BOOK
Crash Course: Neurology - E-Book
Mahinda Yogarajah | Daniel Horton-Szar | Katia Cikurel | Naheed Khan
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The new series of Crash Course continues to provide readers with complete coverage of the MBBS curriculum in an easy-to-read, user-friendly manner. Building on the success of previous editions, the new Crash Courses retain the popular and unique features that so characterised the earlier volumes and are fully updated throughout.
- More than 200 tables and illustrations present clinical, diagnostic and practical information in an easy-to-follow manner
- Friendly and accessible approach to the subject makes learning especially easy
- Written by junior doctors for students - authors who understand exam pressures
- Contains ‘Hints and Tips’ boxes, and other useful aide-mémoires
- Succinct coverage of the subject enables ‘sharp focus’ and efficient use of time during exam preparation
- Contains a fully updated self-assessment section - ideal for honing exam skills and self-testing
- Self-assessment section fully updated to reflect current exam requirements
- Contains ‘common exam pitfalls’ as advised by faculty
- Crash Courses also available electronically!
- Online self-assessment bank also available - content edited by Dan Horton-Szar!
Now celebrating over 10 years of success - Crash Course has been specially devised to help you get through your exams with ease.
Completely revised throughout, the new edition of Crash Course is perfectly tailored to meet your needs by providing everything you need to know in one place. Clearly presented in a tried and trusted, easy-to-use, format, each book in the series gives complete coverage of the subject in a no-nonsense, user-friendly fashion.
Commencing with 'Learning Objectives', each chapter guides you succinctly through the topic, giving full coverage of the curriculum whilst avoiding unnecessary and often confusing detail. Each chapter is also supported by a full artwork programme, and features the ever popular 'Hints and Tips' boxes as well as other useful aide-mémoires. All volumes contain an up-to-date self-assessment section which allows you to test your knowledge and hone your exam skills.
Authored by students or junior doctors - working under close faculty supervision - each volume has been prepared by someone who has recently been in the exam situation and so relates closely to your needs. So whether you need to get out of a fix or aim for distinction Crash Course is for you!!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Crash Course: Neurology | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Series editor foreword | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | ix | ||
| Dedication | xi | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| PART I: HISTORY, EXAMINATION AND COMMON INVESTIGATIONS | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Taking a history | 3 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE HISTORY | 3 | ||
| The presenting complaint | 3 | ||
| History of the presenting complaint | 3 | ||
| Past medical history | 4 | ||
| Drug history | 4 | ||
| Review of systems | 4 | ||
| Family history | 4 | ||
| Social history | 4 | ||
| Summary | 5 | ||
| Chapter 2: The neurological examination | 7 | ||
| MENTAL STATE AND HIGHER CEREBRAL FUNCTIONS | 7 | ||
| Consciousness | 7 | ||
| Appearance and behaviour | 7 | ||
| Affect | 7 | ||
| Cognitive function | 7 | ||
| Mini-mental State Examination | 7 | ||
| SPEECH | 8 | ||
| Phonation: dysphonia | 8 | ||
| Assessment | 8 | ||
| Articulation: dysarthria | 9 | ||
| PART II: THE PATIENT PRESENTS WITH... | 31 | ||
| Chapter 4: Disorders of higher cerebral function | 33 | ||
| FRONTAL LOBE | 33 | ||
| Normal functions | 33 | ||
| Blood supply | 33 | ||
| Symptoms from lesions of the frontal lobe | 33 | ||
| PARIETAL LOBE | 35 | ||
| Function | 35 | ||
| Blood supply | 35 | ||
| Symptoms from lesions of the parietal lobe | 35 | ||
| Syndromes of the dominant parietal lobe | 35 | ||
| Syndromes of the non-dominant parietal lobe | 36 | ||
| TEMPORAL LOBE | 36 | ||
| Function | 36 | ||
| Blood supply | 36 | ||
| Symptoms from lesions of the temporal lobe | 36 | ||
| DYSPHASIA | 37 | ||
| OCCIPITAL LOBE | 37 | ||
| Function | 37 | ||
| Blood supply | 37 | ||
| Symptoms from lesions of the occipital lobe | 38 | ||
| Chapter 5: Disturbances of consciousness | 39 | ||
| TRANSIENT LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS | 39 | ||
| Syncope | 39 | ||
| 1. Vasovagal syncope | 39 | ||
| 2. Situational syncope – micturition and cough syncope | 40 | ||
| 3. Postural hypotension | 40 | ||
| 4. Syncope due to primary cardiac dysfunction | 40 | ||
| 5. Carotid sinus disease | 41 | ||
| Seizures | 41 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 41 | ||
| Narcolepsy/cataplexy | 41 | ||
| Hyperventilation | 41 | ||
| Vertebrobasilar ischaemia | 41 | ||
| Non-epileptic attacks | 42 | ||
| Investigating transient loss of consciousness | 42 | ||
| DRIVING AND EPISODES OF DISTURBANCES OF CONSCIOUSNESS | 42 | ||
| COMA | 42 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of coma | 42 | ||
| Non-convulsive status epilepticus | 42 | ||
| Akinetic mutism | 42 | ||
| Locked-in syndrome | 43 | ||
| Persistent vegetative state | 43 | ||
| Catatonia | 43 | ||
| Causes of persistent disturbance of consciousness | 43 | ||
| Clinical approach to the comatose patient | 44 | ||
| Examination of the comatose patient | 45 | ||
| Signs of head injury | 45 | ||
| Neck stiffness | 45 | ||
| Respiratory pattern | 45 | ||
| Pupil responses | 45 | ||
| Resting position of the eyes | 45 | ||
| Ocular movements | 45 | ||
| Fundoscopic abnormalities | 46 | ||
| Corneal reflexes | 46 | ||
| Limb posture and movement | 46 | ||
| Investigations in the comatose patient | 46 | ||
| Prognosis of coma | 47 | ||
| BRAINSTEM DEATH | 47 | ||
| Chapter 6: Headache | 49 | ||
| Recurrent episodic headache | 49 | ||
| Chronic daily headache | 49 | ||
| New daily persistent headache | 49 | ||
| Subacute-onset and progressive headache | 50 | ||
| Acute-onset headache | 51 | ||
| HISTORY | 51 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 52 | ||
| Chapter 7: Disorders of smell and taste | 53 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 53 | ||
| Anosmia and hyposmia | 53 | ||
| Ageusia and dysgeusia | 53 | ||
| Hyperosmia | 54 | ||
| Olfactory hallucinations | 54 | ||
| Examination | 54 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONS | 55 | ||
| Chapter 8: Visual impairment | 57 | ||
| THE ANATOMICAL PATH OF LIGHT STIMULATION | 57 | ||
| 1. Retina to optic nerve | 57 | ||
| 2. Optic nerve to optic chiasm | 57 | ||
| 3. Optic chiasm to lateral geniculate nucleus | 57 | ||
| 4. Lateral geniculate nucleus to occipital cortex | 58 | ||
| BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE VISUAL PATHWAY | 58 | ||
| Visual field defects | 58 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES TO AID LOCALIZATION OF A LESION | 59 | ||
| Retinal lesion | 59 | ||
| Optic nerve lesion (see 1, Fig. 8.1) | 59 | ||
| Optic chiasm lesion (see 2, Fig. 8.1) | 60 | ||
