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Pediatric Clinical Skills E-Book

Pediatric Clinical Skills E-Book

Richard B. Goldbloom

(2010)

Abstract

Pediatric Clinical Skills, 4th Edition, by renowned author Richard B. Goldbloom, is your ideal guide to mastering necessary, often complex and challenging pediatric clinical skills. Written in a clear, informal tone, this book explains the nuances of the child/family interview and history, pediatric physical exam, crucial interpersonal skills, and important issues such as cultural sensitivity, chronic conditions, and athletic participation. An indispensable learning tool for in-training physicians, this book is also a valuable resource for pediatric and family practice physicians, nurses, physician assistants, and all healthcare personnel who work with children.

  • Discover the best approach and demeanor for interviewing patients and their families.
  • Elicit cooperation and gain the maximum value from physical exams of patients of all ages, including preterm and low-birth-weight infants.
  • Enhance cultural sensitivity and capably navigate issues associated with chronic conditions, athletic participation, and more.
  • Perfect the latest approaches for approaching the adolescent, clinical evaluation for possible child abuse, palliative care, examining the head and neck, evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms, surgical assessment of the abdomen, and other rapidly evolving areas.
  • Navigate growing areas of concern including obesity, autism, TV-watching, and video games.
  • Access the complete contents online at studentconsult.com, with Integration Links to related content in other Student Consult resources…videos demonstrating different aspects of the neurological exam, including assessing cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy…additional content and images to complement Ch. 21, Clinical Evaluation for Possible Child Abuse…and full-color inserts that complement Ch. 8, Examining the Visual System, and Ch. 19, Assessing the Skin.
  • Study efficiently with the aid of Case Histories, Key Points, and Recommended Readings.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Pediatric Clinical Skills iii
Copyright Page iv
Dedication v
Foreword vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Contents xv
Contributors xiii
Chapter 1: Family Interviewing andHistory-Taking 1
What Do Families Want? 1
Interviewing and History-Taking Skills 2
Obtaining the Initial History 6
Developing a Problem List and Treatment Plan 10
Case History 10
The Fine Art of Differential Diagnosis 11
The Therapeutic Contract 11
Interviewing and Examining Adolescents 11
Clinical Skills for Special Situations 13
Summary 15
Recommended Reading 15
Chapter 2: Skills for Culturally Sensitive Care 16
Growing Scope Of Multiculturalism 16
Dangers of Stereotyping 16
Cultural Disadvantage in Health Care 16
Family Hierarchies—Who Are the Authorities and Decision-Makers? 17
Get the Names Right 17
Communication 17
Disciplinary Practices 18
Attitudes Toward Chronic Conditions 18
Life and Death Issues 18
Recent Immigrant Families 18
Effective Conversation 18
Consent for Treatment 18
Special Features of Cross-Cultural History-Taking 19
Summary 21
Recommended Reading 21
Chapter 3: Assessing Physical Growth and Nutrition 22
Measurements and Growth Charts 22
A Language for Communicating Information About Children's Growth 28
Weight As a Percentage of Ideal 29
Children With Delayed Growth 29
Anxieties of the Short Child 29
Predicting Ultimate Adult Height 29
Growth (Height) Velocity 29
Staging Pubertal Development 30
Dental Development 32
Nutritional Assessment 32
Clinical Assessment of the Child With Possible Iron Deficiency 33
Evaluating the Obese Child 33
Evaluating the Child With Failure to Thrive 36
Summary 36
Recommended Reading 37
Chapter 4: Evaluating the Newborn: Diagnostic Approach 38
Case History 38
Obtaining the History 38
Approach to Physical Examinations of the Newborn: When, Why, and How 38
Clinical Observations and What They Mean 40
Listening To the Cry 42
Muscle Tone 42
Primitive Reflexes 42
Weighing and Measuring 43
Assessing Gestational Age 44
The Head 45
The Neck 49
The Chest 50
The Abdomen 50
The Genitalia 51
Hernias And Hydroceles 52
The Hips 52
The Extremities 52
The Back 53
Skin of the Newborn 53
Special Considerations 55
Summary 55
Recommended Reading 55
Chapter 5: Assessing Congenital Anomalies 56
The Logic Behind the Diagnostic Approach 56
Definition of Terms 57
Obtaining The History 60
Approach To the Physical Examination 62
Summary 69
Recommended Reading 69
Chapter 6: Developmental and Behavioral Assessment 70
Developmental Surveillance and the Developmental/Behavioral History 70
Patterns of Developmental Abnormality 71
Family History 71
Social History 78
Behavior Problems 78
Developmental Screening and Examination 79
Direct Developmental Examination 79
Looking at Development During The Physical Examination 83
Case Histories 83
Summary 87
Recommended Reading 88
Websites 88
Chapter 7: Examining the Head and Neck 89
General Observations 89
Approach to the Physical Examination of the Head 89
Case History 90
Summary 100
Recommended Reading 100
Chapter 8: Examining the Visual System 101
Normal Visual System in Infants and Children 101
Obtaining the History 106
Approach to the Physical Examination 107
Specific Examination Techniques 109
Applying Sequential Logic to Assess Children’s Eyes 115
Case Histories 115
Summary 121
Recommended Reading 121
Chapter 9: Evaluating the Respiratory System 122
Obtaining the History 122
Approach to the Physical Examination 127
Case History 135
Summary 136
Recommended Reading 136
Chapter 10: Cardiovascular Assessment of Infants and Children 137
Classification of Heart Disease in Children 137
Case History 137
History of Present Illness and Cardiac Functional Inquiry in the Infant and Young Child 138
Approach to Cardiovascular Examination of the Infant 140
Approach to the Cardiovascular Assessment of the Older Child 145
Approach to the Cardiovascular Examination of the 3- to 5-Year-Old Child 146
Cardiovascular Examination of the School-Aged Child 153
Cardiac Assessment of the Teenager 156
Summary 158
Recommended Reading 159
Chapter 11: Evaluating Gastrointestinal Symptoms 164
Physical Examination of the Gastrointestinal System 164
General Appearance 164
Case History 165
Skin Examination 165
Examination of the Abdomen 165
Case History 166
Rectal Examination 169
Case History 169
Percussion 169
Auscultation 170
Case History 170
Common Gastrointestinal Symptoms 170
Case History 174
Case History 175
Case History 177
Case History 178
Case History 179
Summary 179
Recommended Reading 179
Chapter 12: Surgical Assessment of the Abdomen 180
Clinical Conditions by Typical Age of Occurrence 180
Presenting Clinical Features 187
Clinical Assessment of the Child with Abdominal Trauma 189
Prenatal Diagnosis 189
Summary 189
Chapter 13: Neurological Examination 190
The Logic Behind the Approach 190
Obtaining the History 190
Observation 191
The Physical Examination 193
Cortical Function 195
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) 196
Cranial Nerve II (Optic) 196
Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI (Oculomotor, Trochlear, And Abducens) 198
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) 198
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) 199
Cranial Nerve VIII (Cochlear and Vestibular) 199
Cranial Nerves IX And X (Glossopharyngeal and Vagus) 199
Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory) 200
Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) 200
Physical Examination of the Trunk and Extremities 200
Case Histories 206
Summary 209
Suggested Readings 209
Chapter 14: Psychiatric Assessment of Children and Adolescents 210
Clinical Interview 210
Obtaining the Presenting History 212
Assessing Symptoms 214
Physical Examination 218
Standardized Interviews and Questionnaires 218
Summary 218
Suggested Readings 218
Chapter 15: Musculoskeletal Examination 219
Normal Musculoskeletal Variants 219
Important Local Causes Of Musculoskeletal Pain 221
Transient Synovitis 221
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease 221
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis 221
Generalized Causes of Musculoskeletal Pain 222
Case History 222
The Child with a Limp 224
The Child with a Single Swollen Joint 224
The Child with Multiple Swollen Joints 225
Significant Common Skeletal Deformities 225
Obtaining the History 226
Approach to the Physical Examination 228
Approach to the Examination of Specific Joints 232
General Medical Examination 239
Summary 239
Suggested Readings 239
Chapter 16: Clinical EndocrineEvaluation 240
Chief Characteristics of the Child with Growth Hormone Deficiency 240
Case Histories 241
Approach to the Physical Examination of a Child with Possible Growth Hormone Deficiency 241
Chief Characteristics of Thyroid Disorders in Children 242
Approach to the Physical Examination of the Child with a Thyroid Disorder 244
Clinical Characteristics of Disorders of Calcium Metabolism in Children 248
Causes of Hypercalcemia 248
Approach to the Physical Examination of a Hypocalcemic Child 248
Chief Characteristics of Adrenal Disorders in Children 249
Chief Physical Characteristics 250
Benign Premature Adrenarche 251
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 251
Approach to the Physical Examination of a Child with Ambiguous Genitalia 253
Hirsutism 253
Adrenal Insufficiency 255
Approach to the Physical Examination of a Child with Adrenal Insufficiency 255
Pubertal Development: Precocious, Delayed, and Normal Variants 256
Testicular Examination 257
Clinical Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus in Children 258
Summary 259
Suggested Readings 261
Chapter 17: Approaching the Adolescent 262
Brain Development 262
Puberty 262
Teen Health 263
Starting the Interview 263
Interview with Parents 266
Summary 267
Suggested Readings 268
Chapter 18: Gynecologic Assessment 269
Approach to the Physical Examination 269
Obtaining the History 272
Approach to the Pelvic Examination 273
Adolescent Contraception 276
Summary 278
Suggested Readings 278
Chapter 19: Assessing the Skin 279
Obtaining the History of Skin Problems 279
Approach to the Physical Examination 281
Approach to the Examination of Mucosa and Skin Appendages 286
Case Histories 287
Summary 289
Suggested Readings 289
Chapter 20: Caring for Children with Chronic Conditions and Their Families 290
First Disclosure of the Diagnosis to Parents 290
Special Skills for Continuing Care 292
Evaluating Quality of Life in Children with Chronic Conditions 293
Physical Examination of a Child with a Chronic Condition 293
Transitional Care 294
Summary 294
Suggested Readings 294
Chapter 21: Clinical Evaluation for Possible Child Abuse 295
Mandated Reporting 295
Preparing for the Assessment 296
Preparing the Patient and the Family 296
The First Few Moments of the Meeting 296
Obtaining the History 297
Physical Examination 298
Obtaining Pertinent History 298
Physical Examination 300
Case Histories 304
Assessing Children for Physical Abuse and Neglect 305
Functional Inquiry 306
Notes on Photography 309
Summary 310
Suggested Readings 310
Chapter 22: Assessing the Appropriate Role for Children in Health Decisions 319
The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Pediatrics 319
The Traditional Role of Parents and Families 320
Evolving Understanding of Respectful Involvement of Children in Medical Decisions 320
Assessing the Appropriate Role for Children in Health Decisions 321
Case Histories 322
Summary 328
Suggested Readings 328
Chapter 23: Palliative Care 329
The Broad Scope of Palliative Care 329
Case Histories 330
Web Sites 333
Suggested Readings 333
Index 334
Color Plate 343