BOOK
The Practice of Interventional Radiology, with Online Cases and Video E-Book
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Practice of Interventional Radiology, by Dr. Karim Valji, presents a comprehensive approach to help you master the latest techniques. Online case studies teach you a wide range of interventional techniques, such as chemoembolization of tumors, venous access, angioplasty and stenting, and much more. With coverage of neurointerventional procedures, image-guided non-vascular and vascular procedures, and interventional oncologic procedures - plus access to the full text, case studies, images, and videos online at www.expertconsult.com - you’ll have everything you need to offer more patients a safer alternative to open surgery.
- Presents the entire spectrum of vascular and nonvascular image-guided interventional procedures in a rigorous but practical, concise, and balanced fashion.
- Stay current on the latest developments in interventional radiology including neurointerventional procedures, image-guided non-vascular and vascular procedures, and interventional oncologic procedures.
- Learn the tenets of disease pathology, patient care, techniques and expected outcomes, and the relative merits of various treatment modalities.
- Find everything you need quickly and easily with consistent chapters that include patient cases, normal and variant anatomy, techniques, and complications.
- Master procedures and recognize diseases through over 100 case studies available online, which include images and interactive Q&A to test your knowledge;
- Online videos that demonstrate basic and expert-level interventional techniques.
- Access the fully searchable text at www.expertconsult.com, along with over 100 cases, 1500 corresponding images, and videos.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| The practice of interventional radiology with online cases and videos | iv | ||
| Copyright | v | ||
| Dedication | vi | ||
| Contributors | viii | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Table of contents | xiv | ||
| Core cases in interventional radiology | xvi | ||
| I Basic principles and techniques | 1 | ||
| Pathogenesis of vascular diseases | 3 | ||
| Arteries | 3 | ||
| Normal structure | 3 | ||
| Functional disorders | 4 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 5 | ||
| Neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis | 6 | ||
| Thrombosis | 7 | ||
| Thrombophilia | 8 | ||
| Embolism | 11 | ||
| Aneurysms and arterial dilation | 11 | ||
| Dissection | 14 | ||
| Vasculitis | 15 | ||
| Noninflammatory vasculopathies | 18 | ||
| Extrinsic compression | 19 | ||
| Arteries and veins | 19 | ||
| Neoplasms | 19 | ||
| Inflammatory disorders | 20 | ||
| Arteriovenous communications | 20 | ||
| Vascular injury | 24 | ||
| Veins | 25 | ||
| Normal structure and function | 25 | ||
| Venospasm | 25 | ||
| Acute venous thromboembolic disease | 25 | ||
| Chronic venous diseases | 27 | ||
| Neointimal hyperplasia | 27 | ||
| Varices and aneurysms | 28 | ||
| Extrinsic compression | 28 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| Patient evaluation and care | 32 | ||
| Preprocedure care | 32 | ||
| Patient referral and contact | 32 | ||
| History and physical examination | 32 | ||
| Sedation and analgesia requirements | 33 | ||
| Informed consent | 33 | ||
| Laboratory testing | 35 | ||
| Renal function | 35 | ||
| Coagulation parameters | 35 | ||
| Patient preparation | 36 | ||
| Diet and hydration | 36 | ||
| Medications | 36 | ||
| Contrast reaction pretreatment | 37 | ||
| Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy | 37 | ||
| Prophylactic antibiotics in adults | 38 | ||
| Correction of coagulopathies | 38 | ||
| Intraprocedure care | 39 | ||
| “Time out” | 39 | ||
| Radiation safety | 39 | ||
| Infectious disease precautions | 39 | ||
| Patient monitoring | 39 | ||
| Fluid management | 39 | ||
| Sedation and analgesia | 39 | ||
| Treatment of adverse events and reactions | 40 | ||
| Reaction to sedatives and analgesics | 40 | ||
| Vasovagal reaction | 41 | ||
| Hypertension | 41 | ||
| Bleeding | 41 | ||
| Mild contrast agent reaction | 42 | ||
| Moderate contrast agent reaction | 42 | ||
| Severe contrast agent reaction | 42 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 42 | ||
| Dysrhythmias | 42 | ||
| Sepsis | 42 | ||
| Seizures | 43 | ||
| Air embolism | 43 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary arrest | 43 | ||
| Postprocedure care | 43 | ||
| Vascular catheter removal | 43 | ||
| Patient monitoring | 43 | ||
| Orders | 43 | ||
| Management of acute complications | 43 | ||
| Discharge instructions and follow-up | 44 | ||
| References | 44 | ||
| Standard angiographic and interventional techniques | 47 | ||
| Vascular access | 47 | ||
| Anesthesia (online videos 3-1 and 3-2) | 47 | ||
| Retrograde femoral artery catheterization (online video 3-2) | 47 | ||
| Antegrade femoral artery catheterization (online video 3-2) | 49 | ||
| Brachial artery catheterization | 49 | ||
| Alternative arterial access routes | 50 | ||
| Femoral vein catheterization (online video 3-4) | 50 | ||
| Internal jugular vein catheterization (online video 3-5) | 50 | ||
| Axillary/subclavian vein catheterization | 51 | ||
| Arterial closure devices (online video 3-6) | 51 | ||
| Complications | 52 | ||
| Treatment of postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas | 54 | ||
| Basic angiographic and interventional tools | 55 | ||
| Catheters and guidewires (online videos 3-1 and 3-7 to 3-9) | 55 | ||
| Pressure measurements | 56 | ||
| Contrast agents | 58 | ||
| Pharmacologic adjuncts | 60 | ||
| Antiplatelet agents | 60 | ||
| Antithrombin agents | 60 | ||
| Antispasmodic agents | 61 | ||
| Vascular interventional techniques | 61 | ||
| Balloon angioplasty | 61 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 61 | ||
| Patient selection | 62 | ||
| Technique (online video 3-11) | 62 | ||
| Results and complications | 65 | ||
| Atherectomy devices | 65 | ||
| Bare and covered metallic stents | 65 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 65 | ||
| Patient and stent selection | 65 | ||
| Common technical points (online video 3-12) | 68 | ||
| Enzymatic thrombolysis | 68 | ||
| Patient selection | 68 | ||
| Thrombolytic agents | 68 | ||
| Technique | 69 | ||
| Results and complications | 70 | ||
| Mechanical thrombectomy | 72 | ||
| Embolotherapy (online videos 3-14 through 3-18) | 73 | ||
| Patient selection | 73 | ||
| Materials and technique | 74 | ||
| Results and complications | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Percutaneous biopsy | 84 | ||
| Technique | 84 | ||
| Patient preparation | 84 | ||
| Materials | 84 | ||
| Imaging guidance | 85 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 86 | ||
| Sonography | 86 | ||
| Computed tomography | 87 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 89 | ||
| Sampling technique (online case 45) | 90 | ||
| Single-needle technique | 90 | ||
| Two-needle technique | 90 | ||
| Specimen handling | 91 | ||
| Care after biopsy | 92 | ||
| Specific applications | 92 | ||
| Chest | 92 | ||
| Patient selection | 92 | ||
| Technique | 92 | ||
| Results | 93 | ||
| Complications | 94 | ||
| Liver | 95 | ||
| Patient selection | 95 | ||
| Technique | 95 | ||
| Results | 96 | ||
| Complications | 96 | ||
| Adrenal gland (online case 69) | 97 | ||
| Patient selection | 97 | ||
| Technique | 97 | ||
| Results and complications | 98 | ||
| Pancreas | 98 | ||
| Kidney | 99 | ||
| Patient selection | 99 | ||
| Technique | 99 | ||
| Results and complications | 99 | ||
| Other abdominal and pelvic sites (online case 30) | 100 | ||
| Thyroid (online case 40) | 101 | ||
| Patient selection | 101 | ||
| Technique | 102 | ||
| Results and complications | 102 | ||
| Methods to reach inaccessible lesions | 103 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| Transcatheter fluid drainage | 106 | ||
| Technique | 106 | ||
| Patient selection | 106 | ||
| Patient preparation | 106 | ||
| Imaging guidance and access | 106 | ||
| Diagnostic aspiration | 107 | ||
| Catheter insertion | 107 | ||
| Catheter care | 111 | ||
| Postprocedure care | 111 | ||
| Clinical management: postprocedure imaging, catheter manipulation and removal | 112 | ||
| Results and complications | 112 | ||
| Specific applications | 113 | ||
| Chest | 113 | ||
| Liver (online case 75) | 116 | ||
| Spleen | 118 | ||
| Pancreas | 118 | ||
| Lower abdomen and pelvis (online cases 10, 20, and 50) | 120 | ||
| Sclerotherapy of lymphoceles and cysts (online case 15) | 121 | ||
| Kidney and retroperitoneum (online case 35) | 122 | ||
| Musculoskeletal system | 122 | ||
| References | 124 | ||
| II Aorta and peripheral arteries | 127 | ||
| Thoracic aorta | 129 | ||
| Arteriography | 129 | ||
| Anatomy | 129 | ||
| Development | 129 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 129 | ||
| Variant anatomy (online cases 1 and 73) | 130 | ||
| Major disorders | 132 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 132 | ||
| Degenerative aneurysms (online case 96) | 133 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 133 | ||
| Clinical features | 133 | ||
| Imaging | 134 | ||
| Chest radiography | 134 | ||
| Transesophageal echocardiography | 134 | ||
| Computed tomography | 134 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 134 | ||
| Treatment | 134 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 134 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 134 | ||
| Dissection (online cases 13 and 52) | 135 | ||
| Etiology | 135 | ||
| Natural history | 137 | ||
| Clinical features | 137 | ||
| Imaging | 137 | ||
| Chest radiography | 137 | ||
| Computed tomography | 137 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 138 | ||
| Transesophageal echocardiography | 138 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 138 | ||
| Choice of imaging modality | 139 | ||
| Treatment | 139 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 139 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 139 | ||
| Follow-up imaging | 141 | ||
| Aortic trauma (online case 91) | 141 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 141 | ||
| Clinical features | 142 | ||
| Imaging | 142 | ||
| Chest radiography | 142 | ||
| Computed tomography | 142 | ||
| Catheter aortography | 142 | ||
| Other modalities | 145 | ||
| Treatment | 145 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 145 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 145 | ||
| Other disorders | 146 | ||
| Vasculitis | 146 | ||
| Noninflammatory vasculopathies (online case 62) | 147 | ||
