with class I and II compression stockings in patients with lipodermatosclerosis. | 409 | ||
| Venous lipodermatosclerosis: treatment by fibrinolytic enhancement and elastic compression. | 409 | ||
| Acute lipodermatosclerosis: an open clinical trial of stanozolol in patients unable to sustain compression. | 409 | ||
| HR (Paroven, Venoruton; O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)- rutosides) in venous hypertensive microangiopathy. | 409 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 409 | ||
| Pentoxifylline for treating venous leg ulcer. | 409 | ||
| Comparison of surgery and compression with compression alone in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR study): randomized controlled trial. | 409 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 409 | ||
| Lipid lowering and enhancement of fibrinolysis with niacin. | 409 | ||
| Early benefit of subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS) in healing venous ulcer. | 409 | ||
| The effect of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy (UGS) of incompetent perforator veins on venous clinical severity and disability scores. | 410 | ||
| Hypodermatitis sclerodermiformis. | 410 | ||
| Ultrasound therapy for lipodermatosclerosis. | 410 | ||
| Excision of lipodermatosclerotic tissue: an effective treatment for non-healing venous ulcer. | 410 | ||
| Surgical removal of ulcer and dermatosclerosis followed by split-skin grafting yields long-term results in ‘non-healing’ venous leg ulcers. | 410 | ||
| Hypodermatitis sclerodermiformis and unusual acid-fast bacteria. | 410 | ||
| Severe chronic venous insufficiency treated by foamed sclerosant. | 410 | ||
| Intralesional triamcinolone in the management of lipodermatosclerosis. | 410 | ||
| Refractory lipodermatosclerosis treated with intralesional platelet-rich plasma. | 410 | ||
| Topical capsaicin for the treatment of acute lipodermatosclerosis and lobular panniculitis. | 410 | ||
| An acute case of lipodermatosclerosis successfully treated with danazol. | 410 | ||
| Lipodermatosclerosis: Successful treatment with danazol. | 410 | ||
| Treatment of lipodermatosclerosis with oxandrolone in a patient with stanozolol-induced hepatotoxicity. | 410 | ||
| 134 Livedo reticularis | 411 | ||
| Management strategy | 411 | ||
| Specific investigations | 411 | ||
| Livedo reticularis and related disorders. | 411 | ||
| Livedo reticularis: an update. | 411 | ||
| The histopathological characteristics of livedo reticularis. | 412 | ||
| Diagnostic impact and sensitivity of skin biopsies in Sneddon’s syndrome. A report of 15 cases. | 412 | ||
| Livedo reticularis: an underutilized diagnostic clue in cholesterol embolization syndrome. | 412 | ||
| The spectrum of livedo reticularis and anticardiolipin antibodies. | 412 | ||
| First-line therapy | 412 | ||
| Sneddon’s syndrome: generalized livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular disease – importance of hemostatic screening. | 412 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 412 | ||
| Cholesterol emboli syndrome in type 2 diabetes: the disease history of a case evaluated with renal scintigraphy. | 412 | ||
| Livedo reticularis and livedoid vasculitis responding to PUVA therapy. | 412 | ||
| Widespread livedoid vasculopathy. | 412 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 412 | ||
| Livedo reticularis caused by cholesterol embolization may improve with simvastatin. | 412 | ||
| Minocycline induced arthritis associated with fever, livedo reticularis and pANCA. | 412 | ||
| Livedo reticularis associated with interferon α therapy in two melanoma patients. | 413 | ||
| 135 Livedoid vasculopathy | 414 | ||
| Management strategy | 414 | ||
| Specific investigations | 414 | ||
| Association between peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction and livedoid vasculopathy. | 414 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy: an intriguing cutaneous disease. | 414 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | 414 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy: what is it and how the patient should be evaluated and treated. | 414 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy: the role of hyperhomocysteinemia and its simple therapeutic consequences. | 415 | ||
| Livedo (livedoid) vasculitis and the factor V Leiden mutation: additional evidence for abnormal coagulation. | 415 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy associated with heterozygous protein C deficiency. | 415 | ||
| Livedoid vasculitis: a manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome? | 415 | ||
| Atrophie blanche: a disorder associated with defective release of tissue plasminogen activator. | 415 | ||
| First-line therapies | 415 | ||
| Atrophie blanche: a clinicopathological study of 27 patients. | 415 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy associated with sickle cell trait: significant improvement on aspirin treatment. | 415 | ||
| Livedo vasculitis: therapy with pentoxifylline. | 415 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 415 | ||
| Frequency of thrombophilia determinant factors in patients with livedoid vasculopathy and treatment with anticoagulant drugs – a prospective study. | 415 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy in a pediatric patient with elevated lipoprotein(a) levels: prompt response to continuous low-molecular-weight heparin. | 415 | ||
| Treatment of livedoid vasculopathy with low-molecular-weight heparin: report of 2 cases. | 415 | ||
| Difficult management of livedoid vasculopathy. | 415 | ||
| Ulcerations caused by livedoid vasculopathy associated with a prothrombotic state: response to warfarin. | 415 | ||
| A case of livedoid vasculopathy associated with factor V Leiden mutation: successful treatment with oral warfarin. | 415 | ||
| Warfarin therapy for livedoid vasculopathy associated with cryofibrinogenemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. | 416 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy: long-term follow-up results following hyperbaric oxygen therapy. | 416 | ||
| Low-dose danazol in the treatment of livedoid vasculitis. | 416 | ||
| Livedoid vasculitis with anticardiolipin antibodies: improvement with danazol. | 416 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 416 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity (4G/4G) treated successfully with tissue plasminogen activator. | 416 | ||
| Tissue plasminogen activator for treatment of livedoid vasculitis. | 416 | ||
| Successful long-term use of intravenous immunoglobulin to treat livedoid vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity. | 416 | ||
| Pulsed intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in livedoid vasculitis: an open trial evaluating 9 consecutive patients. | 416 | ||
| Livedoid vasculitis responding to PUVA therapy. | 416 | ||
| Clinical studies of livedoid vasculitis (segmental hyalinizing vasculitis). | 416 | ||
| Livedoid vasculopathy with combined thrombophilia: efficacy of iloprost (French). | 416 | ||
| 136 Lyme borreliosis | 417 | ||
| Management strategy | 417 | ||
| Early localized Lyme disease | 417 | ||
| Early disseminated Lyme disease | 417 | ||
| Late Lyme disease | 418 | ||
| Post-treatment symptoms | 418 | ||
| Re-infection and vaccination | 418 | ||
| Lyme borelliosis. | 418 | ||
| Lyme disease: Part I. Advances and perspectives. | 418 | ||
| Lyme disease: Part II. Management and prevention. | 418 | ||
| Specific investigations | 418 | ||
| Testing | 418 | ||
| Prospective study of serologic tests for Lyme disease. | 418 | ||
| Prevention | 418 | ||
| Peridomestic Lyme disease prevention. Results of a population based case-control study. | 418 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 418 | ||
| Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. | 418 | ||
| Treatment | 418 | ||
| The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | 418 | ||
| First-line therapies | 419 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 419 | ||
| Amoxicillin plus probenecid versus doxycycline for treatment of erythema migrans borreliosis. | 419 | ||
| Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in the treatment of early Lyme disease. | 419 | ||
| Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. | 419 | ||
| Azithromycin compared with amoxicillin in the treatment of erythema migrans. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. | 419 | ||
| Duration of antibiotic therapy for early Lyme disease. | 419 | ||
| Antibiotic treatment duration and long-term outcomes of patients with early Lyme disease from a Lyme disease hyperendemic area. | 419 | ||
| 137 Lymphangioma circumscriptum | 420 | ||
| Management strategies | 420 | ||
| Specific investigations | 420 | ||
| First-line therapies | 420 | ||
| OK-432 therapy in 64 patients with lymphangioma. | 421 | ||
| A case of unresectable lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva successfully treated with OK-432 in childhood. | 421 | ||
| 138 Lymphedema | 423 | ||
| Management strategies | 423 | ||
| Specific investigations | 423 | ||
| Advances in imaging of lymph flow disorders. | 423 | ||
| Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography is superior to lymphoscintigraphy for diagnostic imaging of early lymphedema of the upper limbs. | 423 | ||
| First-line therapies | 423 | ||
| Prospective trial of intensive decongestive physiotherapy for upper extremity lymphedema. | 423 | ||
| Synergic effect of compression therapy and controlled active exercises using a facilitating device in the treatment of arm lymphedema. | 424 | ||
| Primary lymphedema: clinical features and management in 138 pediatric patients. | 424 | ||
| Can manual treatment of lymphedema promote metastasis? | 424 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 424 | ||
| Direct evidence of lymphatic function improvement after advanced pneumatic compression device treatment of lymphedema. | 424 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 424 | ||
| Microsurgery for lymphedema: clinical research and long-term results. | 424 | ||
| Overview of surgical treatments for breast cancer-related lymphedema. | 424 | ||
| Pediatric lymphedema and correlated syndromes: role of microsurgery. | 424 | ||
| Treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema with laser therapy: double blind placebo control randomized study. | 424 | ||
| 139 Lymphocytoma cutis | 425 | ||
| Management strategy | 425 | ||
| Specific investigations | 425 | ||
| The spirochetal etiology of lymphadenosis benigna cutis solitaria. | 425 | ||
| Lymphadenosis benigna cutis resulting from Borrelia infection (Borrelia lymphocytoma). | 425 | ||
| Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia and cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma: comparison of morphologic and immunophenotypic features. | 425 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of cutaneous infiltrates of B lymphocytes with follicular growth pattern. | 426 | ||
| Borrelia burgdorfori-associated lymphocytoma cutis: clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular study of 106 cases. | 426 | ||
| Clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin genes and progression to B cell lymphoma in cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia. | 426 | ||
| Immunophenotypic and genotypic analysis in cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasias. | 426 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement analysis in cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasias. | 426 | ||
| A review of 55 cases of cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia: reassessment of the histopathologic findings leading to reclassification of 4 lesions as cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma and 19 as pseudolymphomatous folliculitis. | 426 | ||
| Lymphomatoid contact reaction to gold earrings. | 426 | ||
| First-line therapies | 426 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous pseudolymphoma with hydroxychloroquine. | 426 | ||
| A study of the photosensitivity factor in cutaneous lymphocytoma. | 426 | ||
| Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (pseudolymphoma) in tattoos: a case series of 7 patients. | 426 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 426 | ||
| Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia: results of radiation therapy. | 427 | ||
| Local orthovolt radiotherapy in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. | 427 | ||
| Role of the argon laser in treatment of lymphocytoma cutis. | 427 | ||
| Lymphocytoma cutis: a series of five patients successfully treated with cryosurgery. | 427 | ||
| Spiegler–Fendt type lymphocytoma cutis: a case report of two patients successfully treated with interferon alpha-2b. | 427 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with thalidomide: report of two cases. | 427 | ||
| Lymphocytoma cutis treated with topical tacrolimus. | 427 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. | 427 | ||
| Successful treatment of lymphadenosis benigna cutis with topical photodynamic therapy with delta-aminolevulinic acid. | 427 | ||
| Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for the treatment of a patient with cutaneous pseudolymphoma. | 427 | ||
| 140 Lymphogranuloma venereum | 428 | ||
| Management strategy | 428 | ||
| Specific investigations | 428 | ||
| Update on lymphogranuloma venereum in the United Kingdom. | 428 | ||
| Diagnostic and clinical implications of anorectal lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men: a retrospective case-control study. | 428 | ||
| Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as perianal ulceration: an emerging clinical presentation? | 428 | ||
| Lymphogranuloma venereum. | 428 | ||
| The association between lymphogranuloma venereum and HIV among men who have sex with men: systematic review and meta-analysis. | 429 | ||
| Reactive arthritis associated with proctitis due to Chalmydia trachomatis serovar L2b. | 429 | ||
| Persistent high-risk sexual behavior in men who have sex with men after symptomatic lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis. | 429 | ||
| Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease in 12 homosexual men. | 429 | ||
| First-line therapies | 429 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. | 429 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 429 | ||
| Treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum. | 429 | ||
| Doxycycline failure in lymphogranuloma venereum. | 429 | ||
| An audit on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum in a sexual health clinic in London, UK. | 429 | ||
| Lymphogranuloma venereum. | 429 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 429 | ||
| 141 Lymphomatoid papulosis | 430 | ||
| Management strategy | 430 | ||
| Specific investigations | 430 | ||
| Spectrum of primary cutaneous CD30 (Ki-1)-positive lymphoproliferative disorders. A proposal for classification and guidelines for management and treatment. | 430 | ||
| Lymphomatoid papulosis. Reappraisal of clinicopathologic presentation and classification into subtypes A, B, and C. | 430 | ||
| A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis simulating primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma. Description of 9 cases. | 431 | ||
| WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. | 431 | ||
| Clinicopathologic challenge: acral lymphomatoid papulosis. | 431 | ||
| Primary and secondary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders: a report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group on the long-term follow-up data of 219 patients and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. | 431 | ||
| Lymphomatoid papulosis and associated lymphomas: a retrospective case series of 84 patients. | 431 | ||
| CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: the Stanford experience in lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. | 431 | ||
| Increased risk of lymphoid and nonlymphoid malignancies in patients with lymphomatoid papulosis. | 431 | ||
| Cutaneous hematologic disorders in children. | 431 | ||
| Lymphomatoid papulosis in children: a retrospective cohort study of 35 cases. | 431 | ||
| Single cell analysis of CD30+ cells in lymphomatoid papulosis demonstrates a common clonal T-cell origin. | 432 | ||
| Lymphomatoid papulosis associated with mycosis fungoides: a study of 21 patients including analyses for clonality. | 432 | ||
| CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the oral mucosa – an indolent lesion: Report of 4 cases. | 432 | ||
| Lymphomatoid papulosis in a patient with Crohn’s disease treated with infliximab. | 432 | ||
| Large cell transformation mimicking regional lymphomatoid papulosis in a patient with mycosis fungoides. | 432 | ||
| In search of prognostic indicators for lymphomatoid papulosis: a retrospective study of 123 patients. | 432 | ||
| First-line therapies | 432 | ||
| EORTC, ISCL, and USCLC consensus recommendations for the treatment of primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. | 432 | ||
| PUVA-treatment in lymphomatoid papulosis. | 432 | ||
| Medium-dose UVA1 therapy of lymphomatoid papulosis. | 432 | ||
| Methotrexate is effective therapy for lymphomatoid papulosis and other primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. | 432 | ||
| Lymphomatoid papulosis: successful weekly pulse superpotent topical corticosteroid therapy in three pediatric patients. | 433 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 433 | ||
| Long-term efficacy, curative potential, and carcinogenicity of topical mechlorethamine chemotherapy in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. | 433 | ||
| Topical carmustine therapy for lymphomatoid papulosis. | 433 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 433 | ||
| Bexarotene is a new treatment option for lymphomatoid papulosis. | 433 | ||
| Therapeutic use of interferon-alpha for lymphomatoid papulosis. | 433 | ||
| 308-nm excimer laser for the treatment of lymphomatoid papulosis and stage IA mycosis fungoides. | 433 | ||
| Persistent agmination of lymphomatoid papulosis: an equivalent of limited plaque mycosis fungoides type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. | 433 | ||
| Treatment of lymphomatoid papulosis with imiquimod 5% cream. | 433 | ||
| A phase 2 study of SGN-30 in cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma and related lymphoproliferative disorders. | 434 | ||
| Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) for relapsed CD30-positive lymphomas. | 434 | ||
| Results of a pivotal phase II study of brentuximab vedotin for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkins lymphoma. | 434 | ||
| 142 Malignant atrophic papulosis | 435 | ||
| Specific investigations | 435 | ||
| First-line therapies | 436 | ||
| Degos disease: a C5b-9/interferon-α-mediated endotheliopathy syndrome. | 436 | ||
| Commentary on Degos disease: a C5b-9/interferon-α-mediated endotheliopathy syndrome by Magro et al: a reconsideration of Degos disease as hematologic or endothelial genetic disease. | 436 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 436 | ||
| Malignant atrophic papulosis. | 436 | ||
| Malignant atrophic papulosis: treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole. | 436 | ||
| Malignant atrophic papulosis in an infant. | 436 | ||
| Effect of fibrinolytic treatment in malignant atrophic papulosis. | 436 | ||
| Penile ulceration in fatal malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos’ disease). | 436 | ||
| A case of malignant atrophic papulosis successfully treated with nicotine patches. | 436 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 436 | ||
| Inefficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins and infliximab in Degos’ disease. | 436 | ||
| The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in cutaneous and recurrent perforating intestinal Degos disease (malignant atrophic papulosis). | 436 | ||
| A fatal case of malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos’ disease) in a man with factor V Leiden mutation and lupus anticoagulant. | 436 | ||
| A case of systemic malignant atrophic papulosis (Köhlmeier-Degos’ disease). | 436 | ||
| Malignant atrophic papulosis of Degos. Report of a patient who failed to respond to fibrinolytic therapy. | 437 | ||
| Benign familial Degos disease worsening during immunosuppression. | 437 | ||
| [An autopsy case of Degos’ disease with ascending thoracic myelopathy]. | 437 | ||
| 143 Malignant melanoma | 438 | ||
| Management strategy | 438 | ||
| Specific investigations | 439 | ||
| Final version of 2009 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) melanoma staging and classification. | 439 | ||
| National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. V 1.2013. | 439 | ||
| Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis. | 439 | ||
| Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping. | 439 | ||
| The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: evidence assessment. | 439 | ||
| Atlas of Dermoscopy. | 440 | ||
| The performance of MelaFind: a prospective multicenter study. | 440 | ||
| First-line therapies | 440 | ||
| Surgical margins for melanoma in situ. | 440 | ||
| Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1–4 mm melanomas. | 440 | ||
| Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma. | 440 | ||
| Overview and update of the phase III Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trials (MSLT-I and MSLT-II) in melanoma. | 440 | ||
| Elective lymph node dissection in patients with melanoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | 440 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 440 | ||
| Adjuvant therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b versus observation alone in resected stage III melanoma: final results of EORTC 18991, a randomised phase III trial. | 440 | ||
| Combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin as second-line therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma. | 441 | ||
| Locoregional cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma and their management. | 441 | ||
| High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. | 441 | ||
| Durable complete responses with high-dose bolus interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma who have experienced progression after biochemotherapy. | 441 | ||
| Management of in-transit melanoma of the extremity with isolated limb perfusion. | 441 | ||
| Bcl-2 antisense (oblimersen sodium) plus dacarbazine in patients with advanced melanoma: The Oblimersen Melanoma Study Group. | 441 | ||
| Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. | 441 | ||
| Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. | 441 | ||
| Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. | 441 | ||
| Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. | 441 | ||
| Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. | 442 | ||
| KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma. | 442 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 442 | ||
| The benefits of adjuvant radiation therapy after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for clinically advanced, high-risk, lymph node-metastatic melanoma. | 442 | ||
| Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of melanoma. | 442 | ||
| 144 Mastocytoses | 443 | ||
| Management strategy | 443 | ||
| Specific investigations | 443 | ||
| Diagnostic value of tryptase in anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. | 443 | ||
| IL-6 levels predict disease variant and extent of organ involvement in patients with mastocytosis. | 443 | ||
| Surrogate markers of disease in mastocytosis. | 444 | ||
| Histologische Charakteristika und Häufigkeit der sekundaren Osteoporose bei systemischer Mastozytose: Eine retrospektive Analyse an 158 Fällen. | 444 | ||
| First-line therapies | 444 | ||
| Comparison of azelastine and chlorpheniramine in the treatment of mastocytosis. | 444 | ||
| Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of cromolyn sodium with that of combined chlorpheniramine and cimetidine in systemic mastocytosis: results of a double-blind clinical trial. | 444 | ||
| Systemic mastocytosis treated with histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists. | 444 | ||
| Cimetidine in systemic mastocytosis. | 444 | ||
| Oral disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. | 444 | ||
| Urticaria pigmentosa treated with oral disodium cromoglycate. | 444 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 444 | ||
| Treatment of urticaria pigmentosa with corticosteroids. | 444 | ||
| Urticaria pigmentosa: systemic evaluation and successful treatment with topical steroids. | 444 | ||
| Bullous mastocytosis treated with oral betamethasone therapy. | 445 | ||
| Mastocytoma: topical corticosteroid treatment. | 445 | ||
| Solitary mastocytoma improved by intralesional injections of steroid. | 445 | ||
| Indolent systemic mastocytosis treated with narrow-band UVB phototherapy: study of five cases. | 445 | ||
| Photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the treatment of urticaria pigmentosa. | 445 | ||
| Short- and long-term effectiveness of oral and bath PUVA therapy in urticaria pigmentosa and systemic mastocytosis. | 445 | ||
| Photochemotherapy of dominant, diffuse, cutaneous mastocytosis. | 445 | ||
| Telangiectasia macularis eruptive perstans successfully treated with PUVA therapy. | 445 | ||
| Medium- versus high-dose ultraviolet A1 therapy for urticaria pigmentosa: a pilot study. | 445 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 445 | ||
| Treatment of urticaria pigmentosa using interferon alpha. | 445 | ||
| Cutaneous mastocytosis: two pediatric patients treated with topical pimecrolimus. | 445 | ||
| Leukotriene-receptor inhibition for the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. | 445 | ||
| Response to cyclosporine and low-dose methylprednisolone in aggressive systemic mastocytosis. | 446 | ||
| Urticaria pigmentosa responsive to nifedipine. | 446 | ||
| Thalidomide in advanced mastocytosis. | 446 | ||
| Solitary mastocytoma in an adult: treatment by excision. | 446 | ||
| Treatment of an unusual solitary mast cell lesion with the pulsed dye laser resulting in cosmetic improvement and reduction in the degree of urticarial reaction. | 446 | ||
| The treatment of urticaria pigmentosa with the frequency-doubled Q-switch ND-YAG laser. | 446 | ||
| The cosmetic treatment of uticaria pigmentosa with Nd-YAG laser at 532 nanometers. | 446 | ||
| Treatment of telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans with total electron beam radiation. | 446 | ||
| Complete response after imatinib mesylate therapy in a patient with well-differentiated systemic mastocytosis. | 446 | ||
| Cladribine therapy for systemic mastocytosis. | 446 | ||
| Successful treatment of cutaneous mastocytosis and Ménière disease with anti-IgE therapy. | 446 | ||
| 145 Melasma | 447 | ||
| Management strategy | 447 | ||
| Specific investigations | 447 | ||
| Association of melasma with thyroid autoimmunity and other thyroidal abnormalities and their relationship to the origin of the melasma. | 447 | ||
| First-line therapies | 447 | ||
| Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II. | 447 | ||
| Interventions for melasma. | 447 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of a new triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma. | 447 | ||
| A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of a triple fixed combination (fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%) compared with hydroquinone 4% cream in Asian patients with moderate to severe melasma. | 447 | ||
| A histological examination for skin atrophy after 6 months of treatment with fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, and tretinoin 0.05% cream. | 448 | ||
| Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial. | 448 | ||
| Adapalene in the treatment of melasma: a preliminary report. | 448 | ||
| The efficacy of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in the treatment of melasma. | 448 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 448 | ||
| The treatment of melasma: 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. | 448 | ||
| Combined use of 20% azelaic acid cream and 0.05% tretinoin cream in the topical treatment of melasma. | 448 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of serial glycolic acid peels and a topical regimen in the treatment of recalcitrant melasma. | 448 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 448 | ||
| Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rucinol serum in patients with melasma: a randomized controlled trial. | 448 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of liposome-encapsulated 4-n-butyl resorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma: a randomized controlled split-face trial. | 448 | ||
| Comparison of 30% salicylic acid with Jessner’s solution for superficial chemical peeling in epidermal melasma. | 448 | ||
| A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma. | 449 | ||
| Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. | 449 | ||
| Topical liquiritin improves melasma. | 449 | ||
| Nonablative 1550-nm fractional laser therapy versus triple topical therapy for the treatment of melasma: a randomized controlled pilot study. | 449 | ||
| Low-fluence Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (1064 nm) laser for the treatment of facial melasma in Asians. | 449 | ||
| Sequential treatment with triple combination cream and intense pulsed light is more efficacious than sequential treatment with an inactive (control) cream and intense pulsed light in patients with moderate to severe melasma. | 449 | ||
| Treatment of melasma with oral administration of tranexamic acid. | 449 | ||
| 146 Merkel cell carcinoma | 450 | ||
| Management strategy | 450 | ||
| Specific investigations | 450 | ||
| Interest of (18)F-FDG PET-CT scanning for staging and management of Merkel cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 15 patients. | 450 | ||
| Recurrence and survival in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy for Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of 153 patients from a single institution. | 450 | ||
| Sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluation and treatment of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma: the Dana-Farber experience and meta-analysis of the literature. | 450 | ||
| First-line therapies | 451 | ||
| Merkel cell carcinoma. Comparison of Mohs micrographic surgery and wide excision in eighty-six patients. | 451 | ||
| Five hundred patients with Merkel cell carcinoma evaluated at a single institution. | 451 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 451 | ||
| Merkel cell carcinoma: an Australian perspective and the importance of addressing the regional lymph nodes in clinically node-negative patients. | 451 | ||
| Adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. | 451 | ||
| Multimodality treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: case series and literature review of 1024 cases. | 451 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent Merkel cell carcinoma: an analysis of 46 cases. | 451 | ||
| In-transit Merkel cell carcinoma treated with isolated limb perfusion or isolated limb infusion: a case series of 12 patients. | 451 | ||
| 147 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | 452 | ||
| Management strategy | 452 | ||
| Specific investigations | 452 | ||
| The prevalence, genotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of high- and low-level mupirocin resistant methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 452 | ||
| Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus causing recurrent skin and soft tissue infections in children. | 452 | ||
| Clinical importance of purulence in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. | 452 | ||
| Susceptibility testing and resistance phenotype detection in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis, with apparent and recurrent skin colonization. | 452 | ||
| Cost-analysis of PCR-guided pre-emptive antibiotic treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections: an analytic decision model. | 453 | ||
| High vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration is a predictor of mortality in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. | 453 | ||
| Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus involved in community acquired skin and soft tissue infections? Experience from a tertiary care centre in Mumbai. | 453 | ||
| First-line therapy | 453 | ||
| Randomized controlled trial of cephalexin versus clindamycin for uncomplicated pediatric skin infections. | 453 | ||
| Dose of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole to treat skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 453 | ||
| Comparative effectiveness of antibiotic treatment strategies for pediatric skin and soft-tissue infections. | 453 | ||
| An alternative to open incision and drainage for community-acquired soft tissue abscesses in children. | 453 | ||
| Children with atopic dermatitis appear less likely to be infected with community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the San Diego experience. | 454 | ||
| Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in children with atopic dermatitis. | 454 | ||
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole or clindamycin for community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) skin infections. | 454 | ||
| Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections in a pediatric dermatology tertiary health care outpatient facility. | 454 | ||
| Randomized, controlled trial of antibiotics in the management of community-acquired skin abscesses in the pediatric patient. | 454 | ||
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole or clindamycin for treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. | 454 | ||
| Prospective investigation of nasal mupirocin, hexachlorophene body wash, and systemic antibiotics for prevention of recurrent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. | 454 | ||
| Targeted intranasal mupirocin to prevent colonization and infection by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in soldiers: a cluster randomized controlled trial. | 454 | ||
| Second-line therapy | 454 | ||
| Linezolid and vancomycin in treatment of lower-extremity complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with and without vascular disease. | 455 | ||
| Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of 857 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 16 medical centers in Japan (2008–2009): nationwide survey of community-acquired and nosocomial MRSA. | 455 | ||
| Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in children attending day-care centers. | 455 | ||
| Cost-effectiveness analysis of linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: complicated skin and skin structure infection using Bayesian methods for evidence synthesis. | 455 | ||
| Retrospective cohort study of hospitalized adults treated with vancomycin or clindamycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. | 455 | ||
| Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum program: linezolid surveillance program results for 2008. | 455 | ||
| A comparison of costs and hospital length of stay associated with intravenous/oral linezolid or intravenous vancomycin treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections caused by suspected or confirmed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in elderly US patients. | 455 | ||
| In vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic activity of NXL103 versus clindamycin and linezolid against clinical Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes isolates. | 455 | ||
| Multicenter evaluation of the in vitro activity of dalbavancin tested against staphylococci and streptococci in 5 European countries: results from the DECIDE Surveillance Program (2007). | 455 | ||
| Clinical experience with daptomycin in Italy: results from a registry study of the treatment of Gram-positive infections between 2006 and 2009. | 456 | ||
| Daptomycin experience in critical care patients: results from a registry. | 456 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 456 | ||
| Sustained antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from United States Medical Centers from 2004 through 2008. | 456 | ||
| Activity of oritavancin and comparators in vitro against standard and high inocula of Staphylococcus aureus. | 456 | ||
| Antibacterial effects of plant-derived extracts on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 456 | ||
| Rates of killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by ceftaroline, daptomycin, and telavancin compared to that of vancomycin. | 456 | ||
| Results of a double-blind, randomized trial of ceftobiprole treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. | 456 | ||
| Effect of medical honey on wounds colonised or infected with MRSA. | 456 | ||
| 148 Miliaria | 457 | ||
| Management strategy | 457 | ||
| Specific investigations | 457 | ||
| Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. | 457 | ||
| Duct disruption, a new explanation of miliaria. | 457 | ||
| The role of extracellular polysaccharide substance produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis in miliaria. | 458 | ||
| A novel finding in atopic dermatitis: film-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis as an etiology. | 458 | ||
| The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra: role of the resident microflora. | 458 | ||
| Miliaria crystallina in an intensive care setting. | 458 | ||
| Pruritus, papules and perspiration. | 458 | ||
| Miliaria-rash after neutropenic fever and induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. | 458 | ||
| Newborn with pseudohypoaldosteronism and miliaria rubra. | 458 | ||
| First-line therapies | 458 | ||
| Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners. | 458 | ||
| Diseases of the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. | 458 | ||
| Goosefleshlike lesions and hypohidrosis. | 458 | ||
| Congenital miliaria crystalline in a term neonate born to a mother with chorioamnionitis. | 458 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 458 | ||
| Miliaria rubra. | 458 | ||
| Heat illness: prickly heat. | 458 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 459 | ||
| Miliaria profunda. | 459 | ||
| The effects of administration of ascorbic acid in experimentally induced miliaria and hypohidrosis in volunteers. | 459 | ||
| Patients presenting with miliaria while wearing flame resistant clothing in high ambient temperatures: a case series. | 459 | ||
| 149 Molluscum contagiosum | 460 | ||
| Management strategy | 460 | ||
| Specific investigations | 460 | ||
| First-line therapies | 460 | ||
| The natural history of molluscum contagiosum in Fijian children. | 460 | ||
| Scarring in molluscum contagiosum: comparison of physical expression and phenol ablation. | 460 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 460 | ||
| Molluscum contagiosum effectively treated with a topical acidified nitrite, nitric oxide liberating cream. | 460 | ||
| Topical therapy with salicylic gel as a treatment for molluscum contagiosum in children. | 461 | ||
| Molluscum contagiosum treated with iodine solution and salicylic acid plaster. | 461 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with silver nitrate paste. | 461 | ||
| Podophyllotoxin in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. | 461 | ||
| Molluscum contagiosum in children: evidence-based treatment. | 461 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 461 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum using a lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA) for analgesia. | 461 | ||
| Curettage of molluscum contagiosum in children: analgesia by topical application of a lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA). | 461 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the pulsed dye laser over a 28-month period. | 461 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with a pulsed dye laser: pilot study with 19 children. | 461 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for molluscum contagiosum infection in HIV-coinfected patients: review of 6 cases. | 461 | ||
| The successful use of ALA-PDT in the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum. | 461 | ||
| Use of duct tape occlusion in the treatment of recurrent molluscum contagiosum. | 461 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with potassium hydroxide: a clinical approach in 35 children. | 461 | ||
| Double randomized, placebo-controlled study of the use of topical 10% potassium hydroxide solution in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. | 461 | ||
| Comparative study of 5% potasssium hydroxide solution versus 0.05% tretinoin cream for molluscum contagiosum in children. | 462 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males with an analogue of imiquimod 1% cream: a placebo controlled, double-blind study. | 462 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with imiquimod 5% cream. | 462 | ||
| Effectiveness of imiquimod cream 5% for treating childhood molluscum contagiosum in a double blind randomised pilot trial. | 462 | ||
| Topical treatment of molluscum contagiosum with imiquimod 5% in Turkish children. | 462 | ||
| Experience in treating molluscum contagiosum in children with imiquimod 5% cream. | 462 | ||
| Combination topical treatment of molluscum contagiosum with cantharidin and imiquimod 5% in children: a case series of 16 patients. | 462 | ||
| Pharmokinetics and safety of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. | 462 | ||
| Childhood molluscum contagiosum: experience with cantharidin therapy in 300 patients. | 462 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with topical diphencyprone therapy. | 462 | ||
| Essential oil of Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. | 462 | ||
| Topical cidofovir. A novel treatment for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. | 462 | ||
| Cidofovir diphosphate inhibits molluscum contagiosum virus DNA polymerase activity. | 462 | ||
| Venereal herpes-like molluscum contagiosum: treatment with tretinoin. | 462 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum: a brief review and discussion of a case successfully treated with adapalene. | 462 | ||
| Combination of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia and iodine in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children. | 462 | ||
| One-year experience with Candida antigen immunotherapy for warts and molluscum. | 462 | ||
| Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with oral cimetidine: clinical experience in 13 patients. | 462 | ||
| Interferon alpha treatment of molluscum contagiosum in immunodeficiency. | 463 | ||
| Interferon-alpha treatment of molluscum contagiosum in a patient with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. | 463 | ||
| Resolution of disseminated molluscum contagiosum with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with AIDS. | 463 | ||
| Resolution of severe molluscum contagiosum on effective anti-retroviral therapy. | 463 | ||
| A prospective randomized trial comparing the efficacy and adverse effects of four recognized treatments of molluscum contagiosum in children. | 463 | ||
| 150 Morphea | 464 | ||
| Management strategy | 464 | ||
| Initial evaluation | 464 | ||
| Treatment strategy | 464 | ||
| Treatments not supported by current evidence | 464 | ||
| Specific investigations | 464 | ||
| Development of consensus treatment plans for juvenile localized scleroderma. | 464 | ||
| Development and initial validation of the localized scleroderma skin damage index and physician global assessment of disease damage: a proof-of-concept study. | 465 | ||
| The use of Doppler ultrasound to evaluate lesions of localized scleroderma. | 465 | ||
| First-line therapies | 465 | ||
| A systematic review of morphea treatments and therapeutic algorithm. | 465 | ||
| Update on morphea part II. Outcome measures and treatment. | 465 | ||
| A randomized controlled study of low-dose UVA1, medium-dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma. | 465 | ||
| Medium-dose is more effective than low-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for localized scleroderma as shown by 20-MHz ultrasound assessment. | 465 | ||
| Different low doses of broad-band UVA in treatment of morphea and systemic sclerosis. | 465 | ||
| Methotrexate treatment in juvenile localized scleroderma: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. | 465 | ||
| Pulsed high-dose corticosteroids combined with low-dose methotrexate in severe localized scleroderma. | 465 | ||
| Localized scleroderma: response to occlusive treatment with tacrolimus ointment. | 465 | ||
| Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.1% in active plaque morphea: randomized, double-blind, emollient-controlled pilot study. | 465 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 465 | ||
| First case series on the use of calcipotriol-betamethasone dipropionate for morphoea. | 466 | ||
| Topical calcipotriene for morphea/linear scleroderma. | 466 | ||
| Successful treatment of severe or methotrexate-resistant juvenile localized scleroderma with mycophenolate mofetil. | 466 | ||
| UVA/UVA1 phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy in connective tissue diseases and related disorders: a research based review. | 466 | ||
| First case series on the use of imiquimod for morphoea. | 466 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 466 | ||
| Combining PUVA therapy with systemic immunosuppression to treat progressive diffuse morphoea. | 466 | ||
| Good response to linear scleroderma in a child to cyclosporine. | 466 | ||
| Adjunctive treatments/referrals | 466 | ||
| 151 Mucoceles | 467 | ||
| Specific investigations | 467 | ||
| First-line therapies | 467 | ||
| A simple cryosurgical method for treatment of oral mucous cysts. | 467 | ||
| Histopathology of mucoceles infiltrated with steroids. | 467 | ||
| A review of common pediatric lip lesions: herpes simplex/recurrent herpes labialis, impetigo, mucoceles, and hemangiomas. | 467 | ||
| Clinical characteristics, treatment, and evolution of 89 mucoceles in children. | 467 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 467 | ||
| Two simple treatments for lower lip mucocoeles. | 467 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 468 | ||
| Treatment of mucocele of the lower lip with carbon dioxide laser. | 468 | ||
| Clinicostatistical study of lower lip mucoceles. | 468 | ||
| Conventional surgical treatment of oral mucocele: a series of 23 cases. | 468 | ||
| Clinical and histopathologic study of salivary mucoceles. | 468 | ||
| Treatment of mucus retention phenomena in children by the micro-marsupialization technique: case reports. | 468 | ||
| 152 Mucous membrane pemphigoid | 469 | ||
| Management strategy | 469 | ||
| Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa aquisitia. | 469 | ||
| The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment and prognostic indicators. | 469 | ||
| Specific investigations | 469 | ||
| First-line therapies | 469 | ||
| Mild disease | 469 | ||
| 153 Mycetoma: | 473 | ||
| Management strategy | 473 | ||
| Specific investigations | 473 | ||
| Mycetoma: a thorn in the flesh. | 474 | ||
| Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden. | 474 | ||
| Mycetoma. | 474 | ||
| Emerging therapeutic regimes for the management of mycetomas. | 474 | ||
| First-line therapies | 474 | ||
| Actinomycetomas in Senegal. Study of 90 cases. | 474 | ||
| Mycetoma in children: experience with 15 cases. | 474 | ||
| A modified two-step treatment for actinomycetoma. | 474 | ||
| Clinical and mycologic findings and therapeutic outcome of 27 mycetoma patients from São Paulo, Brazil. | 474 | ||
| Improvement of eumycetoma with itraconazole. | 474 | ||
| Mycetoma in children. | 474 | ||
| The safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis. | 474 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 475 | ||
| Treatment of actinomycetoma due to Nocardia spp. with amoxicillin–clavulanate. | 475 | ||
| Clinical efficacy and safety of oral terbinafine in fungal mycetoma. | 475 | ||
| Ketoconazole in the treatment of eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomii. | 475 | ||
| Posaconazole treatment of refractory eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis. | 475 | ||
| Efficacy of imipenem therapy for Nocardia actinomycetomas refractory to sulphonamides. | 475 | ||
| Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma treated successfully with oral voriconazole. | 475 | ||
| Scedosporium apiospermum mycetoma with bone involvement successfully treated with voriconazole. | 475 | ||
| Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of Nocardia infection. | 475 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 475 | ||
| Modified Welsh regimen: a promising therapy for actinomycetoma. | 476 | ||
| Scedosporium infection in immunocompromised patients: successful use of liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole. | 476 | ||
| 154 Mycobacterial (atypical) skin infections | 477 | ||
| Fish tank (swimming pool) granuloma | 477 | ||
| Management strategy | 477 | ||
| Specific investigations | 477 | ||
| First-line therapies | 477 | ||
| Epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic pattern of Mycobacterium marinum infection: a retrospective series of 35 cases from southern France. | 477 | ||
| Sixty-three cases of Mycobacterium marinum infection. Clinical features, treatment and antibiotic susceptibility of causative isolates. | 477 | ||
| Soft tissue infections caused by marine bacterial pathogens: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. | 478 | ||
| Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the skin: a retrospective study of 25 cases. | 478 | ||
| Atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections in Hong Kong: 10 year retrospective study. | 478 | ||
| Cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: a clinical and histopathological study of 17 cases from Lebanon. | 478 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 478 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 478 | ||
| Treatment of Mycobacterium marinum cutaneous infections. | 478 | ||
| Efficacy of oral minocycline and hyperthermic treatment in a case of atypical mycobacterial skin infection by Mycobacterium marinum. | 478 | ||
| Possible role of anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of Mycobacterium marinum infection. | 478 | ||
| Mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand and wrist. | 478 | ||
| Mycobacterium ulcerans | 478 | ||
| Management strategy | 479 | ||
| Specific investigations | 479 | ||
| First-line therapies | 479 | ||
| Antimicrobial treatment for early, limited Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a randomised controlled trial. | 479 | ||
| Clinical efficacy of combination of rifampin and streptomycin for treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease. | 479 | ||
| Successful outcomes with oral fluoroquinolones combined with rifampicin in the treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans: an observational cohort study. | 479 | ||
| Effect of a control project on clinical profiles and outcomes in Buruli ulcer: a before/after study in Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. | 479 | ||
| Histopathological changes and clinical responses of Buruli ulcer plaque lesions during chemotherapy: a role for surgical removal of necrotic tissue? | 480 | ||
| Phase change material for thermotherapy of Buruli ulcer: a prospective observational single centre proof-of-principle trial. | 480 | ||
| Mycobacterium kansasii | 480 | ||
| 155 Mycosis fungoides | 483 | ||
| Evolving insights in the pathogenesis and therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome). | 483 | ||
| Cutaneous lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States: a population-based study of 3884 cases. | 483 | ||
| Incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973–2002. | 483 | ||
| Diagnosis and staging | 483 | ||
| Defining early mycosis fungoides. | 483 | ||
| Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). | 483 | ||
| Natural history | 484 | ||
| Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. | 484 | ||
| Long-term outcomes of 1263 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome from 1982 to 2009. | 484 | ||
| Second lymphomas and other malignant neoplasms in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: evidence from population-based and clinical cohorts. | 484 | ||
| Management strategies | 484 | ||
| Multidisciplinary care in the management of patients with cutaneous lymphoma: a perspective. | 484 | ||
| A look at the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for cutaneous lymphomas. | 484 | ||
| Specific investigations | 485 | ||
| Review of the treatment of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a stage-based approach. | 485 | ||
| Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL), the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium (USCLC), and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). | 485 | ||
| First-line therapies | 485 | ||
| Long-term follow-up of patients with early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma who achieved complete remission with psoralen plus UV-A monotherapy. | 485 | ||
| Narrowband UVB and psoralen-UVA in the treatment of early-stage mycosis fungoides: a retrospective study. | 485 | ||
| Monochromatic excimer light (308 nm) in patch-stage IA mycosis fungoides. | 486 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy with methyl-aminolaevulinic acid for mycosis fungoides. | 486 | ||
| Treatment of patch and plaque stage mycosis fungoides with imiquimod 5% cream. | 486 | ||
| Treatment of early-stage mycosis fungoides with twice-weekly applications of mechlorethamine and topical corticosteroids: a prospective study. | 486 | ||
| Comparison of pegylated interferon α−2b plus psoralen PUVA versus standard interferon α−2a plus PUVA in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. | 486 | ||
| Sézary syndrome: immunopathogenesis, literature review of therapeutic options, and recommendations for therapy by the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium (USCLC). | 487 | ||
| High clinical response rate of Sézary syndrome to immunomodulatory therapies: prognostic markers of response. | 487 | ||
| Photopheresis in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: current status. | 487 | ||
| Predictors of response to extracorporeal photopheresis in advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. | 487 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 487 | ||
| Phase IIb multicenter trial of vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive, or treatment refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. | 487 | ||
| Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). | 487 | ||
| Final results from a multicenter, international, pivotal study of romidepsin in refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. | 487 | ||
| Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with CTCL. | 487 | ||
| Alemtuzumab for relapsed and refractory erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a single institution experience from the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center. | 487 | ||
| Low-dose intermittent alemtuzumab in the treatment of Sézary syndrome: clinical and immunologic findings in 14 patients. | 488 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 488 | ||
| Total skin electron beam and non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. | 488 | ||
| 156 Myiasis | 489 | ||
| Management strategy | 489 | ||
| Specific investigations | 489 | ||
| Scanning electron microscopy studies of sensilla and other structures of adult Dermatobia hominis (L. Jr., 1781) (Diptera: Cuterebridae). | 489 | ||
| Molecular identification of two species of myiasis-causing Cuterebra by multiplex PCR and RFLP. | 489 | ||
| Case report: myiasis – the botfly boil. | 489 | ||
| Cutaneous myiasis. | 489 | ||
| Identification of subcutaneous myiasis using bedside emergency physician performed ultrasound. | 489 | ||
| First-line therapies | 489 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 490 | ||
| 157 Myxoid cyst | 491 | ||
| Management strategy | 491 | ||
| Specific investigations | 491 | ||
| Benign tumors and pseudotumors of the nail: a novel application of sonography. | 491 | ||
| MR imaging of digital mucoid cysts. | 491 | ||
| First-line therapies | 491 | ||
| Myxoid cysts of the finger: treatment by liquid nitrogen spray cryosurgery. | 491 | ||
| Specific indications for cryosurgery of the nail unit. | 491 | ||
| A simple technique for managing digital mucous cysts. | 491 | ||
| Treatment of digital myxoid cysts with carbon dioxide laser vaporization. | 491 | ||
| Treatment of mucoid cysts of fingers and toes by injection of sclerosant. | 492 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 492 | ||
| Marginal osteophyte excision in treatment of mucous cysts. | 492 | ||
| Etiology and treatment of the so called mucous cyst of the finger. | 492 | ||
| Use of Wolfe graft for the treatment of mucous cysts. | 492 | ||
| Ganglion of the distal interphalangeal joint (myxoid cyst): therapy by identification and repair of the leak of joint fluid. | 492 | ||
| Skin excision and osteophyte removal is not required in the surgical treatment of digital myxoid cysts. | 492 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 492 | ||
| Treatment of digital myxoid cysts with infrared coagulation: a retrospective case series. | 492 | ||
| Treatment of myxoid cyst with flurandrenolone tape. | 492 | ||
| 158 Necrobiosis lipoidica | 493 | ||
| Management strategy | 493 | ||
| Specific investigations | 493 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma arising in an area of long-standing necrobiosis lipoidica. | 493 | ||
| Carcinoma cuniculatum arising in necrobiosis lipoidica. | 493 | ||
| Unilateral necrobiosis lipoidica of the ischemic limb – a case report. | 493 | ||
| Dermatoscopy of early onset necrobiosis lipoidica. | 493 | ||
| First-line therapies | 493 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: association with background retinopathy, smoking, and proteinuria. A case controlled study. | 493 | ||
| Granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica treated by jet injector. | 494 | ||
| Treatment of psoriasis and other dermatoses with a single application of a corticosteroid left under a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing for a week. | 494 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 494 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica: treatment with systemic corticosteroids. | 494 | ||
| Ulcerating necrobiosis lipoidica effectively treated with pentoxifylline. | 494 | ||
| Healing of necrobiotic ulcers with antiplatelet therapy. Correlation with plasma thromboxane levels. | 494 | ||
| Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with low-dose acetylsalicylic acid. A randomized double-blind trial. | 494 | ||
| A randomized double blind comparison of an aspirin dipyridamole combination versus a placebo in the treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica. | 494 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica treated with ticlopidine. | 494 | ||
| High dose nicotinamide in the treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica. | 494 | ||
| Clofazimine – therapeutic alternative in necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma annulare. | 494 | ||
| Topical PUVA treatment for necrobiosis lipoidica. | 494 | ||
| Successful treatment of chronic ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica with 0.1% topical tacrolimus ointment. | 494 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 494 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica treated with topical tretinoin. | 495 | ||
| Persistent ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica responding to treatment with cyclosporine. | 495 | ||
| Minidose heparin therapy for vasculitis of atrophie blanche. | 495 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum treated with chloroquine. | 495 | ||
| Successful treatment of ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica with mycophenolate mofetil. | 495 | ||
| Infliximab: a promising new treatment option for ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica. | 495 | ||
| Ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica: is there a place for anti-TNFα treatment? | 495 | ||
| Clearance of necrobiosis lipoidica with fumaric acid esters. | 495 | ||
| Fumaric acid esters in necrobiosis lipoidica: results of a prospective noncontrolled study. | 495 | ||
| The management of hard-to-heal necrobiosis with Promo-gran. | 495 | ||
| Healing of chronic leg ulcers in diabetic necrobiosis lipoidica with local granulocyte–macrophage colony- stimulating factor treatment. | 495 | ||
| Becaplermin and necrobiosis lipoidicum diabeticorum: results of a case control pilot study. | 495 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: response to pentoxiphylline. | 495 | ||
| Successful treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum with photodynamic therapy. | 495 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum treated with the pulsed dye laser. | 496 | ||
| The surgical treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. | 496 | ||
| Thalidomide for the treatment of refractory necrobiosis lipoidica. | 496 | ||
| Treatment of ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica with intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone. | 496 | ||
| Dramatic response of chronic ulcerating necrobiosis lipoidica to ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. | 496 | ||
| 159 Necrolytic migratory erythema | 497 | ||
| Management strategy | 497 | ||
| Specific investigations | 497 | ||
| Medical management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. | 497 | ||
| Necrolytic migratory erythema: clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. | 498 | ||
| Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma in patients with liver disease. | 498 | ||
| Glucagon cell adenomatosis: a new entity associated with necrolytic migratory erythema and glucagonoma syndrome. | 498 | ||
| First-line therapies | 498 | ||
| Diagnosis and surgical treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumors in 36 patients: a single-center report. | 498 | ||
| Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0,Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. | 498 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 498 | ||
| Glucagonoma syndrome: survival 21 years with concurrent liver metastases. | 498 | ||
| Peripheral amino acid and fatty acid infusion for the treatment of necrolytic migratory erythema in the glucagonoma syndrome. | 498 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 498 | ||
| Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and streptozocin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinoma. | 498 | ||
| Therapeutic management of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. | 498 | ||
| Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. | 498 | ||
| Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. | 498 | ||
| Metastatic glucagonoma: treatment with liver transplantation. | 498 | ||
| 160 Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis | 499 | ||
| Management strategy | 499 | ||
| FDA Drug Safety Communication: New warnings for using gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients with kidney dysfunction. | 499 | ||
| Specific investigations | 499 | ||
| Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: clinicopathological definition and workup recommendations. | 499 | ||
| First-line therapies | 499 | ||
| Treatment of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: limited options but hope for the future. | 499 | ||
| The outcome of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after successful kidney transplantation. | 499 | ||
| Clinical improvement of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after kidney transplantation. | 499 | ||
| Renal transplantation for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case report and review of literature. | 499 | ||
| Rehabilitation in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. | 499 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 499 | ||
| Extracorporeal photopheresis improves nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: three case reports and review of literature. | 500 | ||
| 161 Neurofibromatosis, type 1 | 501 | ||
| Management strategy | 501 | ||
| Specific investigations | 502 | ||
| Clinical and genetic aspects of neurofibromatosis 1. | 502 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis type I revisited. | 502 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis 1. | 502 | ||
| First-line therapies | 502 | ||
| The role of surgery in children with neurofibromatosis. | 502 | ||
| The megasession technique for excision of multiple neurofibromas. | 502 | ||
| Successful treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas using a combination of shave excision and laser photothermocoagulation with a 1444-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. | 502 | ||
| Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: molecular pathogenesis and current management considerations. | 502 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 502 | ||
| A controlled multiphase trial of ketotifen to minimize neurofibroma-associated pain and itching. | 502 | ||
| Early outcomes for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor treated with chemotherapy. | 503 | ||
| Response of NF1-related plexiform neurofibroma to high-dose carboplatin. | 503 | ||
| Third-line and future therapies | 503 | ||
| Back to the future: Proceedings from the 2010 NF Conference. | 503 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis 2011: a report of the Children’s Tumor Foundation Annual Meeting. | 503 | ||
| Preclinical testing of sorafenib and RAD001 in the Nf(flox/flox)/DhhCre mouse model of plexiform neurofibroma using magnetic resonance imaging. | 503 | ||
| Tamoxifen inhibits malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor growth in an estrogen-receptor independent manner. | 503 | ||
| Effect of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a randomized controlled trial. | 503 | ||
| Lovastatin as treatment for neurocognitive defecits in neurofibromatosis type 1: phase 1 study. | 503 | ||
| Induction of apoptosis in neurofibromatosis type 1 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell lines by a combination of novel farnesyl transferase inhibitors and lovastatin. | 503 | ||
| Antisense therapeutics for neurofibromatosis type 1 caused by deep intronic mutations. | 503 | ||
| Phase II trial of pirfenidone in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1. | 503 | ||
| Radiofrequency in the treatment of craniofacial plexiform neurofibromatosis: a pilot study. | 503 | ||
| 162 Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome | 504 | ||
| Management strategy | 504 | ||
| Specific investigations | 504 | ||
| Radiologic images in dermatology: nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. | 504 | ||
| Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). | 504 | ||
| A novel polymorphism in the PTC gene allows easy identification of allelic loss in basal cell nevus syndrome lesions. | 504 | ||
| How to diagnose nonpigmented skin tumors: a review of vascular structures seen with dermoscopy: part II. Nonmelanocytic skin tumors. | 504 | ||
| First-line therapies | 504 | ||
| Assessment and surgical treatment of basal cell skin cancer. | 504 | ||
| Guidelines for the management of BCC. | 504 | ||
| The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: sensitivity to the ultraviolet and x-ray irradiation. | 505 | ||
| Chemoprevention of basal cell carcinoma with isotretinoin. | 505 | ||
| Effectiveness of isotretinoin in preventing the appearance of basal cell carcinomas in basal cell nevus syndrome. | 505 | ||
| Skin cancer chemoprevention with systemic retinoids: an adjunct in the management of selected high-risk patients. | 505 | ||
| Systemic retinoids in chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. | 505 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 skin cancer prevention study of α-difluoromethylornithine in subjects with previous history of skin cancer. | 505 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in genetically predisposed PTCH1+/− humans and mice. | 505 | ||
| Nonsurgical innovations in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. | 505 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 505 | ||
| Combined curettage and excision: a treatment method for primary basal cell carcinoma. | 505 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 505 | ||
| Treatment of Gorlin syndrome (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome) with methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy in seven patients, including two children: interest of tumescent anesthesia for pain control in children. | 505 | ||
| δ-Aminolevulinic acid and blue light photodynamic therapy for treatment of multiple basal cell carcinomas in two patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. | 505 | ||
| Treatment of diffuse basal cell carcinomas and basaloid follicular hamartomas in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome by wide-area 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. | 506 | ||
| Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. | 506 | ||
| Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as a treatment for Gorlin syndrome-related basal cell carcinomas. | 506 | ||
| Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinomas: results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies. | 506 | ||
| Topical imiquimod or fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. | 506 | ||
| The use of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma as observed in Gorlin’s syndrome. | 506 | ||
| Cryosurgery for cutaneous malignancy: an update. | 506 | ||
| Cryosurgery and topical fluorouracil: a treatment method for widespread basal cell epithelioma in basal cell nevus syndrome. | 506 | ||
| Nonsurgical innovations in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. | 506 | ||
| Nonsurgical treatment of basal cell carcinomas with intralesional 5-fluorouracil/epinephrine injectable gel. | 506 | ||
| Gorlin syndrome: the role of the carbon dioxide laser in patient management. | 506 | ||
| Microscopically controlled surgical excision combined with ultrapulse CO2 vaporization in the management of a patient with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. | 506 | ||
| Can the carbon dioxide laser completely ablate basal cell carcinomas? A histological study. | 506 | ||
| Full-face carbon dioxide laser resurfacing in the management of a patient with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. | 506 | ||
| Ultrapulse CO2 used for the successful treatment of basal cell carcinomas found in patients with basal cell nevus syndrome. | 506 | ||
| The efficacy of facial skin cancer treatment with high-energy pulsed neodymium and Nd : YAG lasers. | 506 | ||
| Pulsed dye laser as a novel non-surgical treatment for basal cell carcinomas: response and follow up 12–21 months after treatment. | 507 | ||
| Single treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers using a pulsed-dye laser with stacked pulses. | 507 | ||
| 755nm alexandrite laser for the reduction of tumor burden in basal cell nevus syndrome. | 507 | ||
| Intralesional agents in the management of cutaneous malignancy: a review. | 507 | ||
| Intralesional bleomycin-mediated electrochemotherapy in 20 patients with basal cell carcinoma. | 507 | ||
| Treatment and prevention of basal cell carcinoma with oral isotretinoin. | 507 | ||
| Effect of perilesional injections of PEG-interleukin-2 on basal cell carcinoma. | 507 | ||
| Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome successfully treated with trichloroacetic acid and phenol peeling. | 507 | ||
| Widespread basal cell carcinoma of the scalp treated by dermabrasion. | 507 | ||
| Successful treatment of an intractable case of hereditary basal cell carcinoma syndrome with paclitaxel. | 507 | ||
| Novel approach to Gorlin syndrome: a patient treated with oral capecitabine. | 507 | ||
| Treatment for locally advanced or metastatic disease | 507 | ||
| Inhibition of the hedgehog pathway in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. | 507 | ||
| Emerging treatments and signaling pathway inhibitors. | 508 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. | 508 | ||
| Advances in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: Hedgehog inhibitors. | 508 | ||
| Inhibiting the hedgehog pathway in patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome. | 508 | ||
| Resolution of odontogenic keratocysts of the jaw in basal cell nevus syndrome with GDC-0449. | 508 | ||
| Treatment of medulloblastoma with hedgehog pathway inhibitor GDC-0449. | 508 | ||
| 163 Nevus sebaceus | 509 | ||
| Management strategy | 509 | ||
| Tumors arising in nevus sebaceus: a study of 596 cases. | 509 | ||
| Should nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn in children be excised? A study of 757 cases, and literature review. | 509 | ||
| Trichoblastoma is the most common neoplasm developed in nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn: a clinicopathologic study of a series of 155 cases. | 509 | ||
| Management of nevus sebaceous and the risk of basal cell carcinoma: an 18-year review. | 509 | ||
| Nevus sebaceous revisited. | 509 | ||
| Specific interventions | 509 | ||
| First-line therapies | 509 | ||
| Should naevus sebaceus be excised prophylactically? A clinical audit. | 510 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 510 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for nevus sebaceus with topical delta-aminolevulinic acid. | 510 | ||
| Linear nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn treated with the carbon dioxide laser. | 510 | ||
| Topical photodynamic therapy for nevus sebaceous on the face. | 510 | ||
| 164 Notalgia paresthetica | 511 | ||
| Management strategy | 511 | ||
| Specific investigations | 511 | ||
| Notalgia paresthetica. Case reports and histologic appraisal. | 511 | ||
| Investigation of spinal pathology in notalgia paresthetica. | 511 | ||
| Notalgia paresthetica associated with nerve root impingement. | 511 | ||
| First-line therapies | 511 | ||
| Successful treatment of notalgia paresthetica with topical capsaicin: vehicle-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. | 511 | ||
| Notalgia paraesthetica – report of three cases and their treatment. | 511 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 511 | ||
| Cutaneous field stimulation (CFS) in treatment of severe localized itch. | 511 | ||
