BOOK
Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors E-Book
John R. Goldblum | Sharon W. Weiss | Andrew L. Folpe
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors is your essential medical reference on the diagnosis of tumors of the skeletal muscles, connective tissue, fat, and related structures. No other source matches Enzinger and Weiss’s scope and depth of coverage in this complex and challenging area of surgical pathology, and no other text contains as much practical information on differential diagnosis. Microscopic findings are correlated with the latest developments in molecular biology, cytogenetics, and immunohistochemistry, providing you with a comprehensive and integrated approach to the evaluation of soft tissue specimens.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Compare what you see under the microscope to nearly 2,000 superb images that capture the appearance of a complete range of pathological entities and help you relate their characteristics to their specific classifications.
- Apply the latest knowledge on FNA biopsy, molecular biology, and cytogenetics.
- Make rapid and effective decisions with the aid of extensive algorithms, and access information at a glance with abundant tables and graphs.
- Take advantage of all of the essential clinical and prognostic data on soft tissue tumors that are necessary to formulate complete sign-out reports.
- Navigate through the book quickly thanks to summary outlines at the beginning of each chapter, a color-coded page design, and a consistent approach to every entity.
- Apply the latest advances in surgical pathology thanks to major updates on recently identified pathological entities such as soft tissue angiofibroma and CIC-related sarcomas; coverage of the newest molecular diagnostic techniques and immunohistochemical and molecular genetic features of soft tissue tumors; new chapters on GIST and soft tissue tumors showing melanocytic differentiation; and more.
- Effortlessly find the information you need with a chapter organization based on the newest surgical pathology concepts and classifications of soft tissue tumors.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors, 6/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface to the Sixth Edition | ix | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 General Considerations | 1 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1 | ||
| Incidence of Soft Tissue Tumors | 1 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Soft Tissue Tumors | 1 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 2 | ||
| Oncogenic Viruses | 3 | ||
| Immunologic Factors | 3 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 3 | ||
| Classification of Soft Tissue Tumors | 3 | ||
| Grading and Staging Soft Tissue Sarcomas | 3 | ||
| Grading Systems | 3 | ||
| Limitations of Grading | 5 | ||
| Staging Systems | 6 | ||
| AJCC Staging System | 6 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Staging System | 7 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Staging Systems | 7 | ||
| References | 9 | ||
| 2 Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Soft Tissue Tumors | 11 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 11 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Assessment | 11 | ||
| Pretreatment Evaluation | 12 | ||
| Biopsy | 12 | ||
| Staging | 13 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 14 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Factors | 14 | ||
| Classification and Prognostic Significance of Surgical Margins | 14 | ||
| Nomograms for Assessment of Individual Patient Prognosis | 14 | ||
| Treatment of Localized Primary Extremity Sarcomas | 15 | ||
| Surgery | 15 | ||
| Combined Modality Limb-Sparing Treatment | 16 | ||
| Treatment by Surgery Alone—without Radiotherapy | 16 | ||
| Amputation | 17 | ||
| Management of Regional Lymph Nodes | 17 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 17 | ||
| Rationale for Combining Radiotherapy with Surgery | 17 | ||
| Sequencing of Radiotherapy and Surgery | 17 | ||
| Radiation Treatment Techniques | 18 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 19 | ||
| Chemotherapy Following Primary Surgical Resection | 19 | ||
| Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Studies Since the 1997 Meta-Analysis | 20 | ||
| Preoperative (Neoadjuvant) Chemotherapy | 20 | ||
| Recent Analyses of Multicenter Data Regarding Adjuvant Therapy for STS | 21 | ||
| Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease | 22 | ||
| Hyperthermic Isolated Limb Perfusion | 22 | ||
| Radiation Alone | 22 | ||
| Management of Local Recurrence | 22 | ||
| Key Points | 23 | ||
| References | 23 | ||
| 3 Radiologic Evaluation of Soft Tissue Tumors | 25 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 25 | ||
| Introduction | 25 | ||
| Imaging Modalities | 25 | ||
| Radiography | 25 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 25 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 25 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography– Computed Tomography | 26 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 26 | ||
| Imaging Features of Common Benign Soft Tissue Tumors | 26 | ||
| Lipomas, Lipoma Variants, and Atypical Lipomatous Tumors/Well-Differentiated Liposarcomas | 26 | ||
| Benign Neurogenic Tumors | 27 | ||
| Benign Vascular Lesions | 31 | ||
| Low-Flow Vascular Malformations | 32 | ||
| High-Flow Vascular Malformations | 33 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 34 | ||
| Congenital Hemangioma | 37 | ||
| Desmoid Tumors | 37 | ||
| Myxomas | 37 | ||
| Uncommon Benign Soft Tissue Tumors | 40 | ||
| Desmoplastic Fibroblastomas | 40 | ||
| Leiomyomas | 40 | ||
| Glomus Tumors | 41 | ||
| Fibromas of Tendon Sheath | 42 | ||
| Myofibromas | 43 | ||
| Granular Cell Tumors | 43 | ||
| Soft Tissue Sarcomas | 44 | ||
| Uncommon Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors | 52 | ||
| Common Tumor-Like Conditions | 54 | ||
| Elastofibromas | 54 | ||
| Hematomas | 57 | ||
| Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis | 58 | ||
| Synovial Chondromatosis | 59 | ||
| Ganglia, Synovial Cysts, and Bursitis | 60 | ||
| Postoperative Collections | 62 | ||
| Abscesses | 62 | ||
| Heterotopic Ossification | 62 | ||
| Accessory or Hypertrophied Muscles | 67 | ||
| Uncommon Tumor-Like Conditions | 67 | ||
| Decubital Ischemic Fasciitis (Atypical Decubital Fibroplasia or Ischemic Fasciitis) | 67 | ||
| Nodular Fasciitis | 71 | ||
| Lipomatosis of Nerves | 72 | ||
| Subcutaneous Granuloma Annulare | 72 | ||
| References | 74 | ||
| 4 Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Pathology of Soft Tissue Tumors | 76 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 76 | ||
| Introduction | 76 | ||
| General Concepts in Cancer Genetics | 76 | ||
| General Principles of Translocations | 77 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 80 | ||
| Chromosome, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, and Gene Nomenclature | 80 | ||
| Methodologic Considerations | 81 | ||
| Molecular Cytogenetics | 81 | ||
| Reverse-Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction | 83 | ||
| New Hybridization-Based Methods for Fusion Transcript Detection | 84 | ||
| Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing to Gene Fusion Discovery or Diagnosis | 84 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Markers of Genetic Alterations | 84 | ||
| Major Pathogenetic Classes of Sarcomas | 85 | ||
| Sarcomas with Chimeric Transcription Factors | 85 | ||
| Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor | 86 | ||
| Undifferentiated Small Round Cell Sarcomas with CIC-DUX4 | 88 | ||
| Undifferentiated Small Round Cell Sarcomas with BCOR-CCNB3 | 88 | ||
| Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma | 88 | ||
| Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma | 89 | ||
| Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor | 89 | ||
| Clear Cell Sarcoma | 89 | ||
| Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma | 89 | ||
