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Book Details
Abstract
Drugs for the Heart presents highly portable, up-to-date information on every drug class used to treat cardiovascular disease. Drs. Lionel H. Opie and Bernard J. Gersh put the latest dosages, interactions, indications and contraindications, side effects, and more at your fingertips, equipping you to make effective clinical decisions on behalf of your patients.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader , conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Quickly check when to use each drug for any condition with the popular "Which Drug for Which Disease" chapter.
- Get expert advice from the practice-proven experience of two well-known editors who represent the best possible combination of clinical and research expertise in cardiovascular therapeutics.
- Expedite your reference with summaries of each drug class at the end of chapters.
- Carry it with you anywhere thanks to a highly compact, pocket-sized format.
- Navigate the latest pharmacologic advances through coverage of the newest drugs and drug classes, as well as all the latest clinical trial results and evidence used to treat heart disease.
- Effectively manage comorbid diseases.
- Apply international insights into cardiac drugs, thanks to new global contributors.
- Visualize key pharmacologic and physiologic actions thanks to dynamic new full-color drawings.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| How to use | IFC | ||
| Drugs for the heart 8th Edition | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| The lancet | x | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Table of contents | xiii | ||
| 1 β-blocking agents | 1 | ||
| Mechanism | 1 | ||
| Cardiovascular effects of β-blockade | 6 | ||
| Angina pectoris | 7 | ||
| Acute coronary syndrome | 9 | ||
| Acute st-elevation myocardial infarction | 9 | ||
| Lack of outcome studies in angina | 10 | ||
| β-blockers for hypertension | 10 | ||
| β-blockers for arrhythmias | 12 | ||
| β-blockers in heart failure | 13 | ||
| How to apply β-blockers in heart failure | 16 | ||
| Other cardiac indications | 17 | ||
| Noncardiac indications for β-blockade | 18 | ||
| Pharmacologic properties of various β-blockers | 19 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic properties of β-blockers | 21 | ||
| Concomitant diseases and choice of β-blocker | 24 | ||
| Side effects of β-blockers | 25 | ||
| Contraindications to β-blockade | 26 | ||
| Overdose of β-blockers | 26 | ||
| Specific β-blockers | 28 | ||
| Ultrashort-acting intravenous β-blockade | 30 | ||
| From the past, into the future | 30 | ||
| Summary | 31 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| 2 Nitrates and newer antianginals | 38 | ||
| The nature of angina of effort | 38 | ||
| Mechanisms of nitrate action in angina | 40 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics of nitrates | 42 | ||
| Nitrate interactions with other drugs | 43 | ||
| Short-acting nitrates for acute effort angina | 46 | ||
| Long-acting nitrates for angina prophylaxis | 46 | ||
| Limitations: Side effects and nitrate failure | 47 | ||
| Side effects | 47 | ||
| Failure of nitrate therapy | 47 | ||
| Nitrates for acute coronary syndromes | 49 | ||
| Acute heart failure and acute pulmonary edema | 50 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 50 | ||
| Nitrate tolerance and nitric oxide resistance | 50 | ||
| Nitrate tolerance | 50 | ||
| Prevention and limitation of nitrate tolerance | 52 | ||
| Nitrate cross-tolerance | 53 | ||
| Nitrate pseudotolerance and rebound | 53 | ||
| Nitric oxide resistance | 53 | ||
| Step-care for angina of effort | 54 | ||
| Combination therapy for angina | 54 | ||
| Metabolic and other newer antianginal agents | 55 | ||
| Other newer antianginal agents | 57 | ||
| Are nitrates really safe? | 58 | ||
| Summary | 58 | ||
| References | 59 | ||
| 3 Calcium channel blockers | 64 | ||
| Pharmacologic properties | 64 | ||
| Calcium channels: L and t types | 64 | ||
| Cellular mechanisms: β-blockade versus ccbs | 66 | ||
| Classification of calcium channel blockers | 67 | ||
| Dihydropyridines | 67 | ||
| Nondihydropyridines: Heart rate–lowering agents | 69 | ||
| Major indications for CCBs | 70 | ||
| Safety and efficacy | 73 | ||
| Verapamil | 73 | ||
| Drug interactions with verapamil | 75 | ||
| Clinical indications for verapamil | 77 | ||
| Diltiazem | 78 | ||
| Clinical uses of diltiazem | 81 | ||
| Nifedipine, the first dhp | 81 | ||
| Long-acting nifedipine formulations | 82 | ||
| Clinical uses of long-acting nifedipine | 84 | ||
| Amlodipine: The first of the second-generation dhps | 86 | ||
| Felodipine | 88 | ||
| Other second-generation dihydropyridines | 88 | ||
| Third-generation dihydropyridines | 89 | ||
| Summary | 89 | ||
| References | 90 | ||
| 4 Diuretics | 93 | ||
| Differing effects of diuretics in congestive heart failure and hypertension | 93 | ||
| Loop diuretics | 95 | ||
| Furosemide | 95 | ||
| Bumetanide | 97 | ||
| Torsemide | 98 | ||
| Class side effects of loop diuretics | 98 | ||
| Thiazide diuretics | 99 | ||
| Thiazide-like agents | 102 | ||
| Metabolic and other side effects of thiazides | 104 | ||
| Potassium-sparing agents | 106 | ||
| Aquaretics | 107 | ||
| Combination diuretics with k+ sparing | 108 | ||
| Minor diuretics | 109 | ||
| Limited role of potassium supplements | 109 | ||
| Special diuretic problems | 110 | ||
| Overdiuresis | 110 | ||
| Less common uses of diuretics | 112 | ||
| Diuretics in step-care therapy of CHF | 112 | ||
| Summary | 114 | ||
| References | 115 | ||
| 5 Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | 119 | ||
| Mechanisms of action of ACE inhibitors | 119 | ||
| Alternate modes of angiotensin II generation | 121 | ||
| Angiotensin II and intracellular messenger systems | 122 | ||
| Angiotensin II receptor subtypes: The at-1 and at-2 receptors | 122 | ||
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | 123 | ||
| Adverse effects of excess aldosterone | 124 | ||
| Autonomic interactions of angiotensin II | 124 | ||
| Kallikrein-kinin system and bradykinin | 124 | ||
| ACE 2 | 125 | ||
| Tissue renin-angiotensin systems | 125 | ||
| Cerebral effects and renin-angiotensin inhibitors | 125 | ||
| Genotypes and response to ACE inhibitors | 125 | ||
| Pharmacologic characteristics of ACE inhibitors | 125 | ||
| Major indications and classes | 125 | ||
| Side effects of ACE inhibitors | 125 | ||
| Hypotension | 126 | ||
| Renal side effects and hyponatremia | 128 | ||
| Angioedema | 129 | ||
| Pregnancy risks | 129 | ||
| Neutropenia | 129 | ||
| ACE inhibitors: Contraindications | 129 | ||
| ACE inhibitors for heart failure | 129 | ||
| Neurohumoral effects of overt heart failure | 129 | ||
| ACE inhibitors as preventative therapy in early LV dysfunction | 131 | ||
| How do diuretics compare with ACE inhibitors? | 131 | ||
| ACE inhibitors plus β-blockers for heart failure | 131 | ||
| Potential problems with drug combinations in CHF | 132 | ||
| How to start an ACE inhibitor in severe heart failure | 132 | ||
| Preexisting renal failure | 132 | ||
| Hyponatremia and salt and water limitation | 133 | ||
| Outstanding clinical problems in the therapy of heart failure | 133 | ||
| ACE inhibitors for hypertension | 134 | ||
| Less new diabetes | 134 | ||
| ACE inhibitors for early-phase acute myocardial infarction or postinfarct left ventricular dysfunction or failure | 134 | ||
| ACE inhibition within 24 hours of onset of acute myocardial infarction | 134 | ||
| ACE inhibitors in postinfarct left ventricular dysfunction or clinical failure | 135 | ||
| ACE inhibitors: Long-term cardiovascular protection | 135 | ||
| Diabetes: Complications and renoprotection | 136 | ||
| The accord studies | 136 | ||
| Diabetes and steatosis | 136 | ||
| Diabetics with nephropathy | 137 | ||
| Diabetic microalbuminuria | 137 | ||
| Diabetic albuminuria | 137 | ||
| ACE inhibition for nondiabetic renal failure | 137 | ||
| Ramipril in overt proteinuria | 137 | ||
| Studies of kidney disease and hypertension in black patients | 138 | ||
| Properties of specific ACE inhibitors | 139 | ||
| Captopril, the grand daddy | 139 | ||
| Dose and indications | 139 | ||
| Contraindications | 139 | ||
| Side effects | 139 | ||
| Pretreatment precautions | 141 | ||
| Precautions during treatment | 141 | ||
| Enalapril | 141 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 141 | ||
| Dose and indications | 142 | ||
| Contraindications, precautions, and side effects | 142 | ||
| Precautions | 142 | ||
| Side effects | 142 | ||
| Other prodrugs | 142 | ||
| Lisinopril: Not metabolized | 144 | ||
| Choice of ACE inhibitor | 145 | ||
| ACE inhibitors versus ARBs | 145 | ||
| ARBs | 147 | ||
| Use in hypertension | 147 | ||
| Use in chronic renal disease, including diabetic nephropathy | 152 | ||
| Fewer cases of new diabetes | 152 | ||
| Use in heart failure | 152 | ||
| Use in stroke | 152 | ||
| Nonissues with ARBs: Myocardial infarction and cancer | 153 | ||
| Combinations of ACE inhibitor–arb therapy | 154 | ||
| Specific ARBs | 154 | ||
| Candesartan (atacand) | 154 | ||
| Irbesartan (avapro) | 156 | ||
| Losartan (cozaar) | 156 | ||
| Telmisartan (micardis) | 157 | ||
| Valsartan (diovan) | 157 | ||
| Other agents | 158 | ||
| Caveats for use of ARBs in hypertension | 158 | ||
| ARBs: The future | 159 | ||
| Aldosterone, spironolactone, and eplerenone | 159 | ||
| Mechanism of benefit: Diuresis or tissue effects? | 159 | ||
| Eplerenone (inspra) | 159 | ||
| Recent studies in heart failure | 161 | ||
| Heart failure: Role of aldosterone blockade | 161 | ||
| Renin inhibition by aliskiren | 162 | ||
| Summary | 163 | ||
| References* | 166 | ||
| 6 Heart failure | 169 | ||
| Acute versus chronic heart failure | 169 | ||
| Acute heart failure | 171 | ||
| Therapy of acute heart failure | 171 | ||
| Acute inotropes: Sympathomimetics and others | 174 | ||
| Cardiovascular therapeutic effects of adrenergic agents | 174 | ||
| Adrenergic effects on blood pressure. | 174 | ||
| β-adrenergic stimulation of the acutely failing heart. | 174 | ||
| α-adrenergic effects. | 174 | ||
| Combined inotropic and vasoconstrictor effects. | 175 | ||
| Mixed adrenergic intravenous inotropes. | 177 | ||
| Dobutamine | 177 | ||
| Dopamine | 178 | ||
| Epinephrine (adrenaline) | 179 | ||
| Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | 180 | ||
| Isoproterenol (isoprenaline) | 180 | ||
| β2-agonists | 180 | ||
| Calcium sensitizers | 180 | ||
| Agents with both inotropic and vasodilator properties | 181 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitors | 181 | ||
| Milrinone. | 181 | ||
| Enoximone. | 183 | ||
| Novel approaches to increasing cardiac performance | 183 | ||
| Load reduction and vasodilation | 183 | ||
| Principles of load reduction | 183 | ||
| Preload reduction. | 184 | ||
| Afterload reduction. | 184 | ||
| Combined preload and afterload reduction. | 184 | ||
| Nitroprusside: The prototype balanced vasodilator | 184 | ||
| Properties, precautions, and cyanide toxicity. | 185 | ||
| Nitroprusside: Doses, indications, and contraindications. | 186 | ||
| Side effects of nitroprusside. | 186 | ||
| Treatment of cyanide toxicity. | 186 | ||
| Nitrates | 187 | ||
| Nesiritide | 187 | ||
| Investigational vasodilators | 187 | ||
| Vasopressin and “vaptans” | 187 | ||
| Future directions | 190 | ||
| Novel approaches to increasing cardiac performance | 190 | ||
| Cardiogenic shock | 191 | ||
| Chronic heart failure | 191 | ||
| Therapy of chronic severe heart failure | 191 | ||
| Heart failure: Therapy specifics | 192 | ||
| Maximal heart failure therapy summarized | 200 | ||
| Digoxin in perspective | 201 | ||
| Heart failure with preserved systolic function: Diastolic heart failure | 207 | ||
| Right ventricular failure | 210 | ||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 211 | ||
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension | 212 | ||
| Heart failure in women | 215 | ||
| Peripartum cardiomyopathy | 216 | ||
| Summary | 217 | ||
| References* | 219 | ||
| 7 Antihypertensive therapies | 224 | ||
| Principles of treatment | 225 | ||
| Ascertainment of hypertension | 225 | ||
| White-coat hypertension and prehypertension | 230 | ||
| Determination of overall cardiovascular risk | 231 | ||
| Lifetime risk versus current risk | 231 | ||
| The goals of therapy | 231 | ||
| Lifestyle modifications | 233 | ||
| Correction of other risk factors | 234 | ||
| Overall aims of treatment | 234 | ||
| Compliance and adherence | 238 | ||
| Combination therapy | 239 | ||
| Diuretics for hypertension | 239 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 242 | ||
| ACE inhibitors for hypertension | 244 | ||
| Renal disease and ACE inhibitors | 245 | ||
| Special groups of patients | 246 | ||
| Combinations with ACE inhibitors | 247 | ||
| ACE inhibitors: Summary | 248 | ||
| Angiotensin-ii type 1 receptor blockers | 248 | ||
| Direct renin inhibitor | 248 | ||
| Aldosterone blockers | 249 | ||
| β-blockers for hypertension | 250 | ||
| α-adrenergic blockers | 251 | ||
| Direct vasodilators | 252 | ||
| Central adrenergic inhibitors | 252 | ||
| Combination therapy | 252 | ||
| Patient profiling: The elderly | 254 | ||
| Patient profiling: Other special groups | 256 | ||
| Specific aims of antihypertensive therapy | 258 | ||
| Acute severe hypertension | 260 | ||
| Maximal drug therapy | 262 | ||
| Renal artery denervation for hypertension | 263 | ||
| Baroreflex activation therapy for hypertension | 263 | ||
| Summary | 263 | ||
| References | 265 | ||
| 8 Antiarrhythmic drugs and strategies | 272 | ||
| Overview of new developments | 272 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | 272 | ||
| Class IA: Quinidine and similar compounds | 273 | ||
| Class ib: Lidocaine | 274 | ||
| Lidocaine | 280 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics. | 280 | ||
| Dose. | 281 | ||
| Clinical use. | 281 | ||
| Side effects. | 281 | ||
| Drug interactions and combination. | 281 | ||
| Lidocaine failure in ami-related VT and VF. | 281 | ||
| Conclusions. | 283 | ||
| Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) | 283 | ||
| Class IC agents | 283 | ||
| Flecainide | 283 | ||
| Indications. | 283 | ||
| Cardiac proarrhythmic effects. | 284 | ||
| Propafenone | 284 | ||
| Pharmacologic characteristics. | 285 | ||
| Dose. | 285 | ||
| Indications for propafenone. | 286 | ||
| Class II agents: β-adrenoceptor antagonists | 286 | ||
| Mixed class III agents: Amiodarone and sotalol | 288 | ||
| Amiodarone | 288 | ||
| Electrophysiologic characteristics. | 290 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics. | 290 | ||
| Dose. | 291 | ||
| Indications. | 291 | ||
| Intravenous amiodarone. | 292 | ||
| Preventing recurrences of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter. | 292 | ||
| Side effects. | 292 | ||
| Thyroid side effects. | 292 | ||
| Cardiac side effects and torsades de pointes. | 293 | ||
| Pulmonary side effects. | 293 | ||
| Other extracardiac side effects. | 293 | ||
| Drug withdrawal for side effects. | 293 | ||
| Dose-dependency of side effects. | 293 | ||
| Drug interactions. | 293 | ||
| Hospitalization. | 294 | ||
| Sotalol | 294 | ||
| Electrophysiology. | 294 | ||
| Indications. | 294 | ||
| Dose. | 295 | ||
| Side effects. | 295 | ||
| Precautions and contraindications. | 295 | ||
| Dronedarone | 295 | ||
| Pure class III agents: Ibutilide, dofetilide, and azimilide | 296 | ||
| Ibutilide | 296 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics. | 296 | ||
| Efficacy of ibutilide. | 297 | ||
| Adverse effects. | 297 | ||
| Dose. | 297 | ||
| Drug interactions. | 297 | ||
| Dofetilide | 297 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics. | 297 | ||
| Efficacy. | 297 | ||
| Indications. | 298 | ||
| Dose of dofetilide. | 298 | ||
| Adverse effects. | 298 | ||
| Drug interactions. | 298 | ||
| Class IV and class iv-like agents | 298 | ||
| Adenosine | 299 | ||
| Proarrhythmia, QT prolongation, and torsades de pointes | 300 | ||
| Proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmics | 300 | ||
| Long-qt syndrome and torsades de pointes | 301 | ||
| Treatment. | 303 | ||
| Congenital long-qt syndrome. | 303 | ||
| Which antiarrhythmic drug or device? | 303 | ||
| Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia | 303 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 306 | ||
| Rate versus rhythm control in atrial fibrillation | 308 | ||
| Atrial flutter | 317 | ||
| Ventricular arrhythmias | 318 | ||
| ICDs for prevention of sudden cardiac death | 320 | ||
| Secondary prevention | 320 | ||
| Primary prevention: Post–myocardial infarction | 320 | ||
| ICDs in dilated cardiomyopathy | 321 | ||
| ICD plus cardiac resynchronization therapy | 322 | ||
| ICD shocks: Antiarrhythmic drug prophylaxis | 322 | ||
| Summary | 323 | ||
| References | 325 | ||
| 9 Antithrombotic agents: Platelet inhibitors, acute anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and chronic anticoagulants | 332 | ||
| Mechanisms of thrombosis | 332 | ||
| Antiplatelet agents: Aspirin and cardiovascular protection | 339 | ||
| Clinical use of aspirin | 340 | ||
| Other antiplatelets: Clopidogrel and dipyridamole (used as single antiplatelet therapy) | 344 | ||
| Ticlopidine | 344 | ||
| Clopidogrel | 345 | ||
| Dipyridamole and sulfinpyrazone | 348 | ||
| Dual antiplatelet therapy | 348 | ||
| Newer antiplatelets added to aspirin: Prasugrel, ticagrelor, and vorapaxar | 350 | ||
| Prasugrel | 350 | ||
| Ticagrelor | 351 | ||
| Cangrelor | 352 | ||
| Vorapaxar and atopaxar | 352 | ||
| Glycoprotein iib/iiia receptor antagonists | 352 | ||
| Abciximab | 354 | ||
| Tirofiban | 355 | ||
| Eptifibatide | 355 | ||
| Oral anticoagulants: Warfarin, antithrombin, and anti-xa agents (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) | 356 | ||
| Oral anticoagulation by warfarin | 356 | ||
| Indications for warfarin | 359 | ||
| Anticoagulation with direct thrombin inhibitors and anti-xa agents | 362 | ||
| Dabigatran | 363 | ||
| Rivaroxaban | 365 | ||
| Apixaban | 366 | ||
| Acute anticoagulation: Heparin | 367 | ||
| Indications for heparin | 369 | ||
| Low-molecular-weight heparins | 369 | ||
| Bivalirudin | 371 | ||
| Enoxaparin | 373 | ||
| Fondaparinux | 374 | ||
| Fibrinolytic (thrombolytic) therapy | 378 | ||
| Alteplase (tpa) | 382 | ||
| Tenecteplase | 382 | ||
| Reteplase | 384 | ||
| Streptokinase | 384 | ||
| Active intervention: Fibrinolysis or PCI? | 385 | ||
| Fibrinolysis versus PCI: Practical problems in developing countries* | 386 | ||
| Summary | 387 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 389 | ||
| References | 390 | ||
| 10 Lipid-modifying and antiatherosclerotic drugs | 398 | ||
| Inflammation and atherogenesis | 398 | ||
| Prevention and risk factors | 400 | ||
| Blood lipid profile | 403 | ||
| Cholesterol in special population groups | 406 | ||
| Dietary and other nondrug therapy | 407 | ||
| Drug-related lipidemias | 408 | ||
| Cardiac drugs and blood lipid profiles | 408 | ||
| The statins: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors | 409 | ||
| Class indications for statins | 411 | ||
| Class warnings | 415 | ||
| Lovastatin (mevacor) and fluvastatin (lescol, lescol xl) | 417 | ||
| Pravastatin (pravachol, lipostat) | 418 | ||
