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The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Nervous System, Volume 7, Part II - Spinal Cord and Peripheral Motor and Sensory Systems E-Book

The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Nervous System, Volume 7, Part II - Spinal Cord and Peripheral Motor and Sensory Systems E-Book

H. Royden Jones, Jr. | Ted Burns | Michael J. Aminoff | Scott Pomeroy

(2013)

Additional Information

Abstract

Spinal Cord and Peripheral Motor and Sensory Systems, Part 2 of The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Nervous System, 2nd Edition, provides a highly visual overview of the anatomy, pathology, and major clinical syndromes of the nervous system, from cranial nerves and neuro-ophthalmology to spinal cord, neuropathies, autonomic nervous system, pain physiology, and neuromuscular disorders. This spectacularly illustrated volume in the masterwork known as the (CIBA) Netter "Green Books" has been expanded and revised by Drs. H. Royden Jones, Jr., Ted M. Burns, Michael J. Aminoff, Scott L. Pomeroy to mirror the many exciting advances in neurologic medicine - offering rich insights into neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, molecular biology, pathology, and various clinical presentations.

  • Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located.
  • Get complete, integrated visual guidance on the cranial nerves, spinal cord and peripheral motor and sensory systems with thorough, richly illustrated coverage.
  • Quickly understand complex topics thanks to a concise text-atlas format that provides a context bridge between primary and specialized medicine.
  • Clearly visualize how core concepts of anatomy, physiology, and other basic sciences correlate across disciplines.
  • Benefit from matchless Netter illustrations that offer precision, clarity, detail and realism as they provide a visual approach to the clinical presentation and care of the patient.
  • Gain a rich clinical view of all aspects of the cranial nerves, spinal cord and peripheral motor sensory systems in one comprehensive volume, conveyed through beautiful illustrations as well as up-to-date neuro-radiologic images.
  • Clearly see the connection between basic science and clinical practice with an integrated overview of normal structure and function as it relates to neuro-pathologic conditions.
  • Grasp current clinical concepts regarding the many aspects of adult and child neurologic medicine captured in classic Netter illustrations, as well as new illustrations created specifically for this volume by artist-physician Carlos Machado, MD, and others working in the Netter style.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover cover
Marketing Ad page i i
Marketing Ad page ii ii
The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Nervous System, Volume 7, Part II - Spinal Cord and Peripheral Motor and Sensory Systems, 2/e iii
Copyright page iv
About the Series v
About the Editors vi
Foreword viii
Preface, Acknowledgments, and Dedication ix
Preface ix
Acknowledgments ix
Dedication ix
Frank Netter, MD: A Personal Recollection x
Introduction to the First Edition xi
Introduction to Part I xi
Introduction to Part II xii
Advisory Board xiii
Contributors xiv
Contents of Complete Volume 7— Nervous System: Two-Part Set xvi
Table of Contents xvii
1 Cranial Nerve and Neuro-Ophthalmologic Disorders 1
Overview of Cranial Nerves 2
Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve 6
Anatomy 6
Olfactory Nerve Disorders 6
Olfactory Receptors 7
Olfactory Pathway 8
Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve 9
Human Eye 9
Retina 9
Retinogeniculostriate Visual Pathway 11
Neurologic Deficits of the Retina and Optic Nerve 12
Chiasmal and Postchiasmal Neurologic Deficits 12
Visual System: Retinal Projections 12
Pupillary Light Reflex and the Accommodation Reflex 13
Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI (Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens) 14
Oculomotor Nerve 14
Ciliary Ganglion 14
Trochlear Nerve 15
Abducens Nerve 15
Control of Eye Movements 16
Vestibular Projections Important for Visual Fixation 16
Neurologic Deficits 18
Autonomic Innervation of the Eye 19
Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve 20
Anatomy 20
Trigeminal Nerve Disorders 24
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve 26
Anatomy 26
The Motor Division 26
The Sensory and Parasympathetic Division (Nervus Intermedius) 27
Facial Nerve Disorders 27
Bell Palsy (“Idiopathic” Facial Palsy) 29
