BOOK
Image-Guided Interventions E-Book
Matthew A. Mauro | Kieran P.J. Murphy | Kenneth R. Thomson | Anthony C. Venbrux | Robert A. Morgan
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
2014 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly Commended in Radiology category!
Image-Guided Interventions, a title in the Expert Radiology Series, brings you in-depth and advanced guidance on all of todays imaging and procedural techniques. Whether you are a seasoned interventionalist or trainee, this single-volume medical reference book offers the up-to-the-minute therapeutic methods necessary to help you formulate the best treatment strategies for your patients. The combined knowledge of radiology experts from around the globe provides a broad range of treatment options and perspectives, equipping you to avoid complications and put today's best approaches to work in your practice.
"... the authors and editors have succeeded in providing a book that is both useful, instructive and practical" Reviewed by RAD Magazine, March 2015
- Formulate the best treatment plans for your patients with step-by-step instructions on important therapeutic radiology techniques, as well as discussions on equipment, contrast agents, pharmacologic agents, antiplatelet agents, and protocols.
- Make effective clinical decisions with the help of detailed protocols, classic signs, algorithms, and SIR guidelines.
- Make optimal use of the latest interventional radiology techniques with new chapters covering ablation involving microwave and irreversible electroporation; aortic endografts with fenestrated grafts and branch fenestrations; thoracic endografting (TEVAR); catheter-based cancer therapies involving drug-eluting beads; sacroiliac joint injections; bipedal lymphangiography; pediatric gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy; and peripartum hemorrhage.
- Know what to look for and how to proceed with the aid of over 2,650 state-of-the-art images demonstrating interventional procedures, in addition to full-color illustrations emphasizing key anatomical structures and landmarks.
- Quickly reference the information you need through a functional organization highlighting indications and contraindications for interventional procedures, as well as tables listing the materials and instruments required for each.
- Access the fully searchable contents, online-only material, and all of the images online at Expert Consult.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Expert Consult page | IFC1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Other Volumes in the Expert Radiology Series | ii | ||
| Image-Guided Interventions, 2/e | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication Page | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xxxi | ||
| Table of Contents | xxxiii | ||
| 1 Vascular Interventions | 1 | ||
| One History of Angiography and Intervention | 1 | ||
| 1 A Brief History of Image-Guided Therapy | 1 | ||
| Historical Highlights of Endovascular Therapy | 1 | ||
| Endovascular Milestones | 1 | ||
| Arterial Endovascular Therapy: Revascularization and Vessel Reconstruction | 1 | ||
| Venous Endovascular Therapy: Caval Interruption | 6 | ||
| Summary | 6 | ||
| Historical Highlights of Nonvascular Image-Guided Therapy | 7 | ||
| Urologic Interventions | 7 | ||
| Biliary Interventions | 8 | ||
| Lymph Node Applications | 8 | ||
| Other Nonvascular Interventions | 9 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 9 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 9 | ||
| References | 9.e1 | ||
| Two Vascular Diagnosis | 10 | ||
| 2 Noninvasive Vascular Diagnosis | 10 | ||
| 2 Noninvasive Vascular Diagnosis | e1 | ||
| Ultrasonography | e1 | ||
| Clinical Applications | e2 | ||
| Lower Extremities | e2 | ||
| Veins | e2 | ||
| Arteries | e2 | ||
| Upper Extremities | e3 | ||
| Veins | e3 | ||
| Arteries | e4 | ||
| Abdominal Vessels | e4 | ||
| Renal Artery | e4 | ||
| Transplant Kidney | e4 | ||
| Mesenteric Arteries | e4 | ||
| Portal and Hepatic Veins | e4 | ||
| Transplant Liver | e5 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomographic Angiography | e5 | ||
| Basic Principles | e6 | ||
| Technical Parameters | e6 | ||
| Electrocardiogram-Gated Acquisition | e7 | ||
| Contrast Material Administration | e7 | ||
| Scanning Delay | e7 | ||
| Image Postprocessing and Display | e7 | ||
| Clinical Applications | e8 | ||
| Neurovascular | e8 | ||
| Body | e8 | ||
| Aorta | e8 | ||
| Pulmonary Angiography | e8 | ||
| Upper Extremity | e8 | ||
| Lower Extremity | e8 | ||
| Renal Arteries | e8 | ||
| Visceral/Mesenteric | e8 | ||
| Cardiac | e9 | ||
| Venography | e9 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Angiography | e9 | ||
| Techniques | e10 | ||
| Time-of-Flight Angiography | e10 | ||
| Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography | e10 | ||
| Advanced Noncontrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography | e10 | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography | e10 | ||
| Clinical Applications | e11 | ||
| Neurovascular | e11 | ||
| Body | e12 | ||
| Aorta | e12 | ||
| Renal and Mesenteric | e12 | ||
| Peripheral | e12 | ||
| Venography | e12 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e13 | ||
| References | e13 | ||
| 3 Invasive Vascular Diagnosis | 11 | ||
| Preprocedural Patient Evaluation and Management | 11 | ||
| Basic Safety Considerations | 11 | ||
| Tools | 12 | ||
| Access Needle | 12 | ||
| Guidewires | 13 | ||
| Dilators | 14 | ||
| Catheters | 15 | ||
| Sheaths | 19 | ||
| Contrast Agents | 19 | ||
| Alternative Contrast Agents | 21 | ||
| Arterial Access | 21 | ||
| Common Femoral Artery Access | 22 | ||
| Axillary/High Brachial Artery Access | 24 | ||
| Translumbar Aortic Access | 25 | ||
| Unusual Arterial Access | 26 | ||
| Venous Access | 26 | ||
| Common Femoral Vein Access | 27 | ||
| Internal Jugular Vein Access | 27 | ||
| Subclavian Vein Access | 28 | ||
| Translumbar Inferior Vena Cava Access | 28 | ||
| Imaging | 28 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasonography | 30 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 32 | ||
| References | 32.e1 | ||
| Three Instruments of Intervention | 33 | ||
| 4 Diagnostic Catheters and Guidewires | 33 | ||
| 4 Diagnostic Catheters and Guidewires | e15 | ||
| Puncture Needles | e15 | ||
| Sheath and Dilator Systems | e16 | ||
| Angiographic Catheters | e17 | ||
| Catheter Shape | e17 | ||
| Flush Catheter | e17 | ||
| Selective Catheter | e17 | ||
| End Holes and Side Holes | e18 | ||
| Flush Catheters | e18 | ||
| Selective Catheters | e19 | ||
| Materials | e19 | ||
| Size and Use | e20 | ||
| Other Characteristics | e20 | ||
| Angiographic Guidewires | e21 | ||
| Coatings | e22 | ||
| Wire Diameter | e22 | ||
| Summary | e22 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e23 | ||
| References | e23 | ||
| 5 Balloon Catheters | 34 | ||
| 5 Balloon Catheters | e24 | ||
| Physical Principles of Balloon Dilation | e24 | ||
| Balloon Materials | e25 | ||
| Catheter Design | e27 | ||
| Types of Balloons | e29 | ||
| Standard Balloons (0.035-Inch) | e30 | ||
| Small Vessel Balloons (0.014 to 0.018 Inch) | e30 | ||
| Large Vessel Balloons (0.035 Inch) | e30 | ||
| Other Balloons | e30 | ||
| Peripheral Cutting Balloon (Boston Scientific) | e30 | ||
| VascuTrak PTA Dilatation Catheter (Bard Peripheral Vascular) | e32 | ||
| PolarCath Peripheral Dilatation Catheter (Boston Scientific) | e32 | ||
| Occlusion Balloons | e32 | ||
| Drug-Eluting Balloons | e33 | ||
| Embolic Capture Balloon | e34 | ||
| Summary | e34 | ||
| References | e34 | ||
| 6 Stents | 35 | ||
| 6 Stents | e35 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | e35 | ||
| Introduction | e35 | ||
| In Vivo Performance Characteristics | e35 | ||
| Stent Designs | e35 | ||
| Stent Fabrication | e42 | ||
| Mechanical Properties | e43 | ||
| Metal Surface Area | e43 | ||
| Resistance to Compression | e44 | ||
| Flexibility | e46 | ||
| Trackability | e46 | ||
| Fatigue Resistance | e47 | ||
| Foreshortening | e47 | ||
| Radiopacity | e47 | ||
| Balloon-Expandable Stents | e47 | ||
| Palmaz (Cordis Endovascular/Johnson & Johnson) | e48 | ||
| Palmaz Genesis (Cordis Endovascular/ Johnson & Johnson) | e49 | ||
| Palmaz Blue (Cordis Endovascular/ Johnson & Johnson) | e49 | ||
| Express (Boston Scientific) | e49 | ||
| Formula 414RX/Formula 418 (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind.) | e49 | ||
| IntraStent (ev3/Covidien, Plymouth, Minn.) | e49 | ||
| ParaMount Mini GPS and Visi-Pro GPS (ev3/Covidien) | e49 | ||
| Assurant Cobalt (Medtronic Inc.) | e49 | ||
| Medtronic Racer (Medtronic Inc.) | e50 | ||
| Omnilink (0.018-inch and 0.035-inch) (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, Calif.) | e50 | ||
| Guidant RX Herculink Elite (Abbott Vascular) | e50 | ||
| Valeo (C.R. Bard) | e50 | ||
| Self-Expanding Stents | e50 | ||
| Wallstent (Boston Scientific) | e50 | ||
| Supera Veritas (IDEV Technologies) | e52 | ||
| Symphony (Boston Scientific) | e52 | ||
| S.M.A.R.T. Control (Cordis Endovascular/ Johnson & Johnson) | e52 | ||
| Precise, Precise RX, Precise Pro RX (Cordis Endovascular/Johnson & Johnson) | e52 | ||
| E·Luminexx (C.R. Bard) | e52 | ||
| Enterprise (Codman Neurovascular, Raynham, Mass.) | e52 | ||
| Wingspan (Boston Scientific) | e52 | ||
| Sentinol (Boston Scientific) | e53 | ||
| Neuroform3, Neuroform EZ (Boston Scientific) | e53 | ||
| Xact (for use with Emboshield Filter) (Abbott Vascular) | e53 | ||
| Xpert (Abbott Vascular) | e53 | ||
| Zilver 518, Zilver 518RX, Zilver 635 (Cook Medical) | e53 | ||
| LifeStent, LifeStent Vascular, and LifeStent Solo (C.R. Bard) | e53 | ||
| Protege GPS, Protege EverFlex, Protege BIGGS, Protege RX (ev3/Covidien) | e53 | ||
| Protege RX (ev3/Covidien) | e53 | ||
| RX Acculink (Abbott Vascular) | e54 | ||
| Absolute Pro (Abbott Vascular) | e54 | ||
| Complete SE (Medtronic Inc.) | e54 | ||
| Peripheral Stent-Grafts | e54 | ||
| Wallgraft (Boston Scientific) | e54 | ||
| Viabahn (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz.) | e55 | ||