| Infectious aortitis and aerodigestive fistulas | 148 | ||
| Penetrating aortic ulcer (online case 95) | 149 | ||
| Intramural hematoma | 151 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta (online case 27) | 151 | ||
| References | 153 | ||
| Abdominal aorta | 156 | ||
| Aortography | 156 | ||
| Anatomy | 156 | ||
| Development | 156 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 156 | ||
| Variant anatomy | 158 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 158 | ||
| Major disorders | 159 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 159 | ||
| Degenerative abdominal aortic aneurysms (online cases 14 and 65) | 159 | ||
| Etiology | 159 | ||
| Natural history | 160 | ||
| Clinical features | 160 | ||
| Imaging | 161 | ||
| Sonography | 161 | ||
| Computed tomography | 161 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 162 | ||
| Treatment | 162 | ||
| Patient selection | 163 | ||
| Open surgical repair | 164 | ||
| Imaging | 164 | ||
| Technique | 164 | ||
| Complications | 165 | ||
| Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair | 165 | ||
| Preprocedure imaging and intervention | 166 | ||
| Evar technique | 166 | ||
| Results | 167 | ||
| Complications | 167 | ||
| Follow-up imaging and secondary procedures | 167 | ||
| Aortic occlusive disease (online case 42) | 173 | ||
| Etiology | 173 | ||
| Clinical features | 173 | ||
| Imaging | 173 | ||
| Treatment | 174 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 174 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 174 | ||
| Dissection | 175 | ||
| Other disorders | 175 | ||
| Inflammatory aortic aneurysms (online case 53) | 175 | ||
| Infectious aortic aneurysms | 177 | ||
| Penetrating aortic ulcer and intramural hematoma | 178 | ||
| Trauma | 178 | ||
| Vasculitis and vasculopathy | 179 | ||
| Coarctation syndromes (online case 88) | 180 | ||
| References | 180 | ||
| Pelvic and lower extremity arteries | 185 | ||
| Arteriography | 185 | ||
| Anatomy | 185 | ||
| Development | 185 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 185 | ||
| Variant anatomy (online case 102) | 188 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 189 | ||
| Major disorders | 189 | ||
| Chronic peripheral arterial disease (online case 2) | 189 | ||
| Etiology | 189 | ||
| Clinical features | 194 | ||
| Natural history | 194 | ||
| Noninvasive testing | 195 | ||
| Imaging | 195 | ||
| Color doppler sonography | 195 | ||
| Magnetic resonance angiography | 195 | ||
| Computed tomography angiography | 197 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 198 | ||
| Medical therapy | 203 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 203 | ||
| Patient selection | 203 | ||
| Infrarenal aortic stenosis (tasc b lesions) | 207 | ||
| Aortic occlusion and severe aortoiliac occlusive disease (tasc c and d lesions) | 207 | ||
| Iliac artery stenosis (tasc a-d lesions) | 207 | ||
| Iliac artery occlusion (tasc type b-d) | 210 | ||
| Internal iliac artery stenosis | 212 | ||
| Common femoral artery obstruction | 212 | ||
| Deep femoral artery stenosis | 212 | ||
| Femoropopliteal artery stenosis (tasc types a and b) | 212 | ||
| Femoropopliteal artery occlusion (tasc c and d lesions) | 215 | ||
| Tibial artery obstruction | 217 | ||
| Complications | 218 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 218 | ||
| Acute lower extremity ischemia (online cases 28, 43, and 99) | 219 | ||
| Etiology | 219 | ||
| Clinical features | 220 | ||
| Imaging | 221 | ||
| Computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography | 221 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 221 | ||
| Treatment | 222 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 223 | ||
| Patient selection | 223 | ||
| Technique | 223 | ||
| Results | 224 | ||
| Complications | 226 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 226 | ||
| Arterial bypass graft failure (online cases 43 and 97) | 226 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 226 | ||
| Imaging | 228 | ||
| Noninvasive screening | 228 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 228 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 229 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 229 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 229 | ||
| Aneurysms (online cases 28 and 81) | 229 | ||
| Etiology | 229 | ||
| Clinical features | 230 | ||
| Imaging | 231 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 231 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 231 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 232 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 236 | ||
| Pelvic trauma (online cases 54 and 80) | 236 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 236 | ||
| Imaging | 236 | ||
| Cross-sectional imaging | 236 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 236 | ||
| Treatment | 236 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 236 | ||
| Lower extremity trauma (online case 5) | 238 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 238 | ||
| Imaging | 239 | ||
| Treatment | 240 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 240 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 240 | ||
| Other disorders | 240 | ||
| Dissection | 240 | ||
| Retroperitoneal bleeding | 240 | ||
| Vasculitis and mimics (online case 74) | 240 | ||
| Arteriovenous communications | 243 | ||
| Popliteal artery disorders (online case 70) | 245 | ||
| Iliac artery endofibrosis | 248 | ||
| Neoplasms | 250 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| Upper extremity arteries | 259 | ||
| Arteriography (video 9-1) | 259 | ||
| Anatomy (online cases 3 and 17) | 259 | ||
| Development | 259 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 259 | ||
| Variant anatomy | 262 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 262 | ||
| Major disorders | 263 | ||
| Acute upper extremity ischemia (online case 64) | 263 | ||
| Etiology | 263 | ||
| Clinical features | 263 | ||
| Imaging | 264 | ||
| Treatment | 264 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 266 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 266 | ||
| Chronic upper extremity ischemia (online case 29) | 266 | ||
| Etiology | 266 | ||
| Clinical features | 267 | ||
| Imaging | 267 | ||
| Treatment | 268 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 268 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 268 | ||
| Thoracic outlet syndrome | 268 | ||
| Etiology | 268 | ||
| Clinical features | 269 | ||
| Imaging | 269 | ||
| Plain radiography | 269 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 269 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 269 | ||
| Treatment | 269 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 269 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 269 | ||
| Digital ischemia (online case 56) | 269 | ||
| Etiology | 269 | ||
| Clinical features | 270 | ||
| Imaging | 271 | ||
| Treatment | 271 | ||
| Medical/surgical therapy | 271 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 272 | ||
| Trauma (online cases 94 and 109) | 272 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 272 | ||
| Imaging | 273 | ||
| Sonography | 273 | ||
| Computed tomography | 274 | ||
| Angiography | 274 | ||
| Treatment | 274 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 274 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 275 | ||
| Aneurysms (online case 109) | 275 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 275 | ||
| Imaging and treatment | 276 | ||
| Other disorders | 277 | ||
| Vasculitis and vasculopathies | 277 | ||
| Arteriovenous communications | 278 | ||
| Neoplasms | 280 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| III Visceral arteries and veins | 285 | ||
| Renal arteries and veins | 287 | ||
| Arteriography and venography (online videos 10-1 and 10-2) | 287 | ||
| Anatomy | 287 | ||
| Development | 287 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 287 | ||
| Variant anatomy (online cases 4 and 31) | 288 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 289 | ||
| Major disorders | 290 | ||
| Atherosclerotic renovascular disease (online case 18) | 290 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 290 | ||
| Clinical features | 293 | ||
| Imaging | 293 | ||
| Color doppler sonography | 293 | ||
| Computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography | 294 | ||
| Captopril renal scintigraphy | 296 | ||
| Renal vein renin sampling | 296 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 296 | ||
| Treatment | 296 | ||
| Renal artery stent placement | 296 | ||
| Patient selection | 297 | ||
| Technique (see fig. 10-14) | 298 | ||
| Results | 299 | ||
| Complications | 300 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 300 | ||
| Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia (online case 76) | 300 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 300 | ||
| Imaging | 300 | ||
| Treatment | 300 | ||
| Renal artery angioplasty | 300 | ||
| Technique | 300 | ||
| Results | 301 | ||
| Complications | 301 | ||
| Acute renal artery occlusion (online case 82) | 301 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 301 | ||
| Imaging | 302 | ||
| Cross-sectional imaging | 302 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 302 | ||
| Treatment | 302 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 302 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 302 | ||
| Vascular complications after kidney transplantation (online case 92) | 303 | ||
| Etiology | 303 | ||
| Clinical features | 304 | ||
| Imaging | 304 | ||
| Sonography | 304 | ||
| Computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography | 305 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 305 | ||
| Treatment | 306 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 306 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 306 | ||
| Trauma (online cases 44, 66, and 82) | 306 | ||
| Etiology | 306 | ||
| Clinical features | 306 | ||
| Imaging | 306 | ||
| Cross-sectional imaging | 306 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 307 | ||
| Treatment | 307 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 307 | ||
| Neoplasms (online cases 57 and 83) | 307 | ||
| Etiology | 307 | ||
| Clinical features | 308 | ||
| Imaging | 309 | ||
| Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging | 309 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 309 | ||
| Treatment | 310 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 311 | ||
| Percutaneous ablation therapy | 312 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 312 | ||
| Miscellaneous conditions | 312 | ||
| Other disorders | 313 | ||
| Aneurysms (online case 110) | 313 | ||
| Dissection | 315 | ||
| Arteriovenous fistulas and malformations (online case 87) | 315 | ||
| Renal vein thrombosis | 316 | ||
| Renal vein varices (online case 107) | 318 | ||
| Vasculitis and coarctation syndromes | 319 | ||
| Segmental arterial mediolysis | 319 | ||
| References | 319 | ||
| Mesenteric arteries | 325 | ||
| Arteriography (online videos 11-1 to 11-3) | 325 | ||
| Anatomy (online cases 6 and 19) | 325 | ||
| Development | 325 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 326 | ||
| Variant anatomy | 328 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 328 | ||
| Major disorders | 332 | ||
| Acute mesenteric ischemia | 332 | ||
| Etiology | 332 | ||
| Clinical features | 333 | ||
| Imaging | 333 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 333 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 333 | ||
| Treatment | 333 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 333 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 334 | ||
| Chronic mesenteric ischemia (online case 67) | 334 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 334 | ||
| Imaging | 335 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 335 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 335 | ||
| Treatment | 335 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 336 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 336 | ||
| Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (online cases 32 and 103) | 336 | ||
| Etiology | 337 | ||
| Clinical features | 338 | ||
| Imaging | 339 | ||
| Radionuclide scanning | 339 | ||
| Computed tomography angiography | 340 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 340 | ||
| Treatment | 341 | ||
| Vasopressin infusion therapy | 341 | ||
| Embolization | 342 | ||
| Technique | 343 | ||
| Results | 343 | ||
| Complications | 344 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 344 | ||
| Chronic and occult gastrointestinal bleeding (online case 77) | 344 | ||
| Neoplasms | 346 | ||
| Other disorders | 346 | ||
| Celiac artery compression (median arcuate ligament) syndrome (online case 46) | 346 | ||
| Aneurysms | 347 | ||
| Vasculitis | 347 | ||
| Arteriovenous malformations | 348 | ||
| Trauma | 348 | ||
| Segmental arterial mediolysis and fibromuscular dysplasia | 349 | ||
| Coarctation syndromes | 349 | ||
| References | 352 | ||
| Hepatic, splenic, and portal vascular systems | 356 | ||
| Arteriography and venography | 356 | ||
| Anatomy | 356 | ||
| Development | 356 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 356 | ||
| Liver | 356 | ||
| Spleen | 359 | ||
| Variant anatomy | 359 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 362 | ||
| Major disorders | 362 | ||
| Cirrhosis and portal hypertension (online case 68) | 362 | ||
| Etiology | 362 | ||
| Clinical features | 364 | ||
| Imaging and tissue diagnosis | 365 | ||
| Hepatic vein manometry | 365 | ||
| Hepatic venography | 365 | ||
| Arteriography and indirect portography | 366 | ||
| Splenoportography | 367 | ||
| Transjugular liver biopsy | 368 | ||
| Patient selection | 368 | ||
| Technique | 368 | ||
| Results and complications | 369 | ||
| Treatment | 370 | ||
| Pharmacologic therapy | 370 | ||
| Endoscopic treatment | 370 | ||
| Large-volume paracentesis | 370 | ||
| Transcatheter variceal embolization | 371 | ||
| Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric and duodenal varices | 371 | ||
| Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts | 372 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 372 | ||
| Liver transplantation | 372 | ||
| Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (online cases 33 and 78) | 372 | ||
| Patient selection | 372 | ||
| Technique | 374 | ||
| Early results | 380 | ||
| Complications | 381 | ||
| Late results | 381 | ||
| Surveillance and shunt management | 382 | ||
| Portal and splenic vein thrombosis | 383 | ||
| Etiology | 383 | ||
| Clinical features | 383 | ||
| Imaging | 385 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 385 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 385 | ||
| Treatment | 385 | ||
| Medical therapy | 385 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 386 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 387 | ||
| Hepatic vein outflow obstruction (budd-chiari syndrome) | 387 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 387 | ||
| Imaging | 387 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 387 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 388 | ||
| Treatment | 388 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 388 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 389 | ||
| Malignant liver neoplasms (online cases 58, 79, and 89) | 389 | ||
| Hepatic and splenic trauma (online case 108) | 389 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 389 | ||
| Imaging | 389 | ||
| Cross-sectional imaging | 389 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 389 | ||
| Treatment | 390 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 390 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 390 | ||
| Vascular complications after liver transplantation (online cases 55 and 106) | 390 | ||
| Operative procedures | 393 | ||
| Complications | 393 | ||
