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Book Details
Abstract
The latest edition of Pediatric Dermatology, edited by Lawrence A. Schachner, MD and Ronald C. Hansen, MD brings you the detailed guidance you need to effectively diagnose and treat pediatric skin conditions. Review topics from keratinization to stem cell therapy, and gain expert guidance from international contributors. Now in a comprehensive format with 40% all new clinical photos, this resource is ideal for clinical practice.
- Refer to full-color photographs that accurately capture the appearance of a wide range of skin disorders.
- Access many new tables and therapeutic algorithms for at-a-glance guidance.
- Recognize distinguishing factors in skin lesions with 40% new and improved clinical photographs.
- Find extended coverage of topics like genodermatoses and disorders of keratinization, review excellent information on skin neoplasms in children, new systemic therapies, and viral disorders, and explore new concepts in autoinflammatory disorders and Kawasaki’s disease.
- Read up on best practices and stay at the forefront of your profession with new perspectives from a host of international contributors like new Associate Editor Antonio Torrello, who co-edits the Pediatric Dermatology journal.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Pediatric Dermatology | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| List of Contributors | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xix | ||
| I Basic Science and Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment | 1 | ||
| 1 Structure and function of the skin | 1 | ||
| Skin Development | 1 | ||
| Embryogenesis of the Skin | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Properties of the Skin | 1 | ||
| Unique Properties of Prenatal Skin | 1 | ||
| The Periderm | 1 | ||
| Development of Epidermal Appendages | 2 | ||
| Specialized Non-Keratinocyte Cells within the Skin | 3 | ||
| Stages of Human Skin Development | 4 | ||
| Skin Development During the Embryonic Period | 4 | ||
| Skin Development at the Early Fetal Stage | 5 | ||
| Skin Development During the Late Fetal Stage | 7 | ||
| Skin Development in Immature/ Premature Skin | 9 | ||
| Prenatal Testing | 10 | ||
| Summary of Events Occurring During Epidermal Development | 10 | ||
| Structural and Functional Properties of Skin of Infants, Children, and Adults | 10 | ||
| Introduction | 10 | ||
| Overall Skin Structure and Function (Fig. 1.7) | 11 | ||
| Tissues | 11 | ||
| Cells | 11 | ||
| Epidermal Structure and Function (Figs 1.8, 1.9) | 13 | ||
| Tissues | 13 | ||
| Basal Keratinocyte Structure and Function | 14 | ||
| Cells | 14 | ||
| Molecular | 15 | ||
| Spinous Keratinocyte Structure and Function | 16 | ||
| Cells | 16 | ||
| Molecular | 16 | ||
| Granular Cells | 17 | ||
| Cells | 17 | ||
| Molecular | 18 | ||
| Stratum Corneum | 19 | ||
| Cells | 19 | ||
| II Neonatal and Inherited Disorders | 299 | ||
| 6 Neonatal skin and skin disorders | 299 | ||
| Fetal and Neonatal Skin Development, Structure and Function | 299 | ||
| Structure and Function | 299 | ||
| Transient Physiologic Changes and Cutaneous Lesions in the Newborn | 301 | ||
| Vernix Caseosa | 301 | ||
| Rubor (Erythema Neonatorum) and Acrocyanosis | 302 | ||
| Cutis Marmorata | 303 | ||
| Harlequin Color Change | 304 | ||
| Physiologic Jaundice | 304 | ||
| Pigmentary Changes | 305 | ||
| Skin Fragility | 305 | ||
| Peeling | 305 | ||
| Lanugo | 306 | ||
| Hair Patterns, Hair Cycle Changes, and Postnatal Alopecia | 307 | ||
| Benign Oral Neonatal Lesions | 308 | ||
| Epstein’s Pearls | 308 | ||
| Bohn’s Nodules | 309 | ||
| Eruption Cysts | 309 | ||
| Dental Lamina Cysts | 309 | ||
| Mucocoeles or Salivary Retention Cysts | 309 | ||
| Congenital Epulis | 309 | ||
| Natal and Neonatal Teeth | 310 | ||
| Sucking Calluses | 310 | ||
| Bednar’s Aphthae | 310 | ||
| Lymphatic Malformations | 311 | ||
| Median Alveolar Notch | 311 | ||
| Benign Self-Limiting Cutaneous Lesions | 311 | ||
| Sucking Blisters, Erosions and Calluses | 311 | ||
| Sebaceous Gland Hyperplasia | 311 | ||
| Milia | 311 | ||
| Maternal and Placental Hormonal Effects: ‘Miniature Puberty’ of the Newborn | 312 | ||
| Birthmarks | 313 | ||
| Vascular Birthmarks | 313 | ||
| Hyperpigmented Birthmarks | 314 | ||
| Hypopigmented Birthmarks | 314 | ||
| Epidermal Nevi | 316 | ||
| Developmental Anomalies | 316 | ||
| Branchial Clefts and Auricular Sinuses | 316 | ||
| Thyroglossal Duct Cysts | 318 | ||
| Bronchogenic Cysts | 319 | ||
| Aplasia Cutis Congenita | 319 | ||
| Amniotic Band Syndrome | 321 | ||
| Congenital Lip Pits (Fistulae Labii Congenita) | 322 | ||
| Cutaneous Signs of Spinal Dysraphism | 323 | ||
| Dermoid Cysts | 324 | ||
| Encephalocele and Meningocele | 326 | ||
| Rudimentary Meningocele and Heterotopic Brain Tissue | 326 | ||
| Nasal Glioma | 327 | ||
| Umbilical Polyp | 327 | ||
| Umbilical Granuloma | 328 | ||
| Congenital Pedal Papules in the Newborn | 328 | ||
| Vesiculopustular, Bullous and Erosive Diseases of the Newborn | 328 | ||
| Neonatal Disorders Presenting with Vesiculopustular Lesions | 329 | ||
| Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum (Toxic Erythema of the Newborn) | 329 | ||
| Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis (Transient Neonatal Pustular Dermatosis) | 333 | ||
| Miliaria | 334 | ||
| Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis of Infancy | 335 | ||
| Acropustulosis of Infancy | 336 | ||
| Neonatal Acne | 337 | ||
| Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis | 337 | ||
| Vesiculopustular Eruption in Down Syndrome with Transient Myeloproliferative Disorders | 337 | ||
| Congenital Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis | 338 | ||
| Incontinentia Pigmenti | 338 | ||
| Neonatal Disorders Presenting with Bullae and/or Erosions | 339 | ||
| Congenital Erosive and Vesicular Dermatosis | 339 | ||
| Neonatal Herpes Gestationis | 340 | ||
| Diffuse Cutaneous Mastocytosis (Bullous Mastocytosis) | 341 | ||
| Zinc Deficiency in the Newborn | 341 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa | 341 | ||
| Transient Porphyrinemia in Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | 342 | ||
| Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma | 342 | ||
| Infectious Diseases of the Newborn | 342 | ||
| Neonatal Scabies | 342 | ||
| Impetigo Neonatorum (Bullous Impetigo) and Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome | 343 | ||
| Congenital and Neonatal Candidiasis | 343 | ||
| Congenital Candidiasis | 344 | ||
| Systemic Candidiasis | 345 | ||
| Localized Neonatal Candidiasis | 345 | ||
| Invasive Fungal Dermatitis | 346 | ||
| Diagnosis and Investigation | 346 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 346 | ||
| Management | 346 | ||
| Congenital Toxoplasmosis | 347 | ||
| Rubella | 348 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Disease | 349 | ||
| Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection | 351 | ||
| Congenital and Neonatal Varicella | 354 | ||
| Fetal Varicella Syndrome | 354 | ||
| Neonatal Varicella | 355 | ||
| Congenital Syphilis in the Neonate | 356 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 356 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 357 | ||
| Diagnosis and Investigations | 357 | ||
| Management | 358 | ||
| Neonatal Hiv Disease | 358 | ||
| Prenatal Injury, Birth Trauma and Injury in the Neonatal Period | 359 | ||
| Prenatal Injury | 359 | ||
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | 359 | ||
| Fetal Skin Biopsy | 360 | ||
| Amniocentesis | 360 | ||
| Fetal Heart Monitoring | 360 | ||
| Fetal Scalp Blood Sampling | 361 | ||
| Injuries During Delivery | 361 | ||
| Erythema | 361 | ||
| Skin and Soft Tissue Injury | 361 | ||
| Caput Succedaneum and Edema | 362 | ||
| Cephalhematoma | 362 | ||
| Petechiae, Purpura and Subconjunctival Hemorrhage | 363 | ||
| Intrapartum Lacerations | 363 | ||
| Postnatal Injury | 363 | ||
| Endotracheal Intubation | 363 | ||
| Pneumothorax Treatment | 364 | ||
| Large Vessel Catheterization | 364 | ||
| Arterial Catheters | 364 | ||
| Central Venous Catheters | 365 | ||
| Transcutaneous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring | 365 | ||
| Transillumination | 365 | ||
| Anetoderma of Prematurity | 365 | ||
| Chemical Injury | 366 | ||
| Phototherapy | 366 | ||
| Pressure Ulcerations | 366 | ||
| Extravasation Injuries | 367 | ||
| Calcinosis Cutis | 367 | ||
| Adverse Drug Reactions | 368 | ||
| Nosocomial Infection | 368 | ||
| Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis | 368 | ||
| Sclerema Neonatorum | 370 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis | 370 | ||
| Skin Care of Newborn Infants | 372 | ||
| 7 Genodermatoses | 374 | ||
| Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndromes | 374 | ||
| Introduction | 374 | ||
| Classification Schema | 374 | ||
| Historical Note and Overview | 375 | ||
| Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia | 376 | ||
| Introduction | 376 | ||
| Epidemiology | 376 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 376 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 376 | ||
| Therapeutics and Prognosis | 378 | ||
| Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia with Immune Deficiency | 379 | ||
| III Diseases of Mucous Membranes and Appendageal Structures | 644 | ||
| 9 Mucous membrane disorders | 644 | ||
| Introduction | 644 | ||
| Disorders of the Ocular Mucous Membranes | 644 | ||
| Anatomy (See Fig. 9.1.) | 644 | ||
| Blepharitis | 644 | ||
| Pediculosis of the Eyelashes (Phthiriasis Palpebrarum) | 645 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 645 | ||
| Conjunctivitis in the infant | 645 | ||
| Chemical conjunctivitis | 645 | ||
| Bacterial conjunctivitis | 645 | ||
| Gonococcal conjunctivitis | 646 | ||
| Chlamydial conjunctivitis | 646 | ||
| Conjunctivitis in the child | 646 | ||
| Viral conjunctivitis | 646 | ||
| Bacterial conjunctivitis | 646 | ||
| Foreign body | 646 | ||
| Allergic conjunctivitis | 647 | ||
| Vernal conjunctivitis | 647 | ||
| Ocular Herpes Simplex Infection | 647 | ||
| Ocular Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection | 647 | ||
| Disorders of the Genital Mucous Membranes | 648 | ||
| Anatomy | 648 | ||
| Pruritus Vulvae | 648 | ||
| Pinworm Infestation (Enterobius Vermicularis) | 649 | ||
| Lichen Sclerosus | 649 | ||
| Genital Herpes Simplex | 650 | ||
| Non-Sexually Related Acute Genital Ulcers in Pubertal Girls | 650 | ||
| Disorders of the Oral Mucous Membranes | 651 | ||
| Mucous Membrane Anatomy | 651 | ||
| Dental Anatomy | 651 | ||
| Oral Hygiene Instructions for Children | 651 | ||
| Infant positioning | 651 | ||
| Intention | 651 | ||
| School-age children | 651 | ||
| Congenital Fistulas of the Lower Lip | 653 | ||
| Double Lip | 654 | ||
| Ascher Syndrome | 655 | ||
| Angular Cheilitis | 655 | ||
| Cheilitis Glandularis | 656 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal Syndrome and Cheilitis Granulomatosa | 656 | ||
| Contact Stomatitis and Cheilitis | 658 | ||
| Macroglossia | 659 | ||
| Lingua Plicata | 660 | ||
| Black Hairy Tongue (Lingua Pilosa Nigra) | 661 | ||
| Geographic Tongue (Annulus Migrans, Exfoliatio Mucosae Areata) | 661 | ||
| Median Rhomboid Glossitis | 662 | ||
| Glossitis | 662 | ||
| Glossodynia and Glossopyrosis | 663 | ||
| Xerostomia | 663 | ||
| Lymphatic Malformation (See also Ch. 20) | 664 | ||
| Benign Papular Lesions of the Tongue | 665 | ||
| Mucosal Cysts | 665 | ||
| Fordyce Spots | 666 | ||
| Mucocele | 668 | ||
| Epulis | 668 | ||
| Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia | 669 | ||
| Gingivostomatitis | 669 | ||
| Herpangina | 669 | ||
| Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease | 669 | ||
| Herpetic Gingivostomatitis | 670 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Infections | 671 | ||
| Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis | 672 | ||
| Oral Candidiasis | 672 | ||
| Acute candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush) | 673 | ||
| Acute atrophic oral candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Chronic candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Chronic atrophic candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Chronic familial mucocutaneous candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Chronic localized mucocutaneous candidiasis | 673 | ||
| Candida endocrinopathy syndrome | 673 | ||
| Chronic diffuse mucocutaneous candidiasis | 674 | ||
| Desquamative Gingivitis | 674 | ||
| Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome I (Papillon–Léage–Psaume Syndrome) | 674 | ||
| Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome II (Mohr Syndrome) | 675 | ||
| Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome | 675 | ||
| Böök Syndrome | 675 | ||
| Papillon–Lefèvre Syndrome | 675 | ||
| Acatalasemia | 676 | ||
| Congenital Generalized Hypertrichosis with Gingival Hyperplasia | 677 | ||
| Ulcerative Stomatitis with Neutropenia | 677 | ||
| Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration | 678 | ||
| Pigmented Lesions of the Mucosae | 680 | ||
| Diffuse Macular Pigmentation | 680 | ||
| Racial pigmentation | 680 | ||
| Addison’s disease | 680 | ||
| Widespread oral mucosal hyperpigmentation | 680 | ||
| Familial progressive hyperpigmentation | 680 | ||
| Universal acquired melanosis | 681 | ||
| Heavy metal pigmentation | 681 | ||
| Drug-induced hyperpigmentation | 681 | ||
| Focal Hyperpigmentation | 681 | ||
| Melanoma | 681 | ||
| Melanotic macules | 681 | ||
| Lentigines | 682 | ||
| Amalgam tattoo | 682 | ||
| Nevus of Ota | 682 | ||
| Mucosal Alterations Caused by Drugs | 683 | ||
| Phenytoin | 683 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 683 | ||
| Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) | 683 | ||
| Silver nitrate | 683 | ||
| Oral ulcerations secondary to cancer chemotherapy | 684 | ||
| Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases | 684 | ||
| Leukemia | 684 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X) | 685 | ||
| Wegener’s Granulomatosis | 685 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 686 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 687 | ||
| Kawasaki Disease | 687 | ||
| Disorders of Multiple Mucous Membranes | 688 | ||
| Leukoplakia | 688 | ||
| White Sponge Nevus of Cannon | 689 | ||
| Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis | 690 | ||
| Hereditary Mucoepithelial Dysplasia | 690 | ||
| Pachyonychia Congenita | 690 | ||
| Dyskeratosis Congenita | 691 | ||
| Hyalinosis Cutis ET Mucosae | 692 | ||
| Mucosal Neuroma Syndrome | 693 | ||
| Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia | 693 | ||
| Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome | 694 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 695 | ||
| Behçet Syndrome | 696 | ||
| Reiter Syndrome | 697 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme Spectrum | 698 | ||
| Toxic Shock Syndrome | 699 | ||
| 10 Pigmentary abnormalities | 700 | ||
| Melanocytes and Melanogenesis | 700 | ||
| Components of Normal Skin Color | 701 | ||
| DISORDERS OF HYPERPIGMENTATION | 701 | ||
| Primary Circumscribed Epidermal Hypermelanoses | 701 | ||
| Café-au-lait spots | 702 | ||
| Nevus spilus | 703 | ||
| Non-blaschkoid and blaschkoid segmental hypermelanoses | 704 | ||
| Lentigines and lentiginoses | 705 | ||
| Ephelides (freckles) | 706 | ||
| Periungual hyperpigmentation of newborns | 706 | ||
| Becker’s nevus | 706 | ||
| Primary Circumscribed Dermal Melanocytoses | 707 | ||
| Mongolian spot | 707 | ||
| Nevus of Ota/Ito | 708 | ||
| Acquired Dermal Circumscribed Melanoses | 709 | ||
| Ashy dermatosis | 710 | ||
| Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation | 710 | ||
| Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis | 711 | ||
| Terra-firma forme dermatosis | 711 | ||
| Melasma (chloasma) | 711 | ||
| Riehl’s melanosis (pigmented contact dermatitis) | 712 | ||
| acquired Diffuse hypermelanosis syndromes | 713 | ||
| Familial progressive hyperpigmentation | 713 | ||
| The carbon baby | 713 | ||
| Acromelanosis | 713 | ||
| Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) | 713 | ||
| Bronze baby syndrome | 714 | ||
| The Reticulated Melanotic Syndromes | 714 | ||
| Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation | 715 | ||
| Sock-line hyperpigmentation of infancy | 715 | ||
| Prurigo pigmentosa (PP) | 715 | ||
| Hyperpigmentation due to heavy metals and medications | 715 | ||
| Hyperpigmentation in Systemic Disease | 717 | ||
| Adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease) | 717 | ||
| Acromegaly | 718 | ||
| Hemochromatosis | 718 | ||
| Childhood cirrhosis | 718 | ||
| Scleroderma | 718 | ||
| Renal failure | 718 | ||
| The H syndrome | 718 | ||
| Pregnancy in adolescence | 719 | ||
| Disorders of Hypopigmentation | 719 | ||
| Congenital Circumscribed Hypomelanosis | 719 | ||
| Hypopigmented Mosaicism | 719 | ||
| Epidemiology | 720 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 720 | ||
| Histology | 720 | ||
| Clinical features | 720 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 721 | ||
| Treatment | 721 | ||
| Other Circumscribed Congenital Hypopigmented Lesions | 721 | ||
| Acquired Circumscribed Hypomelanosis | 722 | ||
| Post-inflammatory hypomelanosis | 722 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 722 | ||
| Treatment | 722 | ||
| Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and morphea | 722 | ||
| Lupus erythematosus | 722 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 723 | ||
| Mycosis fungoides | 723 | ||
| Pityriasis alba | 724 | ||
| Progressive and confluent hypomelanosis | 724 | ||
| Kwashiorkor | 725 | ||
| Infectious Hypomelanosis | 726 | ||
| Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) | 726 | ||
| Leprosy | 726 | ||
| Treponematoses | 727 | ||
| Onchocerciasis, | 727 | ||
| Post-kala-azar hypopigmentation | 728 | ||
| Chemical and Drug-Induced Hypomelanosis | 728 | ||
| Vitiligo | 730 | ||
| Genetics | 730 | ||
| Statistics | 730 | ||
| Presenting History | 730 | ||
| Physical Examination | 730 | ||
| Skin | 730 | ||
| Hair, Nails, Teeth, and Mucous Membranes | 730 | ||
| Systemic Manifestations | 731 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 731 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Histogenesis | 731 | ||
| Molecular, Biochemical, and Immunologic Basis | 731 | ||
| Histology | 732 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 732 | ||
| Therapeutics and Prognosis | 732 | ||
| Topical Therapy | 732 | ||
| Phototherapy | 732 | ||
| Other Therapy | 733 | ||
| Prognosis | 733 | ||
| Pediatric Aspects of the Disease | 733 | ||
| Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome | 733 | ||
| Neoplastic Disorders of Melanocytes | 734 | ||
| Childhood Melanoma | 734 | ||
| Epidemiology | 734 | ||
| Risk Factors | 734 | ||
| Xeroderma pigmentosum | 734 | ||
| FAMM/dysplastic nevus syndrome | 734 | ||
| Congenital Melanoma | 735 | ||
| Childhood Melanoma Arising in Congenital Melanocytic Nevi | 735 | ||
| Clinical features | 735 | ||
| Principal subtypes of melanoma | 735 | ||
| Staging and prognosis | 736 | ||
| Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) | 737 | ||
| Treatment | 737 | ||
| Surgery | 737 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 737 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 738 | ||
| Radiation therapy | 738 | ||
| Precursors of Melanoma | 738 | ||
| Congenital Melanocytic Nevi | 738 | ||
| Clinical features | 738 | ||
| Histologic features | 738 | ||
| Complications | 739 | ||
| Malignant transformation to melanoma | 739 | ||
| Neurocutaneous melanosis | 739 | ||
| Management | 740 | ||
| Large/giant CMN | 740 | ||
| Medium CMN | 740 | ||
| Small CMN | 740 | ||
| Surveillance for neurocutaneous melanosis | 740 | ||
| Acquired Melanocytic Nevi | 740 | ||
| Variants of acquired nevi | 741 | ||
| Borderline Melanocytic Tumors of Childhood | 743 | ||
| Spitz Nevi | 743 | ||
| Background | 743 | ||
| Epidemiology | 743 | ||
| Clinical features | 743 | ||
| Histologic features | 743 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 743 | ||
| Reed nevus (pigmented spindle cell nevus) | 744 | ||
| Atypical Spitz nevus | 744 | ||
| Management | 745 | ||
| 11 Hair disorders | 747 | ||
| Congenital or Early Onset Alopecia | 747 | ||
| Diffuse Congenital Atrichia or Hypotrichosis | 747 | ||
| Hypotrichosis Occurring Alone or With Other Minor Abnormalities | 747 | ||
| Isolated congenital atrichia or hypotrichosis | 747 | ||
| Marie Unna hypotrichosis | 748 | ||
| Atrichia with papular lesions | 748 | ||
| Congenital hypotrichosis and milia | 748 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy | 748 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Ectodermal Dysplasias | 748 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Ichthyoses | 748 | ||
| Ichthyoses presenting as the ‘collodion baby’ phenotype | 748 | ||
| Lamellar ichthyosis | 749 | ||
| Ichthyosis follicularis, congenital atrichia and photophobia (IFAP) | 749 | ||
| Peeling skin syndrome | 749 | ||
| Keratitis, ichthyosis and deafness syndrome (KID syndrome) | 749 | ||
| Congenital ichthyosis, follicular atrophoderma, hypotrichosis and hypohidrosis | 750 | ||
| Autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis (ARIH) syndrome | 750 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Premature Aging Syndromes | 750 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Immunodeficiency Syndromes | 750 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Genetic Disorders of the Hair Shaft | 750 | ||
| Congenital Localized or Patchy Alopecia | 750 | ||
| Neonatal Occipital Alopecia | 750 | ||
| Scalp Injury | 750 | ||
| Temporal Triangular Alopecia | 750 | ||
| Localized Alopecia Associated with Other Nevoid Conditions | 751 | ||
| Congenital melanocytic nevus | 751 | ||
| Sebaceous nevus (of Jadassohn) (Fig. 11.4) | 751 | ||
| Aplastic nevus (syn. minus nevus) | 751 | ||
| Aplasia cutis | 751 | ||
| Cranial meningoceles, encephaloceles and heterotopic meningeal or brain tissue | 751 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Congenital Forms of Cutis Verticis Gyrata | 751 | ||
| Localized Alopecia Associated with Syndromes | 752 | ||
| Hallermann–Streiff syndrome | 752 | ||
| X-linked dominant conditions | 752 | ||
| Hair Shaft Abnormalities | 752 | ||
| Monilethrix | 752 | ||
| Pseudomonilethrix | 753 | ||
| Pili Torti | 754 | ||
| Menkes Syndrome | 754 | ||
| Other syndromes with pili torti | 755 | ||
| Trichorrhexis Nodosa (TN) | 756 | ||
| Trichorrhexis nodosa with arginosuccinicaciduria (ASAU) | 756 | ||
| Trichothiodystrophy | 756 | ||
| Wooly Hair | 757 | ||
| Uncombable Hair | 758 | ||
| Pili Annulati | 759 | ||
| Pseudopili Annulati | 760 | ||
| Trichorrhexis Invaginata | 760 | ||
| Acquired Progressive Kinking of the Hair | 761 | ||
| Hypertrichosis | 761 | ||
| Diffuse Hypertrichosis | 761 | ||
| Primary hypertrichosis | 761 | ||
| Hypertrichosis lanuginosa | 762 | ||
| Ambras syndrome | 762 | ||
| X-linked dominant hypertrichosis | 762 | ||
| X-linked recessive hypertrichosis | 762 | ||
| Prepubertal hypertrichosis | 762 | ||
| Hypertrichosis as part of other genetically determined disorders | 762 | ||
| Drug-induced hypertrichosis | 762 | ||
| Hypertrichosis with systemic diseases | 764 | ||
| Localized Hypertrichosis | 764 | ||
| Nevoid hypertrichosis | 764 | ||
| Familial cervical hypertrichosis with kyphoscoliosis | 764 | ||
| Anterior cervical hypertrichosis | 764 | ||
| Hairy cutaneous malformations of palms and soles | 764 | ||
| Scrotal hair | 765 | ||
| Hypertrichosis cubiti | 765 | ||
| Hypertrichosis with spinal fusion abnormalities | 765 | ||
| Hypertrichosis with cranial meningoceles, encephaloceles and heterotopic meningeal or brain tissue | 765 | ||
| Hypertrichosis with focal facial dermal dysplasia | 765 | ||
| Hemihypertrophy with hypertrichosis | 765 | ||
| Localized hypertrichosis in association with other nevi or tumors | 765 | ||
| Congenital melanocytic nevus | 765 | ||
| Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma and Becker’s nevus | 766 | ||
| Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma | 766 | ||
| Plexiform neurofibroma | 766 | ||
| Sclerosing tufted angioma | 766 | ||
| Linear melorheostotic scleroderma | 766 | ||
| Hypertrichosis due to local heat and cutaneous hyperemia | 766 | ||
| Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts | 766 | ||
| Abnormalities of Hair Color | 767 | ||
| Diffuse Hypopigmentation of Hair | 767 | ||
| Primary diffuse hypopigmentation of the hair | 767 | ||
| Premature canities | 767 | ||
| Acquired reversible diffuse hypopigmentation | 768 | ||
| Localized Hypopigmentation (Poliosis) | 768 | ||
| Alteration of Hair Color Due to Exogenous Agents | 768 | ||
| Non-Scarring Alopecia | 768 | ||
| Telogen Effluvium | 769 | ||
| Anagen Effluvium | 770 | ||
| Alopecia Areata | 771 | ||
| Clinical features | 771 | ||
| Diagnosis and differential diagnosis | 772 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis | 772 | ||
| Prognosis | 773 | ||
| Therapy | 773 | ||
| Traumatic Alopecia | 776 | ||
| Pressure-Induced Alopecia | 776 | ||
| Traction Alopecia | 777 | ||
| Trichotillomania | 777 | ||
| Diagnosis | 778 | ||
| Treatment | 778 | ||
| Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome | 779 | ||
| Androgenetic Alopecia | 780 | ||
| Scarring Alopecia | 782 | ||
| Keratosis Pilaris Atrophicans | 782 | ||
| Folliculitis Decalvans | 784 | ||
| Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp | 785 | ||
| Acne Keloidalis | 786 | ||
| Pseudopelade of Brocq | 787 | ||
| Alopecia Mucinosa | 788 | ||
| Lichen Planopilaris | 789 | ||
| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) | 790 | ||
| Morphea | 791 | ||
| Tinea Capitis | 792 | ||
| Hirsutism | 792 | ||
| 12 Nail and appendageal abnormalities | 794 | ||
| The Nail | 794 | ||
| Nail Anatomy | 794 | ||
| Nail Growth | 796 | ||
| Nail Composition | 796 | ||
| Alterations in the Nail Plate | 797 | ||
| Beau’s lines | 797 | ||
| Onychomadesis | 798 | ||
| Washboard nails | 799 | ||
| Koilonychia | 799 | ||
| Platyonychia and pincer nails | 800 | ||
| Pitting | 800 | ||
| Multiple longitudinal nail grooves | 801 | ||
| Onychorrhexis | 801 | ||
| Median nail dystrophy | 802 | ||
| Trachyonychia | 802 | ||
| 20-nail dystrophy of childhood | 802 | ||
| Onychoschizia | 803 | ||
| Brittle nails | 803 | ||
| Onychauxis | 804 | ||
| Pachyonychia congenita | 804 | ||
| Alterations in Nail Shape | 806 | ||
| Clubbing | 806 | ||
| Shell nails | 807 | ||
| Racket nails | 807 | ||
| Alterations in Nail Size | 808 | ||
| Anonychia | 808 | ||
| Micronychia | 809 | ||
| Polyonychia | 809 | ||
| Nail-patella syndrome | 809 | ||
| Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers (COIF) | 811 | ||
| Diseases of the Nail Bed | 811 | ||
| Chromonychia | 813 | ||
| Yellow nail syndrome | 815 | ||
| Longitudinal pigmented bands (longitudinal melanonychia) | 815 | ||
| Ingrown nails | 816 | ||
| Paronychia | 817 | ||
| Nail biting | 818 | ||
| Dactylitis | 819 | ||
| Parakeratosis pustulosa | 819 | ||
| Onychomycosis | 820 | ||
| Nail Biopsy and Surgery | 821 | ||
| Diseases of Eccrine Sweat Glands | 821 | ||
| Functions of Eccrine Sweating | 822 | ||
| Anhidrosis | 822 | ||
| Hyperhidrosis | 822 | ||
| Bromhidrosis | 824 | ||
| Miliaria | 824 | ||
| Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis | 824 | ||
| Granulosis Rubra Nasi | 825 | ||
| Diseases of Apocrine Glands | 825 | ||
| Apocrine Bromhidrosis | 825 | ||
| Apocrine Chromhidrosis | 825 | ||
| Apocrine Miliaria | 826 | ||
| 13 Acne | 827 | ||
| Introduction and Historical Note | 827 | ||
| Introduction | 827 | ||
| Historical Note | 827 | ||
| Epidemiology | 827 | ||
| Genetics | 827 | ||
| Statistics | 828 | ||
| Presenting History | 828 | ||
| Physical Examination | 829 | ||
| Obstructive (comedonal) lesions | 829 | ||
| Inflammatory lesions | 830 | ||
| Scars | 830 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 830 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Histogenesis | 832 | ||
| Histology | 832 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 832 | ||
| Hormones and sebum production | 832 | ||
| Bacterial colonization | 833 | ||
| Host immune response | 834 | ||
| Abnormal keratinization | 834 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 835 | ||
| Therapeutics and Prognosis | 835 | ||
| Patient education | 835 | ||
| Medications | 837 | ||
| Topical therapies | 837 | ||
| Benzoyl peroxide | 837 | ||
| Topical antibiotics | 837 | ||
| Topical retinoids | 838 | ||
| Other topical agents | 839 | ||
| Systemic therapies | 839 | ||
| Oral antibiotics | 839 | ||
| Isotretinoin | 840 | ||
| Hormonal therapy | 841 | ||
| Office therapy | 842 | ||
| Complementary and alternative therapies | 842 | ||
| Diet and acne | 842 | ||
| Synthesis | 842 | ||
| Follow-Up | 842 | ||
| Acne Variants | 842 | ||
| Neonatal and Infantile Acne | 842 | ||
| Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis | 843 | ||
| Acne in Childhood | 844 | ||
| Severe Inflammatory or Nodular Acne in Childhood | 844 | ||
| Acne Conglobata | 844 | ||
| Acne Fulminans | 845 | ||
| Pyoderma Faciale | 846 | ||
| Gram-Negative Folliculitis | 846 | ||
| Persistent Facial Edema | 846 | ||
| Acne Excoriée Des Jeunes Filles | 846 | ||
| Childhood Rosacea and Steroid Rosacea | 847 | ||
| Periorificial Dermatitis in Childhood | 847 | ||
| Acne Venenata | 848 | ||
| Acne cosmetica | 848 | ||
| Pomade acne | 849 | ||
| Occupational acne | 849 | ||
| Chloracne | 849 | ||
| Acneiform Eruptions Induced by Drugs | 850 | ||
| Disorders Associated with Acne | 850 | ||
| IV Reaction Patterns | 851 | ||
| 14 Eczematous dermatitis | 851 | ||
| Introduction | 851 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 851 | ||
| Historical Aspects | 851 | ||
| Definitions | 851 | ||
| Epidemiology | 852 | ||
| Incidence and prevalence | 852 | ||
| Genetic predisposition | 854 | ||
| Presenting History | 855 | ||
| Physical Examination | 855 | ||
| Infantile phase | 855 | ||
| Childhood phase | 856 | ||
| Adult phase | 857 | ||
| Associated Findings | 857 | ||
| Diagnosis | 858 | ||
| Diseases that May Be More Severe in Atopic Dermatitis But Can Occur in Unaffected Subjects | 862 | ||
| Keratosis pilaris | 862 | ||
| Pityriasis alba | 862 | ||
| Lichen spinulosus | 863 | ||
| Dyshidrotic eczema | 863 | ||
| Nummular dermatitis | 863 | ||
| Eczema cracquele | 864 | ||
| Juvenile plantar dermatitis | 864 | ||
| Complications of Atopic Dermatitis | 864 | ||
| Histologic findings | 866 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Atopic Dermatitis | 866 | ||
| Barrier function | 866 | ||
| Dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis | 867 | ||
| T cells in atopic dermatitis | 867 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 868 | ||
| Role of autoallergens | 869 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis | 869 | ||
| Therapeutics | 870 | ||
| The role of education | 870 | ||
| Basic skin care | 870 | ||
| Overall therapeutic strategy | 871 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 872 | ||
| Title calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) | 873 | ||
| Skin barrier repair devices | 874 | ||
| Treatment of infection | 874 | ||
| Antihistamines and leukotriene inhibitors | 875 | ||
| Allergen avoidance | 875 | ||
| Phototherapy | 875 | ||
| Systemic immunosuppressive therapy | 876 | ||
| Cyclosporin | 876 | ||
| Azathioprine | 876 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 876 | ||
| Methotrexate | 877 | ||
| Biologics | 877 | ||
| Other treatments for AD | 877 | ||
| Prognosis and course of the disease | 878 | ||
| Diaper Dermatitis | 878 | ||
| Introduction | 878 | ||
| History of Diapering | 879 | ||
| Inflammatory Conditions | 880 | ||
| Irritant diaper dermatitis (IDD) | 880 | ||
| Treatment of IDD | 881 | ||
| Candida infection in IDD | 882 | ||
| Jacquet’s diaper dermatitis | 882 | ||
| Granuloma gluteale infantum | 883 | ||
| Perianal pseudoverrucous papules and nodules (PPPN) | 883 | ||
| Allergic contact diaper dermatitis (ACDD) | 883 | ||
| Intertrigo | 883 | ||
| Crohn’s disease in the diaper region | 883 | ||
| Infectious Causes of Diaper Eruptions | 884 | ||
| Bullous impetigo of the diaper region | 884 | ||
| Perianal streptococcal dermatitis (PSD) | 884 | ||
| Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal eruption | 885 | ||
| Nutritional deficiencies | 885 | ||
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 885 | ||
| Seborrheic dermatitis | 885 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 887 | ||
| Introduction | 887 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 887 | ||
| Irritant contact dermatitis | 887 | ||
| Allergic contact dermatitis | 888 | ||
| Prevalence rates of allergic contact dermatitis in children | 888 | ||
| Diagnosis | 889 | ||
| Pediatric patch testing | 889 | ||
| Special considerations in pediatric patch testing | 892 | ||
| Important contact allergens in childhood | 892 | ||
| Therapeutic Interventions | 896 | ||
| Photodermatitis | 897 | ||
| Autosensitization Dermatitis | 897 | ||
| Perioral Dermatitis | 898 | ||
| Lichen Striatus | 899 | ||
| Lichen Simplex Chronicus (Localized Neurodermatitis) | 899 | ||
| Prurigo Nodularis | 900 | ||
| Papular Urticaria | 900 | ||
| 15 Papulosquamous diseases | 901 | ||
| Psoriasis Vulgaris | 901 | ||
| Epidemiology | 901 | ||
| Genetics | 901 | ||
| Statistics | 902 | ||
| Presenting History | 903 | ||
| Examination Findings | 903 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 905 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Histogenesis | 906 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 906 | ||
| Immune system | 906 | ||
| Skin | 907 | ||
| Triggering and exacerbating factors | 908 | ||
| Histologic findings | 909 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 909 | ||
| Therapy and Prognosis | 909 | ||
| General principles | 909 | ||
| Topical therapy | 910 | ||
| Topical steroids | 910 | ||
| Calcipotriol (vitamin D) | 910 | ||
| Coal tar preparations | 911 | ||
| Anthralin | 911 | ||
| Tazarotene | 911 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 911 | ||
| Phototherapy and systemic therapy | 911 | ||
| Phototherapy | 912 | ||
| Systemic therapy | 912 | ||
| Antibiotics | 912 | ||
| Other systemic treatment | 912 | ||
| Retinoids | 912 | ||
| Cyclosporin | 913 | ||
| Biologics | 913 | ||
| Prognosis | 914 | ||
| Pustular Psoriasis | 914 | ||
| Epidemiology | 914 | ||
| Genetics | 914 | ||
| Statistics | 914 | ||
| Presenting History | 915 | ||
| Physical Examination | 915 | ||
| Associated findings | 916 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 916 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Histogenesis | 916 | ||
| Histologic findings | 917 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 917 | ||
| Therapy and Prognosis | 917 | ||
| Localized pustular psoriasis | 917 | ||
| Generalized pustular psoriasis | 917 | ||
| Prognosis | 918 | ||
| Psoriatic Arthritis | 918 | ||
| Epidemiology | 918 | ||
| Genetics | 918 | ||
| Statistics | 919 | ||
| Presenting History | 919 | ||
| Physical Examination | 919 | ||
| Joints | 919 | ||
| Hair, nails, teeth, mucous membranes, and associated findings | 919 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 920 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Histogenesis | 920 | ||
| Histologic findings | 920 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 920 | ||
| Therapy and Prognosis | 921 | ||
| Prognosis | 921 | ||
| Reiter Syndrome | 921 | ||
| Epidemiology | 921 | ||
| Genetics | 921 | ||
| Statistics | 921 | ||
| Presenting History | 921 | ||
| Physical Examination | 921 | ||
| Ocular | 921 | ||
| Joints | 922 | ||
| Genitourinary | 922 | ||
| Mucocutaneous | 922 | ||
| Other clinical findings | 922 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 922 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Histogenesis | 922 | ||
| Histologic findings | 923 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 923 | ||
| Therapy and Prognosis | 923 | ||
| Prognosis | 923 | ||
| Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis, annulus migrans) | 923 | ||
| Epidemiology | 923 | ||
| Genetics | 923 | ||
| Statistics | 923 | ||
| Presenting History | 923 | ||
| V Neoplasms and Systemic Diseases | 1135 | ||
| 20 Vascular birthmarks: | 1135 | ||
| Introduction | 1135 | ||
| Vascular Tumors | 1135 | ||
| Infantile Hemangiomas | 1135 | ||
| Etiology/pathogenesis | 1136 | ||
| Clinical characteristics | 1137 | ||
| Sites of involvement | 1139 | ||
| Natural history | 1139 | ||
| pathology | 1141 | ||
| Diagnosis and differential diagnosis | 1141 | ||
| Complications | 1142 | ||
| Ulceration | 1142 | ||
| Bleeding | 1147 | ||
| Infection | 1147 | ||
| Amblyopia | 1147 | ||
| Hemangiomas of the airway | 1147 | ||
| Hepatic Hemangiomas | 1147 | ||
| Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis and ‘benign cutaneous hemangiomatosis’ | 1148 | ||
| Association with hypothyroidism | 1148 | ||
| Association of hemangiomas with structural malformations | 1148 | ||
| Management of infantile hemangiomas | 1149 | ||
| Systemic corticosteroids | 1150 | ||
| Intralesional corticosteroids | 1150 | ||
| Topical corticosteroids | 1150 | ||
| Oral propranolol | 1151 | ||
| Recombinant interferon alpha | 1151 | ||
| Surgery | 1151 | ||
| Other Vascular Tumors | 1154 | ||
| Congenital hemangiomas | 1154 | ||
| Lobular capillary hemangioma (pyogenic granuloma) | 1155 | ||
| Tufted angioma (angioblastoma of Nakagawa) and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma | 1156 | ||
| Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon | 1156 | ||
| Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia | 1157 | ||
| Spindle-cell hemangioendothelioma | 1158 | ||
| Congenital eccrine angiomatous hamartoma | 1158 | ||
| Hemosiderotic Targetoid Hemangioma | 1159 | ||
| Infantile Hemangiopericytoma | 1159 | ||
| Vascular Malformations | 1159 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1159 | ||
| Capillary Malformations | 1160 | ||
| Salmon patches | 1160 | ||
| Port-wine stains (PWS, nevus flammeus) | 1160 | ||
| Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis) | 1162 | ||
| Klippel–Trenaunay (KT) syndrome (angio-osteohypertrophy) | 1164 | ||
| Macrocephaly–cutis marmorata syndrome (macrocephaly-CM syndrome (M-CM, OMIM 602501) | 1165 | ||
| Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis | 1166 | ||
| Telangiectasia | 1166 | ||
| Spider angioma (nevus araneus) | 1166 | ||
| Angioma serpiginosum | 1167 | ||
| Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler–Weber–Rendu disease) | 1167 | ||
| Generalized essential telangiectasia | 1168 | ||
| Hereditary benign telangiectasia | 1168 | ||
| Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia | 1168 | ||
| Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC, van Lohuizen syndrome, congenital generalized phlebectasia) | 1168 | ||
| Angiokeratomas | 1169 | ||
| Papular angiokeratoma | 1169 | ||
| Angiokeratoma circumscriptum | 1170 | ||
| Angiokeratoma of Mibelli | 1170 | ||
| Angiokeratoma of the scrotum and vulva (Fordyce) | 1170 | ||
| Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum | 1170 | ||
| Anderson–Fabry disease (Fabry disease; angiokeratoma corporis diffusum) | 1170 | ||
| Fucosidosis | 1172 | ||
| Miscellaneous disorders with angiokeratomas | 1172 | ||
| Venous Malformations | 1172 | ||
| Venous malformation cutaneous and mucosal syndrome (VMCM, OMIM 600195) | 1174 | ||
| Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (Bean syndrome) | 1174 | ||
| Glomuvenous malformations (GVM) (glomangioma, OMIM 138000) | 1174 | ||
| Bockenheimer syndrome (diffuse phlebectasia) | 1175 | ||
| Maffucci syndrome | 1175 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMS) | 1175 | ||
| Management | 1176 | ||
| Parkes Weber syndrome | 1176 | ||
| Cobb syndrome | 1177 | ||
| Capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM, OMIM 608354) | 1177 | ||
| Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc and Wyburn–Mason syndromes | 1177 | ||
| Lymphatic Malformations | 1177 | ||
| Macrocystic lymphatic malformations | 1178 | ||
| Microcystic lymphatic malformations | 1178 | ||
| Lymphedema | 1179 | ||
| Combined Malformations | 1179 | ||
| Verrucous Hemangioma | 1180 | ||
| Gorham Syndrome (Gorham–Stout Syndrome) | 1180 | ||
| Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome | 1180 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1180 | ||
| 21 Benign and malignant tumors | 1181 | ||
| Introduction | 1181 | ||
| Clinical Approach | 1181 | ||
| Congenital Tumors | 1181 | ||
| Mosaicism | 1181 | ||
| Solitary versus Multiple | 1182 | ||
| Painful Tumors | 1182 | ||
| Benign versus Malignant | 1182 | ||
| Soft Tissue Tumors | 1182 | ||
| Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Subcutaneous Fat | 1183 | ||
| Benign Tumors | 1183 | ||
| Nevus lipomatosus superficialis | 1183 | ||
| Skin tag | 1183 | ||
| Generalized folded skin with underlying nevus lipomatosus | 1184 | ||
| Lipomas | 1184 | ||
| Solitary lipoma | 1184 | ||
| Lumbosacral lipoma | 1184 | ||
| Hibernoma | 1184 | ||
| Lipomatoses | 1184 | ||
| Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis | 1184 | ||
| Infiltrating lipomatosis | 1184 | ||
| Fibrolipoma | 1185 | ||
| Lipofibromatosis | 1185 | ||
| Multiple familial lipomas | 1185 | ||
| Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis | 1185 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1185 | ||
| Liposarcomas | 1185 | ||
| Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions of Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts | 1185 | ||
| Reactive lesions | 1185 | ||
| Hypertrophic scars and keloids | 1185 | ||
| Nodular fasciitis | 1185 | ||
| Hamartomatous Lesions | 1186 | ||
| Connective tissue nevus | 1186 | ||
| Fibrous hamartoma of infancy | 1187 | ||
| Fibromatosis colli | 1187 | ||
| Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis | 1187 | ||
| Benign Lesions | 1187 | ||
| Dermatofibroma | 1187 | ||
| Dermatomyofibroma | 1188 | ||
| Solitary myofibroma and myofibromatosis | 1188 | ||
| Infantile digital fibromatosis | 1188 | ||
| Angiofibroma | 1188 | ||
| Gingival fibromatosis | 1189 | ||
| Fibroma of tendon sheath | 1189 | ||
| Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath | 1189 | ||
| Fibromatoses | 1190 | ||
| Superficial fibromatoses | 1190 | ||
| Deep or musculoaponeurotic fibromatoses | 1190 | ||
| Tumors of Intermediate Malignancy | 1190 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans | 1190 | ||
| Giant cell fibroblastoma | 1191 | ||
| Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor | 1191 | ||
| Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma | 1191 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1191 | ||
| Malignant fibrous histiocytoma | 1191 | ||
| Fibrosarcoma | 1192 | ||
| Neural Tumors | 1192 | ||
| Benign Tumors | 1192 | ||
| Neurofibroma | 1192 | ||
| Neurilemmoma | 1193 | ||
| Neuroma | 1193 | ||
| Granular cell tumor | 1193 | ||
| Neurothekeoma | 1194 | ||
| Meningoceles and meningiomas | 1194 | ||
| Nasal glioma | 1194 | ||
| Ganglioneuroma | 1194 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1194 | ||
| Smooth Muscle Tumors | 1194 | ||
| Benign Tumors | 1194 | ||
| Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma | 1194 | ||
| Leiomyoma | 1195 | ||
| Angioleiomyoma | 1195 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1195 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Tumors | 1195 | ||
| Benign Tumors | 1195 | ||
| Striated muscle hamartoma | 1195 | ||
| Rhabdomyoma | 1196 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1196 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 1196 | ||
| Epithelioid sarcoma | 1196 | ||
| Epithelial Tumors | 1196 | ||
| Actinic Damage | 1197 | ||
| Actinic Keratoses | 1198 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 1198 | ||
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | 1198 | ||
| Adnexal Tumors | 1199 | ||
| Tumors with Follicular Differentiation | 1199 | ||
| Pilomatricoma and cysts | 1199 | ||
| Trichoblastoma and trichoepithelioma | 1199 | ||
| Trichofolliculoma | 1200 | ||
| Trichilemmoma | 1200 | ||
| Fibrofolliculoma | 1200 | ||
| Tumors with Sweat Gland Differentiation | 1200 | ||
| Cylindroma | 1200 | ||
| Syringoma | 1201 | ||
| Eccrine nevus | 1201 | ||
| Eccrine poroma | 1201 | ||
| Eccrine spiradenoma | 1201 | ||
| Hidrocystoma | 1202 | ||
| Syringocystadenoma papilliferum | 1202 | ||
| Other tumors | 1202 | ||
| Tumors of Sebaceous Glands | 1202 | ||
| Nevus sebaceus | 1202 | ||
| Eruptive vellus hair cysts and steatocystoma multiplex | 1202 | ||
| Other tumors | 1203 | ||
| Lymphocytic Disorders | 1203 | ||
| Benign Disorders | 1203 | ||
| Pityriasis lichenoides | 1203 | ||
| Pigmented purpuric dermatoses | 1204 | ||
| Follicular mucinosis | 1204 | ||
| Atypical lobular lymphocytic panniculitis | 1204 | ||
| Pseudolymphoma | 1204 | ||
| Lymphoproliferative Disorders | 1205 | ||
| Lymphomatoid papulosis | 1205 | ||
| Lymphomas | 1205 | ||
| Cutaneous Lymphomas | 1205 | ||
| Mycosis fungoides | 1205 | ||
| Anaplastic large cell lymphoma | 1206 | ||
| Subcutaneous panniculitic T-cell lymphoma | 1206 | ||
| Hydroa-like cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | 1206 | ||
| Marginal zone lymphoma | 1207 | ||
| Systemic Lymphomas Secondarily Involving the Skin | 1207 | ||
| Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma | 1207 | ||
| Burkitt lymphoma | 1207 | ||
| Leukemias | 1207 | ||
| Acute Leukemias | 1207 | ||
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 1207 | ||
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 1208 | ||
| Chronic Leukemias | 1208 | ||
| Leukemic Skin Lesions | 1209 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 1209 | ||
| Ewing Family of Tumors | 1210 | ||
| Metastases | 1211 | ||
| Histiocytic Disorders | 1211 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Disease | 1211 | ||
| Introduction | 1211 | ||
| Presenting history | 1212 | ||
| Physical examination | 1212 | ||
| Histologic findings | 1213 | ||
| Other diagnostic methods | 1213 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1214 | ||
| Clinical score and prognosis | 1214 | ||
| Therapeutics and prognosis | 1214 | ||
| Xanthogranuloma Family | 1214 | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma | 1215 | ||
| Progressive nodular histiocytosis | 1216 | ||
| Benign cephalic histiocytosis | 1216 | ||
| Generalized eruptive histiocytosis | 1216 | ||
| Xanthoma disseminatum | 1216 | ||
| Papular xanthoma | 1216 | ||
| Other Histiocytic Disorders | 1217 | ||
| Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy | 1217 | ||
| Indeterminate cell histiocytosis | 1217 | ||
| Gammopathy-associated xanthomas | 1217 | ||
| Dermal dendrocytomas | 1217 | ||
| Hemophagocytic syndrome | 1218 | ||
| 22 Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders | 1219 | ||
| Thyroid Disorders | 1219 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 1219 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1219 | ||
| Presenting history | 1219 | ||
| Physical examination | 1219 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1221 | ||
| Pathophysiology and histogenesis | 1221 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1221 | ||
| Therapy | 1221 | ||
| Pediatric aspects | 1222 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 1222 | ||
| Presenting history | 1222 | ||
| Physical examination | 1222 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1222 | ||
| Pathophysiology and pathogenesis | 1222 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1223 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1223 | ||
| Pediatric aspects | 1223 | ||
| Growth Hormone Disorders | 1223 | ||
| Growth Hormone Deficiency | 1223 | ||
| Growth Hormone Excess (Gigantism and Acromegaly) | 1224 | ||
| Gonadal Dysgenesis | 1224 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1224 | ||
| Presenting history | 1225 | ||
| Physical examination | 1225 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1226 | ||
| Pathophysiology and histogenesis | 1226 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1226 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1227 | ||
| Pediatric aspects | 1227 | ||
| Adrenal Disorders | 1227 | ||
| Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 1227 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1227 | ||
| Presenting history | 1227 | ||
| Physical examination | 1227 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1228 | ||
| Pathophysiology and histogenesis | 1228 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1228 | ||
| Therapy | 1228 | ||
| Adrenocortical Excess | 1229 | ||
| Presenting history | 1229 | ||
| Physical examination | 1229 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1230 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1230 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1230 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1230 | ||
| Disorders of Androgen Excess | 1231 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1231 | ||
| Clinical features | 1231 | ||
| Physical examination | 1231 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1232 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1232 | ||
| The ovary | 1232 | ||
| The adrenal gland | 1233 | ||
| Premature adrenarche | 1234 | ||
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | 1234 | ||
| Peripheral metabolism of androgens | 1235 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1235 | ||
| Disorders of Insulin Resistance | 1236 | ||
| Introduction | 1236 | ||
| Acanthosis Nigricans | 1236 | ||
| Physical examination | 1236 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1236 | ||
| Pathophysiology and histogenesis | 1236 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1237 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1237 | ||
| Pediatric aspects of the disease | 1237 | ||
| Insulin Resistance Syndromes | 1237 | ||
| Leprechaunism | 1237 | ||
| Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome | 1238 | ||
| The lipodystrophies | 1238 | ||
| Generalized lipodystrophies | 1239 | ||
| Familial partial lipodystrophies (FPLD) | 1239 | ||
| HIV-associated lipodystrophy | 1239 | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | 1239 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1240 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1240 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1240 | ||
| Pediatric aspects of the disease | 1241 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1241 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1241 | ||
| Presenting history | 1241 | ||
| Physical examination | 1241 | ||
| Primary skin disease associated with diabetes mellitus | 1242 | ||
| Diabetic hand, limited joint-mobility syndrome, waxy skin, and finger pebbles | 1242 | ||
| Diabetic dermopathy | 1242 | ||
| Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) | 1242 | ||
| Granuloma annulare | 1243 | ||
| Diabetic skin changes primarily found in adults | 1243 | ||
| Bullosis diabeticorum | 1243 | ||
| Scleredema | 1243 | ||
| Perforating disorders | 1243 | ||
| Diabetic ulcers | 1243 | ||
| Skin disorders secondary to metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus | 1243 | ||
| Eruptive xanthomas | 1243 | ||
| Local lipodystrophy at injection sites and local reactions to insulin | 1243 | ||
| Infections associated with diabetes mellitus | 1244 | ||
| Other disorders associated with diabetes mellitus | 1244 | ||
| Lipodystrophies | 1244 | ||
| Hemochromatosis | 1244 | ||
| Pathophysiology and histogenesis | 1244 | ||
| Therapy | 1244 | ||
| Disorders of G Protein Signal Transduction | 1244 | ||
| Introduction | 1244 | ||
| Pseudohypoparathyroidism | 1245 | ||
| Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia with Multiple Endocrine Abnormalities and Café-Au-Lait Spots (Mccune–Albright Syndrome) | 1246 | ||
| Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes | 1247 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (Men) Syndromes | 1247 | ||
| Carney Complex | 1248 | ||
| Vitamin D Resistance and Alopecia | 1250 | ||
| Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa | 1250 | ||
| Disorders of Pregnancy | 1251 | ||
| Pemphigoid Gestationis (Herpes Gestationis) | 1253 | ||
| Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (Polymorphous Eruption of Pregnancy) | 1253 | ||
| Prurigo of Pregnancy | 1254 | ||
| Pruritic Folliculitis of Pregnancy | 1254 | ||
| Atopic Eruption of Pregnancy (AEP) | 1254 | ||
| Impetigo Herpetiformis (Pustular Psoriasis of Pregnancy) | 1254 | ||
| Cholestasis of pregnancy (CP) | 1255 | ||
| Systemic Disorders Exacerbated by Pregnancy | 1255 | ||
| Disorders of Minerals and Co-Factors | 1255 | ||
| Zinc | 1255 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1255 | ||
| Presenting history | 1256 | ||
| Physical examination | 1256 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1256 | ||
| Pathophysiology and histogenesis | 1256 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1258 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1258 | ||
| Copper | 1258 | ||
| Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) | 1258 | ||
| Menkes’ kinky hair disease | 1259 | ||
| Biotin deficiency and multiple carboxylase deficiencies | 1260 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1260 | ||
| Presenting history | 1260 | ||
| Physical findings | 1260 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1260 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis | 1261 | ||
| Therapy | 1261 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1261 | ||
| Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency | 1261 | ||
| Essential fatty acid Deficiency | 1262 | ||
| Pathophysiology and histogenesis | 1262 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1262 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1262 | ||
| Protein Energy Malnutrition | 1262 | ||
| Kwashiorkor | 1263 | ||
| Marasmus | 1264 | ||
| Vitamins | 1264 | ||
| Vitamin A | 1264 | ||
| Thiamine (B1) | 1265 | ||
| Riboflavin (B2) | 1265 | ||
| Pyridoxine (B6 Group) | 1266 | ||
| Pantothenic Acid | 1266 | ||
| Niacin (B3) | 1266 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | 1267 | ||
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | 1267 | ||
| Vitamin K | 1268 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1268 | ||
| 23 Rheumatic diseases in children, autoinflammatory syndromes in children, and selected systemic diseases with skin manifestations | 1269 | ||
| Connective Tissue Diseases and Arthritides | 1269 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 1269 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1269 | ||
| Etiology | 1270 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1271 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1273 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1274 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1276 | ||
| Therapy | 1276 | ||
| Prognosis | 1277 | ||
| Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus | 1278 | ||
| Presenting History and Physical Examination | 1279 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1280 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1280 | ||
| Treatment | 1280 | ||
| Prognosis | 1280 | ||
| Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis (JSS) (Formerly Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, PSS; Scleroderma) | 1281 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1282 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1282 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1283 | ||
| Treatment | 1283 | ||
| Prognosis | 1283 | ||
| Eosinophilic Fasciitis | 1284 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1284 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1284 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1284 | ||
| Treatment | 1285 | ||
| Juvenile Dermatomyositis | 1285 | ||
| Incidence | 1285 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 1285 | ||
| Physical Findings | 1286 | ||
| Skin | 1286 | ||
| Muscles and arteries | 1288 | ||
| Techniques for Diagnosis | 1288 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 1289 | ||
| prognosis | 1290 | ||
| treatment | 1290 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) | 1292 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1292 | ||
| Prognosis | 1292 | ||
| Treatment | 1292 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 1293 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1293 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1294 | ||
| Treatment | 1294 | ||
| Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) | 1294 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1296 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 1296 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 1296 | ||
| Clinical Syndromes of JIA | 1297 | ||
| Systemic arthritis | 1297 | ||
| Clinical course | 1297 | ||
| Oligoarthritis | 1298 | ||
| Clinical course | 1298 | ||
| Polyarthritis | 1298 | ||
| VI Infections and Infestations | 1331 | ||
| 24 Bacterial infections | 1331 | ||
| Overview | 1331 | ||
| Mechanisms of Skin Infection | 1331 | ||
| Diagnosis of Skin Infection | 1334 | ||
| Treatment of Skin Infections | 1335 | ||
| Antibiotic Treatment | 1335 | ||
| Topical agents | 1335 | ||
| Penicillins | 1336 | ||
| Methicillin resistance | 1336 | ||
| Macrolides | 1336 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 1336 | ||
| First-generation cephalosporins | 1337 | ||
| Second-generation cephalosporins | 1337 | ||
| Third-generation cephalosporins | 1337 | ||
| Quinolones | 1337 | ||
| Linezolid | 1337 | ||
| Parenteral antibiotic therapy | 1337 | ||
| Skin Infections Caused Predominantly by Staphylococcus Aureus | 1337 | ||
| Impetigo | 1337 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1337 | ||
| Presenting history | 1338 | ||
| Physical examination | 1338 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1339 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1339 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1339 | ||
| Therapeutics and prognosis | 1340 | ||
| Bacterial Folliculitis | 1341 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1341 | ||
| Presenting history | 1341 | ||
| Physical examination | 1341 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1341 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1341 | ||
| Therapeutics and prognosis | 1341 | ||
| Abscesses | 1341 | ||
| Furuncle and Carbuncle | 1342 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1342 | ||
| Presenting history | 1342 | ||
| Physical examination | 1342 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1342 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1342 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1342 | ||
| Therapeutics and prognosis | 1343 | ||
| Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus | 1343 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1343 | ||
| Presenting history | 1343 | ||
| Physical examination | 1343 | ||
| Laboratory findings | 1343 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1343 | ||
| Therapeutics and prognosis | 1344 | ||
| Botryomycosis | 1344 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1344 | ||
| VII Injury and Responses | 1642 | ||
| 29 Physical injury and environmental hazards | 1642 | ||
| Introduction | 1642 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Solar Radiation | 1642 | ||
| Immunologic Changes due to Ultraviolet Radiation | 1642 | ||
| Sunburn | 1642 | ||
| Idiopathic Photosensitive Disorders | 1644 | ||
| Polymorphic (Polymorphous) Light Eruption | 1644 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1644 | ||
| History and physical examination | 1644 | ||
| Investigations | 1645 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1645 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1646 | ||
| Management | 1646 | ||
| Actinic Prurigo | 1646 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1646 | ||
| History and physical examination | 1647 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1647 | ||
| Investigation | 1647 | ||
| Histology | 1648 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1648 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1648 | ||
| Hydroa Vacciniforme | 1648 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1648 | ||
| History and physical examination | 1648 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1649 | ||
| Histology | 1649 | ||
| Investigation | 1649 | ||
| Differential diagnoses | 1650 | ||
| Therapy | 1650 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Cold | 1650 | ||
| Frostnip and Frostbite | 1650 | ||
| Frostnip | 1650 | ||
| Frostbite | 1650 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1650 | ||
| History and clinical findings | 1650 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1651 | ||
| Histology | 1651 | ||
| Investigations | 1651 | ||
| Therapy and prognosis | 1651 | ||
| Immersion Foot (Trench Foot) | 1652 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Heat | 1652 | ||
| Burns | 1652 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 1652 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1652 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1653 | ||
| History and physical examination | 1657 | ||
| Prevention | 1657 | ||
| Treatment | 1658 | ||
| Airbag Injury to the Skin | 1658 | ||
| Sports-Related Injury | 1658 | ||
| Friction Blisters | 1658 | ||
| Lichenified Plaques and Nodules | 1658 | ||
| Rower’s rump | 1658 | ||
| Surfer’s nodules | 1659 | ||
| Cyclist’s nodules | 1659 | ||
| Chafing and Abrasions | 1659 | ||
| Traumatic Hemorrhage | 1659 | ||
| Calluses | 1660 | ||
| Piezogenic Papules | 1660 | ||
| Artefactual Skin Disease (Dermatitis Artefacta, Dermatitis Artifacta) | 1661 | ||
| Clinical presentations | 1661 | ||
| Physical injury | 1661 | ||
| Induction of purpura | 1661 | ||
| Chemical injury | 1662 | ||
| Thermal injury | 1662 | ||
| Cold injury | 1662 | ||
| Application of pigment | 1663 | ||
| Introduction of foreign material | 1663 | ||
| Dermatitis neglecta | 1663 | ||
| Simulation of exudates | 1663 | ||
| Hair cutting or shaving | 1664 | ||
| Nail damage (factitial onychodystrophy) | 1664 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1664 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1664 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1665 | ||
| Management | 1665 | ||
| Cutaneous Manifestations of Child Abuse | 1665 | ||
| Physical Abuse | 1666 | ||
| Bruises | 1666 | ||
| Mimics of abusive bruising | 1667 | ||
| Abrasions and Lacerations | 1668 | ||
| Punctures and Incisions | 1668 | ||
| Burns | 1668 | ||
| Thermal burns | 1668 | ||
| Chemical burns | 1669 | ||
| Electrical burns | 1669 | ||
| Friction burns | 1669 | ||
| Mimics of abusive burns | 1669 | ||
| Alopecia | 1671 | ||
| Intra-Oral Manifestations of Child Abuse | 1671 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 1671 | ||
| Mimics of sexual abuse | 1672 | ||
| Neglect | 1672 | ||
| Cultural Practices Leading to Injury | 1672 | ||
| Cupping | 1672 | ||
| Coining (coin rubbing, cao giao) | 1672 | ||
| Spooning (quat sha) | 1672 | ||
| Moxibustion | 1673 | ||
| Maquas | 1673 | ||
| Salting | 1673 | ||
| Oral suction over the fontanelle | 1673 | ||
| Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome | 1674 | ||
| Aquatic Hazards | 1674 | ||
| Marine Injuries | 1674 | ||
| Cnidaria | 1674 | ||
| Portuguese man-of-war (blue-bottle) | 1674 | ||
| Box jellyfish | 1675 | ||
| Coral | 1675 | ||
| Venomous fish | 1676 | ||
| Bony fish | 1676 | ||
| Stingrays | 1676 | ||
| Sea snakes | 1676 | ||
| Sponges | 1677 | ||
| Echinoderms | 1677 | ||
| Sea urchins | 1677 | ||
| Starfish | 1677 | ||
| Sea cucumber | 1677 | ||
| Molluscs | 1677 | ||
| Gastropods | 1677 | ||
| Cephalopods | 1678 | ||
| Aquatic Dermatitis | 1678 | ||
| Seaweed dermatitis | 1678 | ||
| Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch) | 1678 | ||
| Estuary dermatitis | 1679 | ||
| Seabather’s eruption | 1679 | ||
| Dogger bank itch (coral dermatitis) | 1680 | ||
| Ghost anemone dermatitis | 1680 | ||
| Red tide dermatitis | 1680 | ||
| Aquatic Infections | 1680 | ||
| Vibrio species | 1680 | ||
| Chromobacterium violaceum | 1681 | ||
| Aeromonas hydrophila | 1681 | ||
| Pseudomonas species | 1681 | ||
| Swimmer’s ear | 1681 | ||
| Pseudomonal folliculitis (hot tub folliculitis) | 1681 | ||
| Pseudomonas hot hand–foot syndrome | 1682 | ||
| Mycobacterium marinum | 1682 | ||
| Miscellaneous minor conditions | 1683 | ||
| Pool Palms | 1683 | ||
| Aquagenic Wrinkling of the Palms | 1683 | ||
| Aquagenic Syringeal Acrokeratoderma | 1683 | ||
| Hazards of Selected Arthropods | 1683 | ||
| Insects | 1683 | ||
| Bees and Wasps | 1684 | ||
| Fire Ants | 1684 | ||
| Mosquitoes, Biting Midges (Sand Flies) and Fleas | 1684 | ||
| Caterpillars | 1685 | ||
| Centipedes and Millipedes | 1686 | ||
| Arachnids | 1686 | ||
| Ticks | 1686 | ||
| Scorpions | 1687 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1687 | ||
| Treatment | 1687 | ||
| Spiders | 1687 | ||
| Brown spiders (Loxoscelidae) | 1688 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1688 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1689 | ||
| Index | i1 |