| Viatorr (W.L. Gore & Associates) | e55 | ||
| Viabil (W.L. Gore & Associates) | e55 | ||
| Fluency Plus (C.R. Bard) | e55 | ||
| Flair (C.R. Bard) | e55 | ||
| iCast (Atrium Medical, Hudson, N.H.) | e55 | ||
| Drug-Eluting Stents and Restenosis | e55 | ||
| Summary | e56 | ||
| ▶ Selected Readings | e56 | ||
| References | e56 | ||
| 7 Thrombectomy Devices | 36 | ||
| 7 Thrombectomy Devices | e58 | ||
| Indications | e58 | ||
| Contraindications | e58 | ||
| Equipment | e58 | ||
| Percutaneous Aspiration Thrombectomy | e59 | ||
| Pullback Thrombectomy | e59 | ||
| Recirculation Mechanical Thrombectomy | e60 | ||
| High-Speed Rotation Devices | e60 | ||
| Retrograde Fluid Jet Devices | e60 | ||
| Direct Contact Mechanical Fragmentation | e61 | ||
| Ultrasound | e63 | ||
| Technique | e63 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | e63 | ||
| Technical Aspects | e63 | ||
| Controversies | e64 | ||
| Outcomes | e64 | ||
| Complications | e64 | ||
| Postprocedural AND Follow-Up Care | e65 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e65 | ||
| References | e65 | ||
| 8 Embolic Protection Devices | 38 | ||
| 8 Embolic Protection Devices | e67 | ||
| Evidence of Improved Clinical Outcomes with Protected Carotid Artery Stenting | e67 | ||
| Embolic Burden of Carotid Artery Stenting | e67 | ||
| Macroemboli | e67 | ||
| Microemboli | e67 | ||
| Assessing Microemboli | e67 | ||
| Differential Control of Microembolic Burden of Carotid Artery Stenting | e68 | ||
| Evolution of Embolic Protection Devices | e68 | ||
| Distal Devices—Occlusive | e68 | ||
| Distal Devices—Filters | e69 | ||
| Proximal Embolic Protection Devices | e69 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Various EPD Strategies | e71 | ||
| Clinical Data: Proximal Embolic Protection Devices | e71 | ||
| Mo.Ma | e71 | ||
| Gore Flow Reversal System | e71 | ||
| MICHI Neuroprotection System | e71 | ||
| Clinical Data: Distal Embolic Protection Devices | e72 | ||
| Gore Filter | e72 | ||
| FiberNet Embolic Protection System | e72 | ||
| TwinOne | e72 | ||
| Embolic Protection Devices in Noncarotid Circulation | e72 | ||
| Renal Circulation | e72 | ||
| Peripheral Circulation (Atherectomy) | e72 | ||
| Coronary Circulation | e72 | ||
| Conclusions | e72 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e73 | ||
| References | e73 | ||
| 9 Atherectomy Devices | 39 | ||
| 9 Atherectomy Devices | e75 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | e75 | ||
| Indications | e75 | ||
| Contraindications to Atherectomy | e76 | ||
| Equipment | e76 | ||
| Directional Atherectomy | e76 | ||
| Rotational Atherectomy | e78 | ||
| Other Ablation Techniques | e79 | ||
| Technique of Atherectomy | e79 | ||
| Outcomes | e79 | ||
| Directional Atherectomy Today | e79 | ||
| SilverHawk | e79 | ||
| Rotational Atherectomy | e81 | ||
| Laser Ablation | e84 | ||
| Complications | e85 | ||
| Postprocedure and Follow-Up Medical Therapy | e85 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e85 | ||
| References | e85 | ||
| 10 Embolization Agents | 41 | ||
| 10 Embolization Agents | e87 | ||
| Types of Agents Used | e87 | ||
| Permanent Large-Vessel Occlusions | e87 | ||
| Coils | e87 | ||
| Balloons | e89 | ||
| Amplatzer Vascular Plug | e89 | ||
| Small Intestine Submucosa | e89 | ||
| Bare Angiographic Wires | e89 | ||
| Suture Material | e90 | ||
| Scaffold Devices | e90 | ||
| Permanent Small-Vessel Occlusions | e90 | ||
| Particles | e90 | ||
| Tissue Adhesives | e90 | ||
| Sclerosants | e91 | ||
| Absolute Alcohol | e91 | ||
| Sodium Tetradecyl | e91 | ||
| Hot Contrast | e91 | ||
| Ethylene–Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (Onyx) Liquid Embolic System | e92 | ||
| Ethiodol | e92 | ||
| Thrombin | e92 | ||
| Temporary Large-Vessel Occlusions | e92 | ||
| Autologous Clot | e92 | ||
| Gelatin Sponge | e92 | ||
| Temporary Small-Vessel Occlusions | e93 | ||
| Gelatin Sponge Powder | e93 | ||
| Starch Microspheres | e93 | ||
| Fibrillated Collagen | e93 | ||
| Conclusions | e93 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e95 | ||
| References | e95 | ||
| 11 Aortic Stent-Grafts | 42 | ||
| 11 Aortic Stent-Grafts | e96 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | e96 | ||
| Indications | e96 | ||
| Infrarenal Aneurysms | e96 | ||
| Pararenal Aneurysms | e96 | ||
| Contraindications | e97 | ||
| Equipment | e97 | ||
| Technique | e98 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | e98 | ||
| Technical Aspects | e98 | ||
| Stenosis Management | e99 | ||
| Tortuosity | e99 | ||
| Iliac Conduits | e99 | ||
| Brachial Artery Catheterization | e99 | ||
| Controversies | e100 | ||
| Outcomes | e100 | ||
| Complications | e100 | ||
| Endoleak | e100 | ||
| Migration | e101 | ||
| Rupture | e101 | ||
| Material Fatigue | e101 | ||
| Limb Thrombosis | e101 | ||
| Visceral Stent-Graft Complications | e101 | ||
| Access Vessel Complications | e101 | ||
| Access Failure | e101 | ||
| Vessel Compromise | e101 | ||
| Hemodynamic Compromise | e102 | ||
| Common Femoral Artery Disease | e102 | ||
| Postprocedure and Follow-Up Care | e102 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e103 | ||
| References | e103 | ||
| 12 Inferior Vena Cava Filters | 43 | ||
| 12 Inferior Vena Cava Filters | e105 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Filter Devices | e105 | ||
| ALN (ALN International, Miami, Fla.) | e105 | ||
| TrapEase and OptEase Filters (Cordis Corp., Miami Lakes, Fla.) | e105 | ||
| Eclipse Filter (Bard Peripheral, Tempe, Ariz.) | e105 | ||
| Greenfield Filter (Boston Scientific, Natick, Mass.) | e105 | ||
| Celect Filter and Günther Tulip (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind.) | e106 | ||
| Bird’s Nest Filter (Cook Medical) | e107 | ||
| SafeFlo Filter (Vascular Platforms Ltd., Duluth, Ga.) | e108 | ||
| VenaTech LP and VenaTech Convertible (B. Braun, Sheffield, UK) | e108 | ||
| Option (Rex Medical, Conshohocken, Pa.) | e109 | ||
| References | e110 | ||
| 13 Endovascular Laser Therapy | 44 | ||
| 13 Endovascular Laser Therapy | e111 | ||
| Indications | e111 | ||
| Contraindications | e111 | ||
| Equipment | e111 | ||
| Technique | e111 | ||
| Anatomy and Approaches | e111 | ||
| Technical Aspects | e114 | ||
| The Procedure | e116 | ||
| Controversies | e116 | ||
| Outcomes | e116 | ||
| Complications | e116 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | e116 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e117 | ||
| References | e117 | ||
| 14 Intellectual Property Management | 45 | ||
| Overview of Intellectual Property | 45 | ||
| How to Use This Chapter | 45 | ||
| 14 Intellectual Property Management | e119 | ||
| How to Use This Chapter | e119 | ||
| Overview of Intellectual Property | e119 | ||
| Confidential Information and Confidentiality Agreements | e120 | ||
| Patents | e122 | ||
| Requirements for Patentability | e122 | ||
| Subject Matter | e122 | ||
| Utility | e122 | ||
| Novelty | e122 | ||
| Nonobviousness | e123 | ||
| Patent Application Process | e123 | ||
| Inventor | e123 | ||
| Patent Attorney | e125 | ||
| Patent Office | e127 | ||
| Design Patents | e128 | ||
| Copyrights | e128 | ||
| Trademarks | e128 | ||
| Commercialization | e129 | ||
| Sale and Licensing of Intellectual Property | e129 | ||
| Establishing the Terms of the Deal | e129 | ||
| Scope of License Grant | e130 | ||
| Compensation | e130 | ||
| Technology Transfer Obligations | e130 | ||
| Representations, Warranties, and Indemnities | e130 | ||
| Enforcement of Intellectual Property Against Third Parties | e131 | ||
| Dispute Resolution | e131 | ||
| Employment and Consulting Agreements | e131 | ||
| Acknowledgments | e131 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e131 | ||
| References | e131 | ||
| Four Patient Care | 46 | ||
| 15 Clinical Vascular Examination | 46 | ||
| History | 46 | ||
| Chronic Arterial Insufficiency | 46 | ||
| Acute Arterial Insufficiency | 47 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 48 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic and Mesenteric Disease | 48 | ||
| Risk Factor Identification and Modification | 48 | ||
| Physical Examination | 49 | ||
| Bedside Procedures to Assist with Diagnosis | 52 | ||
| Ankle-Brachial Index | 52 | ||
| Pulse Volume Recordings | 52 | ||
| Correlating Clinical Findings with Probability of Disease | 52 | ||
| Summary | 53 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 53 | ||
| References | 53.e1 | ||
| 16 Treatment of Medical Emergencies | 54 | ||
| Introduction | 54 | ||
| Oversedation | 54 | ||
| Airway Management and Optimization | 55 | ||
| Airway Compromise | 56 | ||
| Respiratory Distress | 56 | ||
| Emergency Cardiac/ Hemodynamic Events | 57 | ||
| Contrast Reactions | 58 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 58 | ||
| References | 58.e1 | ||
| 17 Radiation Safety and Protection in the Interventional Fluoroscopy Environment | 59 | ||
| Negative Effects of Ionizing Radiation | 59 | ||
| Management of Patient Exposure | 59 | ||
| Equipment Purchase and Maintenance | 59 | ||
| Preprocedural Patient Care | 59 | ||
| Intraprocedural Patient Care | 60 | ||
| Postprocedural Patient Care | 61 | ||
| Management of Occupational Exposure | 61 | ||
| Occupational Dose Monitoring | 62 | ||
| Summary | 62 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 62 | ||
| References | 62.e1 | ||
| 18 Management of Risk Factors for Peripheral Artery Disease | 63 | ||
| 18 Management of Risk Factors for Peripheral Artery Disease | e132 | ||
| Introduction | e132 | ||
| Lifestyle Modification | e132 | ||
| Cigarette Smoking | e133 | ||
| Hypertension | e134 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | e134 | ||
| Diabetes | e135 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e136 | ||
| References | e136 | ||
| 19 Principles of Intraprocedural Analgesics and Sedatives | 64 | ||
| Techniques for Providing Analgesia and Sedation | 64 | ||
| Indications and Goals of Analgesia and Sedation | 64 | ||
| Needs of Individual Patient | 64 | ||
| Risks and Sequelae of Procedure | 65 | ||
| Contraindications to Analgesia and Sedation | 65 | ||
| Equipment | 65 | ||
| Precautions for Providing Analgesia and Sedation | 65 | ||
| Pharmacology of Analgesic and Sedative Agents Commonly Used in Interventional Radiology | 65 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 65 | ||
| Techniques for Delivering a Local Anesthetic | 66 | ||
| Lidocaine | 66 | ||
| Bupivacaine | 66 | ||
| Epinephrine | 66 | ||
| Sodium Bicarbonate | 66 | ||
| Opioids | 66 | ||
| Fentanyl | 66 | ||
| Remifentanil | 67 | ||
| Naloxone | 67 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 67 | ||
| Diazepam | 67.e1 | ||
| Midazolam | 67 | ||
| Flumazenil | 67 | ||
| Other Sedative Agents | 68 | ||
| Propofol | 68 | ||
| Fospropofol | 68 | ||
| Ketamine | 68 | ||
| Dexmedetomidine | 68 | ||
| Summary | 69 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 69 | ||
| References | 69.e1 | ||
| 20 Contrast Agents | 70 | ||
| History | 70 | ||
| Physiology | 71 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Iodinated Contrast Agents | 72 | ||
| General | 72 | ||
| Contrast Agents and the Kidneys | 74 | ||
| Contrast Medium–Induced Nephropathy | 74 | ||
| Other Nephrotoxic Considerations | 77 | ||
| Alternatives to Iodinated Contrast Agents | 78 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 79 | ||
| References | 79.e1 | ||
| 21 Principles of Thrombolytic Agents | 80 | ||
| Biology of the Fibrinolytic System | 80 | ||
| Plasminogen/Plasmin | 80 | ||
| α2-Antiplasmin | 80 | ||
| α2-Macroglobulin | 80 | ||
| Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors | 80 | ||
| Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor | 81 | ||
| A Model of Regulated Fibrinolysis | 81 | ||
| First-Generation Thrombolytic Agents | 82 | ||
| Streptokinase | 82 | ||
| Urokinase | 82 | ||
| Second-Generation Thrombolytic Agents | 82 | ||
| Anistreplase | 82.e1 | ||
| Prourokinase (Single-Chain Urokinase Plasminogen Activator) | 82.e1 | ||
| Tissue Plasminogen Activator | 82 | ||
| Third-Generation Thrombolytic Agents | 83 | ||
| Reteplase | 83 | ||
| Tenecteplase | 83 | ||
| Lanoteplase | 84.e1 | ||
| Pamiteplase | 84.e1 | ||
| Staphylokinase | 84.e1 | ||
| Desmoteplase (Vampire Bat Plasminogen Activator) | 84.e1 | ||
| Direct Fibrinolytic Agents | 84 | ||
| Plasmin and Its Derivatives | 84 | ||
| Alfimeprase (Recombinant Fibrolase) | 84 | ||
| Summary | 84 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 85 | ||
| References | 85.e1 | ||
| 22 Antiplatelet Agents and Anticoagulants | 86 | ||
| Physiology of Blood Clotting | 86 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Blood Clotting | 86 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents | 86 | ||
| Aspirin | 86 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 86 | ||
| Dipyridamole (Persantine) | 86 | ||
| Cilostazol (Pletal) | 89 | ||
| Pentoxifylline (Trental) | 89 | ||
| Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Antagonists | 89 | ||
| Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine, Prasugrel, Ticagrelor, and Others | 89 | ||
| Glycoprotein IIb/Ill Receptor Antagonists | 90 | ||
| Abciximab (ReoPro) | 90 | ||
| Eptifibatide (Integrilin) | 90 | ||
| Tirofiban (Aggrastat) | 90 | ||
| Oral Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists | 90 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 90 | ||
| Heparins | 90 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 90 | ||
| Management of Bleeding | 90 | ||
| Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia | 90 | ||
| Heparin Resistance | 91 | ||
| Unfractionated Heparin | 91 | ||
| Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin | 91 | ||
| Fondaparinux (Arixtra) | 92 | ||
| Thrombin Inhibitors, Subcutaneous Drugs | 92 | ||
| Hirudins | 92 | ||
| Argatroban (Novastan) | 92 | ||
| Danaparoid (Orgaran) | 92 | ||
| Vitamin K Antagonists | 92 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 92 | ||
| Monitoring, Dose Requirement | 92 | ||
| Management of Elevated International Normalized Ratios | 93 | ||
| Periprocedural Interruption of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy | 93 | ||
| Available Vitamin K Antagonists | 93 | ||
| New Oral Anticoagulants | 94 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 94 | ||
| Management of Major Bleeding | 94 | ||
| Measurement of Anticoagulant Effect | 94 | ||
| Dabigatran (Pradaxa) | 94 | ||
| Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) | 95 | ||
| Apixaban | 96 | ||
| Patient Education | 96 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 96 | ||
| References | 96.e1 | ||
| 23 Vasoactive Agents | 97 | ||
| Adrenergic Receptor Pharmacology | 97 | ||
| Agents Used to Increase Blood Pressure | 98 | ||
| Phenylephrine | 98 | ||
| Ephedrine | 99 | ||
| Norepinephrine | 99 | ||
| Dopamine | 99 | ||
| Agents Used to Increase Cardiac Output | 99 | ||
| Dobutamine | 99 | ||
| Epinephrine | 100 | ||
| Isoproterenol | 100 | ||
| Agents Used to Lower Blood Pressure | 100 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 100 | ||
| Verapamil and Diltiazem | 100 | ||
| Nicardipine | 101 | ||