| Hepatic artery thrombosis | 393 | ||
| Hepatic artery stenosis | 395 | ||
| Portal vein thrombosis or stenosis | 395 | ||
| Inferior vena cava/hepatic vein obstruction | 395 | ||
| Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms | 395 | ||
| Other disorders | 395 | ||
| Hemangiomas and other benign liver tumors (online case 89) | 395 | ||
| Arteriovenous communications | 398 | ||
| Obstructive arterial diseases | 398 | ||
| Aneurysms (online cases 7 and 47) | 400 | ||
| Vasculitis | 402 | ||
| Hypersplenism | 402 | ||
| Peliosis | 405 | ||
| Segmental arterial mediolysis | 405 | ||
| References | 405 | ||
| Endocrine, exocrine, and reproductive systems | 412 | ||
| Pancreas | 412 | ||
| Arteriography | 412 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology | 412 | ||
| Major disorders | 412 | ||
| Nonendocrine pancreatic tumors | 412 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 412 | ||
| Imaging | 413 | ||
| Treatment | 413 | ||
| Pancreatic neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors | 414 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 414 | ||
| Imaging | 414 | ||
| Noninvasive imaging | 414 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 414 | ||
| Treatment | 415 | ||
| Inflammatory diseases | 415 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 415 | ||
| Imaging | 416 | ||
| Treatment | 416 | ||
| Other disorders | 416 | ||
| Pancreas transplant complications | 416 | ||
| Aneurysms | 417 | ||
| Arteriovenous malformations | 418 | ||
| Adrenal glands | 419 | ||
| Angiography (video 13-1) | 419 | ||
| Anatomy | 419 | ||
| Major disorders | 420 | ||
| Cushing syndrome | 420 | ||
| Aldosteronism (video 13-1) | 421 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 421 | ||
| Imaging | 421 | ||
| Treatment | 421 | ||
| Other disorders | 421 | ||
| Adrenogenital syndromes | 421 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma | 422 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 422 | ||
| Angiography | 422 | ||
| Anatomy | 422 | ||
| Major disorders | 422 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 422 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 422 | ||
| Imaging | 422 | ||
| Treatment | 424 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 424 | ||
| Arteriography and venography | 424 | ||
| Anatomy | 424 | ||
| Major disorders | 425 | ||
| Male varicocele | 425 | ||
| Etiology | 425 | ||
| Clinical features | 425 | ||
| Imaging | 426 | ||
| Treatment | 426 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 426 | ||
| Varicocele embolization | 426 | ||
| Other disorders | 427 | ||
| Trauma | 427 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 427 | ||
| Anatomy | 427 | ||
| Major disorders | 427 | ||
| Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) (online case 21 and video 13-2) | 427 | ||
| Etiology | 427 | ||
| Clinical features | 428 | ||
| Imaging | 429 | ||
| Treatment | 429 | ||
| Uterine artery embolization | 430 | ||
| Patient selection | 430 | ||
| Technique | 430 | ||
| Results | 430 | ||
| Complications | 431 | ||
| Other percutaneous methods | 432 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 432 | ||
| Pelvic congestion syndrome (online case 34) | 432 | ||
| Obstetric and gynecologic bleeding (online case 104) | 433 | ||
| Other disorders | 434 | ||
| Gynecologic tumors | 434 | ||
| Uterine and cervical vascular malformations | 435 | ||
| References | 435 | ||
| IV Pulmonary vasculature and venous systems | 441 | ||
| Pulmonary and bronchial arteries | 443 | ||
| Arteriography | 443 | ||
| Pulmonary arteriography (video 14-1) | 443 | ||
| Bronchial arteriography | 446 | ||
| Anatomy | 446 | ||
| Development | 446 | ||
| Normal pulmonary vascular anatomy and physiology | 446 | ||
| Normal bronchial artery anatomy | 449 | ||
| Variant anatomy | 450 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 451 | ||
| Major disorders | 451 | ||
| Acute pulmonary embolism (online case 8) | 451 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 451 | ||
| Clinical features and diagnosis | 452 | ||
| Imaging | 452 | ||
| Chest radiography | 452 | ||
| Computed tomography angiography | 452 | ||
| Radionuclide lung scanning | 454 | ||
| Lower extremity duplex sonography | 454 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 455 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 455 | ||
| Treatment | 455 | ||
| Medical therapy | 455 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 457 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 457 | ||
| Hemoptysis (online case 22) | 457 | ||
| Etiology | 457 | ||
| Clinical features | 457 | ||
| Imaging | 458 | ||
| Computed tomography | 458 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 458 | ||
| Treatment | 458 | ||
| Bronchial artery embolization | 458 | ||
| Patient selection | 458 | ||
| Technique | 458 | ||
| Results | 460 | ||
| Complications | 460 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 462 | ||
| Other disorders | 462 | ||
| Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (ctph) (online case 100) | 462 | ||
| Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension | 463 | ||
| Vasculitis | 464 | ||
| Aneurysms | 464 | ||
| Arteriovenous malformations (online case 48) | 465 | ||
| Inflammatory diseases and neoplasms | 469 | ||
| References | 470 | ||
| Lower extremity veins | 476 | ||
| Duplex sonography | 476 | ||
| Anatomy | 476 | ||
| Normal anatomy and physiology | 476 | ||
| Variant anatomy | 479 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 480 | ||
| Major disorders | 480 | ||
| Acute deep venous thrombosis (online case 85) | 480 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 480 | ||
| Clinical features | 482 | ||
| Diagnosis | 482 | ||
| Imaging | 483 | ||
| Sonography | 483 | ||
| Computed tomography imaging | 484 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 484 | ||
| Ascending venography | 484 | ||
| Imaging strategy | 485 | ||
| Treatment | 485 | ||
| Medical therapy | 485 | ||
| Ivc filter placement | 485 | ||
| Catheter-directed iliofemoral venous thrombolysis | 485 | ||
| Patient selection | 485 | ||
| Technique | 486 | ||
| Results | 488 | ||
| Complications | 488 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 489 | ||
| Post-thrombotic syndrome (online cases 37 and 59) | 489 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 489 | ||
| Clinical features | 489 | ||
| Imaging | 490 | ||
| Sonography | 490 | ||
| Plethysmography | 490 | ||
| Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging | 490 | ||
| Contrast venography | 490 | ||
| Treatment | 490 | ||
| Medical therapy | 491 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 491 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 492 | ||
| Varicose veins and primary venous insufficiency | 492 | ||
| Etiology and natural history (video 15-1 and online case 98) | 492 | ||
| Clinical features | 492 | ||
| Imaging | 492 | ||
| Treatment | 493 | ||
| Medical therapy | 493 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 493 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 493 | ||
| Other disorders | 493 | ||
| Iliofemoral venous stenoses | 493 | ||
| Trauma | 495 | ||
| Aneurysms | 495 | ||
| Venous malformations | 495 | ||
| References | 496 | ||
| Inferior vena cava | 501 | ||
| Inferior venacavography | 501 | ||
| Anatomy | 501 | ||
| Development | 501 | ||
| Normal anatomy (online case 11) | 501 | ||
| Variant anatomy (online cases 49 and 71) | 502 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 504 | ||
| Major disorders | 504 | ||
| Inferior vena cava filter placement for venous thromboembolic disease (online cases 23, 49, and 71 and video 16-1) | 504 | ||
| Patient selection | 507 | ||
| Staging | 508 | ||
| Inferior vena cava diameter and length | 508 | ||
| Location and number of renal veins | 508 | ||
| Inferior vena cava anomalies | 509 | ||
| Intrinsic disease | 509 | ||
| Device selection | 510 | ||
| Insertion technique | 511 | ||
| Results | 516 | ||
| Complications | 516 | ||
| Inferior vena cava filter retrieval (video 16-2 and online case 38) | 517 | ||
| Patient selection | 517 | ||
| Technique | 517 | ||
| Results and complications | 519 | ||
| Inferior vena cava thrombosis (online case 84) | 520 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 520 | ||
| Imaging | 522 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 522 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 522 | ||
| Treatment | 522 | ||
| Medical therapy | 522 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 523 | ||
| Neoplasms (online case 57) | 523 | ||
| Etiology | 523 | ||
| Clinical features | 524 | ||
| Imaging | 524 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 524 | ||
| Catheter angiography | 524 | ||
| Treatment | 524 | ||
| Other disorders | 524 | ||
| Inferior vena cava compression, stenosis, and obstruction | 524 | ||
| Retroperitoneal fibrosis | 525 | ||
| Membranous obstruction | 525 | ||
| Aortocaval fistula | 527 | ||
| Trauma | 528 | ||
| Aneurysms | 528 | ||
| References | 529 | ||
| Upper extremity veins and superior vena cava | 534 | ||
| Anatomy | 534 | ||
| Development | 534 | ||
| Normal anatomy | 534 | ||
| Variant anatomy (online case 105) | 535 | ||
| Collateral circulation | 535 | ||
| Major disorders | 537 | ||
| Upper extremity venous thrombosis (online case 51) | 537 | ||
| Etiology | 537 | ||
| Clinical features | 540 | ||
| Imaging | 540 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 540 | ||
| Catheter venography | 541 | ||
| Treatment | 541 | ||
| Medical therapy | 541 | ||
| Endovascular and operative therapy | 542 | ||
| Superior vena cava filter placement | 543 | ||
| Upper extremity venous stenoses (online case 93 and video 17-1) | 543 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 543 | ||
| Imaging | 544 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 544 | ||
| Catheter venography | 545 | ||
| Treatment | 545 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 545 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 548 | ||
| Superior vena cava obstruction (online cases 12 and 39) | 548 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 548 | ||
| Imaging | 548 | ||
| Cross-sectional techniques | 548 | ||
| Catheter venography | 548 | ||
| Treatment | 549 | ||
| Medical therapy | 549 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 549 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 552 | ||
| Other disorders | 552 | ||
| Trauma | 552 | ||
| Neoplasms | 552 | ||
| Aneurysms | 552 | ||
| References | 552 | ||
| V Miscellaneous vascular interventions | 557 | ||
| Vascular access placement and foreign body retrieval | 557 | ||
| Access planning | 559 | ||
| Devices | 559 | ||
| Device selection | 560 | ||
| Venous access | 561 | ||
| Access route | 561 | ||
| Patient preparation | 561 | ||
| Venous entry (videos 18-1 and 18-2) | 561 | ||
| Catheter tip position (video 18-3) | 565 | ||
| Device placement | 566 | ||
| Tunneled infusion catheters (video 18-4) | 566 | ||
| Hemodialysis and apheresis catheters | 566 | ||
| Implantable ports (video 18-5) | 567 | ||
| Peripherally inserted central catheters (video 18-6) | 567 | ||
| Access management | 567 | ||
| Catheter and exit site care (video 18-7) | 567 | ||
| Device removal (video 18-8) | 568 | ||
| Complications | 568 | ||
| Immediate complications | 568 | ||
| Late complications | 569 | ||
| Infections | 569 | ||
| Catheter malfunction (video 18-9) | 570 | ||
| Venous thrombosis | 571 | ||
| Catheter misplacement (online cases 61 and 86) | 571 | ||
| Intravascular foreign body retrieval (online case 26) | 573 | ||
| Sources | 573 | ||
| Technique | 573 | ||
| Results and complications | 574 | ||
| References | 578 | ||
| Hemodialysis access | 581 | ||
| Access construction | 581 | ||
| Major disorders | 582 | ||
| Immature or failing dialysis access (online cases 60 and 72) | 582 | ||
| Etiology | 582 | ||
| Surveillance and imaging | 583 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 584 | ||
| Patient selection | 584 | ||
| Technique | 584 | ||
| Results | 589 | ||
| Complications | 590 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 590 | ||
| Thrombosed dialysis fistulas and grafts | 591 | ||
| Etiology | 591 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 591 | ||
| Patient selection | 591 | ||
| Pulse-spray thrombolysis | 592 | ||
| Lyse and wait method | 594 | ||
| Mechanical thrombectomy | 594 | ||
| Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis | 595 | ||
| Results | 595 | ||
| Complications | 596 | ||
| Other disorders | 597 | ||
| Ischemia and steal syndrome | 597 | ||
| Venous hypertension | 598 | ||
| Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms | 598 | ||
| References | 598 | ||
| Neurointerventions | 603 | ||
| Anatomic and technical considerations | 603 | ||
| Extracranial atherosclerotic disease | 606 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 606 | ||
| Clinical features | 606 | ||
| Imaging | 606 | ||
| Treatment | 606 | ||
| Medical therapy | 606 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 606 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 606 | ||
| Patient selection and preparation | 606 | ||
| Technique and results | 607 | ||
| Complications | 610 | ||
| Intracranial atherosclerotic disease | 611 | ||
| Natural history | 611 | ||
| Treatment | 611 | ||
| Medical and surgical therapy | 611 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 611 | ||
| Acute stroke | 612 | ||
| Etiology and natural history | 612 | ||
| Clinical features | 613 | ||
| Imaging | 615 | ||
| Treatment | 616 | ||
| Medical therapy | 616 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 616 | ||
| Patient selection | 616 | ||
| Technique | 617 | ||
| Results | 618 | ||
| Complications | 618 | ||
| Preoperative tumor embolization | 618 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 618 | ||
| Imaging | 619 | ||
| Treatment | 619 | ||
| Meningiomas | 619 | ||
| Paragangliomas | 620 | ||
| Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma | 621 | ||
| Epistaxis | 621 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 621 | ||
| Imaging | 622 | ||
| Treatment | 622 | ||
| Medical and surgical therapy | 622 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 623 | ||
| Head and neck trauma | 624 | ||
| Etiology and clinical features | 624 | ||
| Imaging | 624 | ||
| Treatment | 625 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 625 | ||
| Endovascular therapy | 625 | ||
| Spontaneous carotid artery dissection | 629 | ||
| References | 630 | ||
| VI Nonvascular and oncologic interventions | 557 | ||
| Gastrointestinal interventions | 637 | ||
| Esophagus | 637 | ||
| Esophageal strictures | 637 | ||
| Etiology | 637 | ||
| Esophageal stricture dilation | 637 | ||
| Patient selection | 637 | ||
| Technique | 637 | ||
| Results | 637 | ||
| Complications | 638 | ||
| Esophageal stricture stent placement | 638 | ||
| Patient selection | 638 | ||
| Technique | 639 | ||
| Results | 640 | ||
| Complications | 640 | ||
| Stomach | 640 | ||
| Enteral nutrition and decompression | 640 | ||
| Background | 640 | ||
| Percutaneous gastrostomy (online video 21-1) | 641 | ||
| Patient selection | 641 | ||
| Device selection | 642 | ||
| Technique | 642 | ||
| Postprocedure care | 646 | ||
| Results | 646 | ||
| Complications | 646 | ||
| Percutaneous transgastric jejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy | 647 | ||
| Patient selection | 647 | ||
| Technique | 647 | ||
| Gastroduodenal obstructions | 648 | ||
| Stent placement | 648 | ||
| Index | 743 | ||
| A | 743 | ||
| B | 746 | ||
| C | 747 | ||
| D | 750 | ||
| E | 750 | ||
| F | 751 | ||
| G | 752 | ||
| H | 752 | ||
| I | 754 | ||
| J | 755 | ||
| K | 755 | ||
| L | 755 | ||
| M | 757 | ||
| N | 757 | ||
| O | 758 | ||
| P | 758 | ||
| R | 762 | ||
| S | 763 | ||
| T | 765 | ||
| U | 766 | ||
| V | 767 | ||
| W | 768 | ||
| Y | 768 | ||
| Z | 768 |