| Myxoid Liposarcoma | 89 | ||
| Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma | 90 | ||
| Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma | 90 | ||
| Synovial Sarcoma | 90 | ||
| Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma | 90 | ||
| Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma | 90 | ||
| Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma | 91 | ||
| Myoepithelioma of Soft Tissue | 91 | ||
| Solitary Fibrous Tumor | 91 | ||
| Myopericytoma with a t(7;12) | 91 | ||
| Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma/Hemosiderotic Fibrolipomatous Tumor | 91 | ||
| Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor | 92 | ||
| Sarcomas with Genetic Deregulation of Kinase Signaling | 92 | ||
| Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor | 92 | ||
| Infantile Fibrosarcoma | 92 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans/Giant Cell Fibroblastoma | 92 | ||
| Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor | 93 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 93 | ||
| Sarcomas with Complex Karyotypes | 94 | ||
| High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcomas | 95 | ||
| Atypical Lipomatous Neoplasm (Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma) and Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma | 95 | ||
| Leiomyosarcoma | 96 | ||
| Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma | 96 | ||
| PEComas | 96 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 96 | ||
| Chromosome Changes in Benign Mesenchymal Tumors | 96 | ||
| Genetics of Familial Sarcomas and Their Sporadic Counterparts | 97 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor | 98 | ||
| Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Desmoids | 99 | ||
| Sarcomas in Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer | 99 | ||
| Familial Rhabdoid Predisposition Syndrome and Malignant Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumors | 99 | ||
| Contributions of Pan-Genomic Studies to Sarcoma Diagnosis and Classification | 99 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 100 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| 5 Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Soft Tissue Tumors | 110 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 110 | ||
| Introduction | 110 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Fine-Needle Aspiration | 110 | ||
| Myxoid Sarcomas | 111 | ||
| Spindle Cell Sarcomas | 113 | ||
| Pleomorphic Sarcomas | 117 | ||
| Polygonal Cell Sarcomas | 119 | ||
| Round Cell Sarcomas | 121 | ||
| Miscellaneous Sarcomas | 121 | ||
| Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration | 123 | ||
| Grading and Fine-Needle Aspiration | 124 | ||
| Conclusions | 124 | ||
| References | 124 | ||
| 6 Approach to the Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Tumors | 127 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 127 | ||
| Clinical Information | 127 | ||
| Biopsy Diagnosis | 127 | ||
| Frozen Section Diagnosis | 128 | ||
| Evaluation of Resection Specimens | 128 | ||
| Microscopic Examination | 129 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 132 | ||
| Molecular Tests | 133 | ||
| Diagnostic Nomenclature | 133 | ||
| Standardized Reporting of Soft Tissue Sarcomas | 134 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| 7 Immunohistochemistry for Analysis of Soft Tissue Tumors | 137 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 137 | ||
| Intermediate Filaments | 137 | ||
| Vimentin | 137 | ||
| Cytokeratins | 138 | ||
| Sarcomas with True Epithelial Differentiation: Epithelioid Sarcoma and Synovial Sarcoma | 139 | ||
| Anomalous Cytokeratin Expression | 139 | ||
| Smooth Muscle Cells and Smooth Muscle Tumors | 139 | ||
| Melanomas | 139 | ||
| Angiosarcomas | 139 | ||
| Small Blue Round Cell Tumors | 142 | ||
| Cytokeratin Expression in Other Sarcomas | 142 | ||
| Epithelial Membrane Antigen | 144 | ||
| Markers of Muscle Differentiation | 144 | ||
| Desmin | 145 | ||
| Actin | 147 | ||
| Myogenic Transcription Factors | 148 | ||
| Myoglobin and Other Less Commonly Used Markers | 149 | ||
| Recommendations for the Use of Muscle Markers | 149 | ||
| Markers of Nerve Sheath Differentiation | 150 | ||
| S-100 Protein | 150 | ||
| Claudin-1 | 151 | ||
| GLUT-1 | 151 | ||
| p75NTR | 154 | ||
| Neuroectodermal Markers | 154 | ||
| CD99 | 154 | ||
| CD56 (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule) | 155 | ||
| NB-84 | 155 | ||
| NKX2.2 | 155 | ||
| Markers of Melanocytic Differentiation | 155 | ||
| HMB-45 | 155 | ||
| Melan-A | 157 | ||
| Microphthalmia Transcription Factor | 157 | ||
| PNL2 | 158 | ||
| Tyrosinase | 159 | ||
| SOX10 | 159 | ||
| Markers of Endothelial Differentiation | 159 | ||
| von Willebrand Factor (Factor VIII-Related Antigen) | 160 | ||
| CD34 (Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Antigen) | 161 | ||
| CD31 (Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) | 161 | ||
| FLI-1 and ERG Proteins | 161 | ||
| Claudin-5 | 161 | ||
| Putative Markers of Lymphatic Endothelial Differentiation: VEGFR-3, Podoplanin (D2-40), and Prox1 | 163 | ||
| Podoplanin (D2-40) | 163 | ||
| Prox1 | 163 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Latency Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) | 163 | ||
| Type IV Collagen | 163 | ||
| Recommendations for the Use of Vascular Markers | 163 | ||
| Markers of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 164 | ||
| CD117 (C-KIT) | 164 | ||
| Protein Kinase C-θ | 164 | ||
| Anoctamin-1 (ANO1, DOG1, TMEM16A) | 165 | ||
| Use of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate for the Presence of Tumor-Specific Molecular Alterations | 167 | ||
| FLI-1 and ERG as Markers of EFT | 168 | ||
| WT-1 as a Marker of the t(11;22)(13;q24) Translocation of DSRCT | 168 | ||
| TFE3 as a Marker of the der(17)t(X;17)(p11;q25) Translocation of ASPS | 168 | ||
| SMARCB1 (INI1) Expression Loss as a Marker of Monosomy or Homozygous Deletions of the hSNF5/INI-1/SMARCB1/BAF47 Gene | 168 | ||
| Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase | 169 | ||
| Other Markers | 170 | ||
| TLE1 | 170 | ||
| MUC4 | 171 | ||
| CD68 | 172 | ||
| β-Catenin | 173 | ||
| MDM2 and cdk4 | 174 | ||
| Bcl-2 | 174 | ||
| Prognostic Markers | 175 | ||
| Ki-67 | 175 | ||
| p53 | 175 | ||
| p21WAF1 | 175 | ||
| p16 AND p27kip | 175 | ||
| Application of Immunohistochemistry to Sarcoma Diagnosis: Clinical Scenarios | 175 | ||
| The Undifferentiated Round Cell Tumor | 175 | ||
| Monomorphic Spindle Cell Tumors | 176 | ||
| Poorly Differentiated Epithelioid Tumor | 176 | ||
| Orphan Sarcomas | 177 | ||
| Conclusion | 177 | ||
| References | 177 | ||
| 8 Benign Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Proliferations, Including Superficial Fibromatoses | 188 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 188 | ||
| Benign Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Proliferations | 190 | ||
| Nodular Fasciitis | 190 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 190 | ||
| Gross Findings | 190 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 191 | ||
| Ossifying Fasciitis | 194 | ||
| Intravascular Fasciitis | 194 | ||
| Cranial Fasciitis | 195 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 196 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Features | 200 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 200 | ||
| Discussion | 201 | ||
| Proliferative Fasciitis | 201 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 201 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 201 | ||
| Proliferative Myositis | 202 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 204 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 204 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 204 | ||
| Discussion | 204 | ||
| Organ-Associated Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferations | 207 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 207 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 207 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 209 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 210 | ||
| Discussion | 210 | ||
| Ischemic Fasciitis (Atypical Decubital Fibroplasia) | 211 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 211 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 214 | ||
| Discussion | 214 | ||
| Fibroma of Tendon Sheath | 214 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 214 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 215 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 215 | ||
| Discussion | 215 | ||
| Pleomorphic Fibroma of the Skin | 216 | ||
| Nuchal-Type Fibroma | 218 | ||
| Gardner-Associated Fibroma | 218 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 219 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 219 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 220 | ||
| Discussion | 220 | ||
| Elastofibroma | 220 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 221 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 221 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 223 | ||
| Discussion | 223 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma | 224 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 224 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 225 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 225 | ||
| Discussion | 226 | ||
| Keloid | 226 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 226 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 227 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 227 | ||
| Discussion | 229 | ||
| Desmoplastic Fibroblastoma (Collagenous Fibroma) | 229 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 229 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 229 | ||
| Discussion | 230 | ||
| Intranodal Palisaded Myofibroblastoma | 231 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 231 | ||
| Discussion | 231 | ||
| Mammary-Type Myofibroblastoma | 233 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 233 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 233 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 234 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 235 | ||
| Discussion | 235 | ||
| Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma (Digital Fibromyxoma) | 235 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 235 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 236 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 237 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 237 | ||
| Discussion | 237 | ||
| Angiofibroma of Soft Tissue | 237 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 237 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 237 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 238 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 238 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 239 | ||
| Discussion | 239 | ||
| Superficial Fibromatoses | 239 | ||
| Palmar Fibromatosis | 239 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 240 | ||
| Concurrence of Palmar Fibromatosis With Other Diseases | 240 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 241 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 242 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 242 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Discussion | 243 | ||
| Plantar Fibromatosis | 243 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 243 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 244 | ||
| Discussion | 245 | ||
| Penile Fibromatosis (Peyronie Disease) | 245 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 245 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 246 | ||
| Discussion | 247 | ||
| Knuckle Pads | 247 | ||
| References | 248 | ||
| 9 Fibrous Tumors of Infancy and Childhood | 256 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 256 | ||
| Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy | 256 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 256 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 256 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 258 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 260 | ||
| Discussion | 260 | ||
| Infantile Digital Fibromatosis | 260 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 260 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 260 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 262 | ||
| Discussion | 262 | ||
| Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis | 263 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 263 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 264 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 265 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 265 | ||
| Discussion | 266 | ||
| Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis/Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis | 267 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 267 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 267 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 269 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 269 | ||
| Discussion | 269 | ||
| Gingival Fibromatosis | 269 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 269 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 270 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 270 | ||
| Discussion | 270 | ||
| Fibromatosis Colli | 270 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 270 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 271 | ||
| Discussion | 272 | ||
| Infantile Fibromatosis (Lipofibromatosis) | 272 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 272 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 272 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 274 | ||
| Discussion | 275 | ||
| Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma | 276 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 276 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 276 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 277 | ||
| Discussion | 279 | ||
| Congenital and Acquired Muscular Fibrosis | 279 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 279 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 280 | ||
| Discussion | 280 | ||
| Cerebriform Fibrous Proliferation (Proteus Syndrome) | 280 | ||
| Calcifying Fibrous Pseudotumor | 280 | ||
| References | 283 | ||
| 10 Borderline and Malignant Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Tumors | 288 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 288 | ||
| Deep (Desmoid-Type) Fibromatoses | 288 | ||
| Extra-Abdominal Fibromatosis | 288 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 288 | ||
| Anatomic Location | 289 | ||
| Multicentric Fibromatoses | 289 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 289 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 290 | ||
| Discussion | 293 | ||
| Abdominal Fibromatosis | 294 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 294 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 294 | ||
| Discussion | 294 | ||
| Intra-Abdominal Fibromatosis | 294 | ||
| Pelvic Fibromatosis | 295 | ||
| Mesenteric Fibromatosis | 295 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 295 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 295 | ||
| Mesenteric Fibromatosis in FAP/Gardner Syndrome | 297 | ||
| Discussion | 297 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings in Deep Fibromatoses | 297 | ||
| Clinical Behavior of Deep Fibromatoses | 299 | ||
| Treatment of Deep Fibromatoses | 299 | ||
| Congenital/Infantile Fibrosarcoma | 300 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 300 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 300 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 301 | ||
| Cytogenic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 303 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 303 | ||
| Discussion | 303 | ||
| Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor | 304 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 304 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 304 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 307 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 308 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 308 | ||
| Discussion | 309 | ||
| Adult-Type Fibrosarcoma | 310 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 310 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 311 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 311 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 314 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 314 | ||
| Discussion | 315 | ||
| Fibrosarcoma Variants | 316 | ||
| Fibrosarcoma, Sclerosing Epithelioid Type (Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma) | 316 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 316 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 316 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 317 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 317 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 317 | ||
| Discussion | 318 | ||
| Myxofibrosarcoma (Fibrosarcoma, Myxoid Type) | 318 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 318 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 318 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 319 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 319 | ||
| Discussion | 322 | ||
| Fibrosarcoma, Fibromyxoid Type (Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma/Hyalinizing Spindle Cell Tumor with Giant Rosettes) | 324 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 324 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 324 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 330 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 330 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 330 | ||
| Discussion | 331 | ||
| Fibrosarcomatous Change Arising in Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans | 332 | ||
| Postradiation Fibrosarcoma | 332 | ||
| Fibrosarcoma Arising in Burn Scars | 332 | ||
| Low-Grade Myofibroblastic Sarcoma (Myofibrosarcoma) | 332 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 332 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 332 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 333 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 334 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 334 | ||
| Discussion | 334 | ||
| References | 335 | ||
| 11 Benign Fibrohistiocytic and Histiocytic Tumors | 341 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 341 | ||
| Fibrous Histiocytoma | 341 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 341 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 342 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 347 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 349 | ||
| Discussion | 350 | ||
| Variants of Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma | 352 | ||
| Cellular Fibrous Histiocytoma | 353 | ||
| Epithelioid Fibrous Histiocytoma | 354 | ||
| Aneurysmal Fibrous Histiocytoma | 354 | ||
| Minor Histologic Variants | 355 | ||
| Atypical Fibrous Histiocytoma | 355 | ||
| Dermatomyofibroma | 355 | ||
| Cellular Neurothekeoma | 359 | ||
| Clinical Features | 359 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 360 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 361 | ||
| Outcome | 361 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 363 | ||
| Solitary (Juvenile) Xanthogranuloma | 363 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Gross Appearance | 363 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 364 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 366 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 367 | ||
| Solitary Reticulohistiocytoma | 367 | ||
| Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis | 369 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 369 | ||
| Discussion | 369 | ||
| Xanthoma | 369 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Gross Appearance | 370 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 371 | ||
| Discussion | 371 | ||
| Miscellaneous Histiocytic Reactions Resembling a Neoplasm | 372 | ||
| Infectious Disease | 372 | ||
| Malacoplakia | 374 | ||
| Extranodal (Soft Tissue) Rosai-Dorfman Disease | 375 | ||
| Histiocytic Reactions to Endogenous and Exogenous Material | 377 | ||
| Silica Reaction | 377 | ||
| Polyvinylpyrrolidone Granuloma | 378 | ||
| Granular Cell Reaction | 380 | ||
| Crystal-Storing Histiocytosis Resembling Rhabdomyoma | 380 | ||
| Cellular Spindled Histiocytic Pseudotumor Complicating Fat Necrosis | 380 | ||
| References | 383 | ||
| 12 Fibrohistiocytic Tumors of Intermediate Malignancy | 387 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 387 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans | 387 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 387 | ||
| Gross Findings | 388 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 388 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 394 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Features | 396 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 397 | ||
| Discussion | 398 | ||
| Sarcoma Arising in Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (Fibrosarcomatous Variant of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans) | 398 | ||
| Bednar Tumor (Pigmented Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans, Storiform Neurofibroma) | 399 | ||
| Giant Cell Fibroblastoma | 400 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 401 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 401 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 404 | ||
| Discussion | 404 | ||
| Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma | 404 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 404 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Findings | 404 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Features | 408 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Features | 410 | ||
| Discussion | 411 | ||
| Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor | 411 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 411 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Findings | 411 | ||
| Ancillary Studies | 414 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 414 | ||
| Discussion | 415 | ||
| Soft Tissue Giant Cell Tumor of Low Malignant Potential | 415 | ||
| Clinical and Pathologic Features | 415 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 417 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 417 | ||
| References | 417 | ||
| 13 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma | 421 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 421 | ||
| Pleomorphic Sarcoma with a Specific Line of Differentiation | 421 | ||
| Atypical Fibroxanthoma (Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of the Skin) | 422 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 422 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 422 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 423 | ||
| Discussion | 425 | ||
| Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma | 425 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 425 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 426 | ||
| Gross Findings | 426 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 426 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 430 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 434 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 434 | ||
| Discussion | 438 | ||
| References | 440 | ||
| 14 Benign Lipomatous Tumors | 443 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 443 | ||
| White Fat | 443 | ||
| Brown Fat | 443 | ||
| Molecular Biology of Benign Lipomatous Tumors | 444 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry of Benign Lipomatous Tumors | 444 | ||
| Classification of Benign Lipomatous Tumors | 444 | ||
| Lipoma | 445 | ||
| Age and Gender Incidence | 445 | ||
| Localization | 445 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 445 | ||
| Gross Findings | 445 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 445 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Findings | 447 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 447 | ||
| Discussion | 447 | ||
| Multiple Lipomas | 449 | ||
| Angiolipoma | 449 | ||
| Myolipoma | 452 | ||
| Chondroid Lipoma | 452 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 454 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 454 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 454 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 454 | ||
| Discussion | 455 | ||
| Spindle Cell/Pleomorphic Lipoma | 456 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 456 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 456 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 459 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 460 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 460 | ||
| Discussion | 463 | ||
| Benign Lipoblastoma and Lipoblastomatosis | 463 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 463 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 464 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 465 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 465 | ||
| Discussion | 466 | ||
| Angiomyolipoma | 466 | ||
| Myelolipoma | 466 | ||
| Intramuscular and Intermuscular Lipomas | 468 | ||
| Lipomas of Tendon Sheaths and Joints | 469 | ||
| Lumbosacral Lipoma | 470 | ||
| Neural Fibrolipoma (Lipofibromatous Hamartoma of Nerves) | 470 | ||
| Diffuse Lipomatosis | 471 | ||
| Symmetric Lipomatosis | 472 | ||
| Pelvic Lipomatosis | 473 | ||
| Steroid Lipomatosis | 474 | ||
| Nevus Lipomatosus Cutaneous Superficialis | 474 | ||
| Hibernoma | 475 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 475 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 475 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 477 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 478 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 478 | ||
| Discussion | 479 | ||
| References | 479 | ||
| 15 Liposarcoma | 484 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 484 | ||
| Criteria and Importance of Lipoblasts | 485 | ||
| Atypical Lipomatous Neoplasm (ALN)/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma (WDL) | 486 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 486 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Features | 490 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 494 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Findings | 497 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Molecular Diagnosis of ALN/WDL and DL | 498 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 499 | ||
| Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma | 500 | ||
| Clinical Features | 500 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Features | 500 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 502 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Findings | 505 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 506 | ||
| Myxoid Liposarcoma | 506 | ||
| Clinical Features | 506 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Features | 506 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 514 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Findings | 515 | ||
| Clinical Course | 515 | ||
| Pleomorphic Liposarcoma | 516 | ||
| Spindle Cell Liposarcoma | 518 | ||
| Liposarcoma of Mixed or Unclassifiable Type | 520 | ||
| Liposarcoma in Children | 521 | ||
| So-Called Multicentric Liposarcoma | 521 | ||
| References | 521 | ||
| 16 Benign Tumors of Smooth Muscle | 524 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 524 | ||
| Structure and Function of Smooth Muscle Cells | 524 | ||
| Cutaneous Leiomyoma (Leiomyoma Cutis) | 525 | ||
| Leiomyoma of Pilar Arrector Origin | 525 | ||
| Genital Leiomyomas | 527 | ||
| Angiomyoma (Vascular Leiomyoma) | 527 | ||
| Leiomyoma of Deep Soft Tissue | 528 | ||
| Leiomyomatosis Peritonealis Disseminata | 534 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 534 | ||
| Ultrastructural Findings | 535 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 537 | ||
| Benign Genital Stromal Tumors | 537 | ||
| Angiomyofibroblastoma | 537 | ||
| Cellular Angiofibroma (Angiomyofibroblastoma-Like Tumor of the Male Genital Tract) | 539 | ||
| Aggressive Angiomyxoma | 540 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 540 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 540 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 543 | ||
| Genetic Findings | 543 | ||
| Clinical Behavior and Outcome | 543 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Benign Genital Stromal Tumors | 543 | ||
| Miscellaneous Lesions Confused with Leiomyomas | 546 | ||
| References | 546 | ||
| 17 Leiomyosarcoma | 549 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 549 | ||
| Retroperitoneal/Abdominal Leiomyosarcomas | 549 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Findings | 549 | ||
| Histologic Variants of Leiomyosarcoma | 553 | ||
| Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Findings | 556 | ||
| Criteria of Malignancy | 558 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 558 | ||
| Genetic Findings | 558 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 559 | ||
| Leiomyosarcomas of Somatic Soft Tissue | 559 | ||
| Cutaneous Leiomyosarcomas | 559 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Findings | 560 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 560 | ||
| Leiomyosarcomas of Vascular Origin | 561 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 561 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Leiomyosarcoma | 561 | ||
| Leiomyosarcomas of Other Veins | 561 | ||
| Pulmonary Artery Leiomyosarcoma | 561 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Findings | 562 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 562 | ||
| Miscellaneous Sarcomas of Vascular Origin | 562 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumors | 563 | ||
| References | 566 | ||
| 18 GIST and EGIST | 569 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 569 | ||
| Epidemiology and Clinical Findings for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 569 | ||
| Macroscopic Findings for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 570 | ||
| Microscopic Findings for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 570 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 574 | ||
| Ultrastructural Findings for Gastrointestinal Autonomic Nerve Tumors | 579 | ||
| Genetics of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 579 | ||
| Succinate Dehydrogenase Deficient Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 582 | ||
| Pediatric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 584 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Syndromes | 584 | ||
| Behavior of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 584 | ||
| Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 586 | ||
| Histologic Assessment of Treated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 588 | ||
| References | 588 | ||
| 19 Rhabdomyoma | 591 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 591 | ||
| Striated Muscle Tissue: Development and Structure | 591 | ||
| Classification of Rhabdomyomas | 591 | ||
| Cardiac Rhabdomyoma | 591 | ||
| Adult Rhabdomyoma | 592 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 593 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 594 | ||
| Prognosis and Therapy | 595 | ||
| Fetal Rhabdomyoma | 595 | ||
| Clinical Features | 595 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 595 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 596 | ||
| Prognosis and Therapy | 596 | ||
| Genital Rhabdomyoma | 596 | ||
| Rhabdomyomatous Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Skin | 598 | ||
| Miscellaneous Lesions Mimicking Benign Striated Muscle Tumors | 599 | ||
| References | 599 | ||
| 20 Rhabdomyosarcoma | 601 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 601 | ||
| Incidence of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 601 | ||
| Histologic Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 601 | ||
| Age and Gender Distribution of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 603 | ||
| Clinical Features of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 603 | ||
| Gross Findings of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 604 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma Subtypes | 604 | ||
| Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma | 604 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 610 | ||
| Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma | 610 | ||
| Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma, Botryoid Type | 612 | ||
| Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma | 613 | ||
| Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma | 619 | ||
| Sclerosing Rhabdomyosarcoma | 622 | ||
| Epithelioid Rhabdomyosarcoma | 625 | ||
| Special Diagnostic Procedures for Rhabdomyosarcoma | 627 | ||
| Special Stains | 627 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 627 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 630 | ||
| Prognosis of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 631 | ||
| Recurrence of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 633 | ||
| Metastasis of Rhabdomyosarcoma | 633 | ||
| References | 634 | ||
| 21 Benign Vascular Tumors and Malformations | 639 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 639 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 639 | ||
| Cherry Angioma (Senile Angioma, Campbell de Morgan Spots) | 639 | ||
| Infantile Hemangioma | 640 | ||
| Congenital Nonprogressive Hemangioma | 643 | ||
| Pyogenic Granuloma | 644 | ||
| Pregnancy-Related Pyogenic Granuloma (Granuloma Gravidarum) | 648 | ||
| Intravenous Pyogenic Granuloma | 648 | ||
| Epithelioid Hemangioma (Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia) | 649 | ||
| Vascular MalformationS | 654 | ||
| Cutaneous Capillovenous Malformation | 654 | ||
| Venous Malformation (Venous Hemangioma) | 655 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformation (Arteriovenous Hemangioma) | 656 | ||
| Intramuscular Hemangioma | 659 | ||
| Angiomatosis | 660 | ||
| Miscellaneous Hemangiomas and Malformations | 662 | ||
| Verrucous Hemangioma (Hyperkeratotic Vascular Stain) | 662 | ||
| Hobnail Hemangioma (Targetoid Hemosiderotic Hemangioma) | 664 | ||
| Sinusoidal Hemangioma | 664 | ||
| Anastomosing Hemangioma | 666 | ||
| Acquired Tufted Angioma (Angioblastoma of Nakagawa) | 666 | ||
| Spindle Cell Hemangioma | 667 | ||
| Synovial Hemangioma | 668 | ||
| Hemangioma of Peripheral Nerves | 671 | ||
| Reactive Vascular Proliferations | 671 | ||
| Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia | 671 | ||
| Vascular Transformation of Lymph Nodes | 674 | ||
| Glomeruloid Hemangioma | 675 | ||
| Bacillary (Epithelioid) Angiomatosis | 675 | ||
| Florid Vascular Proliferation of the Colon Secondary to Intussusception and Prolapse | 677 | ||
| References | 679 | ||
| 22 Hemangioendothelioma: Vascular Tumors of Intermediate Malignancy | 681 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 681 | ||
| Vascular Tumor of Intermediate Malignancy | 681 | ||
| Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma | 681 | ||
| Microscopic Features | 681 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 681 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 685 | ||
| Epithelioid Hemangioendotheliomas in Other Sites | 687 | ||
| Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma | 688 | ||
| Hobnail (Dabska-Retiform) Hemangioendothelioma | 693 | ||
| Clinical Features | 693 | ||
| Microscopic Features | 694 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 697 | ||
| Discussion | 698 | ||
| Epithelioid Sarcoma-Like Hemangioendothelioma | 698 | ||
| Composite Hemangioendothelioma | 698 | ||
| References | 701 | ||
| 23 Malignant Vascular Tumors | 703 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 703 | ||
| Angiosarcoma | 703 | ||
| Incidence | 703 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 703 | ||
| Molecular-Genetic Findings | 704 | ||
| Clinical Subtypes | 704 | ||
| Primary Cutaneous Angiosarcoma | 704 | ||
| Ultrastructural Findings | 711 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 711 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 713 | ||
| Angiosarcoma Associated with Lymphedema | 713 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 713 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 714 | ||
| Angiosarcoma of the Breast | 714 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 715 | ||
| Angiosarcoma of Soft Tissue | 715 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Angiosarcoma | 716 | ||
| Prognostic Factors and Clinical Behavior | 717 | ||
| Atypical Vascular Lesion | 717 | ||
| Kaposi Sarcoma | 723 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 723 | ||
| Classic Kaposi Sarcoma | 723 | ||
| Endemic (African) Kaposi Sarcoma | 723 | ||
| Iatrogenic (Transplantation-Associated) Kaposi Sarcoma | 724 | ||
| AIDS-Related Kaposi Sarcoma | 724 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 724 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 728 | ||
| Ultrastructural Observations | 728 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 729 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 730 | ||
| References | 731 | ||
| 24 Tumors and Malformations of Lymphatic Vessels | 733 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 733 | ||
| Lymphatic Malformations (Lymphangioma, Cystic Hygroma) | 733 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 734 | ||
| Lymphatic Malformations of the Head and Neck | 735 | ||
| Intra-Abdominal Lymphatic Malformations | 735 | ||
| Cutaneous Lymphatic Malformations | 736 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Findings | 737 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 742 | ||
| Lymphangiomatosis | 742 | ||
| Localized Massive Lymphedema | 745 | ||
| References | 747 | ||
| 25 Perivascular Tumors | 749 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 749 | ||
| Classic (Sporadic) Glomus Tumor | 749 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 750 | ||
| Gross Findings | 750 | ||
| Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Findings | 752 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 755 | ||
| Glomuvenous Malformation (Glomangioma, Familial Glomangioma) | 755 | ||
| Glomangiomyoma | 756 | ||
| Glomangiomatosis (Diffuse Glomus Tumor) | 756 | ||
| Atypical and Malignant Glomus Tumors | 759 | ||
| Malignant Glomus Tumor | 760 | ||
| Glomus Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential | 760 | ||
| Symplastic Glomus Tumor | 762 | ||
| Myopericytoma | 762 | ||
| Hemangiopericytoma-Like Tumor of Nasal Passages | 763 | ||
| References | 764 | ||
| 26 Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Synovial Tissue | 766 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 766 | ||
| Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath, Localized Type (Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Localized Type) | 766 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 767 | ||
| Gross Findings | 767 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 767 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 771 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 772 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 772 | ||
| Discussion | 772 | ||
| Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath, Diffuse Type (Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Diffuse Type; Extra-Articular Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis) | 773 | ||
| Behavior and Treatment | 777 | ||
| Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath/Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis | 777 | ||
| Miscellaneous Conditions Resembling Diffuse Giant Cell Tumor | 779 | ||
| References | 782 | ||
| 27 Benign Tumors of Peripheral Nerves | 784 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 784 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 784 | ||
| Traumatic (Amputation) Neuroma | 786 | ||
| Mucosal Neuroma | 786 | ||
| Pacinian Neuroma | 787 | ||
| Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma | 790 | ||
| Morton Neuroma (Morton Metatarsalgia) | 790 | ||
| Ganglioneuroma | 791 | ||
| Nerve Sheath Ganglion | 792 | ||
| Neuromuscular Hamartoma (Neuromuscular Choristoma, Benign Triton Tumor) | 796 | ||
| Neurofibroma | 796 | ||
| Localized (Sporadic) Neurofibroma | 797 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 797 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 798 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) | 800 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 800 | ||
| Variants of NF1 | 802 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 802 | ||
| Localized Neurofibroma | 802 | ||
| Plexiform Neurofibroma | 803 | ||
| Diffuse Neurofibroma | 804 | ||
| Pigmented Neurofibroma | 804 | ||
| Malignant Change in Neurofibromas | 809 | ||
| Discussion | 813 | ||
| Schwannoma | 813 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 813 | ||
| Gross Findings | 814 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 815 | ||
| Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Findings | 820 | ||
| Discussion | 823 | ||
| Schwannoma with Degenerative Change (Ancient Schwannoma) | 823 | ||
| Cellular Schwannoma | 824 | ||
| Plexiform Schwannoma | 828 | ||
| Epithelioid Schwannoma | 828 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis 2 (Nf2; Bilateral Vestibular Schwannomas) | 829 | ||
| Schwannomatosis | 831 | ||
| Perineurioma | 831 | ||
| Intraneural Perineurioma | 831 | ||
| Soft Tissue (Extraneural) Perineurioma | 833 | ||
| Sclerosing Perineurioma | 836 | ||
| Reticular Perineurioma | 837 | ||
| Perineurial MPNST (Malignant Perineurioma) | 837 | ||
| Granular Cell Tumor | 838 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 838 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 842 | ||
| Discussion | 843 | ||
| Malignant Granular Cell Tumor | 843 | ||
| Congenital (Gingival) Granular Cell Tumor | 845 | ||
| Nerve Sheath Myxoma | 845 | ||
| Extracranial Meningioma | 847 | ||
| Glial Heterotopias | 850 | ||
| References | 851 | ||
| 28 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors | 855 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 855 | ||
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor | 855 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 855 | ||
| Gross Findings | 856 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 857 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 863 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 866 | ||
| Molecular and Cytogenetic Findings | 866 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 867 | ||
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor with Rhabdomyoblastic Differentiation (Malignant Triton Tumor) | 868 | ||
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor with Glands (Glandular Malignant Schwannoma) | 868 | ||
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor with Angiosarcoma | 871 | ||
| Epithelioid Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor | 871 | ||
| Extraspinal (Soft Tissue) Ependymoma | 876 | ||
| References | 877 | ||
| 29 Soft Tissue Tumors Showing Melanocytic Differentiation | 880 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 880 | ||
| (Malignant) Melanotic Schwannoma | 880 | ||
| Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy (Retinal Anlage Tumor, Melanotic Progonoma) | 884 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 884 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Findings | 884 | ||
| Discussion | 885 | ||
| Clear Cell Sarcoma of Tendon and Aponeurosis | 886 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 886 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 886 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 890 | ||
| Discussion | 891 | ||
| Clear Cell Sarcoma-Like Tumor of Gastrointestinal Tract (Malignant Gastrointestinal Neuroectodermal Tumor) | 894 | ||
| Clinical Features | 894 | ||
| Pathologic Features | 894 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Features | 894 | ||
| Discussion | 894 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 897 | ||
| Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Family of Tumors | 897 | ||
| Angiomyolipoma | 897 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 897 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 897 | ||
| Cytogenetic Findings | 898 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 901 | ||
| Discussion | 901 | ||
| Lymphangiomyoma and Lymphangiomyomatosis | 901 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 902 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 902 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 903 | ||
| Discussion | 903 | ||
| PEComa (Excluding AML, LAM, and Pulmonary CCST) | 903 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 907 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 907 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 907 | ||
| Cytogenetic Findings | 911 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 911 | ||
| Discussion | 911 | ||
| References | 912 | ||
| 30 Cartilaginous and Osseous Soft Tissue Tumors | 917 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 917 | ||
| Extraskeletal Chondroma (Chondroma of Soft Parts) | 918 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 918 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 918 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 920 | ||
| Discussion | 922 | ||
| Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma | 922 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 923 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 923 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 925 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 925 | ||
| Discussion | 926 | ||
| Non-Neoplastic Heterotopic Ossifications | 926 | ||
| Myositis Ossificans | 926 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 926 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 927 | ||
| Malignant Transformation of Myositis Ossificans | 929 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 929 | ||
| Discussion | 930 | ||
| Fibro-Osseous Pseudotumor of the Digits | 930 | ||
| Fibrodysplasia (Myositis) Ossificans Progressiva | 932 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 932 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 934 | ||
| Genetic Aspects of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva | 935 | ||
| Discussion | 935 | ||
| Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma | 936 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 937 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 937 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma | 937 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 938 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 943 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 943 | ||
| Discussion | 943 | ||
| References | 944 | ||
| 31 Miscellaneous Benign Soft Tissue Tumors and Pseudotumors | 947 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 947 | ||
| Tumoral Calcinosis | 947 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 947 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 948 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 949 | ||
| Discussion | 950 | ||
| Intramuscular Myxoma | 951 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 951 | ||
| Multiple Intramuscular Myxomas and Fibrous Dysplasia | 952 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 953 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 953 | ||
| Discussion | 958 | ||
| Juxta-Articular Myxoma | 958 | ||
| Cutaneous Myxoma (Superficial Angiomyxoma) | 958 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 959 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 960 | ||
| Discussion | 962 | ||
| Carney Complex | 962 | ||
| Ganglion (Ganglion Cyst) | 963 | ||
| Amyloid Tumor (Amyloidoma) | 963 | ||
| References | 966 | ||
| 32 Soft Tissue Tumors of Intermediate Malignancy of Uncertain Type | 969 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 969 | ||
| Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor of Soft Tissue | 969 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 969 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 969 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 973 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 973 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 977 | ||
| Discussion | 977 | ||
| Line of Differentiation | 978 | ||
| Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma (Inflammatory Myxohyaline Tumor of the Distal Extremities with Virocyte or Reed-Sternberg-Like Cells, Acral Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma) | 978 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 979 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 979 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 980 | ||
| Genetic Findings | 985 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 986 | ||
| Discussion | 986 | ||
| Pleomorphic Hyalinizing Angiectatic Tumor of Soft Parts | 986 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 987 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 987 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 990 | ||
| Genetic Findings | 990 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 991 | ||
| Discussion | 991 | ||
| Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma, Hemosiderotic Fibrolipomatous Tumor and Pleomorphic Hyalinizing Angiectatic Tumor: A Family of Related Neoplasms? | 992 | ||
| Myoepithelioma/Mixed Tumor of Soft Tissue (Parachordoma) | 993 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 993 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 993 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 995 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1000 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1000 | ||
| Discussion | 1002 | ||
| Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Hemangiopericytoma) | 1002 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1002 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1003 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 1010 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1012 | ||
| Cytogenetic Findings | 1012 | ||
| Discussion | 1012 | ||
| Variants of Solitary Fibrous Tumor | 1014 | ||
| Lipomatous Solitary Fibrous Tumor | 1014 | ||
| Meningeal (Cranial and Intraspinal) Hemangiopericytoma-Solitary Fibrous Tumor | 1014 | ||
| Solitary Fibrous Tumor with Giant Cells (Giant Cell Angiofibroma) | 1014 | ||
| Infantile Hemangiopericytoma | 1017 | ||
| Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor | 1018 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1019 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1019 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Features | 1019 | ||
| Genetic Findings | 1023 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1023 | ||
| References | 1023 | ||
| 33 Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors of Uncertain Type | 1028 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1028 | ||
| Ewing Family of Tumors (Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor) | 1028 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1028 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1029 | ||
| Ultrastructural Features | 1037 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 1037 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1039 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1040 | ||
| Clinical Behavior and Therapy | 1045 | ||
| Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma | 1045 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1045 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1046 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 1050 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1050 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1050 | ||
| Discussion | 1051 | ||
| Synovial Sarcoma | 1052 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1052 | ||
| Age and Gender Incidence | 1052 | ||
| Clinical Complaints | 1052 | ||
| Trauma | 1052 | ||
| Anatomic Location | 1053 | ||
| Radiographic Findings | 1053 | ||
| Gross Findings | 1053 | ||
| Microscopic Findings | 1055 | ||
| Biphasic Synovial Sarcoma | 1055 | ||
| Monophasic Fibrous Synovial Sarcoma | 1060 | ||
| Monophasic Epithelial Synovial Sarcoma (Epithelial-Predominant Synovial Sarcoma) | 1062 | ||
| Poorly Differentiated Synovial Sarcoma | 1062 | ||
| Special Staining Procedures | 1064 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 1065 | ||
| Ultrastructural Findings | 1067 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1067 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1067 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Biphasic Synovial Sarcoma | 1067 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Monophasic Fibrous Synovial Sarcoma | 1068 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Monophasic Epithelial (Epithelial-Predominant) Synovial Sarcoma | 1068 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Poorly Differentiated Synovial Sarcoma | 1068 | ||
| Discussion | 1069 | ||
| Recurrence and Metastasis | 1069 | ||
| Prognosis | 1069 | ||
| Therapy | 1070 | ||
| Line of Differentiation | 1070 | ||
| Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma | 1070 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1070 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1071 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 1074 | ||
| Ultrastructural Findings | 1076 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1076 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1077 | ||
| Clinical Behavior and Therapy | 1077 | ||
| Discussion | 1078 | ||
| Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor | 1079 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1079 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1079 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 1079 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1082 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1083 | ||
| Discussion | 1083 | ||
| CIC-Rearranged Family of Tumors | 1084 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1084 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1084 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1084 | ||
| Discussion | 1085 | ||
| Epithelioid Sarcoma | 1086 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1086 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1087 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1092 | ||
| Proximal-Type Epithelioid Sarcoma | 1093 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Findings | 1095 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings | 1096 | ||
| Clinical Course and Therapy | 1096 | ||
| Discussion | 1097 | ||
| Malignant Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor | 1098 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 1098 | ||
| Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Findings | 1101 | ||
| Cytogenetic and Molecular Findings | 1102 | ||
| Discussion | 1102 | ||
| References | 1103 | ||
| Index | 1113 | ||
| A | 1113 | ||
| B | 1116 | ||
| C | 1116 | ||
| D | 1120 | ||
| E | 1121 | ||
| F | 1124 | ||
| G | 1127 | ||
| H | 1129 | ||
| I | 1131 | ||
| J | 1133 | ||
| K | 1133 | ||
| L | 1133 | ||
| M | 1136 | ||
| N | 1141 | ||
| O | 1142 | ||
| P | 1143 | ||
| Q | 1146 | ||
| R | 1146 | ||
| S | 1148 | ||
| T | 1152 | ||
| U | 1153 | ||
| V | 1153 | ||
| W | 1154 | ||
| X | 1154 | ||
| Z | 1155 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |