BOOK
The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Illustrated Manual of Ophthalmology E-Book
Neil J. Friedman | Peter K. Kaiser | Roberto Pineda II
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Illustrated Manual of Ophthalmology is the must-have medical reference book for the ever-changing field of ophthalmology. Thoroughly updated to include the latest advances in the field, the fourth edition of this renowned manual features high-quality color images and an intuitive design for easy comprehension and reference. Ideal for ophthalmic practitioners and allied health professionals alike, this indispensable resource is your comprehensive guide for the speedy diagnosis and treatment of the most common eye disorders.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Accurately diagnose problems through the support of full-color photographs and real case studies.
-
Rapidly locate key information
with a highly templated format that includes chapters organized anatomically, not by ophthalmic subspecialty, in addition to key boxes and highlighted emergency management boxes.
- Apply the latest knowledge and techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease, including anti-VEGF therapy for retina disorders; optical coherence tomography and high-resolution imaging modalities; new corneal and refractive surgical approaches; advances in uveitis, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology; and more.
- Stay abreast of the most recent spectral domain OCT with numerous scans included throughout the book.
- Quickly address critical situations with highlighted emergency management boxes, as well as bonus appendices that provide a wealth of supplemental information helpful for the non-specialist, including guidance on the basics in examination methods, differential diagnosis, common medications, measurements and more.
- Identify subtleties and nuances by examining over 800 full-color illustrations depicting a complete range of clinical disorders, imaging and testing methods, and surgical techniques, as well as brand-new videos of eye movement examination.
- Access the videos at Expert Consult.
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Illustrated Manual of Ophthalmology | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Video Table of Contents | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Contributors | xii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Figure Courtesy Lines | xiv | ||
| Introduction | xvii | ||
| Chapter 1: Orbit | 1 | ||
| Trauma | 1 | ||
| Blunt Trauma | 1 | ||
| Orbital Contusion | 1 | ||
| Orbital Hemorrhage/Orbital Compartment Syndrome | 2 | ||
| Orbital Fractures | 3 | ||
| Orbital floor (blow-out) fracture | 3 | ||
| Pediatric floor fracture | 4 | ||
| Medial wall (nasoethmoidal) fracture | 4 | ||
| Orbital roof fracture | 5 | ||
| Orbital apex fracture | 5 | ||
| Tripod fracture | 5 | ||
| Le Fort fractures | 5 | ||
| Penetrating Trauma | 6 | ||
| Intraorbital Foreign Body | 6 | ||
| Globe Subluxation | 7 | ||
| Definition | 7 | ||
| Etiology | 7 | ||
| Mechanism | 7 | ||
| Epidemiology | 7 | ||
| Symptoms | 7 | ||
| Signs | 7 | ||
| Evaluation | 7 | ||
| Prognosis | 8 | ||
| Carotid–Cavernous and Dural Sinus Fistulas | 8 | ||
| Definition | 8 | ||
| Chapter 2: Ocular Motility and Cranial Nerves | 33 | ||
| Strabismus | 33 | ||
| Definition | 33 | ||
| Phoria | 33 | ||
| Tropia | 33 | ||
| Esotropia | 33 | ||
| Exotropia | 33 | ||
| Hypertropia | 33 | ||
| Hypotropia | 34 | ||
| Etiology | 34 | ||
| Symptoms | 34 | ||
| Signs | 34 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 34 | ||
| Evaluation | 34 | ||
| Prognosis | 35 | ||
| Horizontal Strabismus | 35 | ||
| Esotropia | 35 | ||
| Infantile Esotropia | 35 | ||
| Accommodative Esotropia | 36 | ||
| Refractive | 36 | ||
| Nonrefractive | 36 | ||
| Mixed | 36 | ||
| Acquired Nonaccommodative Esotropia and Other Forms of Esotropia | 37 | ||
| Cyclical esotropia | 38 | ||
| Exotropia | 38 | ||
| Basic Exotropia | 38 | ||
| Convergence Insufficiency | 38 | ||
| Pseudodivergence Excess | 39 | ||
| True Divergence Excess | 39 | ||
| A-, V-, and X-Patterns | 39 | ||
| A-pattern | 39 | ||
| V-pattern | 40 | ||
| X-pattern | 40 | ||
| Vertical Strabismus | 40 | ||
| Brown's Syndrome (Superior Oblique Tendon Sheath Syndrome) | 40 | ||
| Dissociated Strabismus Complex: Dissociated Vertical Deviation, Dissociated Horizontal Deviation, Dissociated Torsional Dev... | 41 | ||
| Monocular Elevation Deficiency (Double Elevator Palsy) | 42 | ||
| Type 1 | 42 | ||
| Type 2 | 42 | ||
| Type 3 | 42 | ||
| Miscellaneous Strabismus | 43 | ||
| Duane's Retraction Syndrome | 43 | ||
| Type 1 | 43 | ||
| Type 2 | 43 | ||