| Optic radiation and optic tract lesions (see 3, 4, 5, Fig. 8.1) | 60 | ||
| Occipital cortex lesions (see 6, Fig. 8.1) | 60 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF VISUAL LOSS | 60 | ||
| Monocular or binocular visual impairment | 61 | ||
| Acute transient visual impairment | 61 | ||
| Amaurosis fugax | 61 | ||
| Migraine with aura | 61 | ||
| Papilloedema | 61 | ||
| Acute persistent visual impairment | 61 | ||
| Optic neuritis | 62 | ||
| Retinal or optic nerve ischaemia | 62 | ||
| Arterial thromboembolism of the middle or posterior cerebral artery | 62 | ||
| OPTIC ATROPHY | 62 | ||
| Chapter 9: Disorders of the pupils and eye movements | 63 | ||
| PUPILLARY REFLEXES | 63 | ||
| Pupillary light reflex pathway – parasympathetic pathways | 63 | ||
| Pupillary light reflex pathway – sympathetic pathways | 63 | ||
| The accommodation reflex | 64 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PUPIL DISORDERS | 64 | ||
| Anisocoria | 64 | ||
| Physiological anisocoria | 65 | ||
| Small constricted (miotic) pupil | 65 | ||
| Old age | 65 | ||
| Medications | 65 | ||
| Horner syndrome | 65 | ||
| Argyll Robertson pupils | 65 | ||
| Large dilated (mydriatic) pupil | 66 | ||
| Disorders of the iris and iatrogenic mydriasis | 66 | ||
| Third nerve lesions | 66 | ||
| Holmes–Adie pupil | 66 | ||
| Relative afferent pupillary defect | 66 | ||
| DISORDERS OF EYE MOVEMENTS | 66 | ||
| Conjugate gaze | 66 | ||
| Binocular diplopia | 68 | ||
| Dysfunction of the extraocular muscles | 68 | ||
| Dysfunction at the neuromuscular junction | 68 | ||
| Dysfunction of the ocular cranial nerves | 69 | ||
| Lesions of the third (oculomotor) nucleus and nerve (see Figs 9.6 and 9.7) | 69 | ||
| Lesions of the fourth (trochlear) nucleus and nerve (see Figs 9.8 and 9.9) | 69 | ||
| Lesions of the sixth (abducens) nucleus and nerve (see Figs 9.10 and 9.11) | 70 | ||
| Lesions of the brainstem and the internuclear pathways | 70 | ||
| Supranuclear lesions | 71 | ||
| Horizontal gaze palsy | 71 | ||
| One-and-a-half syndrome | 71 | ||
| Vertical gaze palsy | 71 | ||
| Nystagmus | 72 | ||
| Pendular nystagmus due to visual impairment | 72 | ||
| Congenital nystagmus | 72 | ||
| Jerky nystagmus | 72 | ||
| Physiological nystagmus | 72 | ||
| ‘Nystagmoid jerks’ | 72 | ||
| Optokinetic nystagmus | 73 | ||
| Pathological nystagmus | 73 | ||
| Central nystagmus | 73 | ||
| Peripheral nystagmus | 73 | ||
| Chapter 10: Facial sensory loss and weakness | 75 | ||
| THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE | 75 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF FACIAL SENSORY LOSS | 75 | ||
| Supranuclear lesions | 76 | ||
| Brainstem lesions | 76 | ||
| Cerebellopontine angle lesions | 77 | ||
| Cavernous sinus lesions | 77 | ||
| Lesions of the trigeminal root, ganglion and peripheral branches of the nerve | 77 | ||
| FACIAL NERVE | 78 | ||
| Facial nerve anatomy | 78 | ||
| Upper and lower motor neuron facial weakness | 78 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of facial weakness | 79 | ||
| Chapter 11: Deafness, tinnitus, dizziness and vertigo | 81 | ||
| DEAFNESS AND TINNITUS | 81 | ||
| THE AUDITORY SYSTEM | 81 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEAFNESS | 81 | ||
| Rinne's test | 81 | ||
| Weber's test | 82 | ||
| Conductive deafness | 82 | ||
| Sensorineural deafness | 83 | ||
| Disorders of the cochlear apparatus | 83 | ||
| Disorders of the cochlear nerve | 83 | ||
| Disorders of the brainstem | 83 | ||
| Disorders of the supranuclear connections | 83 | ||
| Investigations for deafness | 83 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TINNITUS | 83 | ||
| THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM | 84 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DIZZINESS AND VERTIGO | 84 | ||
| Clinical features of labyrinthine failure | 84 | ||
| Examples of labyrinthine failure | 84 | ||
| Ménière's disease | 84 | ||
| Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | 84 | ||
| Other causes | 85 | ||
| Vestibular nerve lesions | 85 | ||
| Vestibular neuronitis | 85 | ||
| Cerebellopontine angle lesions | 86 | ||
| Brainstem lesions | 86 | ||
| Cerebellar lesions | 86 | ||
| Other types of dizziness | 86 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONS FOR VERTIGO | 86 | ||
| Hallpike manoeuvre | 86 | ||
| Caloric test | 86 | ||
| Chapter 12: Dysarthria, dysphonia and dysphagia | 89 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 89 | ||
| DYSARTHRIA | 89 | ||
| Upper motor neuron lesions | 89 | ||
| Lower motor neuron lesions | 90 | ||
| Basal ganglia lesions | 90 | ||
| Parkinson's disease | 90 | ||
| Chorea | 90 | ||
| Athetosis | 91 | ||
| Cerebellar lesions | 91 | ||
| Myopathies and disorders of the neuromuscular junction | 91 | ||
| Oropharyngeal lesions | 91 | ||
| DYSPHAGIA | 91 | ||
| Sites of lesions causing dysphagia | 91 | ||
| DYSPHONIA | 91 | ||
| Chapter 13: Cerebellar dysfunction | 93 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION | 93 | ||
| Incoordination of movement | 93 | ||
| Ataxic gait | 93 | ||
| Ataxic dysarthric speech | 93 | ||
| Abnormal eye movements | 93 | ||
| Titubation | 94 | ||
| Altered posture | 94 | ||
| Hypotonia | 94 | ||
| LOCALIZATION OF A CEREBELLAR LESION | 95 | ||
| Cerebellar hemisphere | 95 | ||
| Cerebellar vermis | 95 | ||
| Chapter 14: Movement disorders | 97 | ||
| THE ANATOMICAL BASIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS | 97 | ||
| THE HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENT DISORDERS: TREMOR AND DYSTONIA | 97 | ||
| Tremor | 97 | ||
| Resting tremor | 97 | ||
| Postural tremor | 99 | ||
| 1. Physiological tremor | 99 | ||
| 2. Essential tremor | 99 | ||
| 3. Neuropathic tremor | 99 | ||
| 4. Dystonic tremor | 99 | ||
| Kinetic tremor | 99 | ||
| 1. Cerebellar tremor (intention tremor) | 99 | ||
| 2. Red nuclear ‘rubral’ tremor | 99 | ||
| Mixed tremors | 99 | ||
| DYSTONIA | 99 | ||
| 1. Primary dystonia | 100 | ||
| 2. Dystonia-plus syndromes – dopa-responsive dystonia | 100 | ||
| 3. Secondary dystonia | 100 | ||
| 4. Paroxysmal dystonia | 101 | ||
| THE HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENT DISORDERS: CHOREA, TICS AND MYOCLONUS | 101 | ||
| Chorea | 101 | ||
| Huntington's disease (Huntington's chorea) | 101 | ||
| Ballism | 101 | ||
| Tics | 101 | ||
| Myoclonus | 102 | ||
| 1. Myoclonic epilepsy | 102 | ||
| 2. Progressive myoclonic epilepsy | 102 | ||
| 3. Symptomatic myoclonus | 102 | ||
| Chapter 15: Limb weakness | 103 | ||
| NEUROANATOMY | 103 | ||
| The upper motor neuron pathway | 103 | ||
| The lower motor neuron pathway | 103 | ||
| The neuromuscular junction and muscle pathway | 103 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 104 | ||
| UPPER MOTOR NEURON WEAKNESS | 104 | ||
| Increased tone (spasticity) | 105 | ||
| ‘Pyramidal-pattern’ weakness | 105 | ||
| Absence of muscle wasting and fasciculations | 105 | ||
| Brisk tendon reflexes and extensor plantar responses | 105 | ||
| UPPER MOTOR NEURON SYNDROMES | 105 | ||
| Hemiparesis – unilateral arm and leg weakness | 105 | ||
| Tetraparesis – weakness in all four limbs | 105 | ||
| Paraparesis – weakness in both legs | 106 | ||
| Monoparesis – weakness of a single limb | 107 | ||
| LOWER MOTOR NEURON WEAKNESS | 107 | ||
| Decreased tone | 108 | ||
| Focal pattern of weakness and wasting | 108 | ||
| Fasciculations | 108 | ||
| Pain and sensory disturbance | 108 | ||
| Reduced tendon reflexes and flexor plantar responses | 108 | ||
| LOWER MOTOR NEURON SYNDROMES | 108 | ||
| Anterior horn cell disease | 109 | ||
| Radiculopathy and plexopathy | 109 | ||
| Brachial plexopathy | 109 | ||
| Lumbosacral plexopathy | 110 | ||
| Neuropathy | 110 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | 110 | ||
| MYOPATHY | 110 | ||
| Chapter 16: Limb sensory symptoms | 113 | ||
| DORSAL (POSTERIOR) COLUMN PATHWAY | 113 | ||
| SPINOTHALAMIC PATHWAY | 113 | ||
| TROPHIC SKIN CHANGES AND ULCERS | 113 | ||
| SENSORY SYNDROMES | 114 | ||
| Lesions of peripheral nerves | 114 | ||
| Mononeuropathy | 114 | ||
| Multiple mononeuropathy | 115 | ||
| Polyneuropathy | 115 | ||
| Lesions of the spinal nerve roots, dorsal roots and ganglia | 115 | ||
| Lesions of the spinal cord | 115 | ||
| Transection of the cord | 116 | ||
| Lesion of the posterior spinal cord | 116 | ||
| Lesion of the anterior cord | 116 | ||
| Hemisection of the cord (Brown–Séquard syndrome) | 116 | ||
| Central cord lesion | 117 | ||
| Lesions of the brainstem | 117 | ||
| Lesions of the thalamus | 118 | ||
| Lesions of the parietal lobe | 118 | ||
| Chapter 17: Disorders of gait | 119 | ||
| PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF GAIT | 119 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DISORDERS OF GAIT | 120 | ||
| Gait of cerebellar ataxia | 120 | ||
| Hemiparetic gait | 120 | ||
| Spastic gait | 120 | ||
| Parkinsonian gait | 120 | ||
| Gait of sensory ataxia | 120 | ||
| Steppage gait | 120 | ||
| Myopathic gait | 121 | ||
| Apraxic gait | 121 | ||
| Antalgic gait | 121 | ||
| Functional gait | 121 | ||
| PART III: DISEASES AND DISORDERS | 123 | ||
| Chapter 18: Dementia | 125 | ||
| DEFINITION | 125 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 125 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 125 | ||
| GENERAL CLINICAL FEATURES | 125 | ||
| HISTORY | 126 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 126 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONS | 126 | ||
| Blood tests | 126 | ||
| Imaging of the brain | 127 | ||
| Lumbar puncture | 127 | ||
| Neuropsychometry | 127 | ||
| Electroencephalography | 127 | ||
| Genetic testing | 127 | ||
| Brain biopsy | 127 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 127 | ||
| PRIMARY NEURODEGENERATIVE DEMENTIAS | 128 | ||
| Alzheimer's disease | 128 | ||
| Pathology | 128 | ||
| Clinical features | 128 | ||
| Diagnosis | 128 | ||
| Drug treatment | 128 | ||
| Prognosis | 128 | ||
| Dementia with Lewy bodies | 128 | ||
| Frontotemporal lobar dementia | 129 | ||
| Vascular dementia | 129 | ||
| Diagnosis | 129 | ||
| Treatment | 130 | ||
| VASCULITIS | 130 | ||
| DEMENTIA AS A PART OF OTHER DEGENERATIVE DISEASES | 130 | ||
| PSEUDODEMENTIA | 130 | ||
| Chapter 19: Epilepsy | 131 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 131 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF SEIZURES | 131 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 131 | ||
| AETIOLOGY | 131 | ||
| Family history | 131 | ||
| Antenatal and perinatal factors | 132 | ||
| Trauma and surgery | 132 | ||
| Metabolic causes | 132 | ||
| Toxic causes | 132 | ||
| Infectious and inflammatory causes | 132 | ||
| Vascular causes | 132 | ||
| Intracranial tumours | 132 | ||
| Hypoxia | 132 | ||
| Degenerative diseases | 132 | ||
| Photosensitivity | 132 | ||
| Sleep deprivation | 133 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 133 | ||
| Partial seizures | 133 | ||
| Simple partial seizures | 133 | ||
| Complex partial seizures | 133 | ||
| Secondarily generalized seizures | 134 | ||
| Generalized seizures | 134 | ||
| Generalized tonic–clonic seizures | 134 | ||
| Absence seizures | 134 | ||
| Myoclonic seizures | 134 | ||
| Atonic and tonic seizures | 134 | ||
| HISTORY AND INVESTIGATIONS TO AID DIAGNOSIS | 134 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 135 | ||
| DRUG TREATMENT | 135 | ||
| When to start drug treatment | 135 | ||
| What drugs to choose | 135 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs | 136 | ||
| Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs | 136 | ||
| Acute toxicity | 136 | ||
| Idiosyncratic toxicity | 136 | ||
| Chronic toxicity | 136 | ||
| Teratogenicity and pregnancy | 136 | ||
| Withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs | 136 | ||
| STATUS EPILEPTICUS | 137 | ||
| Drug treatment | 137 | ||
| NEUROSURGICAL TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY | 137 | ||
| MORTALITY OF EPILEPSY | 137 | ||
| DRIVING AND EPILEPSY | 138 | ||
| Chapter 20: Headache and craniofacial pains | 139 | ||
| TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE | 139 | ||
| MIGRAINE | 139 | ||
| Migraine with aura or ‘classical migraine’ | 140 | ||
| Common migraine | 140 | ||
| Basilar migraine | 140 | ||
| Hemiplegic migraine | 140 | ||
| Management | 140 | ||
| During an attack | 140 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 140 | ||
| CLUSTER HEADACHE | 140 | ||
| Treatment | 141 | ||
| OTHER NEUROLOGICAL CAUSES OF HEADACHE AND CRANIOFACIAL PAIN | 141 | ||
| Headache of raised intracranial pressure | 141 | ||
| Low pressure headache | 141 | ||
| NON-NEUROLOGICAL CAUSES OF HEADACHE AND CRANIOFACIAL PAIN | 142 | ||
| Giant-cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) | 142 | ||
| Diagnosis | 142 | ||
| Treatment | 143 | ||
| Local causes | 143 | ||
| Chapter 21: Parkinson's disease and other extrapyramidal disorders | 145 | ||
| AKINETIC–RIGID SYNDROMES | 145 | ||
| Parkinson's disease | 145 | ||
| Pathology | 145 | ||
| Aetiology | 145 | ||
| Clinical features | 146 | ||
| Tremor | 146 | ||
| Rigidity | 146 | ||
| Bradykinesia, hypokinesia and akinesia | 146 | ||
| Postural changes | 147 | ||
| Non-motor, cognitive and psychiatric features | 147 | ||
| Natural history | 147 | ||
| Investigations | 147 | ||
| Treatment | 147 | ||
| Levodopa (L-dopa) | 147 | ||
| Dopamine agonists | 148 | ||
| Anticholinergic drugs | 148 | ||
| Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors | 148 | ||
| COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) inhibitors | 148 | ||
| Management of hallucinations, psychosis and confusion | 148 | ||
| Surgery | 148 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease | 148 | ||
| The atypical parkinsonian disorders | 149 | ||
| Progressive supranuclear palsy | 149 | ||
| Multisystem atrophy | 149 | ||
| Corticobasal degeneration | 149 | ||
| Other parkinsonian syndromes | 150 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT | 255 | ||
| Single best answer questions (SBAs) | 257 | ||
| Extended-matching questions (EMQs) | 267 | ||
| SBA answers | 273 | ||
| EMQ answers | 283 | ||
| Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) stations | 285 | ||
| 1. This 33 year old lady has developed clumsiness and has difficulty walking. Please conduct a physical examination of he... | 285 | ||
| Glossary | 289 | ||
| Index | 293 |