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation offers partial relief in notalgia paresthetica patients with a relevant spinal pathology. | 512 | ||
| Gabapentin treatment for notalgia paresthetica, a common isolated peripheral sensory neuropathy. | 512 | ||
| Open pilot study on oxcarbazepine for the treatment of notalgia paresthetica. | 512 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 512 | ||
| Notalgia paresthetica: clinical, physiopathological and therapeutic aspects. A study of 12 cases. | 512 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type A for neuropathic itch. | 512 | ||
| Neurogenic pruritus: an unrecognised problem? A retrospective case series of treatment by acupuncture. | 512 | ||
| Successful treatment of notalgia paresthetica with a paravertebral local anesthetic block. | 512 | ||
| 165 Onchocerciasis | 513 | ||
| Management strategy | 513 | ||
| Treatment of individuals outside of endemic areas | 513 | ||
| Treatment of individuals within endemic areas | 513 | ||
| Mass treatment programs | 513 | ||
| Specific investigations | 513 | ||
| First-line therapies | 514 | ||
| The effects of ivermectin on onchocercal skin disease and severe itching: results of a multicentre trial. | 514 | ||
| The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: impact on onchocercal skin disease. | 514 | ||
| A trial of a three-dose regimen of ivermectin for the treatment of patients with onchocerciasis in the UK. | 514 | ||
| Ivermectin in the treatment of onchocerciasis in Britain. | 514 | ||
| Effects of standard and high doses of ivermectin on adult worms of Onchocerca volvulus: a randomised controlled trial. | 514 | ||
| An investigation of persistent microfilaridermias despite multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana. | 514 | ||
| Endosymbiotic bacteria in worms as targets for a novel chemotherapy in filariasis. | 514 | ||
| Depletion of Wolbachia endobacteria in Onchocerca volvulus by doxycycline and microfilaridermia after ivermectin treatment. | 515 | ||
| Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. | 515 | ||
| Efficacy of 5-week doxycycline treatment on adult Onchocerca volvulus. | 515 | ||
| Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline only treatment of Onchocerca volvulus in an area of Loa loa co-endemicity: a randomized controlled trial. | 515 | ||
| Long term impact of large scale community-directed delivery of doxycycline for the treatment of onchocerciasis. | 515 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 515 | ||
| Albendazole in the treatment of onchocerciasis: double-blind clinical trial in Venezuela. | 515 | ||
| The co-administration of ivermectin and albendazole – safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. | 515 | ||
| Other therapies | 515 | ||
| Thirty-month follow-up of sub-optimal responders to multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana. | 515 | ||
| WHO researchers start trial on a new drug for river blindness. | 515 | ||
| 166 Oral lichen planus | 516 | ||
| Management strategy | 516 | ||
| Specific investigations | 516 | ||
| Direct immunofluorescence in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions. | 516 | ||
| Oral lichen planus and malignant transformation: a longitudinal cohort study. | 516 | ||
| Course of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 808 northern Italian patients. | 517 | ||
| Association between oral lichenoid reactions and amalgam restorations. | 517 | ||
| First-line therapies | 517 | ||
| Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: a comparative study with long-term follow-up. | 517 | ||
| Short-term clinical evaluation of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for ulcerative oral lichen planus. | 517 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 517 | ||
| A comparative treatment study of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in oral lichen planus. | 517 | ||
| Long-term efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus in the management of ulcerative/erosive oral lichen planus. | 517 | ||
| Randomized trial of pimecrolimus cream versus triamcinolone acetonide paste in the treatment of oral lichen planus. | 517 | ||
| Pimecrolimus 1% cream for oral erosive lichen planus: a 6-week randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study with a 6-week open-label extension to assess efficacy and safety. | 517 | ||
| Cyclosporine vs. clobetasol in the topical management of atrophic and erosive oral lichen planus: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. | 517 | ||
| Oral lichen planus: a case series with emphasis on therapy. | 517 | ||
| Successful treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with mycophenolate mofetil. | 517 | ||
| A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen planus. | 517 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil) improves oral lichen planus: an open trial. | 517 | ||
| Adalimumab in the management of cutaneous and oral lichen planus. | 517 | ||
| Etanercept for the management of oral lichen planus. | 518 | ||
| Levamisole monotherapy for oral lichen planus. | 518 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 518 | ||
| Topical tretinoin therapy and oral lichen planus. | 518 | ||
| Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 65 patients. | 518 | ||
| Severe lichen planus clears with very low-dose cyclosporine. | 518 | ||
| Effective treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with thalidomide. | 518 | ||
| Efficacy of purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus. | 518 | ||
| High-dose curcuminoids are efficacious in the reduction in symptoms and signs of oral lichen planus. | 518 | ||
| Lycopene in the management of oral lichen planus: a placebo-controlled study. | 518 | ||
| Efficacy of topical Aloe vera in patients with oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blind study. | 518 | ||
| Effect of low-level laser irradiation on unresponsive oral lichen planus: early preliminary results in 13 patients. | 518 | ||
| New clinical approach for use of Er : YAG laser in the surgical treatment of oral lichen planus: a report of two cases. | 518 | ||
| A comparative pilot study of low intensity laser versus topical corticosteroids in the treatment of erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus. | 518 | ||
| 167 Orf | 519 | ||
| Management strategy | 519 | ||
| Specific investigations | 519 | ||
| The structure of the orf virus. | 519 | ||
| 168 Palmoplantar keratoderma | 521 | ||
| Management strategy | 521 | ||
| Specific investigations | 521 | ||
| An epidemiologic investigation of dermatologic fungus infections in the northernmost county of Sweden (Norbotten) 1977–81. | 521 | ||
| Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma and dermatophytosis in the northernmost county of Sweden (Norbotten). | 522 | ||
| Palmoplantar keratoderma in association with myxoedema. | 522 | ||
| Severe palmar keratoderma with myxoedema. | 522 | ||
| First-line therapies | 522 | ||
| Alleviation of the plantar discomfort caused by pachyonychia congenita with topical applications of aluminum chloride and salicylic acid ointments. | 522 | ||
| Vitamin A acid in the treatment of palmoplantar keratoderma. | 522 | ||
| Topical treatment of keratosis palmaris et plantaris with tretinoin. | 522 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 522 | ||
| The treatment of keratosis palmaris et plantaris with isotretinoin. A multicenter study. | 522 | ||
| Acitretin in the treatment of severe disorders of keratinisation. Results of an open study. | 522 | ||
| A controlled study of comparative efficacy of oral retinoids and topical betamethasone/salicylic acid for chronic hyperkeratotic palmoplantar dermatitis. | 522 | ||
| Acitretin in the treatment of mal de Meleda. | 522 | ||
| Keratoderma climactericum (Haxthausen’s disease), clinical and laboratory findings and etretinate treatment in 10 patients. | 522 | ||
| Mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma successfully treated with etretinate. | 522 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 522 | ||
| Plastic surgery in the management of palmoplantar keratoderma (palmoplantar neoplasty). | 523 | ||
| Palmoplantar keratoderma and skin grafting: postsurgical long-term follow-up of two cases with Olmsted syndrome. | 523 | ||
| Surgical correction of pseudo-ainhum in Vohwinkel syndrome. | 523 | ||
| Surgical correction of hyperkeratosis in the Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome. | 523 | ||
| Topical calcipotriol in the treatment of epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma of Vorner. | 523 | ||
| Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of calcipotriol ointment in disorders of keratinisation. Results of a randomized, double blind vehicle-controlled, right/left comparative study. | 523 | ||
| Improvement of palmoplantar keratoderma of nonhereditary type (eczema tyloticum) after oral administration of 1 alpha 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. | 523 | ||
| Oral psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms. | 523 | ||
| Dermabrasion of the hyperkeratotic foot. | 523 | ||
| Methods and effectiveness of surgical treatment of limited hyperkeratosis with CO2 laser. | 523 | ||
| Dietary management of oculocutaneous tyrosinemia in an 11 year old child. | 523 | ||
| 169 Palmoplantar pustulosis | 524 | ||
| Management strategy | 524 | ||
| Specific investigations | 524 | ||
| Management of palmoplantar pustulosis: do we need to change? | 524 | ||
| Palmoplantar pustulosis associated with gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. | 524 | ||
| Thyroid disease in pustulosis palmoplantaris. | 524 | ||
| Osteoarticular manifestations of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and of psoriasis: two distinct entities. | 524 | ||
| Skeletal involvement in pustulosis palmo-plantaris with special reference to the sterno-costo-clavicular joints. | 524 | ||
| SAPHO syndrome: a long-term follow-up study of 120 cases. | 524 | ||
| Women with palmoplantar pustulosis have disturbed calcium homeostasis and a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and psychiatric disorders: a case-control study. | 525 | ||
| Palmoplantar pustulosis and gluten sensitivity: a study of serum antibodies against gliadin and tissue transglutaminase, the duodenal mucosa and effects of gluten-free diet. | 525 | ||
| First-line therapies | 525 | ||
| Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis. | 525 | ||
| A hydrocolloid occlusive dressing plus triamcinolone acetonide cream is superior to clobetasol cream in palmo-plantar pustulosis. | 525 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 525 | ||
| Double-blind placebo-controlled study of long-term low-dose cyclosporine in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. | 525 | ||
| Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris treated with methotrexate. | 525 | ||
| Efficacy of fumaric acid ester monotherapy in psoriasis pustulosa palmoplantaris. | 525 | ||
| Efficacy of excimer light therapy (308 nm) for palmoplantar pustulosis with the induction of circulating regulatory T cells. | 525 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 525 | ||
| Psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis associated with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors: the Mayo Clinic experience, 1998 to 2010. | 525 | ||
| Open label trial of alefacept in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. | 525 | ||
| Ustekinumab in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. | 525 | ||
| Oral liarozole in the treatment of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. | 525 | ||
| 170 Panniculitis | 526 | ||
| Management strategy | 526 | ||
| Specific investigations | 527 | ||
| Lupus panniculitis | 528 | ||
| First-line therapies | 528 | ||
| Connective tissue panniculitis: lupus panniculitis, dermatomyositis, morphea/scleroderma. | 528 | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as panniculitis (lupus profundus). | 528 | ||
| Connective tissue panniculitis. | 528 | ||
| Lupus erythematosus panniculitis (profundus). | 528 | ||
| Lupus erythematosus presenting as panniculitis. | 528 | ||
| Treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus with intralesional triamcinolone. | 528 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 528 | ||
| Lupus erythematosus profundus treated with clobetasol propionate under a hydrocolloid dressing. | 528 | ||
| Lupus panniculitis treated by a combination therapy of hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine. | 528 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 528 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin in lupus panniculitis. | 528 | ||
| A case of ‘refractory’ lupus erythematosus profundus responsive to rituximab [case report]. | 528 | ||
| Lupus erythematosus profundus. | 529 | ||
| Facets of lupus erythematosus: panniculitis responding to thalidomide. | 529 | ||
| Lupus erythematosus profundus with partial C4 deficiency responding to thalidomide. | 529 | ||
| The dynamism of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: mild discoid lupus erythematosus evolving into SLE and SCLE and treatment-resistant lupus panniculitis. | 529 | ||
| Lupus erythematosus profundus successfully treated with dapsone: review of the literature. | 529 | ||
| Nodular vasculitis | 529 | ||
| First-line therapies | 529 | ||
| Potassium iodide in the treatment of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis. | 529 | ||
| Treatment of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis with potassium iodide. | 529 | ||
| Successful treatment of erythema induratum of Bazin following rapid detection of mycobacterial DNA by polymerase chain reaction. | 529 | ||
| Erythema induratum of Bazin. | 529 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment of erythema induratum (of Bazin). | 529 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 529 | ||
| Neutrophilic vascular reactions. | 529 | ||
| Chloroquine-induced remission of nodular panniculitis present for 15 years. | 529 | ||
| Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis. | 529 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 529 | ||
| Nodular vasculitis (erythema induratum): treatment with auranofin. | 529 | ||
| Case reports: nodular vasculitis responsive to mycophenolate mofetil. | 529 | ||
| Pancreatic panniculitis | 530 | ||
| 171 Papular urticaria | 532 | ||
| Specific investigations | 532 | ||
| Papular urticaria: a histopathologic study of 30 patients. | 533 | ||
| Immune responses to mosquito saliva in 14 individuals with acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites. | 533 | ||
| Specific pattern of flea antigen recognition by IgG subclass and IgE during the progression of papular urticaria caused by flea bite. | 533 | ||
| First-line therapies | 533 | ||
| Papular urticaria in children. | 533 | ||
| Tropical rat mite dermatitis. | 533 | ||
| Flea infestation as a cause of papular urticaria. | 533 | ||
| Comparison of cetirizine, ebastine and loratadine in the treatment of immediate mosquito-bite allergy. | 533 | ||
| Levocetirizine for treatment of immediate and delayed mosquito bite reactions. | 533 | ||
| Bullous papular urticaria. | 533 | ||
| 172 Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) | 535 | ||
| Management strategy | 535 | ||
| Specific investigations | 535 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: an overview. | 536 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: review of 12 cases observed in an endemic region in Brazil. | 536 | ||
| Pharmacological management of paracoccidioidomycosis. | 536 | ||
| Drugs for treating paracoccidioidomycosis. | 536 | ||
| Treatment options for paracoccidioidomycosis and new strategies investigated. | 536 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis. | 536 | ||
| Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: an overview. | 536 | ||
| First-line therapies | 536 | ||
| Treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis with itraconazole. | 536 | ||
| Randomized trial with itraconazole, ketoconazole and sulfadiazine in paracoccidioidomycosis. | 536 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis in children: clinical presentation, follow-up and outcome. | 537 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis: a clinical and epidemiological study of 422 cases observed in Mato Gross do Sul. | 537 | ||
| Clinical and serologic features of 47 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis treated by amphotericin B. | 537 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis: a comparative study of the evolutionary serologic, clinical and radiologic results for patients treated with ketoconazole or amphotericin B plus sulfonamides. | 537 | ||
| Failure of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis. | 537 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 537 | ||
| Treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis with ketoconazole: a three-year experience. | 537 | ||
| A Pan-American 5-year study of fluconazole therapy for deep mycoses in the immunocompetent host. Pan-American Study Group. | 537 | ||
| An open-label comparative pilot study of oral voriconazole and itraconazole for long-term treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis. | 537 | ||
| Chronic paracoccidioidomycosis in a female patient in Austria. | 538 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) successfully treated with terbinafine: first case report. | 538 | ||
| 173 Parapsoriasis | 539 | ||
| Management strategy | 539 | ||
| Specific investigations | 539 | ||
| Assessment of TCR-beta clonality in a diverse group of cutaneous T-cell infiltrates. | 539 | ||
| Clonal T cell receptor gamma-chain gene rearrangement by PCR-based GeneScan analysis in the skin and blood of patients with parapsoriasis and early-stage mycosis fungoides. | 539 | ||
| The role of immunohistochemical analysis in the diagnosis of parapsoriasis. | 539 | ||
| Small plaque parapsoriasis | 539 | ||
| First-line therapies | 539 | ||
| Narrowband UVB phototherapy for small plaque parapsoriasis. | 539 | ||
| Treatment of small plaque parapsoriasis with narrow-band (311 nm) ultraviolet B: a retrospective study. | 539 | ||
| Narrowband (311-nm) UV-B therapy for small plaque parapsoriasis and early-stage mycosis fungoides. | 540 | ||
| Treatment of parapsoriasis and mycosis fungoides: the role of psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light A (PUVA). | 540 | ||
| 174 Paronychia | 542 | ||
| Management strategy | 542 | ||
| Specific investigations | 542 | ||
| Anaerobic paronychia. | 542 | ||
| Chronic paronychia. Short review of 590 cases. | 542 | ||
| Role of foods in the pathogenesis of chronic paronychia. | 543 | ||
| First-line therapies | 543 | ||
| Paronychia: a mixed infection, microbiology and management. | 543 | ||
| Nail surgery and traumatic abnormalities. | 543 | ||
| Topical steroids versus systemic antifungals in the treatment of chronic paronychia: an open, randomized double-blind and double dummy study. | 543 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment 0.1% vs. betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% in the treatment of chronic paronychia: an unblinded randomized study. | 543 | ||
| The management of superficial candidiasis. | 543 | ||
| Diseases of the nails in infants and children: paronychia. | 543 | ||
| Retronychia: report of two cases. | 543 | ||
| Paronychia associated with antiretroviral therapy. | 543 | ||
| Doxycycline for the treatment of paronychia induced by the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor cetuximab. | 543 | ||
| Paronychia and pyogenic granuloma induced by new anticancer mTOR inhibitors. | 543 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 543 | ||
| Treatment of chronic paronychia. | 543 | ||
| Fungal and other infections. | 544 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 544 | ||
| Thumb paronychia treated with leeches. | 544 | ||
| Eponychial marsupialization and nail removal for surgical treatment of chronic paronychia. | 544 | ||
| Surgical treatment of recalcitrant chronic paronychia of the fingers. | 544 | ||
| How we treat paronychia. | 544 | ||
| 175 Parvovirus infection | 545 | ||
| Management strategy | 545 | ||
| Specific investigations | 546 | ||
| Parvovirus B19. | 546 | ||
| The cutaneous manifestations of human parvovirus B19 infection. | 546 | ||
| First-line therapies | 546 | ||
| Human parvoviruses. | 546 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 546 | ||
| Human parvovirus infection: rheumatic manifestations, angioedema, C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, ANA positivity and possible onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. | 546 | ||
| Parvoviruses and bone marrow failure. | 547 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 547 | ||
| Persistent B19 parvovirus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1): a treatable cause of anaemia in AIDS. | 547 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulins in autoimmune or parvovirus B19-mediated pure red cell aplasia. | 547 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of four patients with juvenile polyarticular arthritis associated with persistent parvovirus B19 infection and antiphospholipid antibodies. | 547 | ||
| Mononeuropathy multiplex associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics, treatment and outcome. | 547 | ||
| Stem cell transplantation in 6 children with parvovirus B19-induced severe aplastic anaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. | 547 | ||
| Fetal morbidity and mortality after acute parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: prospective evaluation of 1018 cases. | 547 | ||
| Parvovirus B19 in pregnancy: prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal complications. | 547 | ||
| Resolution of chronic parvovirus B19 induced anemia, by use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 547 | ||
| 176 Pediculosis | 548 | ||
| Pediculosis capitis | 548 | ||
| Management strategy | 548 | ||
| Specific investigations | 548 | ||
| Louse comb versus direct visual examination for the diagnosis of head louse infestations. | 548 | ||
| Dermoscopy for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of pediculosis capitis. | 548 | ||
| First-line therapies | 549 | ||
| The clinical trials supporting benzyl alcohol lotion 5% (Ulesfia): a safe and effective topical treatment for head lice (pediculosis humanus capitis). | 549 | ||
| Pediculosis capitis: why prefer a solution to shampoo or spray? | 549 | ||
| Sklice [package insert]. | 549 | ||
| Therapy for head lice based on life cycle, resistance, and safety considerations. | 549 | ||
| Effectiveness of Ovide against malathion-resistant head lice. | 549 | ||
| Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice. | 549 | ||
| Increased frequency of the T929I and L932F mutations associated with knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant populations of the human head louse, Pediculus capitis, from California, Florida and Texas. | 549 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of spinosad and permethrin creme rinses for pediculosis capitis (head lice). | 549 | ||
| Second–line therapies | 549 | ||
| A single application of crotamiton lotion in the treatment of patients with pediculosis capitis. | 549 | ||
| A randomised, assessor blind, parallel group comparative efficacy trial of three products for the treatment of head lice in children – melaleuca oil and lavender oil, pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide, and a ‘suffocation’ product. | 549 | ||
| A randomized, assessor-blind, parallel-group, multicentre, phase IV comparative trial of a suffocant compared with malathion in the treatment of head lice in children. | 550 | ||
| Treatment of head louse infestation with 4% dimethicone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial. | 550 | ||
| A simple treatment for head lice: dry-on, suffocation-based pediculicide. | 550 | ||
| North American efficacy and safety of a novel pediculicide rinse, isopropyl myristate 50% (Resultz). | 550 | ||
| Single blind, randomised, comparative study of the Bug Buster kit and over the counter pediculicide treatments against head lice in the United Kingdom. | 550 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 550 | ||
| Treatment of pediculosis capitis with topical albendazole. | 550 | ||
| Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). | 550 | ||
| Oral ivermectin versus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice. | 550 | ||
| Comparative in vitro pediculicidal efficacy of treatments in a resistant head lice population in the United States. | 550 | ||
| Lindane toxicity: a comprehensive review of the medical literature. | 550 | ||
| Head lice infestation: single drug versus combination therapy with one percent permethrin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. | 550 | ||
| Levamisole: a safe and economical weapon against pediculosis. | 550 | ||
| Pediculosis corporis | 550 | ||
| Management strategy | 550 | ||
| 177 Pemphigus | 552 | ||
| Management strategy | 552 | ||
| Specific investigations | 552 | ||
| Making sense of antigens and antibodies in pemphigus. | 552 | ||
| Accuracy of indirect immunofluorescence testing in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic pemphigus. | 552 | ||
| First-line therapies | 553 | ||
| Pemphigus: a 20 year review of 107 patients treated with corticosteroids. | 553 | ||
| Successful treatment of pemphigus with bi-weekly one gram infusions of rituximab: a retrospective study of 47 patients. | 553 | ||
| Treatment of refractory pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody). | 553 | ||
| A single cycle of rituximab for the treatment of severe pemphigus. | 553 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 554 | ||
| Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus with mycophenolate mofetil. | 554 | ||
| Azathioprine in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. A long term follow-up. | 554 | ||
| A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of pemphigus. | 554 | ||
| Randomized controlled open-label trial of four treatment regimens for pemphigus vulgaris. | 554 | ||
| High-dose intravenous immune globulin for the treatment of autoimmune blistering diseases. | 554 | ||
| Treatment of pemphigus with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 554 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 555 | ||
| Dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for pemphigus. | 555 | ||
| Synchronization of plasmapheresis and pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in pemphigus vulgaris. | 555 | ||
| The use of chlorambucil with prednisone in the treatment of pemphigus. | 555 | ||
| Ineffectiveness of cyclosporine as an adjuvant to corticosteroids in the treatment of pemphigus. | 555 | ||
| 178 Perforating dermatoses | 556 | ||
| Management strategy | 556 | ||
| Specific investigations | 556 | ||
| Reactive perforating collagenosis associated with diabetes mellitus. | 556 | ||
| Acquired perforating dermatosis: clinicopathological features in twenty-two cases. | 556 | ||
| First-line therapies | 556 | ||
| Familial reactive perforating collagenosis: a clinical, histopathological study of 10 cases. | 557 | ||
| Tazarotene is an effective therapy for elastosis perforans serpiginosa. | 557 | ||
| Acquired reactive collagen disease in the adult: successful treatment with UV-B light. | 557 | ||
| Treatment of acquired perforating dermatosis with narrowband ultraviolet B. | 557 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 557 | ||
| Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis: four patients with a giant variant treated with allopurinol. | 557 | ||
| Reactive perforating collagenosis: a condition that may be underdiagnosed. | 557 | ||
| Kyrle’s disease. Effectively treated with isotretinoin. | 557 | ||
| Reactive perforating collagenosis responsive to PUVA. | 557 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 557 | ||
| Successful treatment of acquired reactive perforating collagenosis with doxycycline. | 557 | ||
| Regression of skin lesions of Kyrle’s disease with metronidazole in a diabetic patient. | 558 | ||
| Regression of skin lesions of Kyrle’s disease with clindamycin: implications for an infectious component in the etiology of the disease. | 558 | ||
| Sirolimus-induced inflammatory papules with acquired reactive perforating collagenosis. | 558 | ||
| Imiquimod therapy for elastosis perforans serpiginosa. | 558 | ||
| A new treatment for acquired reactive perforating collagenosis. | 558 | ||
| Elastosis perforans serpignosa: treatment with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy and review of the literature. | 558 | ||
| Treatment of acquired perforating dermatosis with cantharidin. | 558 | ||
| Acquired perforating dermatosis successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. | 558 | ||
| Localized idiopathic elastosis perforans serpiginosa effectively treated by the coherent ultrapulse 5000C aesthetic laser. | 558 | ||
| Response of elastosis perforans serpiginosa to pulsed CO2, Er:YAG, and dye lasers. | 558 | ||
| Treatment of elastosis perforans serpiginosa with the pinhole method using a carbon dioxide laser. | 558 | ||
| Treatment of pruritus of reactive perforating collagenosis using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. | 558 | ||
| 179 Perioral dermatitis | 559 | ||
| Management strategy | 559 | ||
| Specific investigations | 559 | ||
| First-line treatment | 559 | ||
| Complications of topical hydrocortisone. | 559 | ||
| Perioral dermatitis: aetiology and treatment with tetracycline. | 559 | ||
| Perioral dermatitis in renal transplant recipients maintained on corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. | 559 | ||
| Second-line treatments | 559 | ||
| Pimecrolimus cream (1%) efficacy in perioral dermatitis: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study in 40 patients. | 559 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of 1% pimecrolimus cream in adult patients with perioral dermatitis. | 560 | ||
| Topical tetracycline in the treatment of perioral dermatitis. | 560 | ||
| A topical erythromycin preparation and oral tetracycline for the treatment of perioral dermatitis: a placebo- controlled trial. | 560 | ||
| Topical therapy for perioral dermatitis. | 560 | ||
| Identical twins with perioral dermatitis. | 560 | ||
| Topical metronidazole in the treatment of perioral dermatitis. | 560 | ||
| Topical metronidazole gel (0.75%) for the treatment of perioral dermatitis in children. | 560 | ||
| Azelaic acid as a new treatment for perioral dermatitis: results from an open study. | 560 | ||
| Perioral dermatitis with histopathologic features of granulomatous rosacea: successful treatment with isotretinoin. | 560 | ||
| Perioral dermatitis successfully treated with topical adapalene. | 560 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for perioral dermatitis. | 560 | ||
| 180 Peutz–Jeghers syndrome | 561 | ||
| Management strategy | 561 | ||
| Specific investigations | 561 | ||
| Small bowel endoscopy and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. | 561 | ||
| Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. | 561 | ||
| Quality of life and psychological distress in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. | 561 | ||
| Genetics of the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a molecular review. | 562 | ||
| Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. | 562 | ||
| Further observations on LKB1/STK11 status and cancer risk in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. | 562 | ||
| Peutz–Jeghers syndrome: genetic screening. | 562 | ||
| Peutz–Jeghers syndrome: confirmation of linkage to chromosome 19p13.3 and identification of a potential second locus, on 19q13.4. | 562 | ||
| Harold Joseph Jeghers. Schwartz RA. | 562 | ||
| First-line therapies | 562 | ||
| Q-switched alexandrite laser treatment of oral labial lentigines in Chinese subjects with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. | 562 | ||
| Q-switched ruby laser treatment of labial lentigos. | 562 | ||
| Successful treatment of mucosal melanosis of the lip with normal pulsed ruby laser. | 562 | ||
| Ruby laser therapy for labial lentigines in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. | 562 | ||
| Q-switched ruby laser treatment of tattoos and benign pigmented lesions: a critical review. | 562 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 562 | ||
| Treatment of Peutz–Jeghers lentigines with the carbon dioxide laser. | 562 | ||
| Q-switched alexandrite laser in the treatment of pigmented macules in Laugier–Hunziker syndrome. | 562 | ||
| Treatment of pigmentation of the lips and oral mucosa in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome using ruby and argon lasers. | 562 | ||
| Treatment of facial lentigines in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome with intense pulsed light source. | 563 | ||
| Simple cryosurgical treatment of the oral melanotic macule. | 563 | ||
| Chemopreventive efficacy of rapamycin on Peutz - Jeghers syndrome in a mouse model. | 563 | ||
| Suppression of Peutz Jeghers polyposis by targeting mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. | 563 | ||
| 181 Physical urticarias, aquagenic pruritus, and cholinergic pruritus | 564 | ||
| Physical urticarias | 564 | ||
| Management strategy | 564 | ||
| Pharmacologic | 564 | ||
| Non-pharmacologic | 564 | ||
| Specific investigations | 564 | ||
| EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: definition, classification and diagnosis of urticaria. | 564 | ||
| The definition and diagnostic testing of physical and cholinergic urticarias – EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/UNEV consensus panel recommendations. | 564 | ||
| Cold urticaria syndromes: historical background, diagnostic classification, clinical and laboratory characteristics, pathogenesis and management. | 564 | ||
| Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. | 564 | ||
| First-line therapies | 565 | ||
| Therapeutic effects of cetirizine in delayed pressure urticaria: clinicopathological findings. | 565 | ||
| High-dose desloratadine decreases wheal volume and improves cold provocation thresholds compared with standard–dose treatment in patients with acquired cold urticaria: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. | 565 | ||
| Rupatadine and its effects on symptom control, stimulation time, and temperature thresholds in patients with acquired cold urticaria. | 565 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 565 | ||
| Symptomatic dermographism | 565 | ||
| In dermographic urticaria H2 receptor antagonists have a small but therapeutically irrelevant additional effect compared with H1 antagonists alone. | 565 | ||
| Narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy is beneficial in antihistamine-resistant symptomatic dermographism: a pilot study. | 565 | ||
| The effect of psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) on symptomatic dermographism. | 565 | ||
| Anti-immunoglobulin E treatment of patients with recalcitrant physical urticaria. | 565 | ||
| Cholinergic urticaria | 565 | ||
| Beneficial effects of danazol on symptoms and laboratory changes in cholinergic urticaria. | 565 | ||
| Severe cholinergic urticaria successfully treated with scopolamine butylbromide in addition to antihistamines. | 566 | ||
| Rapid desensitization with autologous sweat in cholinergic urticaria. | 566 | ||
| Successful treatment of cholinergic urticaria with anti-immunoglobulin E therapy. | 566 | ||
| Failure of omalizumab in cholinergic urticaria. | 566 | ||
| Cold urticaria | 566 | ||
| Cold urticaria: a clinico-therapeutic study in 30 patients, with special emphasis on cold desensitization. | 566 | ||
| Cold urticaria: tolerance induction with cold baths. | 566 | ||
| Improvement of cold urticaria by treatment with the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast. | 566 | ||
| Treatment of acquired cold urticaria with cetirizine and zafirlukast in combination. | 566 | ||
| Acquired cold urticaria: clinical picture and update on diagnosis and treatment. | 566 | ||
| Successful treatment of cold-induced urticaria/anaphylaxis with anti-IgE. | 566 | ||
| Anti-immunoglobulin E treatment of patients with recalcitrant physical urticaria. | 566 | ||
| Heat urticaria | 566 | ||
| Effective treatment of refractory severe heat urticaria with omalizumab. | 567 | ||
| 182 Pinta and yaws | 571 | ||
| Management strategy | 571 | ||
| Specific investigations | 572 | ||
| A description of the yaws infection and prevention conditions in the health district of Adzope. | 572 | ||
| The endemic treponematoses. | 572 | ||
| Histopathological aspects of tertiary pinta. | 572 | ||
| The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis. | 572 | ||
| Genetic diversity in Treponema pallidum: implications for pathogenesis, evolution and molecular diagnostics of syphilis and yaws. | 572 | ||
| First-line therapies | 572 | ||
| Treponemal infections. | 572 | ||
| Treatment of pinta with antibiotics. | 572 | ||
| Nonvenereal treponematoses in tropical countries. | 572 | ||
| Failure of penicillin treatment of yaws on Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea. | 572 | ||
| Efficacy of a targeted, oral penicillin-based yaws control program among children living in rural South America. | 572 | ||
| Overview of endemic treponematoses. | 572 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 572 | ||
| Therapy for nonvenereal treponematosis. Review of the efficacy of penicillin and consideration of alternatives. | 572 | ||
| Nonvenereal treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis, and pinta. | 573 | ||
| Endemic treponematosis: review and update. | 573 | ||
| Yaws eradication: past efforts and future perspectives. | 573 | ||
| 182 Pitted and ringed keratolysis (keratolysis plantare sulcatum) | 574 | ||
| Management strategy | 574 | ||
| Specific investigations | 574 | ||
| Pitted keratolysis. The role of Micrococcus sedentarius. | 575 | ||
| Isolation and characterization of micrococci from human skin, including two new species: Micrococcus lylae and Micrococcus kristinae. | 575 | ||
| First-line therapies | 575 | ||
| Isolation of Kytococcus sedentarius from a case of pitted keratolysis. | 575 | ||
| Coexistent erythrasma, trichomycosis axillaris, and pitted keratolysis: an overlooked corynebacterial triad? | 575 | ||
| Pitted and ringed keratolysis. A review and update. | 575 | ||
| Pitted keratolysis of the palm arising after herpes zoster [Letter]. | 575 | ||
| Formaldehyde treatment for pitted keratolysis. | 575 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 575 | ||
| Mupirocin ointment for symptomatic pitted keratolysis [Letter]. | 575 | ||
| P1606 Kytococcus sedentarius nail infection. | 575 | ||
| Pitted keratolysis: A new form of treatment [Letter]. | 575 | ||
| Road rash with a rotten odor. | 575 | ||
| The use of a clindamycin 1% - benzoyl peroxide 5% topical gel in the treatment of pitted keratolysis: a novel therapy. | 575 | ||
| Comparative study of benzoyl peroxide versus clindamycin phosphate in treatment of pitted keratolysis. | 575 | ||
| Pitted keratolysis: a clinicopathologic review. | 575 | ||
| Painful, plaque-like, pitted keratolysis occurring in childhood. | 576 | ||
| Ultrastructure of pitted keratolysis. | 576 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 576 | ||
| Pitted keratolysis: forme fruste old treatments [Letter]. | 576 | ||
| Pitted keratolysis: forme fruste. A review and new therapies. | 576 | ||
| Hyperhidrosis: treatment with glutaraldehyde. | 576 | ||
| Glutaraldehyde solution. | 576 | ||
| Keratolysis plantare sulcatum. | 576 | ||
| Symptomatic pitted keratolysis. | 576 | ||
| Pitted keratolysis. | 576 | ||
| Plantar hyperhidrosis and pitted keratolysis treated with botulinum toxin injection. | 576 | ||
| 184 Pityriasis lichenoides chronica | 577 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides chronica: stratification by molecular and phenotypic profile. | 577 | ||
| Management strategy | 577 | ||
| Specific investigations | 577 | ||
| The relationship between toxoplasmosis and pityriasis lichenoides chronica. | 577 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and pityriasis lichenoides chronica: comparison of lesional T-cell subsets and investigation of viral associations. | 577 | ||
| First-line therapies | 577 | ||
| Comparative studies of treatments for pityriasis lichenoides. | 577 | ||
| UVB therapy of pityriasis lichenoides. | 578 | ||
| Narrowband UVB (311 nm, TL01) phototherapy for pityriasis lichenoides. | 578 | ||
| UV-B phototherapy for pityriasis lichenoides. | 578 | ||
| Phototherapy of pityriasis lichenoides. | 578 | ||
| PUVA therapy of pityriasis lichenoides chronica. | 578 | ||
| Comparison of the therapeutic effects of narrowband UVB vs PUVA in patients with pityriasis lichenoides. | 578 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 578 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides: the differences between children and adults. | 578 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides in childhood: a retrospective review of 124 patients. | 578 | ||
| Childhood pityriasis lichenoides and oral erythromycin. | 578 | ||
| Tetracycline for the treatment of pityriasis lichenoides. | 578 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 578 | ||
| Methotrexate treatment of pityriasis lichenoides and lymphomatoid papulosis. | 578 | ||
| Successful treatment of pityriasis lichenoides chronica with acitretin. | 578 | ||
| Photochemotherapy for pityriasis lichenoides: 3 cases. | 578 | ||
| Cyclosporine in dermatology. | 578 | ||
| Medium-dose ultraviolet A1 therapy for pityriasis lichenoides varioliformis acuta and pityriasis lichenoides chronica. | 579 | ||
| Role of bromelain in the treatment of patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica. | 579 | ||
| Refractory pityriasis lichenoides chronica successfully treated with topical tacrolimus. | 579 | ||
| Successful treatment of pityriasis lichenoides with topical tacrolimus. | 579 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides chronica: good response to photodynamic therapy. | 579 | ||
| Etanercept in therapy multiresistant overlapping pityriasis lichenoides. | 579 | ||
| 185 Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta | 580 | ||
| Management strategy | 580 | ||
| Specific investigations | 580 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides: a cytotoxic T-cell-mediated skin disorder. Evidence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in nine cases. | 580 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and group-A beta hemolytic streptococcal infection. | 580 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides and acquired toxoplasmosis. | 580 | ||
| First-line therapies | 580 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides in childhood: a retrospective review of 124 patients. | 580 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides in children: therapeutic response to erythromycin. | 580 | ||
| Mucha Habermann’s disease in children: treatment with erythromycin. | 581 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 581 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides in children: a long term follow-up of eighty-nine cases. | 581 | ||
| Comparative studies of treatment for pityriasis lichenoides. | 581 | ||
| Narrowband UVB (311 nm, TL01) phototherapy for pityriasis lichenoides. | 581 | ||
| Erprobung von PUVA bei verscheidenen Dermatosen. | 581 | ||
| Experience with UVB phototherapy in children. | 581 | ||
| Photochemotherapy for pityriasis lichenoides. | 581 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 581 | ||
| Methotrexate for the treatment of Mucha–Habermann disease. | 581 | ||
| Mucha Habermann’s disease. | 581 | ||
| Zur Behandlung der Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta mit Methotrexat. | 581 | ||
| Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha–Habermann’s disease managed with methylprednisolone semipulse and subsequent methotrexate therapies. | 581 | ||
| Successful long-term use of cyclosporin A in HIV-induced pityriasis lichenoides chronica. | 581 | ||
| Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha–Habermann’s disease and its successful therapy with DDS. | 582 | ||
| Transition of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta to febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha–Habermann disease is associated with elevated serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha. | 582 | ||
| High dose immunoglobulins and extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha–Habermann disease. | 582 | ||
| Successful association in the treatment of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. | 582 | ||
| 186 Pityriasis rosea | 583 | ||
| Management strategy | 583 | ||
| Specific investigations | 583 | ||
| First-line therapies | 583 | ||
| Pityriasis rosea update: 1986. | 583 | ||
| Interventions for pityriasis rosea. | 583 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 583 | ||
| Treatment of pityriasis rosea with UV radiation. | 583 | ||
| UVB phototherapy for pityriasis rosea: a bilateral comparison study. | 583 | ||
| UVB phototherapy for pityriasis rosea. | 584 | ||
| Low-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for treating pityriasis rosea. | 584 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 584 | ||
| One year review of pityriasis rosea at the National Skin Centre, Singapore. | 584 | ||
| Pityriasis rosea: exacerbation with corticosteroid treatment. | 584 | ||
| Erythromycin in pityriasis rosea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | 584 | ||
| Vesicular pityriasis rosea: response to erythromycin treatment. | 584 | ||
| The comparison between the efficacy of high dose acyclovir and erythromycin on the period and signs of pityriasis rosea. | 584 | ||
| Use of high-dose acyclovir in pityriasis rosea. | 584 | ||
| Low dose acyclovir may be an effective treatment against pityriasis rosea: a random investigator-blind clinical trial on 64 patients. | 584 | ||
| Antivirals for pityriasis rosea. | 584 | ||
| Dapsone treatment in a case of vesicular pityriasis rosea. | 584 | ||
| 187 Pityriasis rubra pilaris | 585 | ||
| Management strategy | 585 | ||
| Specific investigations | 585 | ||
| First-line therapies | 585 | ||
| Treatment of classic pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 585 | ||
| Pityriasis rubra pilaris: a review of treatment and diagnosis. | 585 | ||
| Pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 585 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 585 | ||
| A systematic review of the literature on the treatment of pityriasis rubra pilaris type I with TNF-alpha antagonists. | 586 | ||
| Successful treatment of pityriasis rubra pilaris (type 1) under combination of infliximab and methotrexate. | 586 | ||
| HIV-associated pityriasis rubra pilaris : response to triple anti-retroviral therapy. | 586 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 586 | ||
| Pityriasis rubra pilaris treated with acitretin and narrow-band UVB (Re-TL-01). | 586 | ||
| Combination ultraviolet A1 radiation and acitretin therapy as a treatment option for pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 586 | ||
| Photoaggravated pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 586 | ||
| Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of erythrodermic pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 586 | ||
| Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of exanthemic pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 586 | ||
| Type II adult-onset pityriasis rubra pilaris successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 586 | ||
| Successful treatment of type I pityriasis rubra pilaris with ustekinumab. | 586 | ||
| Treatment of pityriasis rubra pilaris with ustekinumab. | 586 | ||
| Fumaric acid esters: a new treatment modality for pityriasis rubra pilaris. | 586 | ||
| 188 Polycystic ovary syndrome | 587 | ||
| Management strategy | 587 | ||
| Specific investigations | 587 | ||
| Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | 587 | ||
| Meta-analysis of cardiovascular disease risk markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. | 587 | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women aged less than 50 years: an Australian case-control study. | 587 | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental health: a review. | 587 | ||
| First-line therapies | 587 | ||
| Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. | 588 | ||
| Current approches to the diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in youth. | 588 | ||
| Treatment of hirsutism and acne in hyperandrogenism. | 588 | ||
| Topical eflornithine. | 588 | ||
| A randomised, split-face comparison of facial hair removal with the alexandrite laser and intense pulsed light system. | 588 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 588 | ||
| Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. | 588 | ||
| Cyproterone acetate or drospirenone containing combined oral contraceptives plus spironolactone or cyproterone acetate for hirsutism: randomized comparison of three regimens. | 588 | ||
| Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne. | 588 | ||
| Comparison of spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride efficacy in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 588 | ||
| Insulin-sensitising drugs versus the combined oral contraceptive pill for hirsutism, acne and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer in polycystic ovary syndrome (review). | 588 | ||
| Metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. | 588 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 588 | ||
| When should an insulin sensitizing agent be used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome? | 588 | ||
| 189 Polymorphic light eruption | 589 | ||
| Management strategy | 589 | ||
| Specific investigations | 589 | ||
| Marked papillary dermal edema – an unreliable discriminator between polymorphous light eruption and lupus erythematosus or dermatomyositis. | 589 | ||
| Clinical and therapeutic aspects of polymorphous light eruption. | 589 | ||
| An optimal method for experimental provocation of polymorphic light eruption. | 589 | ||
| The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in patients with apparent polymorphic light eruption. | 590 | ||
| First-line therapies | 590 | ||
| A new ecamsule-containing SPF 40 sunscreen cream for the prevention of polymorphous light eruption: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study in maximized outdoor conditions. | 590 | ||
| Textiles and sun protection. | 590 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 590 | ||
| UVB phototherapy and photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the treatment of polymorphic light eruption and solar urticaria. | 590 | ||
| A comparison of narrowband (TL-01) and photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the management of polymorphic light eruption. | 590 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 590 | ||
| Efficacy of short-course oral prednisolone in polymorphic light eruption: a randomized controlled trial. | 590 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine in polymorphic light eruption: a controlled trial with drug and visual sensitivity monitoring. | 590 | ||
| Comparison of PUVA and beta-carotene in the treatment of polymorphous light eruption. | 590 | ||
| Treatment of polymorphous light eruption with nicotinamide: a pilot study. | 590 | ||
| Successful treatment of severe polymorphous light eruption with azathioprine. | 590 | ||
| Prophylactic short-term use of cyclosporine in refractory polymorphic light eruption. | 591 | ||
| Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) and a new potent antioxidant and UVA-protective formulation as prophylaxis. | 591 | ||
| Topical liposomal DNA-repair enzymes in polymorpghic light eruption. | 591 | ||
| Photoprotective activity of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract in 25 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses. | 591 | ||
| LED photoprevention: reduced MED response following multiple LED exposures. | 591 | ||
| 190 Pompholyx | 592 | ||
| Management strategy | 592 | ||
| Specific investigations | 592 | ||
| Pompholyx eczema as a manifestation of HIV infection, response to antiretroviral therapy. | 592 | ||
| Pompholyx and eczematous reactions associated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. | 592 | ||
| A 3-year causative study of pompholyx in 120 patients. | 592 | ||
| Role of contact allergens in pompholyx. | 592 | ||
| Low-cobalt diet for dyshidrotic eczema patients. | 592 | ||
| First-line therapies | 592 | ||
| Pompholyx: a review of clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management. | 592 | ||
| Acute and recurrent vesicular hand dermatitis. | 593 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus (FK 506) and mometasone furoate in treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: a randomized, observer-blinded trial. | 593 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% in mild-to-moderate chronic hand dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind trial. | 593 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 593 | ||
| Oral alitretinoin in chronic refractory hand eczema: a “real life” case-series of 12 patients. | 593 | ||
| Successful retreatment with alitretinoin in patients with relapsed chronic hand eczema. | 593 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. | 593 | ||
| Local narrowband UVB phototherapy vs. local PUVA in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. | 593 | ||
| Comparison of localized high-dose UVA1 irradiation versus topical cream psoralen–UVA for treatment of chronic vesicular dyshidrotic eczema. | 593 | ||
| Oral vs. bath PUVA using 8-methoxypsoralen for chronic palmoplantar eczema. | 593 | ||
| Regression of relapsing dyshidrotic eczema after treatment of concomitant hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin-A. | 593 | ||
| Pompholyx: what’s new? | 593 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 593 | ||
| Long-term follow-up of eczema patients treated with cyclosporine. | 593 | ||
| Low-dose oral methotrexate treatment for recalcitrant palmoplantar pompholyx. | 593 | ||
| Azathioprine in dermatological practice. An overview with special emphasis of its use in non-bullous inflammatory dermatoses. | 593 | ||
| Dyshidrotic eczema treated with mycophenolate mofetil. | 594 | ||
| Recalcitrant hand pompholyx: variable response to etanercept. | 594 | ||
| Long-term results of radiotherapy in patients with chronic palmo-plantar eczema or psoriasis. | 594 | ||
| 191 Porokeratoses | 595 | ||
| Management strategy | 595 | ||
| Specific investigations | 595 | ||
| Dermoscopy for the diagnosis of porokeratosis. | 595 | ||
| First-line therapies | 595 | ||
| Porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with cryosurgery. | 595 | ||
| Cryosurgery of porokeratosis plantaris discreta. | 595 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 595 | ||
| Fluorouracil ointment treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli. | 595 | ||
| Disseminated superficial porokeratosis: rapid therapeutic response to 5-fluorouracil. | 596 | ||
| Porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with 5% imiquimod cream. | 596 | ||
| Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis treated effectively with topical imiquimod 5% cream. | 596 | ||
| Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: treatment with topical tacalcitol. | 596 | ||
| Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis responding to calcipotriol. | 596 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 596 | ||
| Generalized linear porokeratosis: a rare entity with excellent response to acitretin. | 596 | ||
| Disseminated porokeratosis Mibelli treated with Ro 10- 9359. | 596 | ||
| Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with a new aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359). | 596 | ||
| Porokeratosis plantaris, palmaris, et disseminata. Report of a case and treatment with isotretinoin. | 596 | ||
| A case of extensive linear porokeratosis with evaluation of topical tretinoin versus 5-fluorouracil as treatment modalities. | 596 | ||
| Topical tretinoin in Indian male with zosteriform porokeratosis. | 596 | ||
| Treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli with CO2 laser vaporization versus surgical excision with split-thickness skin graft. | 596 | ||
| Reticulate porokeratosis – successful treatment with CO2-laser vaporization. | 596 | ||
| Treatment of lichen amyloidosis (LA) and disseminated superficial porokeratosis (DSP) with frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. | 596 | ||
| Successful treatment of porokeratosis with 585 nm pulsed dye laser irradiation. | 596 | ||
| Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) with the Q-switched ruby laser. | 597 | ||
| Fractional photothermolysis: a novel treatment for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. | 597 | ||
| Successful treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with methyl aminolevulinate-photodynamic therapy. | 597 | ||
| Topical photodynamic therapy in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. | 597 | ||
| Successful treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli with diamond fraise dermabrasion. | 597 | ||
| Linear porokeratosis: successful treatment with diamond fraise dermabrasion. | 597 | ||
| The use of fluor-hydroxy pulse peel in actinic porokeratosis. | 597 | ||
| Dexamethasone pulse treatment in disseminated porokeratosis of Mibelli. | 597 | ||
| Diclofenac sodium 3% gel as a potential treatment for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. | 597 | ||
| Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with topical diclofenac gel: a case series. | 597 | ||
| Porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with 5 percent topical imiquimod and topical 5 percent 5- fluorouracil. | 597 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy combined with CO2 laser vaporization on disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a report of 2 cases on the face. | 597 | ||
| 192 Porphyria cutanea tarda | 598 | ||
| Management strategy | 598 | ||
| Specific investigations | 598 | ||
| Porphyria cutanea tarda: clinical features and laboratory findings in forty patients. | 598 | ||
| Hepatitis C, porphyria cutanea tarda and liver iron: an update. | 598 | ||
| Porphyria cutanea tarda, hepatitis C, and HFE gene mutations in North America. | 598 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. | 598 | ||
| First-line therapies | 599 | ||
| The effect of phlebotomy therapy in porphyria cutanea tarda. | 599 | ||
| Childhood-onset familial porphyria cutanea tarda: effects of therapeutic phlebotomy. | 599 | ||
| Plasma ferritin levels as a guide to the treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda by venesection. | 599 | ||
| Treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda with chloroquine. | 599 | ||
| Childhood-onset porphyria cutanea tarda: successful therapy with low-dose hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil). | 599 | ||
| Choice of therapy in porphyria cutanea tarda. | 599 | ||
| Hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutations and response to chloroquine in porphyria cutanea tarda. | 599 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 599 | ||
| Liver iron overload and desferrioxamine treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda. | 599 | ||
| Haemodialysis-related porphyria cutanea tarda and treatment by recombinant human erythropoietin. | 599 | ||
| Successful treatment of haemodialysis-related porphyria cutanea tarda with deferoxamine. | 600 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 600 | ||
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy leading to resolution of porphyria cutanea tarda in a patient with AIDS and hepatitis C. | 600 | ||
| Dramatic resolution of skin lesions associated with porphyria cutanea tarda – interferon-alpha therapy in a case of chronic hepatitis C. | 600 | ||
| High-dose vitamin E lowers urine porphyrin levels in patients affected by porphyria cutanea tarda. | 600 | ||
| Porphyria cutanea tarda: a possible role for ascorbic acid. | 600 | ||
| Removal of plasma porphyrins with high-flux hemodialysis in porphyria cutanea tarda associated with end stage renal disease. | 600 | ||
| Treatment of hemodialysis related porphyria cutanea tarda with plasma exchange. | 600 | ||
| The adsorption of porphyrins and porphyria precursors by sorbents: a potential therapy for the porphyrias. | 600 | ||
| Metabolic alkalinization therapy in porphyria cutanea tarda. | 600 | ||
| Cimetidine in the treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda. | 600 | ||
| Management of porphyria cutanea tarda in the setting of chronic renal failure – case report and review. | 600 | ||
| Successful and safe treatment of hypertrichosis by high-intensity pulses of noncoherent light in a patient with hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. | 600 | ||
| 193 Port wine stain (‘nevus flammeus’) | 601 | ||
| Management strategy | 601 | ||
| Specific investigations | 602 | ||
| Facial port wine stain and Sturge–Weber syndrome. | 602 | ||
| Sturge–Weber syndrome in patients with facial port- wine stain. | 602 | ||
| Facial port-wine stain: when to worry? | 602 | ||
| Location of port wine stains and the likelihood of ophthalmic and/or central nervous system complications. | 602 | ||
| Sturge–Weber syndrome and dermatomal facial port wine stains: incidence, association with glaucoma, and pulsed tunable dye laser treatment effectiveness. | 602 | ||
| Sturge–Weber syndrome. The current neuroradiologic data. | 602 | ||
| First-line therapies | 602 | ||
| Anatomic differences of port wine stains in response to treatment with pulsed dye laser. | 602 | ||
| Facial port wine stains in childhood: prediction of the rate of improvement as a function of the age of the patient, size and location of the port wine stain and the number of treatments with the pulsed dye (585 nm) laser. | 602 | ||
| Efficacy of early treatment of facial port wine stains in newborns: A review of 49 cases. | 602 | ||
| Treatment of port wine stains (capillary malformations) with the flash lamp pumped pulsed dye laser. | 603 | ||
| Double pass 595 nm pulsed dye laser at a 6 minute interval for the treatment of port-wine stains is not more effective than single pass. | 603 | ||
| High-fluence modified pulsed dye laser photocoagulation with dynamic cooling of port wine stains in infancy. | 603 | ||
| Redarkening of port-wine stains 10 years after pulsed-dye-laser treatment. | 603 | ||
| Pain relief measures and cooling devices | 603 | ||
| Effects of percutaneous local anaesthetics on pain reduction during pulse dye laser treatment of port wine stains. | 603 | ||
| The S-Caine peel: a novel topical anesthetic for cutaneous laser surgery. | 603 | ||
| Effect of the topical anesthetic EMLA on the efficacy of pulsed dye laser treatment of port wine stains. | 603 | ||
| Cryogen spray cooling and higher fluence pulsed dye laser treatment improve port wine stain clearance while minimizing epidermal damage. | 603 | ||
| General anesthesia for pediatric dermatologic procedures: risks and complications. | 603 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 603 | ||
| Split-face comparison of intense pulsed light with short- and long-pulsed dye lasers for the treatment of port-wine stains. | 603 | ||
| Intense pulsed light source for the treatment of dye laser resistant port-wine stains. | 603 | ||
| Treatment of hypertrophic and resistant port wine stains with a 755 nm laser: a case series of 20 patients. | 604 | ||
| Treatment endpoints for resistant port wine stains with a 755 nm laser. | 604 | ||
| Long-pulsed neodymium: yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser treatment for port wine stains. | 604 | ||
| Combined 595 nm and 1064 nm laser irradiation of recalcitrant and hypertrophic port-wine stains in children and adults. | 604 | ||
| A direct comparison of pulsed dye, alexandrite, KTP and Nd:YAG lasers and IPL in patients with previously treated capillary malformations. | 604 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 604 | ||
| Potassium titanyl phosphate laser treatment of resistant port-wine stains. | 604 | ||
| Pilot study examining the combined use of pulsed dye laser and topical imiquimod versus laser alone for treatment of port wine stain birthmarks. | 604 | ||
| Enhanced port-wine stain lightening achieved with combined treatment of selective photothermolysis and imiquimod. | 605 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy of port-wine stains: long-term efficacy and complication in Chinese patients. | 605 | ||
| Long-term blood vessel removal with combined laser and topical rapamycin antiangiogenic therapy: implications for effective port wine stain treatment. | 605 | ||
| 194 Pregnancy dermatoses | 606 | ||
| Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy | 606 | ||
| Management strategy | 606 | ||
| Specific Investigations | 606 | ||
| A comparative study of toxic erythema of pregnancy and herpes gestationis. | 606 | ||
| A comparative histopathological study of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy and herpes gestationis. | 606 | ||
| An immunoelectron microscopy study of the relationship between herpes gestationis and polymorphic eruption of pregnancy. | 606 | ||
| Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy: clinicopathology and potential trigger factors in 181 patients. | 606 | ||
| First-line therapies | 607 | ||
| 195 Pretibial myxedema | 612 | ||
| Management strategy | 612 | ||
| Specific investigations | 612 | ||
| Pretibial myxedema. | 612 | ||
| Pretibial myxedema as the initial manifestation of Graves’ disease. | 612 | ||
| Observing pretibial myxedema in patients with Graves’ disease using digital infrared thermal imaging and high-resolution ultrasonography: for better records, early detection and further investigation. | 612 | ||
| First-line therapies | 613 | ||
| Dermopathy of Graves disease (pretibial myxedema): review of 150 cases. | 613 | ||
| Treatment of pretibial myxedema with topical steroid ointment application with sealing cover in Graves’ patients. | 613 | ||
| Intralesional triamcinolone therapy for pretibial myxedema. | 613 | ||
| Pretibial myxedema: a review of the literature and case report. | 613 | ||
| Pretibial myxoedema with autoimmunity and hyperplasia treated with glucocorticoids and surgery. | 613 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 613 | ||
| Pentoxifylline inhibits the proliferation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis of cultured fibroblasts derived from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema. | 613 | ||
| Successful combined pentoxifylline and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide treatment of severe pretibial myxedema. | 613 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 613 | ||
| Pretibial myxedema and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. | 613 | ||
| Lack of response of elephantiasic pretibial myxoedema to treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins. | 613 | ||
| Corticoid therapy for pretibial myxedema: observations on the long-acting thyroid stimulator. | 613 | ||
| Refractory pretibial myxoedema with response to intralesional insulin-like growth factor 1 antagonist (octreotide): downregulation of hyaluronic acid production by the lesional fibroblasts. | 614 | ||
| Octreotide and Graves’ ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxoedema. | 614 | ||
| Lack of effect of long-term octreotide therapy in severe thyroid-associated dermopathy. | 614 | ||
| Effect of plasmapheresis and steroid treatment on thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulins in a patient with exophthalmos and a patient with pretibial myxedema. | 614 | ||
| Beneficial effects of plasmapheresis followed by immunosuppressive therapy in pretibial myxedema. | 614 | ||
| Pretibial myxedema (elephantiasic form): treatment with cytotoxic therapy. | 614 | ||
| Successful combined surgical and octreotide treatment of severe pretibial myxoedema reviewed after 9 years. | 614 | ||
| Pretibial myxedema. | 614 | ||
| Treatment-resistant elephantiasic thyroid dermopathy responding to rituximab and plasmapheresis. | 614 | ||
| Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema: a novel treatment for an uncommon disorder. | 614 | ||
| 196 Prurigo nodularis | 615 | ||
| Management strategy | 615 | ||
| Specific investigations | 615 | ||
| First-line therapies | 616 | ||
| Prurigo nodularis. | 616 | ||
| Nodular prurigo: a clinicopathological study of 46 patients. | 616 | ||
| Treatment of nodular prurigo with cyclosporine (treat the disease, not just the symptoms). | 616 | ||
| Use of occlusive membrane in prurigo nodularis. | 616 | ||
| An occlusive dressing containing betamethasone valerate 0.1% for the treatment of prurigo nodularis. | 616 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 616 | ||
| Treatment of prurigo nodularis with topical capsaicin. | 616 | ||
| Treatment of prurigo nodularis: use of cryosurgery and intralesional steroids plus lidocaine. | 616 | ||
| Cryotherapy improves prurigo nodularis. | 616 | ||
| UV treatment of generalised prurigo nodularis. | 616 | ||
| Narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in patients with recalcitrant nodular prurigo. | 616 | ||
| Local photochemotherapy in nodular prurigo. | 616 | ||
| Longterm results of topical trioxalen PUVA in lichen planus and nodular prurigo. | 616 | ||
| Phototherapy in nodular prurigo. | 617 | ||
| Monochromatic excimer light (308 nm) in the treatment of prurigo nodularis. | 617 | ||
| UVB 308-nm excimer light and bath PUVA: combination therapy is very effective in the treatment of prurigo nodularis. | 617 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 617 | ||
| Nodular prurigo responding to topical tacrolimus. | 617 | ||
| Double-blind, right/left comparison of calcipotriol ointment and betamethasone ointment in the treatment of prurigo nodularis. | 617 | ||
| Topical vitamin D3 (tacalcitol) for steroid-resistant prurigo. | 617 | ||
| Successful immunotherapy of chronic nodular prurigo with topical dinitrochlorobenzene. | 617 | ||
| Nodular prurigo successfully treated with the pulsed dye laser. | 617 | ||
| Thalidomide treatment of prurigo nodularis. | 617 | ||
| Sequential combined therapy with thalidomide and narrowband (TL01) UVB in the treatment of prurigo nodularis. | 617 | ||
| Thalidomide treatment for prurigo nodularis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects: efficacy and risk of neuropathy. | 617 | ||
| Thalidomide in 42 patients with prurigo nodularis Hyde. | 617 | ||
| Efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of prurigo nodularis. | 617 | ||
| Treatment of refractory prurigo nodularis with lenalidomide. | 617 | ||
| Nodular prurigo responds to cyclosporine. | 618 | ||
| Antipruritic effect of cyclosporine microemulsion in prurigo nodularis: results of a case series. | 618 | ||
| Atopic prurigo nodularis responds to intravenous immunoglobulins. | 618 | ||
| Therapeutic hotline. Treatment of prurigo nodularis and lichen simplex chronicus with gabapentin. | 618 | ||
| Nodular prurigo responsive to azathiaprine. | 618 | ||
| Uncontrollable prurigo nodularis effectively treated by roxithromycin and tranilast. | 618 | ||
| Prurigo nodularis (Hyde) treated with Tigason. | 618 | ||
| Etretinate and nodular prurigo. | 618 | ||
| Persistent prurigo nodularis responsive to initiation of combination therapy with raltegravir. | 618 | ||
| Hypnosis and acupuncture (hypnopuncture) for prurigo nodularis: a case report. | 618 | ||
| 197 Prurigo pigmentosa | 619 | ||
| Management strategy | 619 | ||
| Specific investigations | 619 | ||
| Prurigo pigmentosa on a patient with soft-drink ketosis. | 619 | ||
| 198 Pruritus | 621 | ||
| Management strategy | 621 | ||
| Specific investigations | 621 | ||
| Itch and pruritus: what are they and how should itches be classified? | 621 | ||
| Clinical classification of itch: a position paper of the International Forum for the Study of Itch. | 621 | ||
| Neurophysiological and neurochemical basis of modern pruritus treatment. | 621 | ||
| Pruritus of undetermined origin. | 622 | ||
| Ultraviolet phototherapy for pruritus. | 622 | ||
| Pruritus in chronic liver disease: mechanisms and treatment. | 622 | ||
| Neuropathic itch | 622 | ||
| Brachioradial pruritus as a result of cervical spine pathology: the results of a magnetic resonance tomography study. | 622 | ||
| Brachioradial pruritus: a trigger for generalization of itch. | 622 | ||
| First-line therapies | 622 | ||
| Successful treatment of notalgia paresthetica with topical capsaicin: vehicle-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. | 622 | ||
| Solar (brachioradial) pruritus – response to capsaicin cream. | 622 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 622 | ||
| Gabapentin treatment for notalgia paresthetica, a common isolated peripheral sensory neuropathy. | 622 | ||
| Brachioradial pruritus: response to treatment with gabapentin. | 622 | ||
| Brachioradial pruritus: report of a new case responding to gabapentin. | 622 | ||
| Gabapentin treatment for brachioradial pruritus. | 622 | ||
| Pregabalin in the treatment of chronic pruritus. | 622 | ||
| Cholestatic itch | 622 | ||
| The itch of liver disease. | 623 | ||
| Update on the treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis. | 623 | ||
| First-line therapies | 623 | ||
| Rifampin is safe for treatment of pruritus due to chronic cholestasis: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized-controlled trials. | 623 | ||
| The efficacy and safety of bile acid binding agents, opioid antagonists, or rifampin in the treatment of cholestasis-associated pruritus. | 623 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of oral naltrexone treatment for pruritus of cholestasis, a crossover, double blind, placebo-controlled study. | 623 | ||
| Oral nalmefene therapy reduces scratching activity due to the pruritus of cholestasis: a controlled study. | 623 | ||
| Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. | 623 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 623 | ||
| Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of microporous cholestyramine in the treatment of intra- and extra-hepatic cholestasis: relationship between itching and serum bile acids. | 623 | ||
| Randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic-acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. | 623 | ||
| The potent bile acid sequestrant colesevelam is not effective in cholestatic pruritus: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | 623 | ||
| Sertraline as a first-line treatment for cholestatic pruritus. | 623 | ||