Other Etiologies of Facial Neuropathy 29
Taste Receptors and Pathways 30
Taste Receptors 30
Taste Pathways 31
Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve 32
Vestibular Nerve 32
Cochlear Nerve 33
Disorders of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve and System 33
Vestibular 33
Cochlear 34
Canalith Repositioning Maneuvers 35
Afferent Auditory Pathways 36
Centrifugal Auditory Pathways 37
Vestibular Receptors 38
Cochlear Receptors 39
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Otic Ganglion 40
Otic ganglion 41
Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve 42
Vagal Nuclei 42
Vagus Nerve 42
Vagal nerve branches in the thorax 43
Vagal nerve disorders 43
Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve 44
Disorders 45
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve 46
Disorders of the hypoglossal nucleus and nerve 47
2 Spinal Cord: Anatomy and Myelopathies 49
Spinal Cord 50
Spinal Membranes and Nerve Roots 51
Arteries of Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots 52
Veins of Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots, and Vertebrae 54
Principal Fiber Tracts of Spinal Cord 55
Somesthetic System of Body 56
Corticospinal (Pyramidal) System: Motor Component 57
Rubrospinal Tract 58
Vestibulospinal Tracts 59
Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular Pathways 60
Spinal Origin or Termination of Major Descending Tracts and Ascending Pathways 61
Cytoarchitecture of Spinal Cord Gray Matter 62
Spinal Effector Mechanisms 63
Spinal Reflex Pathways 64
Spinal Cord Dysfunction 65
Motor Impairment 65
Sensory Impairment 65
Autonomic Impairment 67
Other Abnormalities 67
Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes 68
Predisposing Causes 68
Spinal Tumors 70
Extradural Tumors 70
Intradural Tumors 70
Syringomyelia 73
Subacute Combined Degeneration 74
Spinal Dural Fistulas and Arteriovenous Malformations 75
Cervical Spondylosis 76
Cervical Disk Herniation Causing Cord Compression 77
Infectious and Hereditary Myelopathies 78
3 Spinal Trauma 79
Spinal Column 80
Atlas and Axis 81
Cervical Vertebrae 82
External Craniocervical Ligaments 83
Internal Craniocervical Ligaments 84
Thoracic Vertebrae 85
Lumbar Vertebrae and Intervertebral Disk 86
Ligaments of Spinal Column 87
Sacrum and Coccyx 88
Ligaments of Sacrum and Coccyx 89
Distractive Flexion 90
Compressive Flexion 91
Distractive Extension 92
Compressive Extension 92
Cervical Spine Injury: Prehospital, Emergency Room, and Acute Management 93
Prehospital Management 93
Emergency Room and Acute Management 93
Traction and Bracing 94
Anterior Cervical Spine Decompression and Stabilization 95
Posterior Cervical Stabilization and Fusion 96
Spinal Cord Injury Medical Issues 97
Early Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 97
4 Nerve Roots and Plexus Disorders 99
Cervical Disk Herniation 100
Radiographic Diagnosis of Radiculopathy 101
Back Pain and Lumbar Disk Disease 102
Clinical Manifestations 102
Treatment 103
Lumbosacral Spinal Stenosis 105
Spinal Nerves 106
Dermal Segmentation 107
Thoracic Nerves 108
Thoracic Spinal Nerve Root Disorders 109
Diabetic Lumbosacral Radiculoplexus Neuropathy 110
Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Plexuses 111
Brachial Plexus 112
Brachial Plexus and/or Cervical Nerve Root Injuries at Birth 113
Brachial Plexopathy 114
Lumbosacral Plexopathy 115
Cervical Plexus 116
5 Mononeuropathies 117
Compression Neuropathies 118
Acute Nerve Compression 118
Chronic Nerve Compression 119
Evaluation of Mononeuropathies 120
Clinical Assessment 120
Mononeuropathy: Diagnostic Studies 121
Proximal Nerves of the Upper Extremity 122
Median Nerve 124
Upper Arm 124
Forearm 124
Proximal Median Neuropathies 125
Primary Median Trunk 125
Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN) 125
Evaluation 125
Therapy and Prognosis 125
Distal Median Neuropathies: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 126
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 126
Diagnosis and Therapy 127
Ulnar Nerve 128
Ulnar Mononeuropathies: Potential Entrapment Sites 129
Proximal Ulnar Nerve Lesions 129
Distal Ulnar Nerve Lesions 129
Differential Diagnosis 129
Radial Nerve 130
Radial Nerve in Forearm 130
Radial Nerve Compression/Entrapment Neuropathies 131
Proximal Radial Neuropathies 131
Distal Radial Neuropathies 131
Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves 132
Femoral Nerve 132
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve 132
Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, and Genitofemoral Nerves 133