| Nifedipine | 101 | ||
| Adrenergic Antagonists | 102 | ||
| Labetalol | 102 | ||
| Esmolol | 102 | ||
| Nitrates | 102 | ||
| Nitroglycerin | 102 | ||
| Nitroprusside | 102 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 102 | ||
| Other Vasodilators | 103 | ||
| Hydralazine | 103 | ||
| Papaverine | 103 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 103 | ||
| References | 103.e1 | ||
| 24 Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Interventional Radiology | 104 | ||
| Introduction | 104 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 104 | ||
| Antibiotic Resistance | 105 | ||
| Antimicrobial Hypersensitivity | 105 | ||
| Antibiotic Agents | 105 | ||
| Penicillins | 104.e1 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 104.e1 | ||
| Vancomycin | 104.e1 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 104.e1 | ||
| Quinolones | 104.e1 | ||
| Procedure-Specific Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 105 | ||
| Vascular Procedures | 105 | ||
| Venous Interventions | 105 | ||
| Arterial Interventions | 106 | ||
| Nonvascular Procedures: Hepatobiliary Interventions | 106 | ||
| Biliary Interventions | 106 | ||
| Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt | 107 | ||
| Nonvascular Procedures: Genitourinary Interventions | 107 | ||
| Percutaneous Nephrostomy Tubes and Nephroureteral Stents | 107 | ||
| Uterine Artery Embolization | 107 | ||
| Interventional Oncology Procedures | 107 | ||
| Hepatic Embolization and Chemoembolization | 107 | ||
| Percutaneous Tumor Ablation | 107 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 108 | ||
| Summary | 108 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 108 | ||
| References | 108.e1 | ||
| Five Principles of Vascular Intervention | 109 | ||
| 25 Angioplasty | 109 | ||
| Stenting | 109 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 109 | ||
| Global Prevalence of Peripheral Occlusive Vascular Disease | 109 | ||
| Equipment | 110 | ||
| Technique | 110 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | 110 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 111 | ||
| Angioplasty for Occlusion of the Iliac Artery | 111 | ||
| Angioplasty of the Superficial Femoral and Popliteal and Tibioperoneal Arteries | 111 | ||
| Controversies | 116 | ||
| Outcomes | 118 | ||
| Vascular Stents | 120 | ||
| Complications | 121 | ||
| Postprocedure and Follow-Up Care | 121 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 121 | ||
| References | 122.e1 | ||
| 26 Restenosis | 123 | ||
| Background | 123 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 124 | ||
| Peripheral Arteries | 124 | ||
| Renal Artery | 124 | ||
| Mesenteric Arteries | 124 | ||
| Subclavian and Carotid Arteries | 124 | ||
| Hemodialysis Access | 125 | ||
| Prevention of Restenosis | 125 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Restenosis | 125 | ||
| Repeat Balloon Angioplasty | 125 | ||
| Cutting Balloon Angioplasty | 126 | ||
| Cryoplasty and Atherectomy | 126 | ||
| Brachytherapy | 126 | ||
| Stent | 126 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 127 | ||
| References | 127.e1 | ||
| 27 Principles of Arterial Access | 128 | ||
| Technique | 128 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 131 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 132 | ||
| References | 132.e1 | ||
| 28 Closure Devices | 133 | ||
| 28 Closure Devices | e139 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | e139 | ||
| Indications | e139 | ||
| Contraindications | e139 | ||
| Equipment | e140 | ||
| Technique | e142 | ||
| Anatomy and Approaches | e142 | ||
| Technical Aspects | e142 | ||
| Controversies | e142 | ||
| Outcomes | e142 | ||
| Complications | e143 | ||
| Postprocedure Care and Follow-Up | e145 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | e146 | ||
| References | e146 | ||
| 29 Principles of Venous Access | 135 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 135 | ||
| Indications | 135 | ||
| Contraindications | 135 | ||
| Equipment | 135 | ||
| Ultrasound | 135 | ||
| Needles | 135 | ||
| Guidewires | 135 | ||
| Sheaths and Catheters | 135 | ||
| Angioplasty Balloons and Stents | 135 | ||
| Technique | 135 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | 136 | ||
| Central Venous Access | 136 | ||
| Upper Limb Veins | 139 | ||
| Lower Limb Veins | 139 | ||
| Portal and Hepatic Vein Approaches | 139 | ||
| Complications | 140 | ||
| Air Embolism | 140 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 141 | ||
| Arterial Puncture and Catheterization | 141 | ||
| Venous Thrombosis | 141 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 142 | ||
| References | 142.e1 | ||
| Six Peripheral Arterial Intervention | 143 | ||
| 30 Vascular Anatomy of the Upper Extremity | 143 | ||
| Vascular Imaging of the Upper Extremity | 143 | ||
| Arterial Anatomy of the Upper Extremity | 143 | ||
| Subclavian Artery | 143 | ||
| Vertebral Artery | 144 | ||
| Thyrocervical Trunk | 144 | ||
| Internal Thoracic Artery | 146 | ||
| Costocervical Trunk | 146 | ||
| Axillary Artery | 147 | ||
| Brachial Artery | 149 | ||
| Radial Artery | 151 | ||
| Ulnar Artery | 153 | ||
| Venous System | 154 | ||
| References | 157.e1 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 157 | ||
| 31 Anatomy of the Lower Limb | 158 | ||
| Compartments of the Lower Limb | 158 | ||
| Vascular Imaging Techniques in the Lower Limb | 164 | ||
| 32 Acute Arterial Occlusive Disease of the Upper Extremity | 168 | ||
| Indications | 168 | ||
| Contraindications | 168 | ||
| Equipment | 168 | ||
| Technique | 168 | ||
| Anatomy and Approaches | 168 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 169 | ||
| Controversies | 169 | ||
| Outcomes | 169 | ||
| Complications | 169 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 170 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 171 | ||
| References | 171.e1 | ||
| 33 Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia | 172 | ||
| Indications | 172 | ||
| Contraindications | 173 | ||
| Equipment | 174 | ||
| Technique | 174 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | 174 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 174 | ||
| Thrombolytic Agents | 176 | ||
| Controversies | 177 | ||
| Outcomes | 177 | ||
| Complications | 178 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 178 | ||
| Summary | 178 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 179 | ||
| References | 179.e1 | ||
| 34 Chronic Upper Extremity Ischemia and Revascularization | 180 | ||
| Subclavian and Brachiocephalic Disease | 180 | ||
| Indications | 180 | ||
| Contraindications | 180 | ||
| Equipment | 180 | ||
| Technique | 180 | ||
| Anatomy and Approaches | 180 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 180 | ||
| Controversies | 181 | ||
| Outcomes | 182 | ||
| Complications | 183 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 185 | ||
| Other Disorders of Upper Extremity Arteries | 185 | ||
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 185 | ||
| Distal Upper Extremity Arterial Disease | 186 | ||
| Axillary Artery Disease | 186 | ||
| Brachial, Ulnar, and Radial Artery Disease | 186 | ||
| Imaging of Upper Extremity Arteries | 187 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 187 | ||
| References | 188.e1 | ||
| 35 Aortoiliac Revascularization | 189 | ||
| Epidemiology | 189 | ||
| History | 189 | ||
| Indications | 189 | ||
| Contraindications | 190 | ||
| Equipment | 190 | ||
| Technique | 191 | ||
| Preprocedure Patient Evaluation | 191 | ||
| Noninvasive Imaging | 191 | ||
| Duplex Arterial Mapping | 192 | ||
| Computed Tomographic Angiography | 192 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Angiography | 192 | ||
| Diagnostic Arteriography | 193 | ||
| Intervention | 194 | ||
| Aortic Bifurcation | 195 | ||
| Chronic Occlusions | 197 | ||
| Role of Thrombolysis | 197 | ||
| Subintimal Recanalization | 198 | ||
| Reentry Catheters | 198 | ||
| outback | 198 | ||
| pioneer | 200 | ||
| Evaluation for Common Femoral Artery Disease | 200 | ||
| Infrarenal Aortic Steno-occlusive Disease | 200 | ||
| Internal Iliac Artery Disease | 201 | ||
| Persistent Sciatic Artery | 202 | ||
| Outcomes | 202 | ||
| Primary Stenting vs. PTA with Selective Stenting | 202 | ||
| Bare Metal Stent vs. Stent-Graft | 203 | ||
| Long-Term Outcomes | 203 | ||
| Predictors of Outcome | 204 | ||
| External Iliac Lesions | 204 | ||
| Outcomes and TASC Classification | 204 | ||
| Endovascular vs. Open Surgical Treatment | 206 | ||
| Endovascular vs. Medical Therapy | 206 | ||
| Complications | 207 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 208 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 208 | ||
| References | 209.e1 | ||
| 36 Endovascular Management of Chronic Femoropopliteal Disease | 210 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 210 | ||
| Diagnosis | 210 | ||
| Treatment | 211 | ||
| Medical Management | 211 | ||
| Surgical Revascularization Procedures | 212 | ||
| Endovascular Procedures | 212 | ||
| Early Stent Placement in the Femoropopliteal Segment | 214 | ||
| Atherectomy | 214 | ||
| Atherectomy Methods: Devices and Their Advantages and Limitations | 214 | ||
| Laser Plaque Ablation: Advantages and Limitations | 216 | ||
| Cryoplasty | 216 | ||
| Nitinol Stents | 216 | ||
| Stent-Grafts | 218 | ||
| Drug-Eluting Stents | 219 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy during and after Intervention | 219 | ||
| Summary | 220 | ||
| References | 221.e1 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 221 | ||
| 37 Infrapopliteal Revascularization | 222 | ||
| Indications | 222 | ||
| Contraindications | 222 | ||
| Equipment | 222 | ||
| Imaging | 222 | ||
| Endovascular Revascularization | 223 | ||
| Technique | 223 | ||
| Anatomy and Approaches | 223 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 223 | ||
| Controversies | 225 | ||
| Outcomes | 225 | ||
| Survival and Limb Salvage | 225 | ||
| Stents | 225 | ||
| Drug-Eluting Balloons | 225 | ||
| Quality of Life | 225 | ||
| Cost | 228 | ||