| Long-term efficacy of sertraline as a treatment for cholestatic pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. | 623 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 624 | ||
| Treatment of severe refractory pruritus with fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (Prometheus). | 624 | ||
| Therapy of intractable pruritus with MARS. | 624 | ||
| Extracorporeal albumin dialysis: a procedure for prolonged relief of intractable pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. | 624 | ||
| Treatment of intractable pruritus in drug induced cholestasis with albumin dialysis: a report of two cases. | 624 | ||
| Phototherapy for primary biliary cirrhosis. | 624 | ||
| Efficacy of lidocaine in the treatment of pruritus in patients with chronic cholestatic liver diseases. | 624 | ||
| Preliminary observation with dronabinol in patients with intractable pruritus secondary to cholestatic liver disease. | 624 | ||
| Itch associated with cholestasis of pregnancy | 624 | ||
| First-line therapies | 624 | ||
| Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: amelioration of pruritus by UDCA is associated with decreased progesterone disulphates in urine. | 624 | ||
| Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid. | 624 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 624 | ||
| Randomized prospective comparative study of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. | 624 | ||
| A randomised controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of gestational cholestasis. | 624 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid versus cholestyramine in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. | 625 | ||
| Renal itch | 625 | ||
| First-line therapies | 625 | ||
| Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for patients with refractory uraemic pruritus: a randomized controlled trial. | 625 | ||
| Treatment of uremic pruritus with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy: an open pilot study. | 625 | ||
| Generalized pruritus treated with narrowband UVB. | 625 | ||
| Ultraviolet phototherapy of uremic pruritus. Long-term results and possible mechanism of action. | 625 | ||
| Gabapentin: a promising drug for the treatment of uremic pruritus. | 625 | ||
| Gabapentin therapy for pruritus in haemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. | 625 | ||
| Use of pregabalin in the management of chronic uremic pruritus. | 625 | ||
| Pregabalin versus gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pruritus in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a prospective crossover study. | 626 | ||
| Randomised crossover trial of naltrexone in uraemic pruritus. | 626 | ||
| Naltrexone does not relieve uremic pruritus: results of a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. | 626 | ||
| Kappa-opioid system in uremic pruritus: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. | 626 | ||
| Nalfurafine hydrochloride for the treatment of pruritus. | 626 | ||
| Effect of skin care with an emollient containing a high water content on mild uremic pruritus. | 626 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 626 | ||
| Zinc sulfate for relief of pruritus in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. | 626 | ||
| Topical capsaicin therapy for uremic pruritus in patients on hemodialysis. | 626 | ||
| Acupuncture in haemodialysis patients at the Quchi (LI11) acupoint for refractory uraemic pruritus. | 626 | ||
| Effects of homeopathic treatment on pruritus of haemodialysis patients: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. | 626 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 626 | ||
| Cholestyramine in uraemic pruritus. | 626 | ||
| Relief of idiopathic generalized pruritus in dialysis patients treated with activated oral charcoal. | 626 | ||
| Thalidomide for the treatment of uremic pruritus: a crossover randomized double-blind trial. | 626 | ||
| A study on pruritus after parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. | 627 | ||
| Itch associated with malignancy | 627 | ||
| 199 Pruritus ani | 629 | ||
| Management strategy | 629 | ||
| Specific investigations | 629 | ||
| Allergic contact dermatitis in patients with anogenital complaints. | 629 | ||
| Pruritus ani as a manifestation of systemic contact dermatitis: resolution with dietary nickel restriction. | 629 | ||
| Treatment of persistent pruritus ani in a combined colorectal and dermatological clinic. | 629 | ||
| Abnormal transient internal sphincter relaxation in idiopathic pruritus ani: physiological evidence from ambulatory monitoring. | 629 | ||
| Pruritus ani. Causes and concerns. | 630 | ||
| First-line therapies | 630 | ||
| 1% hydrocortisone ointment is an effective treatment of pruritus ani: a pilot randomized control crossover trial. | 630 | ||
| Randomized study of topical tacrolimus ointment as possible treatment for resistant idiopathic pruritus ani. | 630 | ||
| Idiopathic perianal pruritus: washing compared with topical corticosteroids. | 630 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 630 | ||
| Topical capsaicin: a novel and effective treatment for idiopathic intractable pruritus ani: a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. | 630 | ||
| A liquid-forming acrylate cream for the treatment of anal pruritus. | 630 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 630 | ||
| The use of intralesional triamcinolone hexacetonide in the treatment of idiopathic pruritus ani. | 630 | ||
| Intradermal injection of methylene blue for the treatment of refractory pruritus ani. | 630 | ||
| A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. XXIII. An injection technique for the treatment of idiopathic pruritus ani. | 630 | ||
| 200 Pruritus vulvae | 631 | ||
| Management strategy | 631 | ||
| Specific investigations | 631 | ||
| An approach to the treatment of anogenital pruritus. | 631 | ||
| Recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis: focus on the vulva. | 632 | ||
| Pruritus in diabetes mellitus: investigation of prevalence and correlation with diabetes. | 632 | ||
| Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. | 632 | ||
| Prospective study of patch testing in patients with vulval pruritus. | 632 | ||
| Patients with vulval pruritus: patch test results. | 632 | ||
| First-line therapies | 632 | ||
| Pimecrolimus 1% cream for pruritus in postmenopausal diabetic women with vulvar lichen simplex chronicus: a prospective non-controlled case series. | 632 | ||
| Efficacy of topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of chronic vulvar pruritus. A prospective case series: A non-controlled, open-label study. | 632 | ||
| Contact dermatitis of the vulva. | 632 | ||
| Lichen simplex chronicus (atopic/neurodermatitis) of the anogenital region. | 632 | ||
| Pruritus vulvae in prepubertal children. | 632 | ||
| The common problem of vulvar pruritus. | 632 | ||
| Vulvovaginal dryness and itching. | 632 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 632 | ||
| Efficacy of topical oxatomide in women with pruritus vulva. | 632 | ||
| Subcutaneous injection of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of chronic vulvar pruritus. | 632 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 633 | ||
| Effectiveness of treating non-specific pruritus vulvae with topical steroids: a randomized controlled trial. | 633 | ||
| 56 cases of chronic pruritus vulvae treated with acupuncture. | 633 | ||
| Chronic vulvovaginal pruritus treated successfully with GnRH analogue. | 633 | ||
| Hypnosis in a case of long-standing idiopathic itch. | 633 | ||
| 201 Pseudofolliculitis barbae | 634 | ||
| Management strategy | 634 | ||
| Specific investigations | 634 | ||
| Scar sarcoidosis in pseudofolliculitis barbae. | 634 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis barbae induced by oral minoxidil. | 634 | ||
| Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as pseudofolliculitis in an AIDS patient. | 635 | ||
| Hyperplastic pseudofolliculitis barbae associated with cyclosporine. | 635 | ||
| Hypertrophic pseudofolliculitis in white renal transplant recipients. | 635 | ||
| An unusual Ala12Thr polymorphism in the 1A alpha- helical segment of the companion layer-specific keratin K6hf: evidence for a risk factor in the etiology of the common hair disorder pseudofolliculitis barbae. | 635 | ||
| Epiluminescence dermatoscopy enhanced patient compliance and achieved treatment success in pseudofolliculitis barbae. | 635 | ||
| First-line therapies | 635 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis of the beard. | 635 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis barbae. Medical consequences of interracial friction in the US Army. | 635 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis barbae. 2. Treatment. | 635 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis barbae and related disorders. | 635 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis barbae and acne keloidalis nuchae. | 635 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 635 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis of the beard and topically applied tretinoin. | 635 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis: revised concepts of diagnosis and treatment. Report of three cases in women. | 635 | ||
| Twice-daily applications of benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% gel versus vehicle in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae. | 636 | ||
| Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae with topical glycolic acid: a report of two studies. | 636 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 636 | ||
| Comparative evaluation of long pulse alexandrite laser and intense pulsed light systems for pseudofolliculitis barbae treatment with one year of followup. | 636 | ||
| Low-fluence 1064-nm laser hair reduction for pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin types IV, V, and VI. | 636 | ||
| Topical eflornithine hydrochloride improves the effectiveness of standard laser hair removal for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo- controlled trial. | 636 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis barbae. | 636 | ||
| Modified superlong pulse 810 nm diode laser in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin types V and VI. | 636 | ||
| Pseudofolliculitis of the neck and the shoulder: a new effective treatment with alexandrite laser. | 636 | ||
| Treatment of pseudofolliculitis with a pulsed infrared laser. | 637 | ||
| Laser-assisted hair removal for darker skin types. | 637 | ||
| Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin types IV, V, and VI with a long-pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. | 637 | ||
| Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae using the long-pulse Nd:YAG laser on skin types V and VI. | 637 | ||
| Surgical depilation for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis or local hirsutism of the face: experience in the first 40 patients. | 637 | ||
| 202 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum | 638 | ||
| Management strategy | 638 | ||
| Specific investigations | 638 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. | 638 | ||
| First-line therapies | 638 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a connective tissue disease or a metabolic disorder at the genome/environment interface? | 638 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a metabolic disease. | 638 | ||
| Long-term effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. | 638 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 639 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and mitral valve prolapse. | 639 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 639 | ||
| Other therapies | 639 | ||
| A randomized controlled trial of oral phosphate binders in the treatment of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. | 639 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, the paradigm of heritable ectopic mineralization disorders: can diet help? | 639 | ||
| 203 Psoriasis | 640 | ||
| Management strategy | 640 | ||
| Guttate psoriasis | 641 | ||
| Inverse psoriasis | 641 | ||
| Impetigo herpetiformis | 641 | ||
| Specific investigations | 642 | ||
| From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: monitoring and vaccinations in patients treated with biologics for psoriasis. | 642 | ||
| Cyclosporine and psoriasis: 2008 National Psoriasis Foundation Consensus Conference. | 642 | ||
| Methotrexate and psoriasis: 2009. National Psoriasis Foundation Consensus Conference. | 642 | ||
| Methotrexate in psoriasis: consensus conference. | 642 | ||
| First-line therapies | 642 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of a novel liposomal dithranol formulation in psoriasis. | 642 | ||
| Efficacy of topical 5% liquor carbonis detergens vs. its emollient base in the treatment of psoriasis. | 643 | ||
| The role of salicylic acid in the treatment of psoriasis. | 643 | ||
| Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of clobetasol propionate spray in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis. | 643 | ||
| The efficacy and tolerability of clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% in the treatment of mild to moderate plaque-type psoriasis of nonscalp regions. | 643 | ||
| Clobetasol propionate shampoo 0.05%: a new option to treat patients with moderate to severe scalp psoriasis. | 643 | ||
| An investigator-masked comparison of the efficacy and safety of twice daily applications of calcitriol 3 µg/g ointment vs. calcipotriol 50 µg/g ointment in subjects with mild to moderate chronic plaque-type psoriasis. | 643 | ||
| Once daily treatment of psoriasis with tacalcitol compared with twice daily treatment with calcipotriol. A double-blind trial. | 643 | ||
| A 52-week randomized safety study of a calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product (Dovobet/Daivobet/Taclonex) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. | 643 | ||
| Tazarotene cream in the treatment of psoriasis: two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies of the safety and efficacy of tazarotene creams 0.05% and 0.1% applied once daily for 12 weeks. | 643 | ||
| Tacrolimus ointment is effective for facial and intertriginous psoriasis. | 643 | ||
| Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of intertriginous psoriasis: a double-blind, randomized study. | 644 | ||
| The percentage of patients achieving PASI 75 after 1 month and remission time after climatotherapy at the Dead Sea. | 644 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 644 | ||
| Components of the Goeckerman regimen. | 644 | ||
| Narrowband UV-B produces superior clinical and histopathological resolution of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in patients compared with broadband UV-B. | 644 | ||
| Randomized double-blind trial of the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: efficacy of psoralen-UV-A therapy vs. narrowband UV-B therapy. | 644 | ||
| PUVA therapy for psoriasis: comparison of oral and bath-water delivery of 8-methoxypsoralen. | 644 | ||
| Efficacy and safety results from the randomized controlled comparative study of adalimumab vs. methotrexate vs. placebo in patients with psoriasis (CHAMPION). | 644 | ||
| A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acitretin for the treatment of psoriasis. | 644 | ||
| Acitretin plus UVB therapy for psoriasis. Comparisons with placebo plus UVB and acitretin alone. | 645 | ||
| Photochemotherapy for severe psoriasis without or in combination with acitretin: a randomized, double-blind comparison study. | 645 | ||
| Methotrexate versus cyclosporine in moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis. | 645 | ||
| Etanercept treatment for children and adolescents with plaque psoriasis. | 645 | ||
| Adalimumab therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis: a randomized, controlled phase III trial. | 645 | ||
| A randomized comparison of continuous vs. intermittent infliximab maintenance regimens over 1 year in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. | 645 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin- 12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 52-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 2). | 645 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 645 | ||
| Combination treatments for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | 646 | ||
| Clinical efficacy of a 308 nm excimer laser for treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. | 646 | ||
| Targeted UVB phototherapy for psoriasis: a preliminary study. | 646 | ||
| Efficacy of the pulsed dye laser in the treatment of localized recalcitrant plaque psoriasis: a comparative study. | 646 | ||
| Weekly pulse dosing schedule of fluorouracil: a new topical therapy for psoriasis. | 646 | ||
| Weekly psoriasis therapy using intralesional fluorouracil. | 646 | ||
| Clinical assessment of patients with recalcitrant psoriasis in a randomized, observer-blind, vehicle-controlled trial using indigo naturalis. | 646 | ||
| Sulfasalazine improves psoriasis. A double-blind analysis. | 646 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) for psoriasis: a two- center, prospective, open-label clinical trial. | 646 | ||
| Hydroxyurea in the management of therapy resistant psoriasis. | 646 | ||
| 6-Thioguanine treatment of psoriasis: experience in 81 patients. | 647 | ||
| Pulse dosing of thioguanine in recalcitrant psoriasis. | 647 | ||
| Azathioprine in psoriasis. | 647 | ||
| Systemic tacrolimus (FK 506) is effective for the treatment of psoriasis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. | 647 | ||
| Treatment of psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: results of a prospective multicentre study: German Multicentre Study. | 647 | ||
| Use of rifampin with penicillin and erythromycin in the treatment of psoriasis. Preliminary report. | 647 | ||
| Therapeutic trials with oral colchicine in psoriasis. | 647 | ||
| Propylthiouracil in psoriasis: results of an open trial. | 647 | ||
| Cryotherapy for psoriasis. | 647 | ||
| Psoriasis of the scalp treated with Grenz rays or topical corticosteroid combined with Grenz rays. A comparative randomized trial. | 647 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a multinational, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | 647 | ||
| Golimumab, a human TNF-alpha antibody, administered every 4 weeks as a subcutaneous injection in psoriatic arthritis. Clinical efficacy, radiographic, and safety findings through 1 year of the randomized, placebo-controlled, GO-REVEAL® study. | 647 | ||
| Successful treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis with the PEGylated Fab’ certolizumab pegol. Results of a phase II randomised, placebo-controlled trial with a re-treatment extension. | 648 | ||
| Anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody ixekizumab in chronic plaque psoriasis. | 648 | ||
| Erythrodermic psoriasis | 648 | ||
| First-line therapies | 648 | ||
| Use of short-course class 1 topical glucocorticoid under occlusion for the rapid control of erythrodermic psoriasis. | 648 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 648 | ||
| Management of erythrodermic psoriasis with low-dose cyclosporine. | 648 | ||
| Life-threatening pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis responding to infliximab. | 648 | ||
| Treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis with etanercept. | 648 | ||
| Treatment of pustulous and erythrodermic psoriasis with PUVA therapy and methotrexate. | 648 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 649 | ||
| The treatment of psoriasis with etretinate and acitretin: a follow up of actual use. | 649 | ||
| Accidental success with carbamazepine for psoriatic erythroderma. | 649 | ||
| Pustular psoriasis | 649 | ||
| First-line therapies | 649 | ||
| Systemic corticosteroids and folic acid antagonists in the treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis. Evaluation and prognosis based on the study of 104 cases. | 649 | ||
| Isotretinoin vs etretinate therapy in generalized pustular and chronic psoriasis. | 649 | ||
| Generalized pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch) responding to cyclosporin A. | 649 | ||
| Infliximab in recalcitrant generalized pustular arthropatic psoriasis. | 649 | ||
| Pustular psoriasis induced by infliximab. | 649 | ||
| Long-term efficacy of adalimumab in generalized pustular psoriasis. | 649 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 649 | ||
| Etanercept at different dosages in the treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis: a case series. | 650 | ||
| Generalised pustular psoriasis: response to topical calcipotriol. | 650 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 650 | ||
| Colchicine in generalized pustular psoriasis: clinical response and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity by monocytes and neutrophils. | 650 | ||
| 204 Psychogenic excoriation | 651 | ||
| Management strategy | 651 | ||
| Specific investigations | 651 | ||
| Psychogenic excoriation. Clinical features, proposed diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and approaches to treatment. | 651 | ||
| Characteristics of 34 adults with psychogenic excoriation. | 652 | ||
| Neurotic excoriations and dermatitis artefacta. | 652 | ||
| The psychiatric profile of patients with psychogenic excoriations. | 652 | ||
| Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive– compulsive disorder. | 652 | ||
| Neurotic excortiations: a diagnosis of exclusion. | 652 | ||
| First-line therapies | 652 | ||
| Psychopharmacology for dermatologic patients. | 652 | ||
| Improvement of chronic neurotic excoriations with oral doxepin therapy. | 652 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 652 | ||
| Sertraline in the treatment of neurotic excoriations and related disorders. | 652 | ||
| Paroxetine in a case of psychogenic pruritus and neurotic excoriations. | 652 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 652 | ||
| A double-blind trial of fluoxetine in pathologic skin picking. | 652 | ||
| An open clinical trial of fluvoxamine treatment of psychogenic excoriation. | 652 | ||
| Use of escitalopram in psychogenic excoriation. | 652 | ||
| Neurotic excoriations: a review and some new perspectives. | 652 | ||
| Neurotic excoriations: a personality evaluation. | 653 | ||
| Neurotic excoriations. | 653 | ||
| Clinical experience with pimozide: emphasis on its use in post-herpetic neuralgia. | 653 | ||
| Efficacy of olanzapine in the treatment of psychogenic excoriation. | 653 | ||
| The treatment of psychogenic excoriation and obsessive compulsive disorder using aripiprazole and fluoxetine. | 653 | ||
| Aripiprazole augmentation of venlafaxine in the treatment of psychogenic excoriation. | 653 | ||
| Naltrexone for neurotic excoriations. | 653 | ||
| Psychotherapeutic strategy and neurotic excoriations. | 653 | ||
| Treatment of facial scarring and ulceration resulting from acne excoriée with 585-nm pulsed dye laser irradiation and cognitive psychotherapy. | 653 | ||
| Acne excoriée: a case report of treatment using habit reversal. | 653 | ||
| The behavioral treatment of neurodermatitis through habit reversal. | 653 | ||
| Treatment of neurodermatitis by behavior therapy: a case study. | 653 | ||
| Using hypnosis to facilitate resolution of psychogenic excoriations in acne excoriée. | 653 | ||
| Narrow-band ultraviolet B as a potential alternative treatment for resistant psychogenic excoriation: an open-label study. | 653 | ||
| 205 Pyoderma gangrenosum | 654 | ||
| Management strategy | 654 | ||
| Specific investigations | 654 | ||
| First-line therapies | 654 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus for pyoderma gangrenosum. | 654 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus in the management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. | 654 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum of the scalp. | 654 | ||
| Beclometasone inhaler used to treat pyoderma gangrenosum. | 654 | ||
| Sulfapyridine and sulphone-type drugs in dermatology. | 655 | ||
| Triamcinolone and pyoderma gangrenosum. | 655 | ||
| The successful use of minocycline in pyoderma gangrenosum – a report of seven cases and review of the literature. | 655 | ||
| Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with topical 0.5% nicotine cream. | 655 | ||
| Successful treatment of severe pyoderma gangrenosum with pimecrolimus cream 1%. | 655 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum. A study of nineteen cases. | 655 | ||
| The treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with sodium cromoglycate. | 655 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 655 | ||
| Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine: results in seven patients. | 655 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum. Clinical and laboratory findings in 15 patients with special reference to polyarthritis. | 655 | ||
| Therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. | 655 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 655 | ||
| Infliximab for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. | 656 | ||
| Improvement of pyoderma gangrenosum and psoriasis associated with Crohn’s disease with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody. | 656 | ||
| Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with etanercept. | 656 | ||
| Adalimumab therapy for recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| Adalimumab for treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| An open-label pilot study of alefacept for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum. Response to cyclophosphamide therapy. | 656 | ||
| Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulses in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. | 656 | ||
| Chlorambucil is an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum–response to topical nitrogen mustard. | 656 | ||
| Leukocytapheresis treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| Efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis for three cases of refractory pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| Granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis for pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| Efficacy of human intravenous immune globulin in pyoderma gangrenosum. | 656 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin for pyoderma gangrenosum. | 657 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin is effective as a sole immunomodulatory agent in pyoderma gangrenosum unresponsive to systemic corticosteroids. | 657 | ||
| Clearing of pyoderma gangrenosum by intralesional cyclosporin A. | 657 | ||
| Resolution of severe pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with streaking leukocyte factor disease after treatment with tacrolimus (FK506). | 657 | ||
| Recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum treated with systemic tacrolimus. | 657 | ||
| Successful therapy of refractory pyoderma gangrenosum and periorbital phlegmona with tacrolimus (FK506) in ulcerative colitis. | 657 | ||
| Crohn’s disease with cutaneous involvement. | 657 | ||
| Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with colchicine. | 657 | ||
| Case report. Severe pyoderma associated with familial Mediterranean fever: favorable response to colchicine in three patients. | 657 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum with severe pharyngeal involvement. | 657 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum chez un enfant: traitement par la thalidomide. | 657 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Behçet’s syndrome – response to thalidomide. | 657 | ||
| Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with potassium iodide. | 657 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine treatment for recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. | 657 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil in pyoderma gangrenosum. | 657 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum in myelodysplasia responding to granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). | 657 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with perilesional granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. | 657 | ||
| Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with methotrexate. | 657 | ||
| Topical platelet-derived growth factor accelerates healing of myelodysplastic syndrome-associated pyoderma gangrenosum. | 658 | ||
| Recombinant human epidermal growth factor enhances wound healing of pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with ulcerative colitis. | 658 | ||
| Clofazimine. A new agent for treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. | 658 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. | 658 | ||
| Superficial pyoderma gangrenosum responding to treatment with isotretinoin. | 658 | ||
| Targeted treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum in PAPA (pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne) syndrome with the recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra. | 658 | ||
| Interleukin 23 expression in pyoderma gangrenosum and targeted therapy with ustekinumab. | 658 | ||
| Penile pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with topical imiquimod. | 658 | ||
| Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance related pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. | 658 | ||
| Pyoderma gangrenosum treated successfully with visilizumab in patients with ulcerative colitis. | 658 | ||
| Two percent topical phenytoin sodium solution in treating pyoderma gangrenosum: a cohort study. | 658 | ||
| Split skin grafts in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum: a report of four cases. | 658 | ||
| Free flap coverage of pyoderma gangrenosum leg ulcers. | 658 | ||
| 206 Pyogenic granuloma | 659 | ||
| Management strategy | 659 | ||
| Specific investigations | 659 | ||
| First-line therapies | 659 | ||
| Pyogenic granuloma in children. | 659 | ||
| Comparison of cyrotherapy and curettage for the treatment of pyogenic granuloma: a randomized trial. | 659 | ||
| Treatment of pyogenic granuloma by shave excision and laser photocoagulation. | 660 | ||
| The efficacy of silver nitrate cauterization for pyogenic granuloma of the hand. | 660 | ||
| Pyogenic granuloma – the quest for optimum treatment. Audit of treatment of 408 cases. | 660 | ||
| Cryotherapy in the treatment of pyogenic granuloma. | 660 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 660 | ||
| Treatment of pyogenic granuloma in children with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. | 660 | ||
| The combined continuous-wave/pulsed carbon dioxide laser for treatment of pyogenic granuloma. | 660 | ||
| Pyogenic granulomas: treatment with the 1064-nm long-pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser in 20 patients. | 660 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 660 | ||
| Surgical pearl: ligation of the base of a pyogenic granuloma-an atraumatic, simple, and cost-effective procedure. | 660 | ||
| Pyogenic granuloma in ten children treated with topical imiquimod. | 661 | ||
| Treatment of pyogenic granuloma by sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy. | 661 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid intralesionsal injection for pyogenic granuloma. | 661 | ||
| Pyogenic granuloma that responded to local injection of steroid. | 661 | ||
| Complete resolution of recurrent giant pyogenic granuloma on the palm of the hand following single dose of intralesional bleomycin injection. | 661 | ||
| Topical phenol as a conservative treatment for periungal pyogenic granuloma. | 661 | ||
| 207 Radiation dermatitis | 662 | ||
| Management strategy | 662 | ||
| Specific investigations | 662 | ||
| Radio-induced malignancies of the scalp about 98 patients with 150 lesions and literature review. | 662 | ||
| First-line therapies | 662 | ||
| Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy: clinical update. | 662 | ||
| The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. | 662 | ||
| Topical corticosteroid therapy for acute radiation dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. | 662 | ||
| Phase III randomized trial of Calendula officinalis compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer. | 663 | ||
| Trolamine-containing topical emulsion: clinical applications in dermatology. | 663 | ||
| Skin treatment with Bepanthen cream versus no cream during radiotherapy – a randomized control trial. | 663 | ||
| Topical silver sulfadiazine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer. | 663 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 663 | ||
| Phase 2 study of silver leaf dressing for treatment of ration-induced dermatitis in patients receiving radiotherapy to the head and neck. | 663 | ||
| Silver leaf nylon dressing to prevent radiation dermatitis in patients undergoing chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy to the perineum. | 663 | ||
| Assessing the effectiveness of Dead Sea products as prophylactic agents for acute radiochemotherapy-induced skin and mucosal toxicity in patients with head and neck cancers: a phase 2 study. | 663 | ||
| The cytoprotective effect of amifostine in acute radiation dermatitis: a retrospective analysis. | 663 | ||
| Prophylactic effect of pentoxifylline on radiotherapy complications: a clinical study. | 663 | ||
| Celecoxib reduces skin damage after radiation: selective reduction of chemokine and receptor mRNA expression in irradiated skin but not irradiated mammary tumor. | 663 | ||
| Topical amitriptyline, ketamine, and lidocaine in neuropathic pain caused by radiation skin reaction: a pilot study. | 663 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 663 | ||
| Chronic radiodermatitis injury after cardiac catheterization. | 664 | ||
| 208 Raynaud disease and phenomenon | 665 | ||
| Management strategy | 665 | ||
| Specific investigations | 665 | ||
| Nailfold digital capillaroscopy in 447 patients with connective tissue disease and Raynaud’s disease. | 665 | ||
| Assessment of nailfold capillaroscopy by × 30 digital epiluminescence (dermoscopy) in patients with Raynaud phenomenon. | 665 | ||
| First-line therapies | 665 | ||
| Controlled double-blind trial of the clinical effect of nifedipine in the treatment of idiopathic Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 666 | ||
| Comparison of intravenous infusions of iloprost and oral nifedipine in treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: a double blind randomised study. | 666 | ||
| To compare the efficacy and safety of nifedipine sustained release with Ginkgo biloba extract to treat patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon in South Korea: Korean Raynaud study (KOARA study). | 666 | ||
| A double-blind placebo controlled crossover randomized trail of diltiazem in Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 666 | ||
| Digital vascular response to topical glyceryl trinitrate, as measured by laser Doppler imaging, in primary Raynaud’s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. | 666 | ||
| Iloprost treatment in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis and the quality of life: a new therapeutic protocol. | 666 | ||
| Oral iloprost in Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a multicentre, placebo-controlled, dose-comparison study. | 666 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 666 | ||
| Oral vasodilators for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 666 | ||
| Treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. | 666 | ||
| Successful treatment of patients with severe secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon with the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan. | 666 | ||
| Effect of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a double-blind prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. | 667 | ||
| Losartan therapy for Raynaud’s phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel group, controlled trial. | 667 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 667 | ||
| Efficacy of tadalafil in secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon resistant to vasodilator therapy: a double-blind randomized cross-over trial. | 667 | ||
| A double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial of Hexopal in primary Raynaud’s disease. | 667 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 667 | ||
| Efficacy evaluation of prostaglandin E1 against placebo in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and significant Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 667 | ||
| A double-blind controlled trial of low dose acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 667 | ||
| Calcitonin gene-related peptide in treatment of severe peripheral vascular insufficiency in Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 667 | ||
| Oral L-arginine can reverse digital necrosis in Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 667 | ||
| Treatment of severe Raynaud’s syndrome by injection of autologous blood pretreated by heating, ozonation, and exposure to ultraviolet light (H-O-U) therapy. | 667 | ||
| Triiodothyronine treatment for Raynaud’s phenomenon: a controlled trial. | 667 | ||
| Helicobactor pylori eradication ameliorates primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 667 | ||
| The use of digital artery sympathectomy as a salvage procedure for severe ischemia of Raynaud’s disease and phenomenon. | 667 | ||
| Double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled low laser therapy study in patients with primary Reynaud’s phenomenon. | 668 | ||
| Treatment of primary Raynaud’s syndrome with traditional Chinese acupuncture. | 668 | ||
| Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a double-blind study. | 668 | ||
| Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon: a double blind controlled, prospective study. | 668 | ||
| Use of biofeedback training treatment of Raynaud’s disease and phenomenon. | 668 | ||
| Botulinum toxin in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a pilot study. | 668 | ||
| Clinical and objective data on spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of severe Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 668 | ||
| 209 Reactive arthritis | 669 | ||
| Management strategy | 669 | ||
| Antibiotic use | 669 | ||
| Other modalities | 669 | ||
| Specific investigations | 669 | ||
| European guideline for the management of sexually acquired reactive arthritis. | 669 | ||
| 210 Relapsing polychondritis | 673 | ||
| Relapsing polychondritis. | 673 | ||
| Relapsing polychondritis. Survival and predictive role of early disease manifestations. | 673 | ||
| Otologic manifestations of relapsing polychondritis. Review of literature and report of nine cases. | 673 | ||
| Relapsing polychondritis: systemic and ocular manifestations, differential diagnosis, management, and prognosis. | 673 | ||
| Relapsing polychondritis: prevalence of expiratory CT airway abnormalities. | 673 | ||
| Dermatologic manifestations of relapsing polychondritis. A study of 200 cases at a single center. | 674 | ||
| Association of myelodysplastic syndrome and relapsing polychondritis: further evidence. | 674 | ||
| Cardiovascular involvement in relapsing polychondritis. | 674 | ||
| Neurologic manifestations of connective tissue disease. | 674 | ||
| Renal involvement in relapsing polychondritis. | 674 | ||
| The relapsing polychondritis disease activity index: development of a disease activity score for relapsing polychondritis. | 674 | ||
| Management strategy | 674 | ||
| Specific investigations | 675 | ||
| First-line therapies | 675 | ||
| Treatment of relapsing polychondritis with dapsone. | 675 | ||
| 211 Rhinophyma | 677 | ||
| Management strategy | 677 | ||
| Specific investigations | 677 | ||
| Rhinophyma and coexisting occult skin cancers. | 677 | ||
| First-line treatments | 677 | ||
| Triple approach to rhinophyma. | 677 | ||
| Second-line treatments | 677 | ||
| Electrosurgical treatment of rhinophyma. | 677 | ||
| Surgical management of rhinophyma: report of eight patients treated with electrosection. | 677 | ||
| Rhinophyma treated by argon laser. | 677 | ||
| Comparison of CO2 laser and electrosurgery in the treatment of rhinophyma. | 677 | ||
| Carbon dioxide laser treatment of rhinophyma: a review of 124 patients. | 677 | ||
| Spectrum of results after treatment of rhinophyma with the carbon dioxide laser. | 678 | ||
| Excision of rhinophyma with Nd:YAG laser: a new technique. | 678 | ||
| Treatment of rhinophyma with Er:YAG laser. | 678 | ||
| Use of a dual-mode erbium:YAG laser for the surgical correction of rhinophyma. | 678 | ||
| Rhinophyma treated by liquid nitrogen spray cryosurgery. | 678 | ||
| Isotretinoin in the treatment of rosacea and rhinophyma. | 678 | ||
| New surgical adjuncts in the treatment of rhinophyma: the microdebrider and FloSeal™. | 678 | ||
| Surgical treatment of rhinophyma with the Shaw scalpel. | 678 | ||
| Rhinophyma, associated with carcinoma, treated successfully with radiation. | 678 | ||
| Rhinophyma treated with kilovoltage photons. | 678 | ||
| Treatment of rhinophyma with the Versajet Hydrosurgery System. | 678 | ||
| 212 Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial infections | 679 | ||
| Rickettsial spotted fevers | 679 | ||
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | 679 | ||
| Management strategy | 679 | ||
| Fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in family clusters – three states, 2003. | 680 | ||
| Clinical and laboratory features, hospital course, and outcome of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children. | 680 | ||
| Specific investigations | 680 | ||
| Laboratory diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. | 680 | ||
| A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group Rickettsiae. | 680 | ||
| Identification of rickettsial infections by using cutaneous swab specimens and PCR. | 680 | ||
| First-line therapies | 680 | ||
| Should tetracycline be contraindicated for therapy of presumed RMSF in children less than 9 years of age? | 680 | ||
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a clinician’s dilemma. | 681 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 681 | ||
| Analysis of risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: evidence for superiority of tetracyclines for therapy. | 681 | ||
| Clarithromycin versus azithromycin in the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever in children: a randomized controlled trial. | 681 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 681 | ||
| Evaluation of the antirickettsial activities of fluoroquinolones. | 681 | ||
| Typhus group | 681 | ||
| Management strategy | 681 | ||
| Epidemic typhus | 681 | ||
| Murine typhus | 681 | ||
| Scrub typhus | 681 | ||
| Specific investigations | 681 | ||
| First-line therapies | 681 | ||
| Comparison of the effectiveness of five different antibiotic regimens on infection with Rickettsia typhi: therapeutic data from 87 cases. | 682 | ||
| Doxycycline and rifampicin for mild scrub-typhus infections in northern Thailand: a randomized trial. | 682 | ||
| Doxycycline versus azithromycin for treatment of leptospirosis and scrub typhus. | 682 | ||
| Murine typhus in central Greece: epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic-response features of 90 cases. | 682 | ||
| Rickettsialpox | 682 | ||
| 213 Rosacea | 684 | ||
| Management strategy | 684 | ||
| Specific investigations | 684 | ||
| Inflammatory rosacea | 684 | ||
| First-line treatments | 684 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea with 1% metronidazole cream. | 684 | ||
| The efficacy of metronidazole 1% cream once daily compared with metronidazole cream twice daily and their vehicles in rosacea: a double-blind clinical trial. | 684 | ||
| Topical metronidazole maintains remissions of rosacea. | 684 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the combined effect of doxycycline hyclate 20 mg tablets and metronidazole 0.75% topical lotion in the treatment of rosacea. | 684 | ||
| Topical azelaic acid in the treatment of rosacea. | 685 | ||
| Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid 20% cream and its vehicle in treatment of papulo-pustular rosacea. | 685 | ||
| A comparison of 15% azelaic acid gel and 0.75% metronidazole gel in the topical treatment of papulopustular rosacea. | 685 | ||
| A clinical trial of tetracycline in rosacea. | 685 | ||
| Safety of long-term tetracycline therapy for acne. | 685 | ||
| Two randomized phase III clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, USP capsules) administered once daily for treatment of rosacea. | 685 | ||
| A double-blind study of 1% metronidazole cream versus systemic oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea. | 685 | ||
| Steroid rosacea in prepubertal children. | 685 | ||
| Beneficial use of Cetaphil moisturizing cream as part of a daily skin care regimen for individuals with rosacea. | 685 | ||
| Second-line treatments | 685 | ||
| Topically applied erythromycin in rosacea. | 685 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea: topical clindamycin versus oral tetracycline. | 685 | ||
| Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial of once-daily benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin topical gel in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe rosacea. | 685 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea by metronidazole. | 685 | ||
| A double-blinded trial of metronidazole versus oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea. | 685 | ||
| Topical treatment of acne rosacea with benzoyl peroxide acetone gel. | 686 | ||
| Comparative effectiveness of tetracycline and ampicillin in rosacea. A controlled trial. | 686 | ||
| A novel treatment for acne vulgaris and rosacea. | 686 | ||
| Therapeutic potential of azithromycin in rosacea. | 686 | ||
| Oral use of azithromycin for the treatment of acne rosacea. | 686 | ||
| Third-line treatments | 686 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea with isotretinoin. | 686 | ||
| Continuous microdose isotretinoin in adult recalcitrant rosacea. | 686 | ||
| Topical tretinoin for rosacea; a preliminary report. | 686 | ||
| Adapalene vs. metronidazole gel for the treatment of rosacea. | 686 | ||
| Topical treatment with sulfur 10% for rosacea. | 686 | ||
| The treatment of rosacea: the safety and efficacy of sodium sulfacetamide 10% and sulfur 5% lotion (Novacet) is demonstrated in a double-blind study. | 686 | ||
| Comparative study of triamcinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in rosacea with special regard to the rebound phenomenon. | 686 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea with ketoconazole. | 687 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea with bifonazole cream: a preliminary report. | 687 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy in a series of rosacea patients. | 687 | ||
| Oral spironolactone therapy in male patients with rosacea. | 687 | ||
| Demodex folliculorum and topical treatment: action evaluated by standardized skin surface biopsy. | 687 | ||
| A pilot study of 5% permethrin cream versus 0.75% metronidazole gel in acne rosacea. | 687 | ||
| Permethrin 5% cream versus metronidazole 0.75% gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. | 687 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea-like demodicidosis with oral ivermectin and topical permethrin cream. | 687 | ||
| A study on Demodex folliculorum in rosacea. | 687 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduces the severity of rosacea. | 687 | ||
| The response of rosacea to eradication of Helicobacter pylori. | 687 | ||
| The effect of the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on rosacea. | 687 | ||
| Effective sunscreen ingredients and cutaneous irritation in patients with rosacea. | 687 | ||
| Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea: a preliminary report. | 687 | ||
| Tacrolimus effect on rosacea. | 687 | ||
| Pimecrolimus for treatment of acne rosacea. | 687 | ||
| Pimecrolimus cream 1% for papulopustular rosacea: a randomized vehicle-controlled double-blind trial. | 688 | ||
| Incidental control of rosacea by somatostatin. | 688 | ||
| Effect of oral inhibitors of ovulation in treatment of rosacea and dermatitis perioralis in women. | 688 | ||
| Topical application of NADH for the treatment of rosacea and contact dermatitis. | 688 | ||
| Topical application of 1-methylnicotinamide in the treatment of rosacea: a pilot study. | 688 | ||
| The Nicomide Improvement in Clinical Outcomes Study (NICOS): results of an 8-week trial. | 688 | ||
| Oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of rosacea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. | 688 | ||
| Low-strength trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of rosacea. | 688 | ||
| Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea | 688 | ||
| First-line therapies | 688 | ||
| Once-daily topical brimonidine tartrate gel 0.5% is a novel treatment for moderate to severe facial erythema of rosacea: results of two multicentre, randomized and vehicle-controlled studies. | 688 | ||
| Successful treatment of the erythema and flushing of rosacea using a topically applied selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist, oxymetazoline. | 688 | ||
| Decorative cosmetics improve the quality of life in patients with disfiguring skin diseases. | 688 | ||
| Objective and quantitative improvement of rosacea- associated erythema after intense pulsed light treatment. | 688 | ||
| Treatment of rosacea with intense pulsed light. | 689 | ||
| Treatment of facial vascular lesions with intense pulsed light. | 689 | ||
| Argon laser treatment of the red nose. | 689 | ||
| Flash lamp pumped dye laser for rosacea-associated telangiectasia and erythema. | 689 | ||
| Pulsed dye laser therapy for rosacea. | 689 | ||
| How laser surgery can help your rosacea patients. | 689 | ||
| Hair dryer use to optimize pulsed dye laser treatment in rosacea patients. | 689 | ||
| The response of erythematous rosacea to ondansetron. | 689 | ||
| Rosacea flushing | 689 | ||
| First-line therapies | 689 | ||
| Clonidine and facial flushing in rosacea. | 689 | ||
| Flushing in rosacea: a possible mechanism. | 689 | ||
| Effect of subdepressor clonidine on flushing reactions in rosacea. Change in malar thermal circulation index during provoked flushing reactions. | 689 | ||
| Rilmenidine in rosacea: a double-blind study versus placebo. | 689 | ||
| Effect of nadolol on flushing reactions in rosacea. | 689 | ||
| Alcohol-induced rosacea flushing blocked by naloxone. | 690 | ||
| Hypnosis in dermatology. | 690 | ||
| Influence of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist granisetron on erythema and flushing tendency in rosacea patients. | 690 | ||
| Rosacea lymphedema (morbihan’s disease) | 690 | ||
| 214 Sarcoidosis | 692 | ||
| Management strategy | 692 | ||
| Specific investigations | 692 | ||
| Sarcoidosis. | 692 | ||
| Sarcoidosis: a comprehensive review and update for the dermatologist – Part I. Cutaneous disease. | 692 | ||
| First-line therapies | 693 | ||
| Verrucous cutaneous sarcoidosis in an adolescent with dark skin. | 693 | ||
| A case of scar sarcoidosis of the eyelid. | 693 | ||
| Evidence-based therapy for cutaneous sarcoidosis. | 693 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with chloroquine: review of the literature. | 693 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine is effective therapy for control of cutaneous sarcoidal granulomas. | 693 | ||
| Methotrexate is steroid sparing in acute sarcoidosis: results of a double blind, randomized trial. | 693 | ||
| Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. | 693 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 693 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil may serve as a steroid-sparing agent for sarcoidosis. | 693 | ||
| Treatment of lupus pernio: The results of 116 treatment courses in 54 patients. | 693 | ||
| Treatment of sarcoidosis with infliximab. | 694 | ||
| The use of tetracyclines for the treatment of sarcoidosis. | 694 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 694 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with thalidomide. | 694 | ||
| A case of cutaneous acral sarcoidosis with response to allopurinol. | 694 | ||
| Cutaneous sarcoidosis: complete remission after oral isotretinoin therapy. | 694 | ||
| Long-term use of azathioprine as a steroid-sparing treatment. | 694 | ||
| Chlorambucil treatment of sarcoidosis. | 694 | ||
| Scar sarcoidosis following tattooing of the lips treated with mepacrine. | 694 | ||
| Successful treatment of recalcitrant cutaneous sarcoidosis with fumaric acid esters. | 695 | ||
| Lichenoid type of cutaneous sarcoidosis: great response to topical tacrolimus. | 695 | ||
| Intralesional chloroquine for the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis. | 695 | ||
| Cutaneous nasal sarcoidosis: treatment by excision and split-skin grafting. | 695 | ||
| CO2 laser vaporization for disfiguring lupus pernio. | 695 | ||
| Scar sarcoidosis in a child: case report of successful treatment with the pulsed dye laser. | 695 | ||
| Successful treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis lesions with the flashlamp pumped pulsed dye laser: A case report. | 695 | ||
| Melatonin is a safe and effective treatment for chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. | 695 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of apremilast in chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis. | 695 | ||
| Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis. | 695 | ||
| Adalimumab for treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis. | 695 | ||
| Cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with medium-dose UVA1. | 695 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous sarcoid with topical gel psoralen and ultraviolet A. | 695 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis. | 696 | ||
| Cutaneous sarcoid mimicking tinea imbricata. | 696 | ||
| 215 Scabies | 697 | ||
| Epidemiology of scabies prevalence in the U.K. from general practice records. | 697 | ||
| Management strategy | 697 | ||
| Specific investigations | 697 | ||
| Epiluminescence microscopy. A new approach to in vivo detection of Sarcoptes scabiei. | 697 | ||
| ‘Wake sign’: an important clue for the diagnosis of scabies. | 698 | ||
| The burrow ink test and the scabies mite. | 698 | ||
| A diagnostic test for scabies: IgE specificity for a recombinant allergen of Sarcoptes scabiei. | 698 | ||
| First-line therapies | 698 | ||
| Permethrin 5% dermal cream: a new treatment for scabies. | 698 | ||
| Sarcoptes scabiei infestation treated with malathion liquid. | 698 | ||
| A family based study on the treatment of scabies with benzyl benzoate and sulphur ointment. | 698 | ||
| Interventions for treating scabies. | 698 | ||
| Ivermectin versus benzyl benzoate applied once or twice to treat human scabies in Dakar, Senegal: a randomized controlled trial. | 698 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 698 | ||
| Therapeutic efficacy, secondary effects, and patient acceptability of 10% sulfur in either pork fat or cold cream for the treatment of scabies. | 698 | ||
| Permethrin versus crotamiton and lindane in the treatment of scabies. | 698 | ||
| Comparison of crotamiton 10% cream (Eurax) and permethrin 5% cream (Elimite) for the treatment of scabies in children. | 698 | ||
| Tratamiento de la escabiasis con ivermectina por via oral. | 698 | ||
| Comparison of ivermectin and benzyl benzoate for treatment of scabies. | 698 | ||
| Treatment of scabies with ivermectin. | 699 | ||
| Variable response of crusted scabies to oral ivermectin: report on eight Egyptian patients. | 699 | ||
| A comparative trial of oral ivermectin and topical permethrin in the treatment of scabies. | 699 | ||
| Safety of and compliance with community-based ivermectin therapy. | 699 | ||
| Adverse reactions after large-scale treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin: combined results from eight community trials. | 699 | ||
| Deaths associated with ivermectin treatment of scabies. | 699 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 699 | ||
| Control of scabies by use of soap impregnated with tetra-ethylthiuram monosulphide (‘tetmosol’). | 699 | ||
| Scabies prophylaxis using ‘tetmosol’ soap. | 699 | ||
| Topically applied thiabendazole in the treatment of scabies. | 699 | ||
| A trial of co-trimoxazole in scabies. | 699 | ||
| Efficacy and tolerability of natural synergised pyrethrins in a new thermolabile foam formulation in topical treatment of scabies: a prospective randomized, investigator-blinded, comparative trial vs permethrin cream. | 699 | ||
| 216 Scleredema | 700 | ||
| Management strategy | 700 | ||
| Scleredema: a review of thirty cases. | 700 | ||
| Mucinoses (Chapter 46). | 700 | ||
| Specific investigations | 700 | ||
| Scleredema adultorum due to streptococcal infection. | 700 | ||
| Monoclonal gammopathy in scleredema: observations in three cases. | 700 | ||
| Scleredema associated with carcinoma of the gall bladder. | 700 | ||
| Scleredema and diabetes mellitus. | 700 | ||
| First-line therapies | 700 | ||
| Scleredema: a review of thirty-three cases. | 701 | ||
| Scleredema adultorum. Not always a benign self-limited disease. | 701 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 701 | ||
| Scleredema adultorum treated with narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy. | 701 | ||
| UVA1 phototherapy for cutaneous diseases: an experience of 92 cases in the United States. | 701 | ||
| Scleredema diabeticorum case series: successful treatment with UV-A1. | 701 | ||
| Scleredema diabeticorum successfully treated with ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. | 701 | ||
| Scleredema treated with broad-band ultraviolet A phototherapy plus colchicine. | 701 | ||
| Scleredema of Buschke successfully treated with electron beam therapy. | 701 | ||
| Electron-beam therapy in scleredema adultorum with associated monoclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. | 701 | ||
| Bath-PUVA therapy in three patients with scleredema adultorum. | 701 | ||
| Cream PUVA therapy for scleredema adultorum. | 702 | ||
| Ultrasonic massage and physical therapy for scleredema: improving activities of daily living. | 702 | ||
| Treatment of scleredema diabeticorum with tamoxifen. | 702 | ||
| Persistent scleredema of Buschke in a diabetic: improvement with high-dose penicillin. | 702 | ||
| Cylcosporine in scleredema. | 702 | ||
| Scleredema associated with paraproteinemia treated by extracorporeal photopheresis. | 702 | ||
| Beneficial effect of aggressive low-density lipoprotein apheresis in a familial hypercholesterolemic patient with severe diabetic scleredema. | 702 | ||
| Treatment with chemotherapy of scleredema associated with IgA myeloma. | 702 | ||
| 217 Scleroderma | 703 | ||
| Management strategy | 703 | ||
| Specific investigations | 703 | ||
| Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: anticentromere, Scl-70, and nucleolar antibodies. | 703 | ||
| Scleroderma: clinical and pathological advances. | 703 | ||
| First-line therapies | 703 | ||
| Iloprost for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. | 704 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers for Raynaud’s phenomenon. | 704 | ||
| Outcome of renal crisis in systemic sclerosis: relation to availability of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. | 704 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 704 | ||
| Evaluation of oral methotrexate in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. | 704 | ||
| Randomized placebo controlled trial of methotrexate in systemic sclerosis. | 704 | ||
| A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma. | 704 | ||
| The efficacy of oral cyclophosphamide plus prednisolone in early diffuse systemic sclerosis. | 704 | ||
| Randomized unblinded trial of cyclophosphamide versus azathioprine in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. | 704 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy with oral prednisolone in the treatment of interstitial lung disease with systemic sclerosis: 4-year follow-up. | 704 | ||
| Treatment of early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis patients in Japan by low-dose corticosteroids for skin involvement. | 704 | ||
| The vitamin A derivative etretinate improves skin sclerosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. | 704 | ||
| Losartan therapy for Raynaud’s phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial. | 704 | ||
| Therapeutic management of acral manifestations of systemic sclerosis. | 705 | ||
| Long-term evaluation of colchicine in the treatment of scleroderma. | 705 | ||
| Different low doses of broad-band UVA in the treatment of morphea and systemic sclerosis. | 705 | ||
| Effect of mycophenolate sodium in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease. | 705 | ||
| A prospective open-label study of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis. | 705 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 705 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis Study Group. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of photopheresis in systemic sclerosis. | 705 | ||
| Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) in the treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: results of a 1-year, phase IIa, single-arm, open-label clinical trial. | 705 | ||
| Cyclosporine in systemic sclerosis. | 705 | ||
| B cell depletion in diffuse progressive systemic sclerosis: safety, skin score modification and IL-6 modulation in an up to thirty-six months follow-up open-label trial. | 705 | ||
| Autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation compared with pulse cyclophosphamide once per month for systemic sclerosis (ASSIST): an open-label, randomised phase 2 trial. | 705 | ||
| Immune stimulation in scleroderma patients treated with thalidomide. | 705 | ||
| Reduced fibrosis and normalisation of skin structure in scleroderma patients treated with thalidomide. | 706 | ||
| Etanercept as treatment for diffuse scleroderma: a pilot study. | 706 | ||
| Minocycline in early diffuse scleroderma. | 706 | ||
| Minocycline is not effective in systemic sclerosis: results of an open-label multicenter trial. | 706 | ||
| Other: internal organ involvement | 706 | ||
| Prostacyclin for pulmonary hypertension in adults. | 706 | ||
| Review of bosentan in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension. | 706 | ||
| Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. | 706 | ||
| Interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis: what is the evidence for efficacy of cyclophosphamide? | 706 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide is associated with pulmonary function and survival benefit in patients with scleroderma and alveolitis. | 706 | ||
| Renal transplantation in scleroderma. | 706 | ||
| Omeprazole in the long-term treatment of severe gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in patients with systemic sclerosis. | 706 | ||
| 218 Sebaceous hyperplasia | 707 | ||
| Management strategy | 707 | ||
| Specific investigations | 707 | ||
| Alta prevalencia de hiperplasias sebaceas en transplantados renales. | 707 | ||
| First-line therapies | 707 | ||
| Surgical pearl: intralesional electrodesiccation of sebaceous hyperplasia. | 707 | ||
| Guidelines of care for cryosurgery. | 707 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 707 | ||
| Successful treatment of cyclosporine-induced sebaceous hyperplasia with oral isotretinoin in two renal transplant recipients. | 707 | ||
| Premature familial sebaceous hyperplasia: successful response to oral isotretinoin in three patients. | 707 | ||
| Isotretinoin for the treatment of sebaceous hyperplasia. | 707 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy of sebaceous hyperplasia with topical 5-aminolaevulenic acid and slide projector. | 707 | ||
| Treatment of sebaceous gland hyperplasia by photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid and a blue light source or intense pulsed light source. | 708 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 708 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy with topical aminolevulenic acid and pulsed dye laser irradiation for sebaceous hyperplasia. | 708 | ||
| Sebaceous hyperplasia treated with a 1450-nm diode laser. | 708 | ||
| Elucidating the pulsed-dye laser treatment of sebaceous hyperplasia in vivo with real-time confocal scanning laser microscopy. | 708 | ||
| A three year experience with the argon laser in dermatotherapy. | 708 | ||
| Sebaceous gland hyperplasia as a side effect of cyclosporin A. Treatment with the CO2 laser. | 708 | ||
| Controlled cosmetic dermal ablation in the facial region with the erbium:YAG laser. | 708 | ||
| The treatment of benign sebaceous hyperplasia with the topical application of bichloracetic acid. | 708 | ||
| Surgical removal | 708 | ||
| 219 Seborrheic eczema | 709 | ||
| Management strategy | 709 | ||
| Specific investigations | 709 | ||
| New insights into HIV-1-primary skin disorders. | 709 | ||
| Seborrheic dermatitis in neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism. | 709 | ||
| Cutaneous changes in chronic alcoholics. | 709 | ||
| Non-scalp disease | 709 | ||
| First-line therapies | 709 | ||
| Ketoconazole 2% cream versus hydrocortisone 1% cream in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. A double-blind comparative study. | 709 | ||
| Comparative study of ketoconazole 2% foaming gel and betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% lotion in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis in adults. | 709 | ||
| Randomised double blind controlled trial of 2% ketoconazole cream versus 0.05% clobetasol 17-butyrate cream in seborrhoeic dermatitis. | 710 | ||
| A novel foam formulation of ketoconazole 2% for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis on multiple body regions. | 710 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 710 | ||
| A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of lithium succinate ointment in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. | 710 | ||
| Lithium gluconate 8% vs ketoconazole 2% in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicentre, randomized study. | 710 | ||
| Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study on clinical efficacy of ciclopiroxolamine 1% cream in facial seborrhoeic dermatitis. | 710 | ||
| Pimecrolimus 1% cream, methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1% cream and metronidazole 0.75% gel in the treatment of seborrhoea dermatitis: a randomized clinical study. | 710 | ||
| Single-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis with hydrocortisone 1% ointment compared with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in adults. | 710 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 710 | ||
| Oral terbinafine in the treatment of multi-site seborrheic dermatitis: a multicentre, double-blind placebo-controlled study. | 710 | ||
| Oral itraconazole for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: an open, non-comparative trial. | 710 | ||
| Metronidazole 0.75% gel vs. ketoconazole 2% cream in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis: a randomized, double blind study. | 710 | ||
| An investigator-blind, randomized, 4-week, parallel-group, multicenter pilot study to compare the safety and efficacy of a nonsteroidal cream (Promiseb Topical Cream) and desonide cream 0.05% in the twice-daily treatment of mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis of the face. | 711 | ||
| Narrow-band ultraviolet B (TL-01) phototherapy is an effective and safe treatment option for patients with severe seborrhoeic dermatitis. | 711 | ||
| Benzoyl peroxide in seborrheic dermatitis. | 711 | ||
| Efficacy of terbinafine 1% cream on seborrheic dermatitis. | 711 | ||
| Scalp disease | 711 | ||
| First-line therapies | 711 | ||
| Successful treatment and prophylaxis of scalp seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff with 2% ketoconazole shampoo: results of a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 711 | ||
| Treatment and prophylaxis of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp with antipityrosporal 1% ciclopirox shampoo. | 711 | ||
| Clinical efficacies of shampoos containing ciclopirox olamine (1.5%) and ketoconazole (2%) in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. | 711 | ||
| A multicenter randomized trial of ketoconazole 2% and zinc pyrithione 1% shampoos in severe dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. | 711 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 711 | ||
| Propylene glycol in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp: a double-blind study. | 711 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ketoconazole 2% shampoo versus selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo in the treatment of moderate to severe dandruff. | 711 | ||
| Seborrhoeic dermatitis and Pityrosporum orbiculare: treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp with miconazole-hydrocortisone (Daktacort), miconazole and hydrocortisone. | 711 | ||
| Clinical efficacies of topical agents for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp: a comparative study. | 712 | ||
| Efficacy of betamethasone valerate 0.1% thermophobic foam in seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp: an open-label, multicentre, prospective trial on 180 patients. | 712 | ||
| Efficacious and safe management of moderate to severe scalp seborrhoeic dermatitis using clobetasol propionate shampoo 0.05% combined with ketoconazole shampoo 2%: a randomized, controlled study. | 712 | ||
| 220 Seborrheic keratosis | 713 | ||
| Management strategy | 713 | ||
| Seborrheic keratosis variants | 713 | ||
| Multiple seborrheic keratoses | 713 | ||
| Specific investigations | 713 | ||
| Sign of Leser–Trelat. | 713 | ||
| First-line therapies | 714 | ||
| Curettage of small basal cell papillomas with the disposable ring curette is superior to conventional treatment. | 714 | ||
| Skin tumours: seborrhoeic warts. | 714 | ||
| Cutaneous cryotherapy: principles and practice. | 714 | ||
| Treatment of superficial surgical wounds after removal of seborrhoeic keratoses: a single-blinded randomized- controlled study. | 714 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 714 | ||
| Focal trichloroacetic acid peel method for benign pigmented lesions in dark-skinned patients. | 714 | ||
| Use of the alexandrite laser for treatment of seborrhoeic keratoses. | 714 | ||
| Use of a long-pulse alexandrite laser in the treatment of superficial pigmented lesions. | 714 | ||
| Treatment of verruca vulgaris, seborrheic keratoses, lentigines, and actinic cheilitis. Clinical advantage of the CO2 laser superpulsed mode. | 714 | ||
| Ablation of cutaneous lesions using an erbium:YAG laser. | 714 | ||
| 532-nm diode laser treatment of seborrhoeic keratoses with color enhancement. | 714 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 714 | ||
| Giant seborrhoeic keratosis on the frontal scalp treated with topical fluorouracil. | 714 | ||
| Seborrhoeic keratoses: a study comparing the standard cryosurgery with topical calcipotriene, topical tazorotene and topical imiquimod. | 714 | ||
| Use of a keratolytic agent with occlusion for topical treatment of hyperkeratotic seborrhoeic keratoses. | 714 | ||
| 221 Sporotrichosis | 715 | ||
| Management strategy | 715 | ||
| Specific investigations | 715 | ||
| Disseminated sporotrichosis and Sporothrix schenckii fungemia as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | 715 | ||
| Potassium iodide in dermatology: a 19th century drug for the 21st century: uses, pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications. | 715 | ||
| Disseminated sporotrichosis associated with treatment with immunosuppressants and tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists. | 715 | ||
| Disseminated sporotrichosis as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. | 716 | ||
| Sporotrichosis. | 716 | ||
| First-line therapies | 716 | ||
| Treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with itraconazole: study of 645 patients. | 716 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of itraconazole pulses vs. continuous regimen in cutaneous sporotrichosis. | 716 | ||
| Cutaneous sporotrichosis in Himachal Pradesh, India. | 716 | ||
| Sporotrichosis in childhood: clinical and therapeutic experience in 25 patients. | 716 | ||
| Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and safety of two doses of terbinafine (500 and 1000 mg/day) in the treatment of cutaneous or lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. | 716 | ||
| Terbinafine (250 mg/day): an effective and safe treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis. | 716 | ||
| Comparative study of 250 mg/day terbinafine and 100 mg/day itraconazole for the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis. | 716 | ||
| Cutaneous and meningeal sporotrichosis in a HIV patient. | 717 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 717 | ||
| A Pan-American 5-year study of fluconazole therapy for deep mycoses in the immunocompetent host. Pan-American Study Group. | 717 | ||
| Treatment of lymphocutaneous and visceral sporotrichosis with fluconazole. | 717 | ||
| Hyperthermic treatment of sporotrichosis: experimental use of infrared and far infrared rays. | 717 | ||
| Cryosurgery as adjuvant therapy in cutaneous sporotrichosis. | 717 | ||
| Guidelines | 717 | ||
| Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | 717 | ||
| 222 Squamous cell carcinoma | 718 | ||
| Management strategy | 718 | ||
| Specific investigations | 718 | ||
| Surgical pearl: obtaining a clean histopathologic specimen using a ring curette. | 719 | ||
| Reliability of the histopathologic diagnosis of keratinocyte carcinomas. | 719 | ||
| Predictive value of margins in diagnostic biopsies of nonmelanoma skin cancers. | 719 | ||
| Epidermal growth factor receptor: a novel biomarker for aggressive head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. | 719 | ||
| RAS mutations in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors. | 719 | ||
| High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma without palpable lymphadenopathy: is there a therapeutic role for elective neck dissection? | 719 | ||
| Sentinel lymph node biopsy for high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: case series and review of the literature. | 719 | ||
| Role of neck ultrasound during follow-up care of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. | 719 | ||
| First-line therapies | 719 | ||
| Advanced cancer of the extremities treated by cryosurgery. | 719 | ||
| Controversies in skin surgery: electrodessication and curettage versus excision for low-risk, small, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. | 719 | ||
| The occurrence of residual or recurrent squamous cell carcinomas in organ transplant recipients after curettage and electrodesiccation. | 720 | ||
| Prospective trial of curettage and cryosurgery in the management of non-facial, superficial, and minimally invasive basal and squamous cell carcinoma. | 720 | ||
| Surgical margins for excision of primary squamous cell carcinoma. | 720 | ||
| Surgical margins of excision for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. | 720 | ||
| Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery in Australia I. Experience over 10 years. | 720 | ||
| Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery in Australia II. Perineural invasion. | 720 | ||
| Recurrence after treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a prospective cohort study. | 720 | ||
| Office-based radiation therapy for cutaneous carcinoma: evaluation of 710 treatments. | 720 | ||
| The use of brachytherapy in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a review. | 720 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 720 | ||
| Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen’s disease and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. | 720 | ||
| Topical imiquimod or fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. | 721 | ||
| Electrochemotherapy in primary and metastatic skin tumors: phase II trial using intralesional bleomycin. | 721 | ||
| Intralesional interferon alpha-2b in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma: revisited. | 721 | ||
| Intralesional methotrexate treatment for keratoacanthoma tumors: a retrospective study and review of the literature. | 721 | ||
| Intralesional chemotherapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: a practical review. | 721 | ||
| Intralesional agents in the management of cutaneous malignancy: a review. | 721 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 721 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma arising in osteomyelitis and chronic wounds. Treatment with Mohs’ micrographic surgery vs. amputation. | 721 | ||
| Methyl-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic keratoses and non-melanoma skin cancers: a retrospective analysis of response in 462 patients. | 721 | ||
| A review of laser and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. | 721 | ||
| Acitretin suppression of squamous cell carcinoma: case report and literature review. | 721 | ||
| Oral retinoid use reduces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk in patients with psoriasis treated with psoralen-UVA: a nested cohort study. | 722 | ||
| Systemic retinoids for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer in high-risk patients. | 722 | ||
| Phase II study of cetuximab as first-line single-drug therapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. | 722 | ||
| The promise of molecular targeted therapies: protein kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cutaneous malignancies. | 722 | ||
| Chemoradiation using low-dose cisplatin and 5- fluorouracil in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a report of two cases. | 722 | ||
| 223 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome | 723 | ||
| Management strategy | 723 | ||
| Early hospital discharge and cross-infection. | 723 | ||
| Nosocomial outbreak of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in neonates: epidemiological investigation and control. | 723 | ||
| Specific Investigations | 723 | ||
| Isolating Staphylococcus aureus from children with suspected staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is not clinically useful. | 724 | ||
| First-line therapies | 724 | ||
| Outbreak of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome among neonates. | 724 | ||
| Mild staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: an underdiagnosed clinical disorder. | 724 | ||
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in healthy adults. | 724 | ||
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome as a complication of septic arthritis. | 724 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 724 | ||
| A clinical and microbiological comparison of Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock and scalded skin syndromes in children. | 724 | ||
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in the course of lupus nephritis. | 724 | ||
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 724 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 724 | ||
| Antimicrobial agent of susceptibilities and antiseptic resistance gene distribution among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus isolates from patients with impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. | 724 | ||
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in two very low birth weight infants. | 724 | ||
| Adult staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | 724 | ||
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by exfoliative toxin B-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 725 | ||
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an extremely premature neonate: a case report with a brief review of the literature. | 725 | ||
| Severe staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in children. | 725 | ||
| An innovative local treatment for staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. | 725 | ||
| Use of skin substitute dressings in the treatment of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in neonates and young infants. | 725 | ||
| 224 Steatocystoma multiplex | 726 | ||
| Management strategy | 726 | ||
| Specific investigations | 726 | ||
| A novel mutation (p.Arg94Gly) of keratin 17 in a Chinese family with steatocystoma multiplex. | 726 | ||
| Steatocystoma multiplex, oligodontia and partial persistent primary dentition associated with a novel keratin 17 mutation. | 726 | ||
| First-line therapies | 726 | ||
| Steatocystoma multiplex suppurativum: treatment with isotretinoin. | 726 | ||
| The treatment of steatocystoma multiplex suppurativum with isotretinoin. | 726 | ||
| Isotretinoin in the treatment of steatocystoma multiplex: a possible adverse reaction. | 726 | ||
| Steatocystoma multiplex treated with isotretinoin: a delayed response. | 726 | ||
| Treatment of steatocystoma multiplex and pseudofolliculitis barbae with isotretinoin. | 726 | ||
| Successful treatment of steatocystoma multiplex by simple surgery. | 726 | ||
| Five generations with steatocystoma multiplex congenita: a treatment regimen. | 726 | ||
| Surgical pearl: mini-incisions for the extraction of steatocystoma multiplex. | 726 | ||
| A simple surgical technique for the treatment of steatocystoma multiplex. | 726 | ||
| Suggestion for the treatment of steatocystoma multiplex located exclusively on the face. | 727 | ||
| The vein hook successfully used for eradication of steatocystoma multiplex. | 727 | ||
| Perforation and extirpation of steatocystoma multiplex. | 727 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 727 | ||
| CO2 laser therapy for steatocystoma multiplex. | 727 | ||
| 1450-nm Diode laser in combination with the 1550-nm fractionated erbium-doped fiber laser for the treatment of steatocystoma multiplex: a case report. | 727 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 727 | ||
| Treatment of lesions of steatocystoma multiplex and other epidermal cysts by cryosurgery. | 727 | ||
| 225 Stoma care | 728 | ||
| Management strategy | 728 | ||
| Specific investigations | 728 | ||
| The spectrum of skin disorders in abdominal stoma patients. | 728 | ||
| Stoma-related complications and stoma size - a 2-year follow up. | 728 | ||
| A prospective audit of stomas – analysis of risk factors and complications and their management. | 728 | ||
| The relevance of patch testing in peristomal dermatitis. | 729 | ||
| First-line therapies | 729 | ||
| Dermatologic considerations of stoma care. | 729 | ||
| Peristomal dermatoses: a novel indication for topical steroid lotions. | 729 | ||
| Topical therapy for peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG). | 729 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 729 | ||
| Topical sucralfate in the management of peristomal skin disease: an open study. | 729 | ||
| Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. | 729 | ||
| Topical tacrolimus in the management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. | 729 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 729 | ||
| Clinical features and treatment of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG). | 729 | ||
| Management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. | 729 | ||
| Paraileostomy recontouring by collagen sealant injection: a novel approach to one aspect of ileostomy morbidity. Report of a case. | 729 | ||
| Troublesome colostomies and urinary stomas treated with suction assisted lipectomy. | 729 | ||
| Synchronous panniculectomy with stomal revision for obese patients with stomal stenosis and retraction. | 729 | ||
| 226 Striae | 730 | ||
| Management strategy | 730 | ||
| Specific investigations | 730 | ||
| First-line therapies | 730 | ||
| Adolescent striae. | 730 | ||
| Striae cutis distensae. | 730 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 730 | ||
| Treatment of striae distensae using an ablative 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser: a retrospective review of 27 participants. | 730 | ||
| The effect of succinylated atelocollagen and ablative fractional resurfacing laser on striae distensae. | 731 | ||
| Treatment of striae distensae with nonablative fractional laser versus ablative CO2 fractional laser: a randomized controlled trial. | 731 | ||
| Treatment of striae distensae with fractional photothermolysis. | 731 | ||
| Treatment of striae rubra and striae alba with the 585-nm pulsed-dye laser. | 731 | ||
| Topical tretinoin 0.1% for pregnancy-related abdominal striae: an open-label, multicenter, prospective study. | 731 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 731 | ||
| The 308-nm excimer laser in the darkening of the white lines of striae alba. | 731 | ||
| Intense pulsed light in the treatment of striae distensae. | 731 | ||
| Two-year follow-up results of copper bromide laser treatment of striae. | 731 | ||
| Stretch marks: treatment using the 1064-nm Nd : YAG laser. | 731 | ||
| Radiofrequency and 585-nm pulsed dye laser treatment of striae distensae: a report of 37 Asian patients. | 731 | ||
| Treatment of striae distensae with a TriPollar radiofrequency device: a pilot study. | 731 | ||
| Prospective clinical and histological study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a targeted high-intensity narrow band UVB/UVA1 therapy for striae alba. | 732 | ||
| A superficial texture analysis of 70% glycolic acid topical therapy and striae distensae. | 732 | ||
| Comparison of topical therapy for striae alba (20% glycolic acid/0.05% tretinoin versus 20% glycolic acid/10% L-ascorbic acid). | 732 | ||
| Chemical peel of nonfacial skin using glycolic acid gel augmented with TCA and neutralized based on visual staging. | 732 | ||
| Prophylaxis of striae gravidarum with a topical formulation: a double blind trial. | 732 | ||
| Laser therapy of stretch marks. | 732 | ||
| 227 Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus | 733 | ||
| Management strategy | 733 | ||
| Specific investigations | 733 | ||
| Drug-induced, Ro/SSA-positive cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 733 | ||
| Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its association to drugs: a population-based matched case-control study of 234 patients in Sweden. | 733 | ||
| A systematic review of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 733 | ||
| Report of an association between discoid lupus erythematosus and smoking. | 734 | ||
| Patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus who smoke are less responsive to antimalarial treatment. | 734 | ||
| Clinical and pharmacogenetic influences on response to hydroxychloroquine in discoid lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. | 734 | ||
| Impact of smoking in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 734 | ||
| First-line therapies | 734 | ||
| Experimental reproduction of skin lesions in lupus erythematosus by UVA and UVB radiation. | 734 | ||
| Evaluation of the capacity of sunscreens to photoprotect lupus erythematosus patients by employing the photoprovocation test. | 734 | ||
| Intralesional triamcinolone is effective for discoid lupus erythematosus of the palms and soles. | 734 | ||
| The association of the two antimalarials chloroquine and quinacrine for treatment-resistent chronic and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 734 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine sulfate treatment is associated with later onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. | 734 | ||
| Cutaneous lupus treated with topical tretinoin: a case report. | 735 | ||
| Treatment of localized discoid lupus erythematosus with tazarotene. | 735 | ||
| Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. | 735 | ||
| Pimecrolimus 1% cream for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 735 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 735 | ||
| Dapsone is an effective therapy for the skin lesions of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and urticarial vasculitis in a patient with C2 deficiency. | 735 | ||
| A case of SLE with acute, subacute and chronic cutaneous lesions successfully treated with dapsone. | 735 | ||
| Treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus with an oral gold compound (auranofin). | 735 | ||
| Thalidomide in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus refractory to conventional therapy. | 735 | ||
| Low-dose thalidomide therapy for refractory cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus. | 735 | ||
| Long-term thalidomide use in refractory cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus: a series of 65 Brazilian patients. | 735 | ||
| Thalidomide in the treatment of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: prognostic factors of clinical outcome. | 735 | ||
| Thalidomide in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 735 | ||
| Mechanism-oriented assessment of isotretinoin in chronic or subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 736 | ||
| Azathioprine: an effective, corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. | 736 | ||
| Mycophenolate sodium for subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus resistant to standard therapy. | 736 | ||
| Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in antimalarial-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 736 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus: results of a retrospective study in 43 patients. | 736 | ||
| Pulse cyclophosphamide treatment for severe refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 736 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 736 | ||
| Clofazimine (Lamprene) in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus. | 736 | ||
| Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of clofazimine compared with chloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. | 736 | ||
| Phenytoin in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus. | 737 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for therapy-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus. | 737 | ||
| Response of discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus to recombinant interferon alpha-2a. | 737 | ||
| Treatment of severe cutaneous lupus erythematosus with a chimeric CD4 monoclonal antibody, cM-T412. | 737 | ||
| Regression of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with a biologic tumor necrosis factor alpha-blocking agent: comment on the article by Pisetsky and the letter from Aringer et al. | 737 | ||
| Case reports of etanercept in inflammatory dermatoses. | 737 | ||
| Successful treatment of refractory skin manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus with rituximab: report of a case. | 737 | ||
| Refractory subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus successfully treated with rituximab. | 737 | ||
| Successful treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with ustekinumab. | 737 | ||
| Response to Ustekinumab in a patient with both severe psoriasis and hypertrophic cutaneous lupus. | 737 | ||
| Ustekinumab in the treatment of refractory chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a case report. | 737 | ||
| Leflunomide in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: two sides of a coin. | 737 | ||
| 228 Subcorneal pustular dermatosis | 738 | ||
| Management strategy | 738 | ||
| Specific investigations | 738 | ||
| Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: 50 years on. | 738 | ||
| Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a clinical study of ten patients. | 738 | ||
| Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon–Wilkinson disease) in association with a monoclonal IgA gammopathy: a report and review of the literature. | 738 | ||
| Subcorneal pustular dermatosis and IgA λ myeloma: an uncommon association but probably not coincidental. | 738 | ||
| Sneddon–Wilkinson disease in association with rheumatoid arthritis. | 738 | ||
| First-line therapies | 739 | ||
| 229 Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn | 741 | ||
| Management strategy | 741 | ||
| Fine-needle aspiration cytology of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn: the cytology spectrum with review of the literature. | 741 | ||
| MRI and ultrasound findings of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn. | 741 | ||
| Hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification in a neonate with subcutaneous fat necrosis. | 741 | ||
| Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn: a review of 11 cases. | 742 | ||
| Subcutaneous fat necrosis after moderate therapeutic hypothermia in neonates. | 742 | ||
| Specific investigations | 742 | ||
| Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn: be aware of hypercalcaemia. | 742 | ||
| First-line therapies | 742 | ||
| Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn. | 742 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 742 | ||
| Intravenous bisphosphonate for hypercalcemia accompanying subcutaneous fat necrosis: a novel treatment approach. | 742 | ||
| Subcutaneous fat necrosis with hypercalcemia. | 742 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 742 | ||
| Pamidronate: treatment for severe hypercalcemia in neonatal subcutaneous fat necrosis. | 742 | ||
| Effectiveness of pamidronate in severe neonatal hypercalcemia caused by subcutaneous fat necrosis: a case report. | 742 | ||
| 230 Sweet syndrome | 743 | ||
| Management strategy | 743 | ||
| Specific investigations | 743 | ||
| Sweet’s syndrome revisited: a review of disease concepts. | 743 | ||
| The relationship between neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands and Sweet syndrome: report of 9 cases and comparison to atypical pyoderma gangrenosum. | 743 | ||
| Histiocytoid Sweet syndrome. | 743 | ||
| Chronic recurrent lymphocytic Sweet syndrome as a predictive marker of myelodysplasia. | 743 | ||
| Necrotizing Sweet syndrome. | 743 | ||
| Neonatal Sweet syndrome. | 743 | ||
| First-line therapies | 743 | ||
| Sweet’s syndrome: a review of current treatment options. | 743 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 743 | ||
| Potassium iodide in dermatology: a 19th century drug for the 21st century – uses, pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications. | 744 | ||
| Long-term suppression of chronic Sweet’s syndrome with colchicine. | 744 | ||
| Indomethacin treatment of eighteen patients with Sweet’s syndrome. | 744 | ||
| Association of acute neutrophilic dermatosis and myelodysplastic syndrome with (6;9) chromosome translocation: a case report and review of the literature. | 744 | ||
| Sweet’s syndrome and malignancy in the UK. | 744 | ||
| Sweet’s syndrome in association with generalized granuloma annulare in a patient with previous breast cancer. | 744 | ||
| Sweet’s syndrome. | 744 | ||
| Sweet’s syndrome in association with Crohn’s disease: report of a case and review of the literature. | 744 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 744 | ||
| Peripheral ulcerative keratitis: an extracutaneous neutrophilic disorder. Report of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, pustular vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and Sweet’s syndrome with an excellent response to cyclosporine therapy. | 744 | ||
| Systemic interferon-alpha treatment for idiopathic Sweet’s syndrome. | 744 | ||
| Lymphocytic infiltrates as a presenting feature of Sweet’s syndrome with myelodysplasia and response to cyclophosphamide. | 744 | ||
| Treatment of recurrent Sweet’s syndrome with coexisting rheumatoid arthritis with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept. | 744 | ||
| Thalidomide in the treatment of recalcitrant Sweet’s syndrome associated with myelodysplasia. | 744 | ||
| The use of pulse methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in the treatment of Sweet’s syndrome. | 745 | ||
| Efficacy of anti-interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (Kineret) in a case of refractory Sweet’s syndrome. | 745 | ||
| Pediatric Sweet syndrome and immunodeficiency successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 745 | ||
| 231 Syphilis | 746 | ||
| Management Strategy | 746 | ||
| Incubation period | 746 | ||
| Primary syphilis | 746 | ||
| Secondary syphilis | 747 | ||
| Neurological syphilis | 747 | ||
| Latent syphilis | 747 | ||
| Tertiary syphilis | 747 | ||
| Diagnostics and treatment | 747 | ||
| Specific investigations | 748 | ||
| 232 Syringomata | 750 | ||
| Management strategy | 750 | ||
| Specific investigations | 750 | ||
| First-line therapies | 750 | ||
| Cosmetic dermatologic surgery, 2nd edn. | 750 | ||
| An easy method for removal of syringoma. | 750 | ||
| True electrocautery in the treatment of syringomas and other benign cutaneous lesions. | 750 | ||
| Intralesional electrodesiccation of syringomas. | 750 | ||
| Syringomas treated by intralesional insulated needles without epidermal damage. | 750 | ||
| Treatment of multiple facial syringomas with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. | 751 | ||
| Treatment of syringoma using an ablative 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser. | 751 | ||
| Periorbital syringoma treated with radiofrequency and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser in five patients. | 751 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 751 | ||
| Syringoma: removal by electrodesiccation and curettage. | 751 | ||
| Cryosurgery. | 751 | ||
| A new treatment for syringoma. Combination of carbon dioxide laser and trichloroacetic acid. | 751 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 751 | ||
| Dermabrasion by diamond fraises revolving at 85000 revolutions per minute. | 751 | ||
| The treatment of eruptive syringomas in an African American patient with a combination of trichloroacetic acid and CO2 laser destruction. | 751 | ||
| Eruptive pruritic syringomas: treatment with topical atropine. | 751 | ||
| Eruptive syringoma: treatment with topical tretinoin. | 751 | ||
| 233 Tinea capitis | 752 | ||
| Management strategy | 752 | ||
| Specific investigations | 753 | ||
| Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management. | 753 | ||
| Screening for asymptomatic carriage of Trichophyton tonsurans in household contacts of patients with tinea capitis: results of 209 patients from south London. | 753 | ||
| Tinea capitis: predictive value of symptoms and time to cure with griseofulvin treatment. | 753 | ||
| First-line therapies | 753 | ||
| Meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing griseofulvin and terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis. | 753 | ||
| Terbinafine hydrochloride oral granules versus oral griseofulvin suspension in children with tinea capitis: results of two randomised investigator-blinded, multicenter, international, controlled trials. | 753 | ||
| Systemic anti-fungal therapy for tinea capitis in children. | 753 | ||
| Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Microsporum canis: experience in a large cohort. | 753 | ||
| Tinea capitis in early infancy treated with itraconazole. | 754 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 754 | ||
| Comparative evaluation of griseofulvin, terbinafine and fluconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis. | 754 | ||
| Therapeutic options for the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species: griseofulvin versus the new oral antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole. | 754 | ||
| Once weekly fluconazole is effective in children in the treatment of tinea capitis: a prospective multi-centre study. | 754 | ||
| Short duration treatment with terbinafine for tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species. | 754 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 754 | ||
| A retrospective study of the management of pediatric kerion in T. tonsurans infection. | 754 | ||
| A randomised comparative trial of treatment of kerion celsi with griseofulvin plus oral prednisolone vs. griseofulvin alone. | 754 | ||
| Successful treatment of tinea capitis with 2% ketoconazole shampoo. | 755 | ||
| Comparison of 1% and 2.5% selenium sulphide in the treatment of tinea capitis. | 755 | ||
| Prophylactic ketoconazole shampoo for tinea capitis in a high risk pediatric population. | 755 | ||
| 234 Tinea pedis and skin dermatophytosis | 756 | ||
| Epidemiology of dermatophytoses: retrospective analysis from 2005 to 2010 and comparison with previous data from 1975. | 756 | ||
| Management strategy | 756 | ||
| Chronic dermatomycoses of the foot as risk factors for acute bacterial cellulitis of the leg: a case-control study. | 756 | ||
| Specific investigations | 756 | ||
| Clinical signs and procedures in dermatology. | 756 | ||
| Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. | 756 | ||
| Frequency of culture-proven dermatophyte infection in patients with suspected tinea pedis. | 757 | ||
| Interdigital athlete’s foot. The interaction of dermatophytes and resident bacteria. | 757 | ||
| Inflammatory tinea pedis/manuum masquerading as bacterial cellulitis. | 757 | ||
| First-line therapies | 757 | ||
| Systematic review of topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the feet. | 757 | ||
| Efficacy of topical antifungal drugs in different dermatomycoses: a systematic review with meta-analysis. | 757 | ||
| Sertaconazole: a review of its use in the management of superficial mycoses in dermatology and gynaecology. | 757 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 757 | ||
| Comparable efficacy and safety of various topical formulations of terbinafine in tinea pedis irrespective of the treatment regimen: results of a meta-analysis. | 757 | ||
| Ciclopirox gel in the treatment of patients with interdigital tinea pedis. | 757 | ||
| Ciclopirox: recent nonclinical and clinical data relevant to its use as a topical antimycotic agent. | 757 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 757 | ||
| The use of 40% urea cream in the treatment of moccasin tinea pedis. | 757 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of superficial mycoses: an evidence-based evaluation. | 758 | ||
| Short-term itraconazole versus terbinafine in the treatment of tinea pedis or manus. | 758 | ||
| A multicentre (double-blind) comparative study to assess the safety and efficacy of fluconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. | 758 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of short-term itraconazole in tinea pedis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | 758 | ||
| Therapy with fluconazole for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis. | 758 | ||
| Safety and efficacy of short-duration oral terbinafine for the treatment of tinea corporis or tinea cruris in subjects with HIV infection or diabetes. | 758 | ||
| 235 Tinea unguium | 759 | ||
| Factors influencing coexistence of toenail onychomycosis with tinea pedis and other dermatomycoses: a survey of 2761 patients. | 759 | ||
| Management Strategy | 759 | ||
| Specific investigations | 760 | ||
| Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests for toenail onychomycosis: a repeated-measure, single-blinded, cross-sectional evaluation of 7 diagnostic tests. | 760 | ||
| Fast and sensitive detection of Trichophyton rubrum DNA from the nail samples of patients with onychomycosis by a double-round polymerase chain reaction-based assay. | 760 | ||
| A new classification system for grading the severity of onychomycosis: Onychomycosis Severity Index. | 760 | ||
| First-line therapies – SYSTEMIC | 760 | ||
| Onychomycosis: diagnosis and definition of cure. | 760 | ||
| Cumulative meta-analysis of systemic antifungal agents for the treatment of onychomycosis. | 760 | ||
| The successful treatment of Trichophyton rubrum nail bed (distal subungual) onychomycosis with intermittent pulse-dosed terbinafine. | 760 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 760 | ||
| Itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis. | 761 | ||
| A double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of terbinafine (Lamisil) with fluconazole (Diflucan) in the treatment of onychomycosis. | 761 | ||
| The safety of oral antifungal treatments for superficial dermatophytosis and onychomycosis: a meta-analysis. | 761 | ||
| A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, investigator-blinded study of four treatment regimens of posaconazole in adults with toenail onychomycosis. | 761 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 761 | ||
| A multicentre, randomized, controlled study of the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of a combination therapy with amorolfine nail lacquer and oral terbinafine compared with oral terbinafine alone for the treatment of onychomycosis with matrix involvement. | 761 | ||
| Treatment of toenail onychomycosis with oral terbinafine plus aggressive debridement: IRON-CLAD, a large, randomized, open-label, multicenter trial. | 761 | ||
| New therapeutic options for onychomycosis. | 761 | ||
| TOPICAL THERAPIES | 761 | ||
| A multicentre, randomized, controlled study of the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of a combination therapy with amorolfine nail lacquer and oral terbinafine compared with oral terbinafine alone for the treatment of onychomycosis with matrix involvement. | 761 | ||
| Ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8% in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. | 762 | ||
| Efficacy, safety and tolerability of topical terbinafine nail solution in patients with mild-to-moderate toenail onychomycosis: results from three randomized studies using double-blind vehicle-controlled and open-label active- controlled designs. | 762 | ||
| 236 Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) | 763 | ||
| Management Strategy | 763 | ||
| Specific investigations | 763 | ||
| First-line therapy | 763 | ||
| Pityriasis versicolor: a review of pharmacological treatment options. | 763 | ||
| Flutrimazole shampoo 1% versus ketoconazole shampoo 2% in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. A randomized double-blind comparative trial. | 764 | ||
| Second-line therapy | 764 | ||
| Fluconazole vs. itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. | 764 | ||
| Comparison of a single 400 mg dose versus a 7-day 200 mg daily dose of itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. | 764 | ||
| Fluconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. | 764 | ||
| Efficacy of itraconazole in the prophylactic treatment of pityriasis (tinea) versicolor. | 764 | ||
| Single-dose fluconazole versus itraconazole in pityriasis versicolor. | 764 | ||
| Comparison between fluconazole and ketoconazole effectivity in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. | 764 | ||
| Single-dose oral fluconazole versus topical clotrimazole in patients with pityriasis versicolor: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. | 764 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 764 | ||
| A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of oral pramiconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. | 764 | ||
| Roles of adapalene in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. | 765 | ||
| An open-label study of naftifine hydrochloride 1% gel in the treatment of tinea versicolor. | 765 | ||
| Tinea versicolor clearance with oral isotretinoin therapy. | 765 | ||
| 237 Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome | 766 | ||
| Management Strategy | 766 | ||
| Specific investigations | 767 | ||
| Pulmonary complications in toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective clinical study. | 767 | ||
| Incidence of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Germany. | 767 | ||
| Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR study. | 767 | ||
| SCORTEN: a severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 767 | ||
| First-line therapies | 767 | ||
| Toxic epidermal necrolysis: current evidence, practical management and future directions. | 767 | ||
| Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome: does early withdrawal of causative drugs decrease the risk of death? | 767 | ||
| ALDEN, an algorithm for assessment of drug causality in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: comparison with case-control analysis. | 767 | ||
| A multicenter review of toxic epidermal necrolysis treated in U.S. burn centers at the end of the twentieth century. | 767 | ||
| Toxic epidermal necrolysis: use of Biobrane for skin coverage reduces pain, improves mobilization and decreases infection in elderly patients. | 767 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 768 | ||
| Open trial of cyclosporine treatment for Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 768 | ||
| Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with cyclosporine A. | 768 | ||
| Improved burn center survival of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis managed without corticosteroids. | 768 | ||
| Erythema multiforme in children. Response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. | 768 | ||
| Characteristics of toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients undergoing long-term glucocorticoid therapy. | 768 | ||
| High-dose systemic corticosteroids can arrest recurrences of severe mucocutaneous erythema multiforme. | 768 | ||
| Corticosteroid therapy in an additional 13 cases of Stevens–Johnson syndrome: a total series of 67 cases. | 768 | ||
| Effects of treatments on the mortality of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a retrospective study on patients included in the prospective EuroSCAR study. | 768 | ||
| Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin. | 768 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective noncomparative study showing no benefit on mortality or progression. | 768 | ||
| Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins: multicenter retrospective analysis of 48 consecutive cases. | 768 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin does not improve outcome in toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 769 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 769 | ||
| Plasmapheresis as an adjunct treatment in toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 769 | ||
| Lack of significant treatment effect of plasma exchange in the treatment of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis? | 769 | ||
| Plasma exchange in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 769 | ||
| Pentoxifylline in toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. | 769 | ||
| Randomised comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 769 | ||
| 238 Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover disease) | 770 | ||
| Management strategy | 770 | ||
| Specific investigations | 770 | ||
| First-line therapies | 770 | ||
| Transient acantholytic dermatosis. | 770 | ||
| Incidence of transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover’s disease) in a hospital setting. | 770 | ||
| Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover disease). | 770 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 770 | ||
| Persistent acantholytic dermatosis. | 770 | ||
| Grover’s disease treated with isotretinoin. | 771 | ||
| Transient acantholytic dermatosis treated with isotretinoin. | 771 | ||
| Response of transient acantholytic dermatosis to photochemotherapy. | 771 | ||
| Photochemotherapy beyond psoriasis. | 771 | ||
| Treatment of transient acantholytic dermatosis. | 771 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 771 | ||
| Treatment of Grover’s disease with calcipotriol (Dovonex). | 771 | ||
| Successful treatment of Grover’s disease with calcipotriol. | 771 | ||
| Treatment of Grover’s disease with tacalcitol. | 771 | ||
| Effective treatment of persistent Grover’s disease with tricholoroacetic acid peeling. | 771 | ||
| Medium-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover’s disease). | 771 | ||
| Remission of transient acantholytic dermatosis after the treatment with rituximab for follicular lymphoma. | 771 | ||
| Use of etanercept in treating pruritus and preventing new lesions in Grover disease. | 772 | ||
| 239 Trichotillomania | 773 | ||
| Management strategy | 773 | ||
| Specific investigations | 774 | ||
| Trichotillomania: a histopathological study in 66 patients. | 774 | ||
| Diagnosis and management of trichotillomania in children and adolescents. | 774 | ||
| Gastrointestinal bezoars: sonographic and CT characteristics. | 774 | ||
| Laparoscopic removal of huge gastric trichobezoar. | 774 | ||
| First-line therapies | 774 | ||
| Trichotillomania and related disorders in children and adolescents. | 774 | ||
| Trichotillomania treatment. | 774 | ||
| Use of psychotropic drugs in dermatology. | 774 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 774 | ||
| Treatment of trichotillomania with behavioural therapy or fluoxetine: a randomized waiting list study. | 774 | ||
| Behavioural treatment of trichotillomania: two-year follow-up results. | 774 | ||
| Single modality versus dual modality treatment for trichotillomania. | 774 | ||
| 240 Tuberculosis and tuberculids | 775 | ||
| Management strategy | 775 | ||
| Specific investigations | 775 | ||
| Usefulness of interferon-γ release assays in the diagnosis of erythema induratum. | 775 | ||
| Comparison of QuantiFERON-TB Gold test and tuberculin skin test for the identification of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in lupus patients. | 775 | ||
| PCR based detection of mycobacteria in paraffin wax embedded material routinely processed for morphological examination. | 775 | ||
| Papulonecrotic tuberculid. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. | 776 | ||
| First-line therapies | 776 | ||
| Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes, 4th ed. | 776 | ||
| Clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. | 776 | ||
| Comparative efficacy of drug regimens in skin tuberculosis. | 776 | ||
| Atypical cutaneous tuberculosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab. | 776 | ||
| An unusual case of vulval papulonecrotic tuberculid. | 776 | ||
| Plaques on a butcher’s fingers. | 776 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 776 | ||
| Scrofuloderma of the lower extremity treated with wide resection: a case report and review of the literature. | 776 | ||
| Lupus vulgaris of the ear lobe. | 776 | ||
| Lupus vulgaris responding to calcipotriol. | 776 | ||
| Vitamin D in treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis. | 776 | ||
| 241 Urticaria and angioedema | 777 | ||
| Management strategy | 777 | ||
| Specific investigations | 777 | ||
| Guidelines for evaluation and management of urticaria in adults and children. | 778 | ||
| The effectiveness of a history-based diagnostic approach in chronic urticaria and angioedema. | 778 | ||
| Syndrome of idiopathic chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid autoimmunity: a study of 90 patients. | 778 | ||
| Chronic urticaria and associated coeliac disease in children: a case control study. | 778 | ||
| First-line therapies | 778 | ||
| Chronic urticaria: assessment of current treatment. | 778 | ||
| The effectiveness of levocetirizine and desloratadine in up to 4 times conventional doses in difficult-to-treat urticaria. | 778 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 778 | ||
| Desloratidine in combination with montelukast in the treatment of chronic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. | 778 | ||
| Effects of pseudoallergen-free diet on chronic spontaneous urticaria: a prospective trial. | 778 | ||
| Outpatient management of acute urticaria: the role of prednisone. | 778 | ||
| Histamine H2-receptor antagonists for urticaria. | 778 | ||
| Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in chronic urticaria: evidence-based analysis using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. | 778 | ||
| Double-blind crossover study comparing doxepin with diphenhydramine for the treatment of chronic urticaria. | 778 | ||
| Therapy of chronic idiopathic urticaria with nifedipine: demonstration of beneficial effect in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. | 779 | ||
| Treatment of chronic urticaria with PUVA or UVA plus placebo: a double-blind study. | 779 | ||
| Treatment of chronic urticaria with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy: a randomized controlled trial. | 779 | ||
| Successful treatment of recalcitrant urticaria with sulfasalazine. | 779 | ||
| Warfarin treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and angio-oedema. | 779 | ||
| Stanozolol in chronic urticaria: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. | 779 | ||
| Non-hereditary angioedema treated with tranexamic acid. | 779 | ||
| Efficacy and safety of desloratidine combined with dipyridamole in the treatment of chronic urticaria. | 779 | ||
| Improvement of chronic idiopathic urticaria with L- thyroxine: a new TSH role in immune response? | 779 | ||
| Treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria with levamisole: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. | 779 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 779 | ||
| Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | 779 | ||
| Evidence for methotrexate as a useful treatment for steroid-dependent chronic urticaria. | 779 | ||
| Plasmapheresis for severe, unremitting, chronic urticaria. | 779 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune chronic urticaria. | 779 | ||
| Treatment of severe chronic idiopathic urticaria with oral mycophenolate mofetil in patients not responding to antihistamines and/or corticosteroids. | 779 | ||
| Tacrolimus in the treatment of severe chronic idiopathic urticaria: an open-label prospective study. | 780 | ||
| A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of single-dose omalizumab in patients with H1-antihistamine-refractory chronic idiopathic urticaria. | 780 | ||
| 242 Varicella | 781 | ||
| Management strategy | 781 | ||
| Specific investigations | 782 | ||
| The diagnosis of viral infections. | 782 | ||
| First-line therapies | 782 | ||
| Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. | 782 | ||
| The use of oral acyclovir in otherwise healthy children with varicella. | 782 | ||
| Acyclovir treatment of varicella in otherwise healthy adolescents. | 782 | ||
| Treatment of adult varicella with oral acyclovir: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | 782 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 782 | ||
| Foscarnet therapy in five patients with AIDS and acyclovir resistant varicella zoster virus infection. | 782 | ||
| Varicella in a pediatric heart transplant population on nonsteroid maintenance immunosuppression. | 782 | ||
| Pregnancy | 782 | ||
| Chickenpox in pregnancy. | 782 | ||
| Management of varicella infection (chickenpox) in pregnancy. | 782 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 783 | ||
| Prevention of varicella. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). | 783 | ||
| Oka/Merck varicella vaccine in healthy children: final report of a 2-year efficacy study and 7-year follow-up studies. | 783 | ||
| Safety and immunogenicity of a combination measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (ProQuad). | 783 | ||
| Association between vaccination for herpes zoster and risk of herpes zoster infection among older patients with selected immune-mediated diseases. | 783 | ||
| A varicella outbreak in a school with high one-dose vaccination coverage, Beijing, China. | 783 | ||
| Evaluation of varicella zoster immune globulin: protection of immunosuppressed children after household exposure to varicella. | 783 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis in children with acute leukaemia following exposure to varicella. | 783 | ||
| Postexposure prophylaxis of varicella in family contact by oral acyclovir. | 783 | ||
| Antiviral prophylaxis and treatment in chickenpox. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. | 783 | ||
| 243 Viral exanthems: | 784 | ||
| Rubella | 784 | ||
| Management Strategy | 784 | ||
| Specific investigations | 784 | ||
| Confirmation of rubella within 4 days of rash onset: comparison of rubella virus RNA detection in oral fluid with immunoglobulin M detection in serum or oral fluid. | 784 | ||
| A protein microarray immunoassay for the serological evaluation of the antibody response in vertically transmitted infections. | 784 | ||
| First-line therapies | 784 | ||
| The epidemiological profile of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the United States, 1998–2004: the evidence for absence of endemic transmission. | 784 | ||
| Observational safety study of febrile convulsion following first dose MMRV vaccination in a managed care setting. | 785 | ||
| Roseola | 785 | ||
| 244 Viral warts | 788 | ||
| Management strategy | 788 | ||
| First–line therapies | 788 | ||
| An assessment of methods of treating viral warts by comparative treatment trials based on a standard design. | 788 | ||
| Cryotherapy versus salicylic acid for the treatment of plantar warts: a randomised controlled trial. | 788 | ||
| Local treatment for cutaneous warts. | 788 | ||
| Efficacy of silver nitrate pencils in the treatment of common warts. | 789 | ||
| Efficacy of 10% silver nitrate solution in the treatment of common warts: a placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial. | 789 | ||
| Cryosurgical treatment of warts: dimethyl ether and propane versus liquid nitrogen: case report and review of the literature. | 789 | ||
| Second-line therapy | 789 | ||
| A two-week interval is better than a three-week interval for reducing the recurrence rate of hand–foot viral warts after cryotherapy: a retrospective review of 560 hand–foot viral warts patients. | 789 | ||
| Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of common warts: cryo-spray versus cotton wool bud. | 789 | ||
| Cryotherapy of common viral warts at intervals of 1, 2 and 3 weeks. | 789 | ||
| Value of a second freeze–thaw cycle in cryotherapy of common warts. | 789 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 789 | ||
| Local | 789 | ||
| Bleomycin in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. | 789 | ||
| Dermojet delivery of bleomycin for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar warts. | 790 | ||
| Intralesional bleomycin in the treatment of cutaneous warts: a randomized clinical trial comparing it with cryotherapy. | 790 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy using light-emitting diodes for the treatment of viral warts. | 790 | ||
| Efficacy of topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of verruca planae. | 790 | ||
| Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid or placebo for recalcitrant foot and hand warts: randomised double-blind trial. | 790 | ||
| The efficacy of duct tape vs. cryotherapy in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (the common wart). | 790 | ||
| Efficacy of duct tape vs placebo in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (warts) in primary school children. | 790 | ||
| Duct tape for the treatment of common warts in adults: a double blind randomized controlled trial. | 790 | ||
| A controlled trial on the use of topical 5-fluorouracil on viral warts. | 790 | ||
| Topical 5% 5-fluorouracil cream in the treatment of plantar warts: a prospective randomised and controlled clinical study. | 790 | ||
| Topical zinc oxide vs. salicylic acid-lactic acid combination in the treatment of warts. | 790 | ||
| Treatment of viral warts by intralesional injection of zinc sulphate. | 790 | ||
| Treatment of skin papillomas with topical α-lactalbumin–oleic acid. | 790 | ||
| Recalcitrant viral warts treated by diphencyprone immunotherapy. | 790 | ||
| The use of DCP in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. | 790 | ||
| Does immunotherapy of viral warts provide beneficial effects when it is combined with conventional therapy? | 790 | ||
| Comparative study on the sustained efficacy of diphencyprone immunotherapy versus cryotherapy in viral warts. | 790 | ||
| Squaric acid immunotherapy for warts in children. | 791 | ||
| Autowart injection therapy for recalcitrant warts. | 791 | ||
| Immunotherapy for recalcitrant warts in children using intralesional mumps or candida antigens. | 791 | ||
| Intralesional immunotherapy for warts using a combination of skin test antigens: a safe and effective therapy. | 791 | ||
| Topical treatment of warts and mollusca with imiquimod. | 791 | ||
| Topical 5% imiquimod long-term treatment of cutaneous warts resistant to standard therapy modalities. | 791 | ||
| Pulsed dye laser treatment for viral warts: a study of 120 patients. | 791 | ||
| Pulsed dye laser treatment is effective in the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts. | 791 | ||
| Treatment of recalcitrant viral warts with pulsed dye laser MAL-PDT. | 791 | ||
| Comparative study of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy plus pulsed dye laser versus pulsed dye laser alone in treatment of viral warts. | 791 | ||
| Combination of carbon dioxide laser therapy and artificial dermis application in plantar warts: human papilloma virus DNA analysis after treatment. | 791 | ||
| Successful treatment of recalcitrant warts in paediatric patients with carbon dioxide laser. | 791 | ||
| Er : YAG laser followed by topical podophyllotoxin for hard to treat palmoplantar warts. | 791 | ||
| Local hyperthermia at 44°C for the treatment of plantar warts: a randomized, patient-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. | 791 | ||
| Controlled localized heat therapy in cutaneous warts. | 791 | ||
| Nd : YAG laser hyperthermia in the treatment of recalcitrant verrucae vulgares (Regensburg’s technique). | 792 | ||
| A double blind, randomized trial of local formic acid puncture technique in the treatment of common warts. | 792 | ||
| Topical formic acid puncture technique for the treatment of common warts. | 792 | ||
| Glycolic acid 15% plus salicylic acid 2%: a new therapeutic pearl for facial flat warts. | 792 | ||
| Evaluation of topical potassium hydroxide solution for treatment of plane warts. | 792 | ||
| Comparative study of fig tree efficacy in the treatment of common warts vs. cryotherapy. | 792 | ||
| Treatment of plantar verruca using 2% sodium salicylate iontophoresis. | 792 | ||
| Topical treatment of resistant warts with glutaraldehyde. | 792 | ||
| Cutaneous necrosis secondary to topical treatment of wart with 20 p. 100 glutaraldehyde solution. | 792 | ||
| Treatment of plantar warts in children. | 792 | ||
| Plantar warts treated with topical adapalene. | 792 | ||
| Treatment of verruca with alpha-2 interferon. | 792 | ||
| Long-term follow-up evaluation of patients with electro-surgically treated warts. | 792 | ||
| The treatment of viral warts with topical cidofovir 1%: our experience of seven paediatric patients. | 792 | ||
| Large plantar wart caused by HPV-66 and resolution by topical cidofovir therapy. | 792 | ||
| Systemic | 792 | ||
| Cimetidine therapy for warts: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. | 792 | ||
| Cimetidine therapy for recalcitrant warts in adults: is it any better than placebo? | 792 | ||
| Cimetidine therapy for recalcitrant warts in adults. | 793 | ||
| Comparison of combination of cimetidine and levamisole with cimetidine alone in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. | 793 | ||
| Verrucae treated by levamisole. | 793 | ||
| Levamisole in a double-blind study: no effect on warts. | 793 | ||
| Oral supplementation with a nutraceutical containing echinacea, methionine and antioxidant/immunostimulating compounds in patients with cutaneous viral warts. | 793 | ||
| Oral zinc sulphate treatment for viral warts: an open-label study. | 793 | ||
| Oral zinc sulphate in the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts: randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. | 793 | ||
| Smoke from leaves of Populus euphratica Olivier vs. conventional cryotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous warts: a pilot, randomized, single blind, prospective study. | 793 | ||
| Treatment of extensive warts with etretinate: a clinical trial of 20 children. | 793 | ||
| Use of acitretin in the treatment of resistant viral warts. | 793 | ||
| Acitretin in management of diffuse common warts: a case report. | 793 | ||
| Effects of hypnotic, placebo, and salicylic acid treatments on wart regression. | 793 | ||
| 245 Vitiligo | 794 | ||
| Management strategy | 794 | ||
| Specific investigations | 795 | ||
| Clinical and immunological studies in vitiligo in the United Arab Emirates. | 795 | ||
| Autoimmune diseases in vitiligo: do anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) decrease thyroid volume? | 795 | ||
| Histopathologic features in vitiligo. | 795 | ||
| New insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo: imbalance of epidermal cytokines at sites of lesions. | 795 | ||
| First-line therapies | 795 | ||
| Effectiveness of 0.1% topical tacrolimus in adult and children patients with vitiligo. | 795 | ||
| A double-blind randomized trial of 0.1% tacrolimus vs 0.05% clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo. | 795 | ||
| Effect of PUVA therapy on melanocytes and keratinocytes in non-segmental vitiligo: histopathological, immuno- histochemical and ultrastructural study. | 795 | ||
| Randomized double-blind trial of treatment of vitiligo: efficacy of psoralen-UV-A therapy vs narrowband-UV-B therapy. | 796 | ||
| Narrow-band UVB for the treatment of generalized vitiligo in children. | 796 | ||
| Response of vitiligo to narrowband ultraviolet B and oral antioxidants. | 796 | ||
| Response to narrow-band UVB – vitiligo-melasma versus vitiligo: a comparative study. | 796 | ||
| The effect of 308nm excimer laser on segmental vitiligo: a retrospective study of 80 patients with segmental vitiligo. | 796 | ||
| Treatment of vitiligo using the 308-nm excimer laser. | 796 | ||
| Tacrolimus ointment promotes repigmentation of vitiligo in children: a review of 57 cases. | 796 | ||
| Combined excimer laser and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of vitiligo: a pilot study. | 796 | ||
| Randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of 308-nm excimer laser alone or in combination with topical hydrocortisone 17-butyrate cream in the treatment of vitiligo of the face and neck. | 796 | ||
| Treatment of vitiligo with narrowband-UVB (TL01) combined with tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) vs. placebo ointment, a randomized right/left double-blind comparative study. | 796 | ||
| The efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream plus narrow-band ultraviolet B in the treatment of vitiligo: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | 796 | ||
| The efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream combined with microdermabrasion in the treatment of nonsegmental childhood vitiligo: a randomized placebo-controlled study. | 796 | ||
| Combination of narrow band UVB and topical calcipotriol for the treatment of vitiligo. | 796 | ||
| Comparison between 308-nm monochromatic excimer light and narrowband UVB phototherapy (311–313 nm) in the treatment of vitiligo – a multicentre controlled study. | 797 | ||
| Vitiligo treatment with monochromatic excimer light (MEL) and tacrolimus: results of an open randomized controlled study. | 797 | ||
| Narrow-band UV-B micro-phototherapy: a new treatment for vitiligo. | 797 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 797 | ||
| Treatment of vitiligo with oral 5-methoxypsoralen. | 797 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 797 | ||
| Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. | 797 | ||
| Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of dermabrasion, dermabrasion combined with topical 5% 5-fluorouracil cream, and dermabrasion combined with topical placentrex gel in localized stable vitiligo. | 797 | ||
| A systematic review of autologous transplantation methods in vitiligo. | 797 | ||
| Autologous melanocyte transfer via epidermal grafts for lip vitiligo. | 797 | ||
| Treatment of vitiligo by transplantation of cultured pure melanocyte suspension: analysis of 120 cases. | 797 | ||
| Repigmentation of vitiligo with punch grafting and narrow-band UV-B (311 nm) – a prospective study. | 797 | ||
| Comparison of minipunch grafting versus split-skin grafting in chronic stable vitiligo. | 797 | ||
| Autologous noncultured melanocyte transplantation for stable vitiligo: can suspending autologous melanocytes in the patients’ own serum improve repigmentation and patient satisfaction? | 797 | ||
| Subjective and objective evaluation of noncultured epidermal cellular grafting for repigmenting vitiligo. | 798 | ||
| Single hair grafting for the treatment for vitiligo. | 798 | ||
| Depigmentation therapy in vitiligo universalis with topical 4-methoxyphenol and the Q-switched ruby laser. | 798 | ||
| Combination treatment by 10 600 nm ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser and narrowband ultraviolet B in refractory nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV): a prospective, randomized half-body comparative study. | 798 | ||
| Evaluation of cosmetic tattooing in localized stable vitiligo. | 798 | ||
| 246 Vulvodynia | 799 | ||
| Management Strategy | 799 | ||
| Specific investigations | 799 | ||
| Approach to the patient with vulvovaginal complaints. | 799 | ||
| Vulvodynia interventions – systematic review and evidence grading. | 799 | ||
| Guidelines for the management of vulvodynia. | 799 | ||
| Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of vulvar pain. | 799 | ||
| The vulvodynia guideline. | 799 | ||
| First-line therapies | 799 | ||
| Oral desipramine and topical lidocaine for vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial. | 799 | ||
| Treatment of vulvodynia with tricyclic antidepressants: efficacy and associated factors. | 800 | ||
| Response to treatment in dysaesthetic vulvodynia. | 800 | ||
| Overnight 5% lidocaine ointment for treatment of vulvar vestibulitis. | 800 | ||
| Evaluation of gabapentin in the treatment of generalized vulvodynia, unprovoked. | 800 | ||
| Pregabalin-induced remission in a 62-year-old woman with a 20-year history of vulvodynia. | 800 | ||
| Topical gabapentin in the treatment of localized and generalized vulvodynia. | 800 | ||
| Pelvic floor muscle assessment outcomes in women with and without provoked vestibulodynia and the impact of a physical therapy program. | 800 | ||
| Does physiotherapy treatment improve the self-reported pain levels and quality of life in women with vulvodynia? A pilot study. | 800 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 800 | ||
| Treating vulvar vestibulitis with electromyographic biofeedback of pelvic floor musculature. | 800 | ||
| EMG biofeedback versus topical lidocaine gel: a randomized study for the treatment of women with vulvar vestibulitis. | 800 | ||
| Safety and efficacy of topical nitroglycerin for treatment of vulvar pain in women with vulvodynia: a pilot study. | 800 | ||
| Acupuncture for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis: a pilot study. | 800 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 800 | ||
| Efficacy of high doses of botulinum toxin A for treating provoked vestibulodynia. | 801 | ||
| Botulinum toxin type A: a novel treatment for provoked vestibulodynia? Results from a randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded study. | 801 | ||
| Topical nifedipine for the treatment of localized provoked vulvodynia. | 801 | ||
| Enoxaparin treatment for vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial. | 801 | ||
| Influence of dietary oxalates on the risk of adult-onset vulvodynia. | 801 | ||
| Pudendal canal syndrome as a cause of vulvodynia and its treatment by pudendal nerve decompression. | 801 | ||
| A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioral therapy, surface electromyographic biofeedback, and vestibulectomy in the treatment of dyspareunia resulting from vulvar vestibulitis. | 801 | ||
| Vestibulectomy for vulvar vestibulitis. | 801 | ||
| Effectiveness of hypnosis for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: a preliminary investigation. | 801 | ||
| Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of a woman with vulvovaginal burning and deep pelvic pain. | 801 | ||
| 247 Wells syndrome | 802 | ||
| Management strategy | 802 | ||
| Specific investigations | 802 | ||
| Wells syndrome: a clinical and histopathologic review of seven cases. | 802 | ||
| Two cases of bullous eosinophilic cellulitis. | 802 | ||
| Wells syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis) secondary to infliximab. | 802 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis-like reaction to subcutaneous etanercept injection. | 802 | ||
| Eosinophilic annular erythema is a peculiar subtype in the spectrum of Wells syndrome: a multicentre long-term follow-up study. | 802 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome) as a cutaneous reaction to the administration of adalimumab. | 802 | ||
| Wells Syndrome with multiorgan involvement mimicking hypereosinophilic syndrome. | 802 | ||
| Exaggerated insect bite reaction exacerbated by a pyogenic infection in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. | 802 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis after honeybee sting. | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome) and an insect bite-like reaction in a patient with non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma. | 803 | ||
| Recurrent Wells syndrome associated with allergic asthma exacerbation. | 803 | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with Wells syndrome. | 803 | ||
| Diffuse polymorphic eosinophilic cellulitis in a patient with metallic alloy implants: a possible association? | 803 | ||
| Wells syndrome associated with parvovirus in a 5-year old boy. | 803 | ||
| Wells syndrome associated with Churg–Strauss syndrome. | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis as a presenting feature of chronic eosinophilic leukaemia, secondary to a deletion on chromosome 4q12 creating the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene. | 803 | ||
| First-line treatment | 803 | ||
| Recurrent granulomatous dermatitis with eosinophilia. | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis. | 803 | ||
| Second-line treatment | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis in a child successfully treated with cetirizine. | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome) successfully treated with low-dose cyclosporine. | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis case report: treatment options. | 803 | ||
| Interferon alfa treatment of a patient with eosinophilic cellulitis and HIV infection. | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome): treatment with minocycline. | 803 | ||
| Bullous eosinophilic cellulitis associated with ulcerative colitis: effective treatment with sulfasalazine and glucocorticoids. | 803 | ||
| Idiopathic bullous eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome) responsive to topical tacrolimus and antihistamine combination. | 803 | ||
| Oral tacrolimus treatment for refractory eosinophilic cellulitis. | 803 | ||
| Eosinophilic cellulitis: a case study and management with griseofulvin. | 803 | ||
| 248 Xanthomas | 804 | ||
| Management strategy | 804 | ||
| Specific investigations | 804 | ||
| Extreme xanthomatosis in patients with both familial hypercholesterolemia and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. | 804 | ||
| Xanthelasma palpebrarum: a marker of premature atherosclerosis (risk of atherosclerosis in xanthelasma). | 804 | ||
| Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study. | 804 | ||
| Sitosterolaemia and xanthomatosis in a child. | 805 | ||
| Pathogenesis and treatment of xanthomatosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy. | 805 | ||
| Verruciform xanthoma: localized lymphedema (elephantiasis) is an essential pathogenic factor. | 805 | ||
| First-line therapies | 805 | ||
| Opposite effects on serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein levels between long-term treatments with pravastatin and probucol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. | 805 | ||
| A comparative study of the therapeutic effect of probucol and pravastatin on xanthelasma. | 805 | ||
| Effects of probucol on xanthomata regression in familial hypercholesterolemia. | 805 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 805 | ||
| Treatment of xanthelasma by excision with secondary intention healing. | 805 | ||
| Xanthelasma palpebrarum. | 805 | ||
| Upper and lower eyelid reconstruction for severe disfiguring necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. | 805 | ||
| Xanthelasma palpebrarum: treatment with the ultrapulsed CO2 laser. | 805 | ||
| Xanthelasma palpebrarum: treatment with the erbium : YAG laser. | 805 | ||
| Treatment of diffuse plane xanthoma of the face with erbium : YAG laser. | 805 | ||
| New operative technique for treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum: laser-inverted resurfacing. Preliminary report. | 805 | ||
| Treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum by 1064-nm Q-switched Nd : YAG laser: a study of 11 cases. | 805 | ||
| Is Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser an effective approach to treat xanthelasma palpebrarum? Results from a clinical study of 76 cases. | 806 | ||
| Treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum with argon laser photocoagulation. | 806 | ||
| Histopathological study of xanthelasma palpebrarum after pulsed dye laser. | 806 | ||
| KTP laser coagulation for xanthelasma palpebrarum. | 806 | ||
| Xanthelasma palpebrarum treatment with a 1,450-nm-diode laser. | 806 | ||
| Effectiveness of low-voltage radiofrequency in the treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum: a pilot study of 15 cases. | 806 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 806 | ||
| Treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum with bichloracetic acid. | 806 | ||
| Evaluation of three different strengths of trichloroacetic acid in xanthelasma palpebrarum. | 806 | ||
| Koebner phenomenon in xanthelasma after treatment with trichloroacetic acid. | 806 | ||
| Cryotherapy may be effective for eyelid xanthoma. | 806 | ||
| Therapeutic effect and pathology changing of eyelid xanthelasma by bleomycin A5. | 806 | ||
| Local corticosteroid treatment of eyelid and orbital xanthogranuloma. | 806 | ||
| Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma treated with chlorambucil. | 806 | ||
| Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of extremities in an elderly patient successfully treated with low-dose prednisolone. | 807 | ||
| Successful treatment of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 807 | ||
| 249 Xeroderma pigmentosum | 808 | ||
| Management strategy | 808 | ||
| Diagnosis | 808 | ||
| Environmental management | 808 | ||
| Social and psychological impact and effect on the family | 809 | ||
| Medical and surgical management | 809 | ||
| Ophthalmologic management | 810 | ||
| Neurologic management | 810 | ||
| Specific investigations | 810 | ||
| Cancer and neurologic degeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum: long term follow-up characterizes the role of DNA repair. | 810 | ||
| Xeroderma pigmentosum. | 810 | ||
| Shining a light on xeroderma pigmentosum. | 810 | ||
| Hereditary diseases of genome instability and DNA repair. | 810 | ||
| Ocular Manifestations of Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Long-Term Follow-up Highlights the Role of DNA Repair in Protection from Sun Damage. | 810 | ||
| Understanding xeroderma pigmentosum. | 810 | ||
| Growing up in the hospital. | 810 | ||
| A patient’s journey: xeroderma pigmentosum. | 811 | ||
| Auditory analysis of xeroderma pigmentosum, 1971–2012. Hearing function, acute sun sensitivity and DNA repair complementation group predict neurologic degeneration. | 811 | ||
| First-line therapies | 811 | ||
| Xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy and Cockayne syndrome: a complex genotype–phenotype relationship. | 811 | ||
| Prevention of skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum: the physician as advocate. | 811 | ||
| Total-body cutaneous examination, total-body photography, and dermoscopy in the care of a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum and multiple melanomas. | 811 | ||
| Strict sun protection results in minimal skin changes in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum and a novel c.2009delG mutation in XPD (ERCC2). | 811 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 811 | ||
| Therapeutic response of a brother and sister with xeroderma pigmentosum to imiquimod 5% cream. | 811 | ||
| 5% 5-Fluorouracil cream for the treatment of small superficial basal cell carcinoma: efficacy, tolerability, cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction. | 811 | ||
| Prevention of skin cancer with oral 13-cis retinoic acid in xeroderma pigmentosum. | 811 | ||
| Xeroderma pigmentosum: spinal cord astrocytoma with 9-year survival after radiation and isotretinoin therapy. | 811 | ||
| Topical imiquimod or fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. | 811 | ||
| Third-line therapies | 811 | ||
| Is facial resurfacing with monoblock full-thickness skin graft a remedy in xeroderma pigmentosum? | 811 | ||
| The role of dermabrasion and chemical peels in the treatment of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. | 811 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 811 | ||
| 250 Xerosis | 812 | ||
| Management strategy | 812 | ||
| Specific investigations | 812 | ||
| Sjögren’s syndrome: a retrospective review of the cutaneous features of 93 patients by the Italian Group of Immunodermatology. | 812 | ||
| HIV-associated pruritus: etiology and management. | 812 | ||
| Non infectious skin conditions associated with diabetes mellitus: a prospective study of 308 cases. | 812 | ||
| Eating disorders and the skin. | 813 | ||
| The mucocutaneous manifestations associated with celiac disease in childhood and adolescence. | 813 | ||
| Xerosis from lithium carbonate. | 813 | ||
| First-line therapies | 813 | ||
| Emollients improve treatment results with topical corticosteroids in childhood atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparative study. | 813 | ||
| How useful are soap substitutes? | 813 | ||
| The effect of washing on the thickness of the stratum corneum in normal and atopic individuals. | 813 | ||
| The value of oil baths for adjuvant basic therapy of inflammatory dermatoses with dry, barrier-disrupted skin. | 813 | ||
| A new technique for evaluating bath oil in the treatment of dry skin. | 813 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 813 | ||
| A double blind comparison of two creams containing urea as the active ingredient. Assesment of efficacy and side effects by non invasive techniques and a clinical scoring scheme. | 813 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of 40% urea and 12% ammonium lactate in the treatment of xerosis. | 813 | ||
| A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy in AD of liquid soap containing 12% ammonium lactate + 20% urea. | 813 | ||
| A controlled two-center study of lactate 12 percent lotion and a petrolatum-based creme in patients with xerosis. | 813 | ||
| Comparative efficacy of 12% ammonium lactate lotion and 5% lactic acid lotion in the treatment of moderate to severe xerosis. | 813 | ||
| A double-blind clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of pure lanolin versus ammonium lactate 12% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe foot xerosis. | 813 | ||
| A prospective, randomized, controlled double-blind study of a moisturizer for xerosis of the feet in patients with diabetes. | 813 | ||
| An evaluation of the effect of an alpha hydroxy acid-blend skin cream in the cosmetic improvement of symptoms of moderate to severe xerosis, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and ichthyosis. | 814 | ||
| Randomized, double-blind study with glycerol and paraffin in uremic xerosis. | 814 | ||
| Glycerol and the skin: holistic approach to its origin and functions. | 814 | ||
| Xerosis in hypothyroidism: a potential role for the use of topical thyroid hormone in euthyroid patients. | 814 | ||
| Effectiveness of topical Chia seed oil on pruritus of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and healthy volunteers. | 814 | ||
| 251 Yellow nail syndrome | 815 | ||
| Management Strategy | 815 | ||
| Specific investigations | 815 | ||
| First-line therapies | 815 | ||
| Combination of fluconazole and α-tocopherol in the treatment of yellow-nail syndrome. | 815 | ||
| Yellow nail syndrome. | 815 | ||
| Yellow nail syndrome in a medical clinic. | 815 | ||
| T and B cell deficiency associated with yellow nail syndrome. | 816 | ||
| Titanium, sinusitis and the yellow nail syndrome. | 816 | ||
| Second-line therapies | 816 | ||
| The yellow nail syndrome (report on 55 cases). | 816 | ||
| A case of yellow nail syndrome with dramatically improved nail discoloration. | 816 | ||
| Syndrome des ongles jaunes d’évolution favorable: rôle de la kinésithérapie respiratoire? | 816 | ||
| Improvement in lymphatic function and partial resolution of nails, after complete decongestive physiotherapy in yellow nail syndrome. | 816 | ||
| Third-line therapy | 816 | ||
| Yellow nail syndrome cured by zinc supplementation. | 816 | ||
| Yellow nail syndrome in a 10-year-old girl. | 816 | ||
| Successful octreotide treatment of chylous pleural effusion and lymphedema in the yellow nail syndrome. | 816 | ||
| Index | 817 | ||
| A | 817 | ||
| B | 821 | ||
| C | 823 | ||
| D | 828 | ||
| E | 830 | ||
| F | 832 | ||
| G | 834 | ||
| H | 835 | ||
| I | 837 | ||
| J | 840 | ||
| K | 840 | ||
| L | 840 | ||
| M | 842 | ||
| N | 844 | ||
| O | 846 | ||
| P | 847 | ||
| Q | 851 | ||
| R | 851 | ||
| S | 853 | ||
| T | 856 | ||
| U | 859 | ||
| V | 859 | ||
| W | 860 | ||
| X | 860 | ||
| Y | 861 | ||
| Z | 861 |