Obturator Nerve 133
Sciatic and Gluteal Nerves 134
Gluteal/Proximal Sciatic Nerves 134
Sciatic/Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves 134
Anatomy 134
Clinical 134
Etiology 135
Differential Diagnosis 135
Fibular (Peroneal) and Tibial Nerves 136
Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve 136
Tibial Nerve 137
Dermatomal and Cutaneous Nerve Patterns 138
6 Peripheral Neuropathies 141
Peripheral Nerve 143
Cell Types of Nervous System 145
Sensory Neurons 145
Motor Neurons 145
Resting Membrane Potential 146
Ion Channel Mechanics and Action Potential Generation 147
Neurophysiology and Peripheral Nerve Demyelination 148
Impulse Propagation 149
Conduction Velocity 150
Visceral Efferent Endings 151
Cutaneous Receptors 152
Pacinian Corpuscle 153
Muscle and Joint Receptors 154
Joint Receptors 154
Muscle Receptors 154
Proprioceptive Reflex Control of Muscle Tension 155
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies (HMSN, i.e., Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease) 156
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Types I and II 157
Other Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies (HMSN III, IV, and X) 158
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy 159
Guillain-Barré Syndrome 160
Diagnosis of AIDP 160
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy 162
Diabetic Neuropathies 163
Clinical Manifestations 163
Monoclonal Protein–associated Neuropathies 164
IgM MGUS Neuropathy 164
Amyloid Neuropathy 164
POEMS Syndrome 165
Vasculitic Neuropathy and Other Connective Tissue Disorders Associated with Neuropathy 166
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 167
Sjögren Syndrome 167
Immunopathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome 168
Peripheral Neuropathy Caused by Heavy Metal Poisoning 169
Arsenic 169
Neuropathies Caused by Other Metals 169
Metabolic, Toxic, and Nutritional Peripheral Neuropathies 170
Alcohol 170
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 170
Vitamin B12 Deficiency 170
Hypothyroidism 170
Uremia 170
Leprosy and Other Infections Sometimes Causing Peripheral Neuropathy 171
Leprosy 171
Lyme 171
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 171
Hepatitis C Virus 171
7 Autonomic Nervous System and Its Disorders 173
General Topography of Autonomic Nervous System 174
Autonomic Reflex Pathways 176
Cholinergic and Adrenergic Nerves 177
Autonomic Nerves in Head and Neck 178
Autonomic Innervation of Eye 180
Sympathetic Fibers 180
Parasympathetic Fibers 180
Visual Centers 180
Pupillary Light Reflex 181
Accommodation Reflex 181
Autonomic Nerves in Thorax 182
Innervation of Heart 182
Innervation of Blood Vessels 184
Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia in Abdomen 186
Innervation of Stomach and Proximal Duodenum 187
Innervation of Intestines 188
Sympathetic Fibers 188
Autonomic System Role in Gut Motility 189
Enteric Plexuses 190
Innervation of Liver and Biliary Tract 191
Innervation of Adrenal Glands 192
Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia in Pelvis 193
Innervation of Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder 194
Innervation of Reproductive Organs 196
Male Reproductive Organs 196
Female Reproductive Organs 197
Autonomic Testing 198
Sweat Testing 198
Cardiovagal Testing 198
Head-Up Tilting 198
Isometric Handgrip 198
Neurochemical Testing 198
Abnormal Pupillary Conditions 199
Adie’s Tonic Pupil 199
Argyll Robertson Pupil 199
Horner Syndrome 199
Clinical Presentation of Autonomic Disorders 200
Acute Peripheral Autonomic Disorders 200
Chronic Peripheral Autonomic Disorders 200
Central Disorders 200
8 Pain 201
Pain Pathways Anatomy Ascending Pathways Endorphin System 202
Descending Nociceptive Pathways and Neurochemical Foundations of Descending Pain Modulation 204
Descending Nociceptive Pathways 204
Neurochemical Foundations of Descending Pain Modulation 205
Nociceptive Processing and Central Nervous System Correlates of Pain 206
Neuropathic Pain 206
Peripheral Sensitization 206
Ectopic Impulse Generation 206
Central Sensitization 206
Disinhibition 207
Low-Threshold aβ-Fiber–mediated Pain 207
Neuroimmune Interactions 207
Thalamic Pain Syndrome 208
Pain Characteristics 208
Pathophysiology 208
Treatment 209
Complex Regional Pain 210
Pathophysiology 210
Clinical Features and Diagnosis 210
Treatment 210
Herpes Zoster 211
Pathology 211
Clinical Manifestation 211
Treatment 211
Occipital Neuralgia 212
Pathology 212
Clinical Manifestation 212
Treatment 212
Myofascial Factors in Low Back Pain 213
Pathophysiology 213
Clinical Manifestations 213
Treatment 214
Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Back Pain 215
Pathophysiology 215
Pain-Referral Patterns 215
Clinical Picture 215
Management 215
Low Back Pain and Effects of Lumbar Hyperlordosis and Flexion on Spinal Nerves 216
Examination of the Low Back Pain Patient 217
Clinical Evaluation 217
Range of Motion 217
Specific Tests 218
Reflex Testing 218
Important Findings 218
Diagnostic Imaging 218
Laboratory Evaluation 218
Diagnosis of Low back, Buttock, and Hip Pain 219
Low Back Pain 219
Buttock Pain 219
Hip Pain 220
Painful Polyneuropathies 221
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) 221
Clinical Manifestations 221
Treatment 222
Neurologic Evaluation of the Somatoform Patient 223
Psychologic Formulations of Pain Behavior and “Conversion” Disorders 223
Diagnosis 224
Treatment 224
9 Floppy Infant 225
Neonatal Hypotonia 226
Physical Examination and Assessment of a Hypotonic Child 226
Differential Anatomic Diagnosis 226
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type I (Werdnig- Hoffmann Disease) 227
Infantile Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Disorders 228
Transient Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis (TNMG) 228
Infantile Botulism (IB) 228
Congenital Myasthenia Syndromes (CMS) 228
Congenital Myopathies 229
Nemaline Myopathy 229
Central Core Disease 229
Centronuclear/Myotubular Myopathy 229
Congenital Fiber-Type Disproportion 229
Other Congenital Myopathies 229
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita 230
10 Motor Neuron and Its Disorders 231
Peripheral Nervous System: Overview 232
Spinal Cord and Neuronal Cell Body with Motor, Sensory, and Autonomic Components of the Peripheral Nerve 233
Motor Unit 234
Motor Unit Potentials 235
Primary Motor Neuron Disease 236
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 237
Mimics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 238
Diagnosis 239
Treatment 240
Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy 242
11 Neuromuscular Junction and Its Disorders 243
Neuromuscular Junction 244
Synaptic Transmission 246
Repetitive Motor Nerve Stimulation 248
Myasthenia Gravis 249
Demographics 249
Clinical Picture 249
Differential Diagnosis 249
Diagnosis 249
Immunopathology of Myasthenia Gravis 251
Presynaptic Neuromuscular Junction Transmission Disorders: Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome and Infantile Botulism 252
Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes 253
Foodborne Neurotoxins 254
12 Muscle and Its Disorders 255
Muscle Fiber Anatomy: Basic Sarcomere Subdivisions 256
Muscle Fiber Anatomy: Biochemical Mechanics of Contraction 257
Muscle Membrane, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 258
Muscle Response to Nerve Stimulation 259
Metabolism of Muscle Cell 260
Carbohydrate Metabolism 260
Lipid Metabolism 260
Muscle Fiber Types 261
Overview of Myopathies: Clinical Approach 262
Dystrophinopathies 264
Clinical Aspects 264
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 264
Becker Muscular Dystrophy 265
Manifesting DMD/BMD Carrier Females 265
Genetics 265
Diagnosis 265
Treatment 266
Myotonic Dystrophy and Other Myotonic Disorders 267
Other Types of Muscular Dystrophy 269
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis 270
Inclusion Body Myositis 272
Immunopathology of Inflammatory Myopathies 273
Endocrine, Toxic, and Critical Illness Myopathies 274
Myopathies: Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia and Periodic Paralyses Channelopathies 275
Secondary Hypokalemic and Hyperkalemic Syndromes 275
Periodic Paralysis 275
Metabolic and Mitochondrial Myopathies 276
Myoglobinuric Syndromes Including Malignant Hyperthermia 277
Additional Resources 279
Section 1—Cranial Nerve and Neuro-ophthalmologic Disorders 279
Section 2—Spinal Cord: Anatomy and Myelopathies 279
Section 3—Spinal Trauma 279
Section 4—Nerve Roots and Plexus Disorders 279
Diabetic Lumbosacral Radiculoplexus Neuropathy 279
Lumbosacral Plexopathy 279
Section 5—Mononeuropathies 279
Peer Reviewed 279
Section 6—Peripheral Neuropathies 279
Section 7—Autonomic Nervous System and Its Disorders 280
Section 8—Pain 280
Section 9—Floppy Infant 280
Section 10—Motor Neuron and Its Disorders 280
Section 11—Neuromuscular Junction and Its Disorders 280
Section 12—Muscle and Its Disorders 281
Index 283
A 283
B 283
C 283
D 284
E 284
F 285
G 285
H 285
I 285
J 286
K 286
L 286
M 286
N 287
O 287
P 287
Q 288
R 288
S 288
T 289
U 290
V 290
W 290
Z 290