| Complications | 228 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 228 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 228 | ||
| References | 228.e1 | ||
| 38 Subintimal Angioplasty | 229 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 229 | ||
| Indications | 229 | ||
| Contraindications | 229 | ||
| Equipment | 230 | ||
| Technique | 230 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | 230 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 230 | ||
| Femoropopliteal Artery Occlusions | 230 | ||
| Tibial Occlusions | 231 | ||
| Reentry Devices | 231 | ||
| Controversies | 234 | ||
| Outcomes | 235 | ||
| Complications | 235 | ||
| Perforation | 235 | ||
| Embolism | 235 | ||
| Retroperitoneal Hematoma | 236 | ||
| Elastic Recoil | 236 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 240 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 240 | ||
| References | 240.e1 | ||
| 39 Management of Extremity Vascular Trauma | 241 | ||
| Indications | 241 | ||
| Patterns of Vascular Injury | 241 | ||
| Hard Signs of Vascular Injury | 241 | ||
| Soft Signs of Vascular Injury | 241 | ||
| Equipment | 241 | ||
| Technique | 242 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 242 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 242.e1 | ||
| Doppler Ultrasonography | 242.e1 | ||
| Duplex Ultrasonography | 242.e1 | ||
| Computed Tomographic Angiography | 242 | ||
| Angiography | 242 | ||
| Categories of Injury | 242 | ||
| Anatomy and Approaches | 242 | ||
| Vascular Laceration with Active Bleeding, Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm, and Arteriovenous Fistula | 242 | ||
| Vascular Occlusion | 243 | ||
| Foreign Body Embolization | 245 | ||
| Controversies | 245 | ||
| Outcomes | 245 | ||
| Complications | 245 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 245 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 246 | ||
| References | 246.e1 | ||
| 40 Management of Postcatheterization Pseudoaneurysms | 247 | ||
| Indications | 247 | ||
| 2 Nonvascular Interventions | 911 | ||
| Seventeen Percutaneous Biopsy and Drainage | 911 | ||
| 125 Biopsy Devices | 911 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 911 | ||
| Soft-Tissue Biopsy Devices | 911 | ||
| Aspiration Needles | 911 | ||
| Cutting Needles | 911 | ||
| Comparison of Biopsy Devices | 912 | ||
| Aspiration Needle versus Cutting Needle | 914 | ||
| Manual versus Automated Devices | 914 | ||
| Side-Cutting versus End-Cutting Devices | 914 | ||
| Breast Biopsy Devices | 915 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Biopsy Devices | 915 | ||
| Transvenous Biopsy Devices | 915 | ||
| Pleural Biopsy Devices | 916 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging–compatible Biopsy Devices | 916 | ||
| “Treated Needles” | 917 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 917 | ||
| References | 917.e1 | ||
| 126 Percutaneous Biopsy | 918 | ||
| Indications | 918 | ||
| Contraindications | 918 | ||
| Technique | 918 | ||
| Complications | 921 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 921 | ||
| Summary | 921 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 922 | ||
| References | 922.e1 | ||
| 127 Percutaneous Abscess Drainage Within the Abdomen and Pelvis | 923 | ||
| Indications | 923 | ||
| Contraindications | 923 | ||
| Equipment | 923 | ||
| Technique | 924 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | 924 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 925 | ||
| Method | 925 | ||
| Approach to Challenging Locations | 926 | ||
| Controversies | 928 | ||
| Outcomes | 929 | ||
| Complications | 929 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 930 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 931 | ||
| References | 931.e1 | ||
| 128 Management of Fluid Collections in Acute Pancreatitis | 932 | ||
| Indications | 932 | ||
| Contraindications | 933 | ||
| Equipment | 933 | ||
| Aspiration | 933 | ||
| Drainage | 933 | ||
| Technique | 933 | ||
| Anatomy and Approach | 933 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 934 | ||
| Controversies | 934 | ||
| Outcomes | 934 | ||
| Complications | 935 | ||
| Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care | 935 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 936 | ||
| References | 936.e1 | ||
| Eighteen The Gastrointestinal Tract | 937 | ||
| 129 Esophageal Intervention in Malignant and Benign Esophageal Disease | 937 | ||
| Indications | 937 | ||
| Benign Esophageal Strictures | 937 | ||
| Corrosive Strictures | 937 | ||
| Achalasia | 937 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 938.e1 | ||
| Index | 1259 | ||
| A | 1259 | ||
| B | 1264 | ||
| C | 1267 | ||
| D | 1272 | ||
| E | 1273 | ||
| F | 1276 | ||
| G | 1278 | ||
| H | 1279 | ||
| I | 1283 | ||
| J | 1285 | ||
| K | 1285 | ||
| L | 1285 | ||
| M | 1287 | ||
| N | 1288 | ||
| O | 1289 | ||
| P | 1289 | ||
| Q | 1295 | ||
| R | 1295 | ||
| S | 1297 | ||
| T | 1300 | ||
| U | 1303 | ||
| V | 1304 | ||
| W | 1306 | ||
| X | 1306 | ||
| Y | 1306 | ||
| Z | 1306 | ||
| Clinical Key Ad | IBC1 |