| Simvastatin (zocor) | 418 | ||
| Atorvastatin (lipitor) | 419 | ||
| Rosuvastatin (crestor) | 420 | ||
| Pitavastatin (livalo) | 422 | ||
| Bile acid sequestrants: The resins | 422 | ||
| Inhibition of lipolysis by nicotinic acid (niacin) | 423 | ||
| The fibrates | 424 | ||
| Gemfibrozil (lopid) | 424 | ||
| Bezafibrate | 425 | ||
| Fenofibrate (tricor, trilipix, lipofen, antara, lofibra) | 425 | ||
| Cholesterol absorption inhibitors: Ezetimibe | 426 | ||
| Combination therapy | 427 | ||
| Natural antiatherosclerotic agents | 428 | ||
| Summary | 429 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 430 | ||
| References | 431 | ||
| 11 Metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, and type 2 diabetes | 436 | ||
| From metabolic syndrome to overt diabetes and cardiovascular disease | 439 | ||
| Cardiovascular control in established type 2 diabetes | 442 | ||
| Weight Loss | 442 | ||
| Blood Pressure Control | 442 | ||
| Statin Therapy: Impressive Overall Benefits | 443 | ||
| Ideal control of glycemia, blood pressure, and lipids: Multifactorial intervention | 454 | ||
| Diabetes and coronary disease requiring intervention | 455 | ||
| Diabetes and heart failure | 455 | ||
| Summary | 456 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 457 | ||
| References | 458 | ||
| 12 Which therapy for which condition? | 463 | ||
| Angina pectoris | 463 | ||
| Role of education in risk-factor modification | 463 | ||
| Therapeutic targets | 464 | ||
| Diet and supplements | 464 | ||
| Antianginal drugs | 464 | ||
| Revascularization or optimal medical therapy for chronic stable angina? | 466 | ||
| Acute coronary syndromes | 470 | ||
| Non–st-segment elevation acs | 471 | ||
| Antiischemic drugs for acs | 474 | ||
| Invasive versus conservative strategy in acs | 475 | ||
| Long-term prophylaxis of coronary disease | 476 | ||
| Prinzmetal’s vasospastic angina | 476 | ||
| Early phase acute myocardial infarction | 477 | ||
| Acute reperfusion therapy for AMI | 479 | ||
| Protecting the ischemic myocardium | 484 | ||
| Arrhythmias in AMI | 485 | ||
| LV failure and shock in AMI | 486 | ||
| Long-term therapy after AMI | 487 | ||
| Postinfarct cardioprotective drugs | 491 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 493 | ||
| Acute-onset atrial fibrillation | 494 | ||
| Chronic atrial fibrillation | 496 | ||
| Other supraventricular arrhythmias | 500 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmias | 502 | ||
| Ventricular arrhythmias and proarrhythmic problems | 503 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 505 | ||
| Interventions for severe stable LV dysfunction | 509 | ||
| Diastolic heart failure | 512 | ||
| Acute pulmonary edema | 512 | ||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 513 | ||
| Other cardiomyopathies | 516 | ||
| Valvular heart disease | 517 | ||
| Aortic stenosis | 518 | ||
| Mitral stenosis | 519 | ||
| Aortic regurgitation | 520 | ||
| Marfan syndrome | 520 | ||
| Mitral regurgitation | 520 | ||
| Cor pulmonale | 521 | ||
| Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension* | 521 | ||
| Infective endocarditis* | 523 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 527 | ||
| Raynaud’s phenomenon | 528 | ||
| Beriberi heart disease | 529 | ||
| Cardiovascular drugs in pregnancy | 529 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation* | 529 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 534 | ||
| References* | 534 | ||
| Index | 542 | ||
| A | 542 | ||
| B | 548 | ||
| C | 550 | ||
| D | 553 | ||
| E | 555 | ||
| F | 556 | ||
| G | 557 | ||
| H | 557 | ||
| I | 560 | ||
| J | 561 | ||
| K | 561 | ||
| L | 561 | ||
| M | 562 | ||
| N | 563 | ||
| O | 564 | ||
| P | 564 | ||
| Q | 566 | ||
| R | 567 | ||
| S | 568 | ||
| T | 569 | ||
| U | 571 | ||
| V | 571 | ||
| W | 572 | ||
| X | 573 | ||
| Z | 573 |