| Type 3 | 43 | ||
| Möbius Syndrome | 44 | ||
| Restrictive Strabismus | 44 | ||
| Congenital Fibrosis Syndrome | 44 | ||
| Generalized Fibrosis (Autosomal Dominant [AD]>Autosomal Recessive [AR]>Idiopathic) | 44 | ||
| Congenital Fibrosis of Inferior Rectus (Sporadic or Familial) | 44 | ||
| Strabismus Fixus (Sporadic) | 45 | ||
| Vertical Retraction Syndrome | 45 | ||
| Congenital Unilateral Fibrosis (sporadic) | 45 | ||
| Nystagmus | 45 | ||
| Definition | 45 | ||
| Etiology | 45 | ||
| Congenital Nystagmus | 45 | ||
| Afferent or sensory deprivation | 45 | ||
| Efferent or motor | 45 | ||
| Latent | 45 | ||
| Spasmus nutans | 46 | ||
| Acquired Nystagmus | 46 | ||
| Convergence–retraction | 46 | ||
| Dissociated or disconjugate | 46 | ||
| Downbeat | 46 | ||
| Drug-induced | 46 | ||
| Gaze-evoked | 46 | ||
| Periodic alternating | 46 | ||
| See-saw | 47 | ||
| Upbeat | 47 | ||
| Vestibular | 47 | ||
| Physiologic Nystagmus | 47 | ||
| Symptoms | 47 | ||
| Signs | 47 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 47 | ||
| Evaluation | 47 | ||
| Prognosis | 48 | ||
| Third Cranial Nerve Palsy | 48 | ||
| Definition | 48 | ||
| Etiology | 49 | ||
| Nuclear | 49 | ||
| Fascicular | 49 | ||
| Subarachnoid Space | 49 | ||
| Intracavernous Space | 49 | ||
| Orbital Space | 49 | ||
| Symptoms | 49 | ||
| Signs | 49 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 50 | ||
| Evaluation | 50 | ||
| Prognosis | 51 | ||
| Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy | 51 | ||
| Definition | 51 | ||
| Etiology | 51 | ||
| Nuclear | 52 | ||
| Fascicular | 52 | ||
| Subarachnoid Space | 52 | ||
| Intracavernous Space | 52 | ||
| Symptoms | 52 | ||
| Signs | 52 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 52 | ||
| Evaluation | 52 | ||
| Prognosis | 54 | ||
| Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy | 54 | ||
| Definition | 54 | ||
| Etiology | 54 | ||
| Nuclear | 54 | ||
| Fascicular | 54 | ||
| Subarachnoid Space | 55 | ||
| Petrous Space | 55 | ||
| Intracavernous Space | 55 | ||
| Symptoms | 55 | ||
| Signs | 55 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 55 | ||
| Evaluation | 56 | ||
| Prognosis | 56 | ||
| Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies | 56 | ||
| Definition | 56 | ||
| Etiology | 56 | ||
| Brain Stem | 56 | ||
| Subarachnoid Space | 56 | ||
| Cavernous Sinus Syndrome | 57 | ||
| Orbital Apex Syndrome | 57 | ||
| Symptoms | 58 | ||
| Signs | 58 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 58 | ||
| Evaluation | 58 | ||
| Prognosis | 58 | ||
| Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) | 59 | ||
| Definition | 59 | ||
| Etiology | 59 | ||
| Kearns–Sayre Syndrome (Mitochondrial DNA) | 59 | ||
| Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (Mitochondrial DNA) | 59 | ||
| Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers (Mitochondrial DNA) | 59 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy (Autosomal Dominant) | 59 | ||
| Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (Autosomal Dominant) | 59 | ||
| Symptoms | 59 | ||
| Signs | 59 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 60 | ||
| Evaluation | 60 | ||
| Prognosis | 60 | ||
| Horizontal Motility Disorders | 61 | ||
| Definition | 61 | ||
| Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia | 61 | ||
| One-and-a-Half Syndrome | 61 | ||
| Other | 62 | ||
| Etiology | 62 | ||
| Symptoms | 62 | ||
| Signs | 62 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 62 | ||
| Evaluation | 63 | ||
| Prognosis | 63 | ||
| Vertical Motility Disorders | 63 | ||
| Definition | 63 | ||
| Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele–Richardson–Olszewski Syndrome) | 63 | ||
| Chapter 3: Lids, Lashes, and Lacrimal System | 67 | ||
| Eyelid Trauma | 67 | ||
| Contusion | 67 | ||
| Abrasion | 68 | ||
| Avulsion | 68 | ||
| Upper Lid Defects | 69 | ||
| Lower Lid Defects | 69 | ||
| Laceration | 69 | ||
| Eyelid Infections | 71 | ||
| Blepharitis and Meibomitis | 71 | ||
| Definition | 71 | ||
| Etiology | 71 | ||
| Epidemiology | 72 | ||
| Symptoms | 72 | ||
| Signs | 72 | ||
| Anterior Blepharitis | 72 | ||
| Meibomitis | 72 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 72 | ||
| Evaluation | 72 | ||
| Prognosis | 73 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 73 | ||
| Herpes Zoster Virus | 74 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum | 75 | ||
| Demodicosis | 76 | ||
| Phthiriasis or Pediculosis | 76 | ||
| Leprosy | 77 | ||
| Eyelid Inflammations | 77 | ||
| Chalazion or Hordeolum (Stye) | 77 | ||
| Definition | 77 | ||
| Chalazion | 77 | ||
| Hordeolum | 77 | ||
| Symptoms | 77 | ||
| Signs | 77 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 78 | ||
| Evaluation | 78 | ||
| Prognosis | 78 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 78 | ||
| Definition | 78 | ||
| Symptoms | 78 | ||
| Signs | 78 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 79 | ||
| Evaluation | 79 | ||
| Prognosis | 80 | ||
| Blepharochalasis | 80 | ||
| Madarosis | 80 | ||
| Definition | 80 | ||
| Etiology | 80 | ||
| Local | 80 | ||
| Systemic | 80 | ||
| Symptoms | 80 | ||
| Signs | 80 | ||
| Evaluation | 80 | ||
| Prognosis | 81 | ||
| Vitiligo and Poliosis | 81 | ||
| Acne Rosacea | 82 | ||
| Definition | 82 | ||
| Etiology | 82 | ||
| Symptoms | 82 | ||
| Signs | 82 | ||
| Evaluation | 82 | ||
| Prognosis | 83 | ||
| Eyelid Malpositions | 83 | ||
| Ptosis | 83 | ||
| Definition | 83 | ||
| Etiology | 83 | ||
| Aponeurotic (Involutional) | 83 | ||
| Mechanical | 83 | ||
| Myogenic | 83 | ||
| Neurogenic | 84 | ||
| Congenital | 84 | ||
| Symptoms | 85 | ||
| Signs | 85 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 85 | ||
| Evaluation | 85 | ||
| Prognosis | 86 | ||
| Dermatochalasis | 86 | ||
| Ectropion | 87 | ||
| Definition | 87 | ||
| Etiology | 87 | ||
| Cicatricial | 87 | ||
| Congenital | 87 | ||
| Inflammatory | 87 | ||
| Involutional | 87 | ||
| Mechanical | 87 | ||
| Paralytic | 87 | ||
| Symptoms | 87 | ||
| Signs | 88 | ||
| Evaluation | 88 | ||
| Prognosis | 89 | ||
| Entropion | 89 | ||
| Definition | 89 | ||
| Etiology | 89 | ||
| Cicatricial | 89 | ||
| Congenital | 89 | ||
| Involutional | 90 | ||
| Spastic | 90 | ||
| Symptoms | 90 | ||
| Signs | 90 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 90 | ||
| Evaluation | 90 | ||
| Prognosis | 91 | ||
| Blepharospasm | 91 | ||
| Definition | 91 | ||
| Essential Blepharospasm | 91 | ||
| Meige's Syndrome | 91 | ||
| Symptoms | 91 | ||
| Chapter 4: Conjunctiva and Sclera | 129 | ||
| Trauma | 129 | ||
| Foreign Body | 129 | ||
| Laceration | 129 | ||
| Open Globe | 129 | ||
| Subconjunctival Hemorrhage | 132 | ||
| Telangiectasia | 133 | ||
| Definition | 133 | ||
| Symptoms | 133 | ||
| Signs | 133 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 133 | ||
| Evaluation | 133 | ||
| Chapter 5: Cornea | 173 | ||
| Trauma | 173 | ||
| Abrasion | 173 | ||
| Birth Trauma | 174 | ||
| Burn | 175 | ||
| Foreign Body | 176 | ||
| Laceration | 177 | ||
| Recurrent Erosion | 178 | ||
| Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis | 178 | ||
| Definition | 178 | ||
| Etiology | 178 | ||
| Marginal Keratolysis | 178 | ||
| Mooren's Ulcer | 178 | ||
| Type I | 178 | ||
| Type II | 178 | ||
| Staphylococcal Marginal Keratitis | 178 | ||
| Symptoms | 179 | ||
| Signs | 179 | ||
| Marginal Keratolysis | 179 | ||
| Mooren's Ulcer | 179 | ||
| Staphylococcal Marginal Keratitis | 180 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Evaluation | 180 | ||
| Prognosis | 181 | ||
| Contact-Lens-Related Problems | 181 | ||
| Definition | 181 | ||
| Rigid Lenses | 181 | ||
| Hard | 181 | ||
| Gas-permeable | 182 | ||
| Soft Lenses | 182 | ||
| Daily wear | 182 | ||
| Extended wear | 182 | ||
| Symptoms | 183 | ||
| Signs and management | 183 | ||
| Corneal Abrasion | 183 | ||
| Corneal Hypoxia | 183 | ||
| Acute | 183 | ||
| Chronic | 183 | ||
| Contact-Lens-Related Dendritic Keratitis | 183 | ||
| Contact Lens Solution Hypersensitivity or Toxicity | 183 | ||
| Corneal Neovascularization | 183 | ||
| Corneal Warpage | 184 | ||
| Damaged Contact Lens | 185 | ||
| Deposits on Contact Lens | 185 | ||
| Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis | 185 | ||
| Infectious Keratitis | 186 | ||
| Sterile Corneal Infiltrates | 186 | ||
| Poor Fit (Loose) | 186 | ||
| Poor Fit (Light) | 186 | ||
| Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis | 186 | ||
| Superficial Punctate Keratitis | 186 | ||
| Evaluation | 187 | ||
| Prognosis | 187 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 187 | ||
| Definitions | 187 | ||
| Dellen | 187 | ||
| Exposure Keratopathy | 187 | ||
| Filamentary Keratitis | 188 | ||
| Keratic Precipitates | 188 | ||
| Superficial Punctate Keratitis | 189 | ||
| Thygeson's Superficial Punctate Keratitis | 189 | ||
| Symptoms | 190 | ||
| Signs | 190 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 190 | ||
| Evaluation | 190 | ||
| Prognosis | 190 | ||
| Corneal Edema | 191 | ||
| Definition | 191 | ||
| Etiology | 191 | ||
| Symptoms | 191 | ||
| Signs | 191 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Chapter 6: Anterior Chamber | 233 | ||
| Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 233 | ||
| Definition | 233 | ||
| Etiology/mechanism | 233 | ||
| Pupillary Block | 233 | ||
| Plateau Iris Syndrome (Without Pupillary Block) | 233 | ||
| Epidemiology | 233 | ||
| Symptoms | 233 | ||
| Acute Angle-Closure | 233 | ||
| Subacute Angle-Closure | 234 | ||
| Chronic Angle-Closure | 234 | ||
| Signs | 234 | ||
| Acute Angle-Closure | 234 | ||
| Subacute and Chronic Angle-Closure | 234 | ||
| Evaluation | 234 | ||
| Prognosis | 236 | ||
| Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 236 | ||
| Definition | 236 | ||
| Etiology/mechanism | 236 | ||
| With Pupillary Block | 236 | ||
| Without Pupillary Block | 236 | ||
| Posterior ``pushing´´ mechanism | 236 | ||
| Anterior ``pulling´´ mechanism | 236 | ||
| Symptoms | 236 | ||
| Acute Angle-Closure | 236 | ||
| Chronic Angle-Closure | 236 | ||
| Signs | 237 | ||
| Acute Angle-Closure | 237 | ||
| Chronic Angle-Closure | 237 | ||
| Evaluation | 237 | ||
| Prognosis | 238 | ||
| Hypotony | 238 | ||
| Definition | 238 | ||
| Etiology | 238 | ||
| Increased Outflow (Excessive Drainage of Aqueous or Vitreous Fluid) | 238 | ||
| Decreased Production (Ciliary Body Shutdown) | 238 | ||
| Symptoms | 238 | ||
| Signs | 238 | ||
| Evaluation | 239 | ||
| Prognosis | 239 | ||
| Hyphema | 240 | ||
| Definition | 240 | ||
| Etiology | 240 | ||
| Symptoms | 240 | ||
| Signs | 240 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 241 | ||
| Evaluation | 241 | ||
| Prognosis | 241 | ||
| Cells and Flare | 241 | ||
| Definition | 241 | ||
| Cells | 242 | ||
| Flare | 242 | ||
| Etiology | 242 | ||
| Symptoms | 242 | ||
| Signs | 242 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Evaluation | 242 | ||
| Prognosis | 243 | ||
| Hypopyon | 243 | ||
| Definition | 243 | ||
| Etiology | 243 | ||
| Symptoms | 243 | ||
| Signs | 243 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Evaluation | 244 | ||
| Prognosis | 244 | ||
| Endophthalmitis | 244 | ||
| Definition | 244 | ||
| Etiology | 244 | ||
| Postoperative (70%) | 244 | ||
| Acute postoperative (<6 weeks after surgery) | 244 | ||
| Delayed postoperative (>6 weeks after surgery) | 244 | ||
| Conjunctival filtering bleb associated | 244 | ||
| Posttraumatic (20%) | 244 | ||
| Endogenous (2–15%) | 245 | ||
| Epidemiology | 245 | ||
| Symptoms | 245 | ||
| Signs | 245 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Evaluation | 246 | ||
| Prognosis | 248 | ||
| Anterior Uveitis (Iritis, Iridocyclitis) | 248 | ||
| Definition | 248 | ||
| Etiology | 248 | ||
| Infectious Anterior Uveitis | 248 | ||
| Herpes Simplex and Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus | 248 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 248 | ||
| Syphilis | 248 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 248 | ||
| Noninfectious Anterior Uveitis | 249 | ||
| Nongranulomatous | 249 | ||
| Idiopathic (acute) | 249 | ||
| HLA-B27 associated (acute) | 249 | ||
| Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (acute) | 249 | ||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 249 | ||
| Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis) | 249 | ||
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 249 | ||
| Psoriatic arthritis | 249 | ||
| Whipple's disease | 249 | ||
| Behçet's disease (acute) | 250 | ||
| Glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posner–Schlossman syndrome) (acute) | 250 | ||
| Kawasaki's disease (acute) | 250 | ||
| Drugs (acute) | 250 | ||
| Interstitial nephritis (acute) | 250 | ||
| Other autoimmune disease (acute and chronic) | 250 | ||
| Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA, acute and chronic) | 250 | ||
| Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis (chronic) | 250 | ||
| Postoperative or trauma (acute or chronic) | 251 | ||
| Granulomatous | 251 | ||
| Autoimmune | 251 | ||
| HLA associations (located on chromosome 6) | 251 | ||
| Symptoms | 251 | ||
| Signs | 251 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 252 | ||
| Evaluation | 252 | ||
| Prognosis | 254 | ||
| Uveitis–Glaucoma–Hyphema Syndrome | 255 | ||
| Definition | 255 | ||
| Symptoms | 255 | ||
| Signs | 255 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 255 | ||
| Evaluation | 255 | ||
| Prognosis | 255 | ||
| Chapter 7: Iris and Pupils | 257 | ||
| Trauma | 257 | ||
| Definition | 257 | ||
| Angle Recession | 258 | ||
| Cyclodialysis | 258 | ||
| Iridodialysis | 258 | ||
| Sphincter Tears | 259 | ||
| Symptoms | 260 | ||
| Signs | 260 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 260 | ||
| Evaluation | 260 | ||
| Chapter 8: Lens | 293 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 293 | ||
| Definition | 293 | ||
| Coloboma | 293 | ||
| Lenticonus | 294 | ||
| Anterior | 294 | ||
| Posterior | 294 | ||
| Lentiglobus | 294 | ||
| Microspherophakia | 294 | ||
| Mittendorf Dot | 295 | ||
| Symptoms | 295 | ||
| Signs | 295 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 295 | ||
| Evaluation | 295 | ||
| Prognosis | 295 | ||
| Congenital Cataract | 296 | ||
| Definition | 296 | ||
| Capsular | 296 | ||
| Lamellar or Zonular | 296 | ||
| Lenticular or Nuclear | 296 | ||
| Polar | 297 | ||
| Sutural | 297 | ||
| Etiology | 297 | ||
| Hereditary or Syndromes | 297 | ||
| Without chromosomal abnormalities | 297 | ||
| With chromosomal abnormalities | 298 | ||
| Other syndromes | 298 | ||
| Intrauterine Infections | 298 | ||
| Congenital rubella syndrome | 298 | ||
| Congenital varicella syndrome | 298 | ||
| Metabolic | 298 | ||
| Galactosemia | 298 | ||
| Lowe's oculocerebrorenal syndrome (X-linked) | 298 | ||
| Alport's syndrome (AD) | 298 | ||
| Other metabolic diseases | 298 | ||
| Ocular Disorders | 298 | ||
| Other | 299 | ||
| Epidemiology | 299 | ||
| Symptoms | 299 | ||
| Signs | 299 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 299 | ||
| Evaluation | 299 | ||
| Prognosis | 300 | ||
| Acquired Cataract | 300 | ||
| Definition | 300 | ||
| Cortical Degeneration | 300 | ||
| Spokes and vacuoles | 300 | ||
| Mature cataract | 300 | ||
| Morgagnian cataract | 301 | ||
| Hypermature cataract | 301 | ||
| Nuclear Sclerosis | 301 | ||
| Subcapsular Cataract | 302 | ||
| Anterior subcapsular | 302 | ||
| Posterior subcapsular | 302 | ||
| Etiology | 303 | ||
| Senile | 303 | ||
| Systemic Disease | 303 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 303 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 303 | ||
| Myotonic dystrophy | 303 | ||
| Wilsons disease | 304 | ||
| Others | 304 | ||
| Other Eye Diseases | 304 | ||
| Toxic | 304 | ||
| Trauma | 305 | ||
| Epidemiology | 305 | ||
| Symptoms | 305 | ||
| Signs | 305 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 305 | ||
| Evaluation | 306 | ||
| Prognosis | 306 | ||
| Posterior Capsular Opacification | 306 | ||
| Definition | 306 | ||
| Epidemiology | 306 | ||
| Etiology | 306 | ||
| Symptoms | 306 | ||
| Signs | 306 | ||
| Evaluation | 307 | ||
| Chapter 9: Vitreous | 319 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 319 | ||
| Definition | 319 | ||
| Symptoms | 319 | ||
| Signs | 319 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 320 | ||
| Evaluation | 320 | ||
| Prognosis | 320 | ||
| Asteroid Hyalosis | 320 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome) | 321 | ||
| Definition | 321 | ||
| Symptoms | 321 | ||
| Signs | 322 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 322 | ||
| Evaluation | 322 | ||
| Prognosis | 323 | ||
| Posterior Vitreous Detachment | 323 | ||
| Definition | 323 | ||
| Epidemiology | 323 | ||
| Symptoms | 323 | ||
| Signs | 323 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 324 | ||
| Evaluation | 324 | ||
| Prognosis | 325 | ||
| Synchesis Scintillans | 325 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 325 | ||
| Definition | 325 | ||
| Etiology | 325 | ||
| Symptoms | 325 | ||
| Signs | 325 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 326 | ||
| Evaluation | 326 | ||
| Prognosis | 326 | ||
| Vitritis | 326 | ||
| Chapter 10: Retina and Choroid | 327 | ||
| Trauma | 328 | ||
| Choroidal Rupture | 328 | ||
| Commotio Retinae (Berlin's Edema) | 328 | ||
| Purtscher's Retinopathy | 329 | ||
| Traumatic Retinal Holes | 330 | ||
| Giant Retinal Tear | 330 | ||
| Avulsion of Vitreous Base | 330 | ||
| Oral Tear | 330 | ||
| Preoral Tear | 330 | ||
| Retinal Dialysis | 330 | ||
| Chorioretinitis Sclopeteria | 331 | ||
| Hemorrhages | 331 | ||
| Preretinal Hemorrhage | 331 | ||
| Intraretinal Hemorrhage | 331 | ||
| Flame-Shaped Hemorrhage | 332 | ||
| Dot/Blot Hemorrhage | 332 | ||
| Roth Spot | 333 | ||
| Subretinal Hemorrhage | 333 | ||
| Cotton-Wool Spot | 333 | ||
| Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion | 334 | ||
| Definition | 334 | ||
| Etiology | 334 | ||
| Epidemiology | 334 | ||
| Symptoms | 334 | ||
| Signs | 334 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 335 | ||
| Evaluation | 335 | ||
| Prognosis | 336 | ||
| Central Retinal Artery Occlusion | 336 | ||
| Definition | 336 | ||
| Etiology | 336 | ||
| Epidemiology | 336 | ||
| Symptoms | 337 | ||
| Signs | 337 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 338 | ||
| Evaluation | 338 | ||
| Prognosis | 339 | ||
| Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion | 339 | ||
| Definition | 339 | ||
| Etiology | 339 | ||
| Epidemiology | 339 | ||
| Symptoms | 339 | ||
| Signs | 339 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 340 | ||
| Evaluation | 340 | ||
| Prognosis | 340 | ||
| Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion | 340 | ||
| Definition | 340 | ||
| Nonischemic (64%) | 340 | ||
| Ischemic | 340 | ||
| Etiology | 340 | ||
| Epidemiology | 341 | ||
| Symptoms | 341 | ||
| Signs | 341 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 341 | ||
| Evaluation | 341 | ||
| Prognosis | 342 | ||
| Central/Hemiretinal Vein Occlusion | 343 | ||
| Definition | 343 | ||
| Nonischemic/Perfused (67%) | 343 | ||
| Ischemic/Nonperfused | 343 | ||
| Etiology | 343 | ||
| Epidemiology | 343 | ||
| Symptoms | 343 | ||
| Signs | 343 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 343 | ||
| Evaluation | 345 | ||
| Prognosis | 346 | ||
| Venous Stasis Retinopathy | 346 | ||
| Ocular Ischemic Syndrome | 347 | ||
| Definition | 347 | ||
| Etiology | 347 | ||
| Epidemiology | 347 | ||
| Symptoms | 347 | ||
| Signs | 347 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 347 | ||
| Evaluation | 347 | ||
| Prognosis | 348 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 348 | ||
| Definition | 348 | ||
| Epidemiology | 348 | ||
| Symptoms | 348 | ||
| Signs | 348 | ||
| Stage 1 | 348 | ||
| Stage 2 | 348 | ||
| Stage 3 | 348 | ||
| Stage 4 | 348 | ||
| Stage 5 | 349 | ||
| Zone 1 | 349 | ||
| Zone 2 | 349 | ||
| Zone 3 | 349 | ||
| ``Plus´´ Disease | 349 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 349 | ||
| Evaluation | 349 | ||
| Prognosis | 350 | ||
| Coats' Disease/Leber's Miliary Aneurysms | 350 | ||
| Stage 1 | 351 | ||
| Stage 2 | 351 | ||
| Stage 3 | 351 | ||
| Stage 4 | 351 | ||
| Stage 5 | 351 | ||
| Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy and Norrie's Disease (X-Linked Recessive) | 352 | ||
| Incontinentia Pigmenti (X-Linked Dominant) | 352 | ||
| Eales' Disease | 352 | ||
| Macular Telangiectasia (Idiopathic Juxtafoveal/Perifoveal Telangiectasia) | 353 | ||
| Type 1A (Unilateral Congenital Parafoveal Telangiectasia) | 353 | ||
| Type 1B (Unilateral Idiopathic Parafoveal Telangiectasia) | 353 | ||
| Type 2 (Bilateral Acquired Parafoveal Telangiectasia) | 354 | ||
| Type 3 (Bilateral Perifoveal Telangiectasis with Capillary Obliteration) | 354 | ||
| Retinopathies Associated with Blood Abnormalities | 355 | ||
| Retinopathy of Anemia | 355 | ||
| Leukemic Retinopathy | 355 | ||
| Sickle Cell Retinopathy | 356 | ||
| Stage I | 356 | ||
| Stage II | 356 | ||
| Stage III | 357 | ||
| Stage IV | 357 | ||
| Stage V | 357 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 358 | ||
| Definition | 358 | ||
| Epidemiology | 358 | ||
| Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (Type I) | 358 | ||
| Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (Type II) | 358 | ||
| Symptoms | 358 | ||
| Signs | 358 | ||
| Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 358 | ||
| Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 360 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 361 | ||
| Evaluation | 361 | ||
| Prognosis | 363 | ||
| Hypertensive Retinopathy | 363 | ||
| Definition | 363 | ||
| Epidemiology | 363 | ||
| Symptoms | 363 | ||
| Signs | 363 | ||
| Keith Wagener Barker grades | 363 | ||
| Proposed classification scheme | 364 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 364 | ||
| Evaluation | 364 | ||
| Prognosis | 364 | ||
| Toxemia of Pregnancy | 364 | ||
| Acquired Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm | 365 | ||
| Radiation Retinopathy | 366 | ||
| Definition | 366 | ||
| Etiology | 366 | ||
| Epidemiology | 366 | ||
| Symptoms | 366 | ||
| Signs | 366 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 367 | ||
| Evaluation | 367 | ||
| Prognosis | 367 | ||
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration | 367 | ||
| Definition | 367 | ||
| Epidemiology | 367 | ||
| Nonexudative (Dry) Macular Degeneration | 368 | ||
| Symptoms | 368 | ||
| Signs | 369 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 369 | ||
| Evaluation | 369 | ||
| Prognosis | 370 | ||
| Exudative (Wet) Macular Degeneration | 370 | ||
| Symptoms | 370 | ||
| Signs | 372 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 372 | ||
| Evaluation | 372 | ||
| Prognosis | 374 | ||
| Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation | 374 | ||
| Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy | 375 | ||
| Myopic Degeneration/Pathologic Myopia | 377 | ||
| Angioid Streaks | 379 | ||
| Definition | 379 | ||
| Etiology | 379 | ||
| Symptoms | 379 | ||
| Signs | 380 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 380 | ||
| Evaluation | 381 | ||
| Prognosis | 381 | ||
| Central Serous Chorioretinopathy | 381 | ||
| Definition | 381 | ||
| Epidemiology | 381 | ||
| Symptoms | 381 | ||
| Signs | 381 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 382 | ||
| Evaluation | 382 | ||
| Prognosis | 383 | ||
| Cystoid Macular Edema | 383 | ||
| Definition | 383 | ||
| Etiology | 383 | ||
| Symptoms | 384 | ||
| Signs | 384 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 384 | ||
| Evaluation | 384 | ||
| Prognosis | 385 | ||
| Macular Hole | 385 | ||
| Definition | 385 | ||
| Etiology | 385 | ||
| Epidemiology | 385 | ||
| Symptoms | 385 | ||
| Signs | 386 | ||
| Stage 0 | 386 | ||
| Stage 1 | 386 | ||
| Stage 2 | 386 | ||
| Stage 3 | 386 | ||
| Stage 4 | 386 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 387 | ||
| Evaluation | 387 | ||
| Prognosis | 388 | ||
| Vitreomacular Adhesion and Traction | 388 | ||
| Epiretinal Membrane/Macular Pucker | 388 | ||
| Definition | 388 | ||
| Etiology | 388 | ||
| Epidemiology | 389 | ||
| Symptoms | 389 | ||
| Signs | 389 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 391 | ||
| Evaluation | 391 | ||
| Prognosis | 391 | ||
| Myelinated Nerve Fibers | 391 | ||
| Solar/Photic Retinopathy | 392 | ||
| Toxic (Drug) Maculopathies | 392 | ||
| Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin/Tobramicin/Amikacin) | 392 | ||
| Canthaxanthine (Orobronze) | 392 | ||
| Chloroquine (Aralen)/Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) | 393 | ||
| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) | 395 | ||
| Deferoxamine (Desferal) | 395 | ||
| Interferon α | 395 | ||
| Methoxyflurane (Penthrane) | 395 | ||
| Niacin | 396 | ||
| Quinine (Quinamm) | 396 | ||
| Sildenafil (Viagra) | 397 | ||
| Tadalafil (Cialis)/Vardenafil (Levitra) | 397 | ||
| Talc | 397 | ||
| Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) | 397 | ||
| Thioridazine (Mellaril) | 398 | ||
| Topiramate | 398 | ||
| Lipid Storage Diseases | 398 | ||
| Farber's Disease (Glycolipid) (Autosomal Recessive [AR]) | 399 | ||
| Mucolipidosis (Mucopolysaccharidoses) (AR) | 399 | ||
| Niemann–Pick Disease (Ceramide Phosphatidyl Choline) (AR) | 399 | ||
| Sandhoff's Disease (Gangliosidosis Type II) (AR) | 399 | ||
| Tay–Sachs Disease (Gangliosidosis Type I) (AR) | 399 | ||
| Peripheral Retinal Degenerations | 399 | ||
| Lattice Degeneration | 399 | ||
| Pavingstone (Cobblestone) Degeneration | 400 | ||
| Peripheral Cystoid Degeneration | 401 | ||
| Snail Track Degeneration | 401 | ||
| Retinoschisis | 401 | ||
| Definition | 401 | ||
| Chapter 11: Optic Nerve and Glaucoma | 499 | ||
| Papilledema | 499 | ||
| Definition | 499 | ||
| Etiology | 499 | ||
| Symptoms | 499 | ||
| Signs | 499 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 500 | ||
| Evaluation | 500 | ||
| Prognosis | 500 | ||
| Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) | 501 | ||
| Definition | 501 | ||
| Etiology | 501 | ||
| Epidemiology | 501 | ||
| Symptoms | 501 | ||
| Signs | 501 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 501 | ||
| Evaluation | 502 | ||
| Prognosis | 502 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 502 | ||
| Definition | 502 | ||
| Papillitis | 502 | ||
| Retrobulbar | 502 | ||
| Devic's Syndrome | 503 | ||
| Etiology | 503 | ||
| Epidemiology | 503 | ||
| Symptoms | 503 | ||
| Signs | 503 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 503 | ||
| Evaluation | 503 | ||
| Prognosis | 504 | ||
| Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy | 504 | ||
| Definition | 504 | ||
| Etiology | 504 | ||
| Arteritic | 504 | ||
| Nonarteritic | 504 | ||
| Epidemiology | 505 | ||
| Chapter 12: Visual Acuity, Refractive Procedures, and Sudden Vision Loss | 539 | ||
| Refractive Error | 539 | ||
| Definition | 539 | ||
| Ametropia | 539 | ||
| Anisometropia | 539 | ||
| Astigmatism | 539 | ||
| Emmetropia | 540 | ||
| Hyperopia (Farsightedness) | 540 | ||
| Myopia (Nearsightedness) | 540 | ||
| Presbyopia | 540 | ||
| Etiology | 540 | ||
| Astigmatism | 540 | ||
| Hyperopia | 540 | ||
| Myopia | 541 | ||
| Presbyopia | 541 | ||
| Epidemiology | 541 | ||
| Symptoms | 541 | ||
| Signs | 541 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 541 | ||
| Evaluation | 541 | ||
| Prognosis | 542 | ||
| Refractive Surgery Complications | 542 | ||
| Intraocular Refractive Procedures | 542 | ||
| Refractive Lens Exchange | 542 | ||
| Phakic Intraocular Lens | 542 | ||
| Symptoms | 543 | ||
| Signs and Complications | 543 | ||
| Corneal Refractive Procedures | 543 | ||
| Incisional | 543 | ||
| Radial keratotomy (RK) | 543 | ||
| Astigmatic keratotomy | 544 | ||
| Limbal relaxing incisions/peripheral corneal relaxing incisions | 544 | ||
| Symptoms | 544 | ||
| Signs and Complications | 544 | ||
| Excimer Laser | 544 | ||
| Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) | 544 | ||
| Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy and epithelial-laser in-situ keratomileusis | 545 | ||
| Laser in-situ keratomileusis | 545 | ||
| Symptoms | 545 | ||
| Signs and Complications | 545 | ||
| Implants | 548 | ||
| Intracorneal inlays | 548 | ||
| Intrastromal corneal ring segments (Intacs) | 548 | ||
| Appendix | 565 | ||
| Ophthalmic History and Examination | 565 | ||
| History | 565 | ||
| Ocular Examination | 565 | ||
| Vision | 565 | ||
| Visual acuity | 565 | ||
| Refraction | 568 | ||
| Retinoscopy | 569 | ||
| Lensometer | 569 | ||
| Potential acuity meter (PAM) | 570 | ||
| Contrast sensitivity | 570 | ||
| Color vision | 571 | ||
| Stereopsis | 571 | ||
| 4-Diopter base-out prism test | 572 | ||
| Worth 4-dot test | 572 | ||
| Ocular Motility | 572 | ||
| Cover tests | 573 | ||
| Cover–uncover test | 573 | ||
| Alternate cover test (prism and cover test) | 574 | ||
| Corneal light reflex tests | 575 | ||
| Hirschbergs method | 575 | ||
| Modified Krimsky's method | 575 | ||
| Forced ductions | 576 | ||
| Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) testing | 576 | ||
| Pupils | 577 | ||
| Visual Fields | 577 | ||
| Amsler grid | 578 | ||
| Tangent screen | 578 | ||
| Goldmann visual field | 578 | ||
| Humphrey visual field | 579 | ||
| External Examination | 579 | ||
| Exophthalmometry | 579 | ||
| Schirmer's test | 580 | ||
| Jones' dye tests | 580 | ||
| Other cranial nerve examination | 580 | ||
| Slit-Lamp Examination (SLE) | 581 | ||
| Components of the slit-lamp examination | 581 | ||
| Lids, lashes, and lacrimal glands | 581 | ||
| Conjunctiva and sclera | 581 | ||
| Cornea | 582 | ||
| Anterior chamber | 582 | ||
| Iris and lens | 582 | ||
| Dyes | 582 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 582 | ||
| Fundus contact and noncontact lenses | 583 | ||
| Tonometry | 583 | ||
| Specialized Tests | 584 | ||
| Pachymetry | 584 | ||
| Keratometry | 585 | ||
| Corneal topography/tomography | 586 | ||
| Wavefront aberrometry | 586 | ||
| Specular microscopy | 586 | ||
| Confocal microscopy | 587 | ||
| Anterior segment–ocular coherence tomography (AS-OCT) | 587 | ||
| Fundus Examination | 587 | ||
| Components of the fundus examination | 589 | ||
| Disc | 589 | ||
| Vessels | 589 | ||
| Macula | 589 | ||
| Peripheral retina | 589 | ||
| Specialized Tests | 589 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 589 | ||
| A-scan (amplitude) | 589 | ||
| B-scan (brightness) | 590 | ||
| Partial coherence laser interferometry (IOLMaster) and optical low coherence reflectometry (Lenstar) | 590 | ||
| Optical coherence tomography | 591 | ||
| AAO Suggested Routine Eye Examination Guidelines | 592 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Common Ocular Symptoms | 592 | ||
| Decreased Vision | 592 | ||
| Visual Distortion | 592 | ||
| Glare/Halos | 593 | ||
| Photophobia | 593 | ||
| Diplopia | 593 | ||
| Night Blindness | 593 | ||
| Eye Pain | 593 | ||
| Red Eye | 593 | ||
| Tearing | 595 | ||
| Discharge | 595 | ||
| Lid Swelling | 595 | ||
| Lid Twitch | 595 | ||
| Flashes of Light | 595 | ||
| Floaters | 595 | ||
| Common Ophthalmic Medications | 595 | ||
| Anti-Infectives | 595 | ||
| Antibiotics | 595 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 595 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 595 | ||
| Penicillins | 596 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 596 | ||
| Macrolides | 596 | ||
| Peptides | 596 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 597 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 597 | ||
| Miscellaneous antibiotics | 597 | ||
| Antibiotic/steroid combinations | 597 | ||
| Antiamoebics | 597 | ||
| Antifungals | 598 | ||
| Antivirals | 598 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory medications | 598 | ||
| NSAIDs | 598 | ||
| Immunomodulator | 599 | ||
| Steroids | 599 | ||
| Ocular Hypotensive (Glaucoma) Medications | 599 | ||
| Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists (Purple Cap) | 599 | ||
| Beta-Blockers (Yellow or Blue Cap) | 599 | ||
| Cholinergic Agonists (Miotics; Green Cap) | 600 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Orange Cap) | 600 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogues (Turquoise/Teal Cap) | 600 | ||
| Hyperosmotics | 601 | ||
| Combinations | 601 | ||
| Allergy Medications | 601 | ||
| Mydriatics/Cycloplegics | 601 | ||
| Anesthetics | 602 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 602 | ||
| Color Codes for Topical Ocular Medication Caps | 602 | ||
| Ocular Toxicology | 603 | ||
| List of Important Ocular Measurements | 604 | ||
| List of Eponyms | 604 | ||
| Common Ophthalmic Abbreviations (How to Read an Ophthalmology Chart) | 608 | ||
| Common Spanish Phrases | 610 | ||
| Index | 613 |