BOOK
Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation E-Book
Jonathan Himmelfarb | Mohamed H. Sayegh
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation—a companion to Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney—covers all clinical management issues relevant to chronic kidney disease. Drs. Jonathan Himmelfarb and Mohamed Sayegh lead a team of expert contributors to present you with the latest advances in hypertensive kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes management, transplantation, and more.
- Apply the expertise of distinguished researchers and clinicians in the fields of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, critical care nephrology, and transplantation.
- Manage the full range of issues in chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and transplantation through comprehensive coverage of basic science and clinical tools.
- Gain clear visual understanding from illustrations, including diagnostic and treatment algorithms, line drawings, and photographs.
- Better manage your patients with up-to-date coverage on the latest advances in 13 new chapters including Hypertensive Kidney Disease, Vitamin D Deficiency, Diabetes Management, and more.
- Gain fresh perspectives from a revised editorial team led by Jonathan Himmelfarb—a young leader in the field of acute renal failure—and Mohamed Sayegh—a worldwide expert on kidney transplantation.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease,Dialysis, and Transplantation: Companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Section Editors | ix | ||
| List of Contributors | xi | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| Section I: Chronic Kidney Disease | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Chronic Kidney Disease: Definition, Epidemiology, Cost, and Outcomes | 3 | ||
| Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease | 3 | ||
| Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease | 6 | ||
| Costs of Chronic Kidney Disease | 14 | ||
| Outcomes of Chronic Kidney Disease | 16 | ||
| Conclusion | 20 | ||
| Chapter 2: Measurement and Estimation of Kidney Function | 22 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration: Derminants and Measurement | 22 | ||
| Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 26 | ||
| Creatinine | 30 | ||
| Urea | 34 | ||
| Cystatin C | 36 | ||
| Novel Endogenous Markers | 38 | ||
| Chapter 3: Diabetic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges | 39 | ||
| Epidemiology and Genetics | 40 | ||
| Natural History | 42 | ||
| Mechanisms | 45 | ||
| Treatment | 46 | ||
| Emerging Therapies | 54 | ||
| Conclusion | 56 | ||
| Chapter 4: Hypertensive Kidney Disease | 57 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Kidney Disease | 58 | ||
| Association of Chronic Kidney Disease Stage and Level of Blood Pressure Control | 59 | ||
| Should All Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease have a Bp Goal of Less than 130/80 mmHg? | 60 | ||
| Proteinuria Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Should It Be Considered? | 62 | ||
| Therapeutic Approaches to Hypertension in Kidney Disease | 62 | ||
| Rationale for Use of Certain Drug Classes | 62 | ||
| Diuretics | 66 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 66 | ||
| beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 67 | ||
| Conclusion | 67 | ||
| Chapter 5: Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly | 68 | ||
| Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly | 68 | ||
| Comorbidity in Elderly Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease | 69 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease | 69 | ||
| Prognostic Importance of Changing Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | 70 | ||
| Predicting the Course of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly | 70 | ||
| Relevance to Older Adults Of Current Guidelines for The Management of Chronic Kidney Disease | 71 | ||
| Approach to the Management Of Chronic Kidney Disease in The Elderly | 71 | ||
| Conclusion | 72 | ||
| Section II: Complications and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease | 73 | ||
| Chapter 6: The Role of the Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic | 75 | ||
| Kidney Disease is an Important Healthcare Concern | 75 | ||
| Kidney Disease is Largely Due To Chronic Diseases | 76 | ||
| Goals of Therapy | 76 | ||
| Staging and Terminology for Chronic Kidney Disease and Impact on Need For Coordinated Care | 76 | ||
| Referral | 77 | ||
| Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic | 77 | ||
| Key Goals of Chronic Kidney Disease Care | 78 | ||
| Preparation for Kidney Replacement Therapy | 81 | ||
| Clinic Logistics | 82 | ||
| Recent and Future Studies | 86 | ||
| Conclusion | 86 | ||
| Chapter 7: Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease | 87 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 87 | ||
| Clinical Consequences of Anemia and Effects of Correction | 89 | ||
| Therapies for Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Anemia | 92 | ||
| Target Hemoglobin Levels for Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent-Treated Patients | 95 | ||
| Emerging and Controversial Issues | 97 | ||
| Chapter 8: Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder | 98 | ||
| Biochemical Abnormalities of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mbd | 98 | ||
| Assessment and Classification of Renal Osteodystrophy | 106 | ||
| Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease | 107 | ||
| Establishing a New Paradigm: Chronic Kidney Disease-Mbd | 109 | ||
| Conclusion | 114 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 114 | ||
| Chapter 9: Vitamin D Deficiency | 115 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 115 | ||
| Epidemiology | 118 | ||
| Consequences | 120 | ||
| Therapy | 124 | ||
| Unanswered Questions | 126 | ||
| Conclusion | 127 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 127 | ||
| Chapter 10: Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease | 128 | ||
| Epidemiology | 128 | ||
| Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease | 131 | ||
| Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 131 | ||
| Nontraditional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 137 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease Syndromes | 139 | ||
| Structural Disease: Percardial And Valvular Conditions | 142 | ||
| Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death | 143 | ||
| Chapter 11: Complications And Management Of Chronic Kidney Disease | 145 | ||
| Why Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Matter: a Paradigm of Competing Risks | 145 | ||
| Management of Diabetes in The Setting of Chronic Kidney Disease: what is the Same And what is Different? | 146 | ||
| Emerging Issues in Diabetes And Chronic Kidney Disease | 159 | ||
| Chapter 12: Nutrition and Metabolism in Kidney Disease | 164 | ||
| Nutrient Metabolism in Kidney Disease | 164 | ||
| Assessment of Nutritional Status in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease | 167 | ||
| Epidemiology of Protein-Energy Wasting in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients | 169 | ||
| Factors Affecting Nutritional Status in Chronic Kidney Disease | 170 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment of Protein-Energy Wasting in Chronic Kidney Disease | 175 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 182 | ||
| Chapter 13: Inflammation In Chronic Kidney Disease | 183 | ||
| Inflammation in the General Population | 183 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease | 184 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease-Specific Causes Of Inflammation | 185 | ||
| End-stage Renal Disease-Specific Contributors Of Inflammation | 186 | ||
| Markers of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease | 186 | ||
| Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex | 187 | ||
| Consequences of Inflammation In Chronic Kidney Disease | 188 | ||
| Inflammation and Atherosclerosis: Association Versus Causality | 189 | ||
| Pharmacological Therapy Of inflammation | 190 | ||
| Conclusion | 197 | ||
| Chapter 14: Sleep Disorders In Chronic Kidney Disease | 198 | ||
| Poor Sleep Quality in Esrd | 198 | ||
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Esrd | 199 | ||
| Insomnia in Esrd | 200 | ||
| Sleep Apnea in Chronic Kidney Disease; Consequences and Evaluation | 200 | ||
| Sleep Apnea, Hormones, and Proteinuria | 201 | ||
| Prevalence of Sleep Apnea in Chronic Kidney Disease | 202 | ||
| Sleep Apnea in Esrd | 202 | ||
| Sleep Apnea in Kidney Transplantation | 204 | ||
| Treatment of Sleep Apnea Among Patients With Esrd | 204 | ||
| Restless Legs Syndrome Associated With Poor Mental Health and Shorter Survival in Esrd | 204 | ||
| Periodic Limb Movements Thought to Be Widely Prevalent in Persons on Hemodialysis | 205 | ||
| Sleep in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease and Esrd | 206 | ||
| Conclusion | 207 | ||
| Chapter 15: Kidney Disease and Medications | 208 | ||
| Why Focus on Medications in Patients With Kidney Disease? | 208 | ||
| Altered Pharmacology of Medications in Kidney Disease | 209 | ||
| The Challenge of Evidence-Based Prescribing in Kidney Disease | 209 | ||
| Case Study: Efficacy of Statins In Patients With Kidney Disease | 210 | ||
| Medication Use in Patients With Kidney Disease | 212 | ||
| Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Safety of Medications in Kidney Disease | 214 | ||
| New Approach to Studying Medications in Populations With Kidney Disease | 217 | ||
| Chapter 16: Depression and Neurocognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease | 218 | ||
| Epidemiology of Depression | 219 | ||
| Differentiating Depression From Medical Illness | 219 | ||
| Prevalence | 220 | ||
| Sequelae of Depression | 220 | ||
| Comorbidities of Depression | 222 | ||
| Treatment of Depression | 222 | ||
| Case Presentation | 223 | ||
| Summary of Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease | 224 | ||
| Epidemiology of Neurocognitive Impairment | 226 | ||
| Prevalence of Neurocognitive Impairment | 227 | ||
| Neurocognitive Functioning Following Transplantation | 228 | ||
| Sequelae of Neurocognitive Impairment | 229 | ||
| Treatment of Neurocognitive Impairment | 229 | ||
| Case Example | 229 | ||
| Summary of Neurocognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease | 230 | ||
| Chapter 17: The Pediatric Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease | 231 | ||
| Diagnosis and Evaluation of Chronic Kidney Disease | 231 | ||
| Demographics | 232 | ||
| Growth Failure | 233 | ||
| Neurocognitive Development | 234 | ||
| Mineral and Bone Disorders | 241 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 245 | ||
| Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | 247 | ||
| Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression | 249 | ||
| Chapter 18: The Pathophysiology of Uremia | 251 | ||
| Metabolic Effects of Uremia | 259 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Uremia | 262 | ||
| Chapter 19: Timing and Initiation and Modality Options for Renal Replacement Therapy | 265 | ||
| The Growing Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease | 265 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Guidelines | 265 | ||
| Uremic Syndrome | 266 | ||
| Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Education Options | 266 | ||
| Indications for the Initiation Of Dialysis | 266 | ||
| Dialysis Modality Selection | 268 | ||
| Dialysis in the Elderly | 269 | ||
| Dialysis Access | 269 | ||
| Choice of Dialysis Modality | 271 | ||
| Home Dialysis Modalities | 271 | ||
| In-Center Dialysis | 272 | ||
| Transplantation | 272 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 273 | ||
| Conclusions | 273 | ||
| Section III: Hemodialysis | 275 | ||
| Chapter 20: Principles of Hemodialysis | 277 | ||
| Fundamental Concepts | 277 | ||
| Uremia: the Target of Hemodialysis | 281 | ||
| Dialysis | 285 | ||
| Hemodialyzers | 286 | ||
| Hemodialysis | 289 | ||
| Mechanics of Hemodialysis | 298 | ||
| Dialysis-Related Complications | 302 | ||
| Future Considerations | 302 | ||
| Chapter 21: Vascular Access | 303 | ||
| History of Vascular Access | 303 | ||
| Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistula | 304 | ||
| Arteriovenous Grafts | 310 | ||
| Central Venous Catheters | 315 | ||
| Chapter 22: Hemodialysis Adequacy | 320 | ||
| Uremic Syndrome | 320 | ||
| Hemodialysis Adequacy | 320 | ||
| Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials of Hemodialysis Adequacy | 321 | ||
| Dialysis Dose as Assessed By Urea Clearance | 326 | ||
| Effect of Treatment Time | 329 | ||
| Middle Molecule Clearance During Hemodialysis | 330 | ||
| Effect of Treatment Frequency | 332 | ||
| Chapter 23: Hemodialysis-Associated Infections | 335 | ||
| Microbial Contaminants in Hemodialysis Systems | 335 | ||
| Dialysis-Associated Pyrogenic Reactions | 339 | ||
| Other Bacterial and Fungal Infections | 343 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | 345 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus | 347 | ||
| Hepatitis Delta Virus | 349 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 349 | ||
| Preventing Infections Among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients | 349 | ||
| Future Directions | 353 | ||
| Chapter 24: Acute Complications Associated With Hemodialysis | 354 | ||
| Dialysis Reactions | 354 | ||
| Life-Threatening Anaphylactic/Anaphylactoid Reactions | 354 | ||
| Mild Reactions | 356 | ||
| Microbial Contamination | 357 | ||
| Investigation of a Dialysis Outbreak | 358 | ||
| Blood-Line Toxicity | 358 | ||
| Cardiovascular Complications | 359 | ||
| Neurological Complications | 361 | ||
| Hematological Complications | 363 | ||
| Pulmonary Complications | 365 | ||
| Technical Malfunctions | 365 | ||
| Miscellaneous Complications | 368 | ||
| Chapter 25: Frequent Hemodialysis: Physiological, Epidemiological, and Practical Aspects | 370 | ||
| Introduction | 370 | ||
| Definition of Terms | 370 | ||
| History of Frequent and Extended Hours Hemodialysis | 371 | ||
| Physiological Rationale for Frequent and Extended Hours Hemodialysis | 371 | ||
| Review of the Evidence Regarding Frequent and Long Conventional Hemodialysis | 373 | ||
| Current Indications for Frequent Hemodialysis | 378 | ||
| Logistical Issues in Implementing Frequent or Extended Hours Hemodialysis Programs | 378 | ||
| Economic Considerations | 381 | ||
| The Hemodialysis Prescription | 382 | ||
| Frequent Hemodialysis in Children | 384 | ||
| Nxstage System One | 384 | ||
| Future Directions | 384 | ||
| Section IV: Peritoneal Dialysis | 385 | ||
| Chapter 26: Peritoneal Physiology | 387 | ||
| Peritoneal Anatomy | 387 | ||
| Histology | 388 | ||
| Peritoneal Blood Flow | 389 | ||
| Peritoneal Lymphatics | 389 | ||
| Peritoneal Local Reaction To Infection | 390 | ||
| Peritoneal Transport Physiology | 390 | ||
| Chapter 27: The Utilization and Outcome of Peritoneal Dialysis | 405 | ||
| Use of Peritoneal Dialysis | 405 | ||
| Determinants of Use of Peritoneal Dialysis | 406 | ||
| Outcomes With Peritoneal Dialysis | 409 | ||
| Comparison of Outcomes, Other than Mortality, Between Patients Treated With In-Center Hemodialysis and Peritonal Dialysis | 414 | ||
| Do Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Provide Equivalent Outcomes? | 415 | ||
| Chapter 28: Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions | 417 | ||
| Solutions for Calcium and Magnesium Homeostasis | 418 | ||
| Solutions for Acid-Base Balance | 419 | ||
| Glucose and Glucose Polymer Solutions | 420 | ||
| Amino-Acid Solutions | 424 | ||
| Biocompatible Solutions | 427 | ||
| Future Developments | 430 | ||
| Chapter 29: Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription and Adequacy | 432 | ||
| Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy Indices | 432 | ||
| Peritoneal Equilibration Test | 435 | ||
| Clearances and Outcomes in Peritoneal Dialysis | 435 | ||
| New Recommendations | 437 | ||
| Why Do Higher Clearances Not Help? | 438 | ||
| Strategies to Increase Peritoneal Clearance | 438 | ||
| Maintenance of Residual Renal Function | 439 | ||
| Nutrition | 439 | ||
| Diagnosis of Malnutrition | 441 | ||
| Management of Malnutrition | 441 | ||
| Volume Status in Peritoneal Dialysis | 442 | ||
| Ultrafiltration Failure | 442 | ||
| Is Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Associated With Less Effective Salt Removal? | 443 | ||
| Management of Fluid Overload | 444 | ||
| Glucose-Sparing Strategies | 444 | ||
| Conclusion | 445 | ||
| Chapter 30: Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Infections | 446 | ||
| Peritonitis | 446 | ||
| Treatment of Peritonitis | 449 | ||
| Fungal Organisms | 453 | ||
| Mycobacterium Peritonitis | 453 | ||
| Culture-Negative Peritonitis | 453 | ||
| Catheter Infections | 455 | ||
| Prevention | 456 | ||
| Chapter 31: Noninfectious Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis | 459 | ||
| Complications Related to Increases in Intraabdominal Pressure | 459 | ||
| Malfunction of the Peritoneal Catheter | 465 | ||
| Hemoperitoneum | 466 | ||
| Electrolyte Disorders | 467 | ||
| Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis | 468 | ||
| Eps and Renal Transplantation | 474 | ||
| Section V: Transplantation | 475 | ||
| Chapter 32: Transplantation Immunobiology | 477 | ||
| The Alloimmune Response | 477 | ||
| Tolerance | 488 | ||
| Summary | 490 | ||
| Chapter 33: Evaluation of Donors and Recipients | 491 | ||
| Evaluation of the Living Donor | 491 | ||
| Clinical Assessment of the Potential Donor | 493 | ||
| Evaluation of the Recipient | 495 | ||
| Important Issues in the Recipient Evaluation | 496 | ||
| Managing Patients on the Waiting List | 501 | ||
| Conclusion | 501 | ||
| Chapter 34: Surgical Management of the Renal Transplant Recipient | 502 | ||
| A Historical Perspective | 502 | ||
| Introduction | 502 | ||
| Pretransplant Evaluation | 503 | ||
| Live Donor Nephrectomy | 503 | ||
| Renal Transplant Operation | 504 | ||
| Early Postoperative Management | 505 | ||
| Complications | 505 | ||
| Transplant Outcomes | 506 | ||
| Strategies for Expanding Donation | 506 | ||
| Conclusions | 507 | ||
| Chapter 35: Biological Agents In Kidney Transplantation | 509 | ||
| Polyclonal Antilymphocyte Sera | 510 | ||
| Anti-Cd3 Monoclonal Antibodies | 511 | ||
| