Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Medical Physiology, in its updated 2nd edition, firmly relates molecular and cellular biology to the study of human physiology and disease. Drs. Walter Boron and Emile Boulpaep and a team of leading physiologists present you with practical, accurate coverage, continually emphasizing the clinical implications of the material. Each chapter explains the principles and organization of each body system, while more than 1400 high-quality, full-color line drawings and prominently featured clinical examples clarify every concept. This exceptionally detailed and comprehensive guide to physiology is ideal for a rich, straightforward, state-of-the-art understanding of this essential subject.
- Quickly review important content using prominent boxes included throughout the text to provide clinical examples of disordered physiology.
- Master difficult concepts with the use of 800 color drawings that feature balloon captions explaining key processes.
- Find information easily with the intuitive organization by body system and consistent style.
- Get up-to-date coverage of physiology with updated text and figures.
- Access the fully searchable text online at www.StudentConsult.com, along with Webnotes, Image Bank, 150 Self-assessment questions, and 10 physiology animations.
- Stay current thanks to updated material, including a new chapter on Physiology of Aging and a new section on hemostasis.
- Gain a clear visual understanding with a revised and updated art program of high-quality, full color line drawings and prominently featured clinical examples.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | xi | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | v | ||
| PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION | vii | ||
| PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION | ix | ||
| SECTION I: INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1. FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY | 3 | ||
| WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY? | 3 | ||
| REFERENCES | 6 | ||
| SECTION II: PHYSIOLOGY OF CELLS AND MOLECU LES | 7 | ||
| CHAPTER 2. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL | 9 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES | 9 | ||
| FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS | 17 | ||
| CELLULAR ORGANELLES AND THE CYTOSKELETON | 21 | ||
| SYNTHESIS AND RECYCLING OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS | 29 | ||
| SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES | 44 | ||
| REFERENCES | 47 | ||
| CHAPTER 3. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION | 48 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION | 48 | ||
| RECEPTORS THAT ARE ION CHANNELS | 52 | ||
| RECEPTORS COUPLED TO G PROTEINS | 52 | ||
| RECEPTORS THAT ARE CATALYTIC | 68 | ||
| NUCLEAR RECEPTORS | 72 | ||
| REFERENCES | 73 | ||
| CHAPTER 4. REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION | 75 | ||
| FROM GENES TO PROTEINS | 75 | ||
| THE PROMOTER AND REGULATORY ELEMENTS | 81 | ||
| TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS | 83 | ||
| REGULATION OF INDUCIBLE GENE EXPRESSION BY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS | 92 | ||
| REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY CHANGES IN DNA STRUCTURE | 98 | ||
| POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION | 99 | ||
| REFERENCES | 103 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 103 | ||
| CHAPTER 5. TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES AND WATER | 106 | ||
| THE INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS | 106 | ||
| SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES | 109 | ||
| REGULATION OF INTRACELLULAR ION CONCENTRATIONS | 129 | ||
| WATER TRANSPORT AND THE REGULATION OF CELL VOLUME | 132 | ||
| TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES AND WATER ACROSS EPITHELIA | 141 | ||
| REFERENCES | 145 | ||
| CHAPTER 6. E LECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CELL MEMBRANE | 147 | ||
| IONIC BASIS OF MEMBRANE POTENTIALS | 147 | ||
| ELECTRICAL MODEL OF A CELL MEMBRANE | 156 | ||
| MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF ION CHANNELS | 164 | ||
| REFERENCES | 178 | ||
| CHAPTER 7. ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY AND ACTION POTENTIALS | 179 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF NERVE AND MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS | 179 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNELS AND THEIR RELATIVES | 189 | ||
| PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS | 206 | ||
| REFERENCES | 211 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | 212 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION | 212 | ||
| SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | 217 | ||
| TOXINS AND DRUGS AFFECTING SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION | 230 | ||
| REFERENCES | 236 | ||
| CHAPTER 9. CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF SKELETAL, CARDIAC, AND SMOOTH MUSCLE | 237 | ||
| SKELETAL MUSCLE | 237 | ||
| CARDIAC MUSCLE | 252 | ||
| SMOOTH MUSCLE | 253 | ||
| DIVERSITY AMONG MUSCLES | 260 | ||
| REFERENCES | 263 | ||
| SECTION III: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 265 | ||
| CHAPTER 10. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 267 | ||
| CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 268 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS | 274 | ||
| SUBDIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 282 | ||
| REFERENCES | 288 | ||
| CHAPTER 11. THE NEURONAL MICROENVIRONMENT | 289 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID | 289 | ||
| BRAIN EXTRACELLULAR SPACE | 296 | ||
| THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 298 | ||
| GLIAL CELLS | 301 | ||
| REFERENCES | 309 | ||
| CHAPTER 12. PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS | 310 | ||
| SIGNAL CONDUCTION IN DENDRITES | 312 | ||
| CONTROL OF SPIKING PATTERNS IN THE SOMA | 315 | ||
| AXONAL CONDUCTION | 316 | ||
| REFERENCES | 322 | ||
| CHAPTER 13. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 323 | ||
| NEURONAL SYNAPSES | 323 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN | 331 | ||
| FAST, AMINO ACID-MEDIATED SYNAPSES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 338 | ||
| PLASTICITY OF CENTRAL SYNAPSES | 344 | ||
| REFERENCES | 349 | ||
| CHAPTER 14. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 351 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE VISCERAL CONTROL SYSTEM | 351 | ||
| SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 357 | ||
| CNS CONTROL OF THE VISCERA | 364 | ||
| REFERENCES | 370 | ||
| CHAPTER 15. SENSORY TRANSDUCTION | 371 | ||
| CHEMORECEPTION | 372 | ||
| VISUAL TRANSDUCTION | 378 | ||
| VESTIBULAR AND AUDITORY TRANSDUCTION: HAIR CELLS | 389 | ||
| SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTORS, PROPRIOCEPTION, AND PAIN | 400 | ||
| REFERENCES | 407 | ||
| CHAPTER 16. CIRCUITS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 408 | ||
| ELEMENTS OF NEURAL CIRCUITS | 408 | ||
| SIMPLE, STEREOTYPED RESPONSES: SPINAL REFLEX CIRCUITS | 410 | ||
| RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY: CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS | 414 | ||
| SPATIAL REPRESENTATIONS: SENSORY AND MOTOR MAPS IN THE BRAIN | 416 | ||
| TEMPORAL REPRESENTATIONS: TIME-MEASURING CIRCUITS | 423 | ||
| REFERENCES | 426 | ||
| SECTION IV: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 427 | ||
| CHAPTER 17. ORGANIZATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 429 | ||
| ELEMENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 429 | ||
| HEMODYNAMICS | 431 | ||
| HOW BLOOD FLOWS | 435 | ||
| ORIGINS OF PRESSURE IN THE CIRCULATION | 437 | ||
| HOW TO MEASURE BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD FLOW, AND CARDIAC VOLUMES | 439 | ||
| REFERENCES | 447 | ||
| CHAPTER 18. BLOOD | 448 | ||
| BLOOD COMPOSITION | 448 | ||
| BLOOD VISCOSITY | 455 | ||
| HEMOSTASIS AND FIBRINOLYSIS | 458 | ||
| REFERENCES | 466 | ||
| CHAPTER 19. ARTERIES AND VEINS | 467 | ||
| THE ARTERIAL DISTRIBUTION AND VENOUS COLLECTION SYSTEMS | 467 | ||
| ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BLOOD VESSELS | 473 | ||
| REFERENCES | 481 | ||
| CHAPTER 20. THE MICROCIRCULATION | 482 | ||
| CAPILLARY EXCHANGE OF SOLUTES | 484 | ||
| CAPILLARY EXCHANGE OF WATER | 489 | ||
| LYMPHATICS | 495 | ||
| REGULATION OF THE MICROCIRCULATION | 498 | ||
| REFERENCES | 503 | ||
| CHAPTER 21. CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY AND THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM | 504 | ||
| ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC CELLS | 504 | ||
| THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM | 514 | ||
| CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS | 518 | ||
| REFERENCES | 528 | ||
| CHAPTER 22. THE HEART AS A PUMP | 529 | ||
| THE CARDIAC CYCLE | 529 | ||
| CARDIAC DYNAMICS | 539 | ||
| FROM CONTRACTILE FILAMENTS TO A REGULATED PUMP | 544 | ||
| REFERENCES | 553 | ||
| CHAPTER 23. REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT | 554 | ||
| SHORT-TERM REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE | 554 | ||
| REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT | 566 | ||
| MATCHING OF VENOUS RETURN AND CARDIAC OUTPUT | 570 | ||
| INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM CONTROL OF THE CIRCULATION | 574 | ||
| REFERENCES | 576 | ||
| CHAPTER 24. SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS | 577 | ||
| THE BRAIN | 578 | ||
| THE HEART | 581 | ||
| THE SKELETAL MUSCLE | 583 | ||
| THE SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION | 586 | ||
| THE SKIN | 590 | ||
| REFERENCES | 592 | ||
| CHAPTER 25. INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 593 | ||
| INTERACTION AMONG THE DIFFERENT CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL SYSTEMS | 593 | ||
| RESPONSE TO ERECT POSTURE | 596 | ||
| RESPONSES TO ACUTE EMOTIONAL STRESS | 598 | ||
| RESPONSE TO EXERCISE | 601 | ||
| RESPONSE TO HEMORRHAGE | 604 | ||
| REFERENCES | 608 | ||
| SECTION V: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 611 | ||
| CHAPTER 26. ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 613 | ||
| COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION | 613 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS | 619 | ||
| LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES | 624 | ||
| REFERENCES | 629 | ||
| CHAPTER 27. MECHANICS OF VENTILATION | 630 | ||
| STATIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNG | 630 | ||
| DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNG | 640 | ||
| REFERENCES | 651 | ||
| CHAPTER 28. ACID-BASE PHYSIOLOGY | 652 | ||
| pH AND BUFFERS | 652 | ||
| ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY WHEN CO2/HCO-3 IS THE ONLY BUFFER | 657 | ||
| ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY IN THE PRESENCE OF CO2/HCO3- AND NON-HCO3-BUFFERS–THE DAVENPORT DIAGRAM | 659 | ||
| pH REGULATION OF INTRACELLULAR FLUID | 667 | ||
| REFERENCES | 671 | ||
| CHAPTER 29. TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD | 672 | ||
| CARRIAGE OF OXYGEN | 672 | ||
| CARRIAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE | 680 | ||
| REFERENCES | 684 | ||
| CHAPTER 30. GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS | 685 | ||
| DIFFUSION OF GASES | 685 | ||
| DIFFUSION AND PERFUSION LIMITATIONS ON GAS TRANSPORT | 690 | ||
| REFERENCES | 699 | ||
| CHAPTER 31. VENTILATION AND PERFUSION OF THE | 700 | ||
| VENTILATION | 700 | ||
| PERFUSION OF THE LUNG | 708 | ||
| MATCHING VENTILATION AND PERFUSION | 714 | ||
| REFERENCES | 724 | ||
| CHAPTER 32. CONTROL OF VENTILATION | 725 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY CONTROL SYSTEM | 725 | ||
| NEURONS THAT CONTROL VENTILATION | 727 | ||
| GENERATION OF THE RESPIRATORY RHYTHM | 731 | ||
| CHEMICAL CONTROL OF VENTILATION | 735 | ||
| MODULATION OF VENTILATORY CONTROL | 742 | ||
| REFERENCES | 745 | ||
| SECTION VI: THE URINARY SYSTEM | 747 | ||
| CHAPTER 33. ORGANIZATION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM | 749 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY | 749 | ||
| MAIN ELEMENTS OF RENAL FUNCTION | 756 | ||
| MEASURING RENAL CLEARANCE AND TRANSPORT | 757 | ||
| THE URETERS AND BLADDER | 762 | ||
| REFERENCES | 766 | ||
| CHAPTER 34. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW | 767 | ||
| GLOMERULAR FILTRATION | 767 | ||
| RENAL BLOOD FLOW | 772 | ||
| CONTROL OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION | 777 | ||
| REFERENCES | 781 | ||
| CHAPTER 35. TRANSPORT OF SODIUM AND CHLORIDE | 782 | ||
| Na+ AND Cl- TRANSPORT BY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON | 782 | ||
| Na+, Cl-, AND WATER TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVEL | 783 | ||
| REGULATION OF Na+ AND Cl- TRANSPORT | 791 | ||
| REFERENCES | 796 | ||
| CHAPTER 36. TRANSPORT OF UREA , GLUCOSE , PHOSPHATE , CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND ORGANIC SOLUTES | 797 | ||
| UREA | 797 | ||
| GLUCOSE | 799 | ||
| OTHER ORGANIC SOLUTES | 801 | ||
| PHOSPHATE | 811 | ||
| CALCIUM | 815 | ||
| MAGNESIUM | 818 | ||
| REFERENCES | 820 | ||
| CHAPTER 37. TRANSPORT OF POTASSIUM | 821 | ||
| POTASSIUM BALANCE AND THE OVERALL RENAL HANDLING OF POTASSIUM | 821 | ||
| POTASSIUM TRANSPORT BY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON | 824 | ||
| POTASSIUM TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVEL | 825 | ||
| REGULATION OF RENAL POTASSIUM EXCRETION | 828 | ||
| REFERENCES | 833 | ||
| CHAPTER 38. URINE CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION | 835 | ||
| WATER BALANCE AND THE OVERALL RENAL HANDLING OF WATER | 835 | ||
| WATER TRANSPORT BY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON | 837 | ||
| GENERATING A HYPEROSMOTIC MEDULLA AND URINE | 838 | ||
| REGULATION BY ARGININE VASOPRESSIN | 846 | ||
| REFERENCES | 849 | ||
| CHAPTER 39. TRANSPORT OF ACIDS AND BASES | 851 | ||
| ACID-BASE BALANCE AND THE OVERALL RENAL HANDLING OF ACID | 851 | ||
| ACID-BASE TRANSPORT BY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON | 855 | ||
| ACID-BASE TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVEL | 857 | ||
| REGULATION OF RENAL ACID SECRETION | 862 | ||
| REFERENCES | 865 | ||
| CHAPTER 40. INTEGRATION OF SALT AND WATER BALANCE | 866 | ||
| SODIUM BALANCE | 866 | ||
| WATER BALANCE | 866 | ||
| CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME | 867 | ||
| CONTROL OF WATER CONTENT (EXTRACELLULAR OSMOLALITY) | 874 | ||
| REFERENCES | 880 | ||
| SECTION VII: THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM | 881 | ||
| CHAPTER 41. ORGANIZATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM | 883 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF DIGESTIVE PROCESSES | 883 | ||
| REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION | 886 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY | 888 | ||
| REFERENCES | 894 | ||
| CHAPTER 42. GASTRC FUNCTION | 895 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH | 895 | ||
| ACID SECRETION | 897 | ||
| PEPSINOGEN SECRETION | 905 | ||
| PROTECTION OF THE GASTRIC SURFACE EPITHELIUM AND NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID IN THE DUODENUM | 906 | ||
| FILLING AND EMPTYING OF THE STOMACH | 909 | ||
| CHAPTER 43. PANCREATIC AND SALIVARY GLANDS | 912 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF EXOCRINE GLAND PHYSIOLOGY | 912 | ||
| PANCREATIC ACINAR CELL | 915 | ||
| COMPOSITION, FUNCTION, AND CONTROL OF PANCREATIC SECRETION | 920 | ||
| SALIVARY ACINAR CELL | 927 | ||
| SALIVARY DUCT CELL | 928 | ||
| COMPOSITION, FUNCTION, AND CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETION | 929 | ||
| REFERENCES | 931 | ||
| CHAPTER 44. INTESTINAL FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE MOVEMENT | 933 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY | 933 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE MOVEMENT IN THE INTESTINES | 935 | ||
| CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF NA+ ABSORPTION | 937 | ||
| CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF CL- ABSORPTION AND SECRETION | 940 | ||
| CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF K+ ABSORPTION AND SECRETION | 942 | ||
| REGULATION OF INTESTINAL ION TRANSPORT | 944 | ||
| REFERENCES | 947 | ||
| CHAPTER 45. NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION | 949 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION | 949 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION | 954 | ||
| PROTEIN DIGESTION | 955 | ||
| PROTEIN, PEPTIDE, AND AMINO ACID ABSORPTION | 957 | ||
| LIPID DIGESTION | 959 | ||
| LIPID ABSORPTION | 964 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS | 968 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS | 976 | ||
| REFERENCES | 979 | ||
| CHAPTER 46. HEPATOBILIARY FUNCTION | 980 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF LIVER PHYSIOLOGY | 980 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY TREE | 980 | ||
| UPTAKE, PROCESSING, AND SECRETION OF COMPOUNDS BY HEPATOCYTES | 986 | ||
| BILE FORMATION | 993 | ||
| ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION OF BILE ACIDS | 997 | ||
| THE LIVER AS A METABOLIC ORGAN | 1000 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1007 | ||
| SECTION VIII: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 1009 | ||
| CHAPTER 47. ORGANIZATION OF ENDOCRINE CONTROL | 1011 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTION | 1011 | ||
| PEPTIDE HORMONES | 1018 | ||
| AMINE HORMONES | 1021 | ||
| STEROID AND THYROID HORMONES | 1023 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1027 | ||
| CHAPTER 48. ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF GROWTH AND BODY MASS | 1028 | ||
| GENES, NUTRITION, ACTIVITY, AND HORMONES REGULATE SOMATIC GROWTH AND BODY MASS | 1028 | ||
| GROWTH HORMONE | 1028 | ||
| GROWTH-PROMOTING HORMONES | 1034 | ||
| REGULATION OF BODY MASS | 1039 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1043 | ||
| CHAPTER 49. THE THYROID GLAND | 1044 | ||
| SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES | 1044 | ||
| ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES | 1048 | ||
| THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY THYROID AXIS | 1052 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1056 | ||
| CHAPTER 50. THE ADRENAL GLAND | 1057 | ||
| THE ADRENAL CORTEX: CORTISOL | 1057 | ||
| THE ADRENAL CORTEX: ALDOSTERONE | 1065 | ||
| THE ADRENAL MEDULLA | 1069 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1073 | ||
| CHAPTER 51. THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS | 1074 | ||
| ENDOCRINE AND PARACRINE TISSUES | 1074 | ||
| INSULIN | 1074 | ||
| GLUCAGON | 1089 | ||
| SOMATOSTATIN | 1092 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1093 | ||
| CHAPTER 52. THE PARATHYROID GLANDS AND VITAMIN D | 1094 | ||
| CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE BALANCE | 1094 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE | 1096 | ||
| PARATHYROID HORMONE | 1098 | ||
| VITAMIN D | 1103 | ||
| CALCITONIN AND OTHER HORMONES | 1108 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1110 | ||
| SECTION IX: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 1111 | ||
| CHAPTER 53. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION | 1113 | ||
| GENETIC ASPECTS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION | 1113 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GONADS | 1117 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION OF THE INTERNAL GENITAL DUCTS | 1119 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA | 1122 | ||
| ENDOCRINE AND PARACRINE CONTROL MECHANISMS IN SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION | 1124 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1127 | ||
| CHAPTER 54. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 1128 | ||
| PUBERTY | 1128 | ||
| HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS AND CONTROL OF MALE SEXUAL FUNCTION | 1130 | ||
| TESTOSTERONE | 1134 | ||
| BIOLOGY OF SPERMATOGENESIS AND SEMEN | 1137 | ||
| MALE SEX ACT | 1141 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1145 | ||
| CHAPTER 55. THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 1146 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN THE FEMALE HUMAN | 1146 | ||
| PUBERTY | 1146 | ||
| HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS AND CONTROL OF THE FEMALE MENSTRUAL RHYTHM | 1150 | ||
| OVARIAN STEROIDS | 1156 | ||
| THE OVARIAN CYCLE: FOLLICULOGENESIS, OVULATION, AND FORMATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM | 1160 | ||
| THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE | 1164 | ||
| THE FEMALE SEX ACT | 1166 | ||
| MENOPAUSE | 1168 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1169 | ||
| CHAPTER 56. FERTILIZATION, PREGNANCY, AND LACTATION | 1170 | ||
| TRANSPORT OF GAMETES AND FERTILIZATION | 1170 | ||
| IMPLANTATION OF THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO | 1172 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PLACENTA | 1177 | ||
| THE MATERNAL-PLACENTAL-FETAL UNIT | 1180 | ||
| RESPONSE OF THE MOTHER TO PREGNANCY | 1183 | ||
| PARTURITION | 1185 | ||
| LACTATION | 1187 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1191 | ||
| CHAPTER 57. FETAL AND NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY | 1193 | ||
| BIOLOGY OF FETAL GROWTH | 1193 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION OF THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM | 1197 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY ADJUSTMENTS AT BIRTH | 1203 | ||
| NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY | 1206 | ||
| SECTION X: PHYSIOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE | 1211 | ||
| CHAPTER 58. METABOLISM | 1213 | ||
| FORMS OF ENERGY | 1213 | ||
| ENERGY BALANCE | 1216 | ||
| ENERGY INTERCONVERSION FROM CYCLING BETWEEN SIX-CARBON AND THREE-CARBON MOLECULES | 1217 | ||
| ENERGY CAPTURE (ANABOLISM) | 1222 | ||
| ENERGY LIBERATION (CATABOLISM) | 1225 | ||
| INTEGRATIVE METABOLISM OF FASTING | 1232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1236 | ||
| CHAPTER 59. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE | 1237 | ||
| HEAT AND TEMPERATURE: THE ADVANTAGES OF HOMEOTHERMY | 1237 | ||
| MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER | 1238 | ||
| ACTIVE REGULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER | 1242 | ||
| HYPERTHERMIA, HYPOTHERMIA, AND FEVER | 1244 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1248 | ||
| CHAPTER 60. EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY AND SPORTS SCIENCE | 1249 | ||
| MOTOR UNITS AND MUSCLE FUNCTION | 1249 | ||
| CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY TO MECHANICAL WORK | 1253 | ||
| MUSCLE FATIGUE | 1257 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF MAXIMAL O2 UPTAKE AND CONSUMPTION | 1258 | ||
| SWEATING | 1260 | ||
| AEROBIC TRAINING | 1264 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1267 | ||
| CHAPTER 61. ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY | 1268 | ||
| THE ENVIRONMENT | 1268 | ||
| DIVING PHYSIOLOGY | 1271 | ||
| HIGH-ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY | 1275 | ||
| FLIGHT AND SPACE PHYSIOLOGY | 1277 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1279 | ||
| CHAPTER 62. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING | 1281 | ||
| CONCEPTS IN AGING | 1281 | ||
| CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGING | 1283 | ||
| AGING OF THE HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS | 1288 | ||
| AGING SLOWLY | 1291 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1292 | ||
| INDEX | 1293 |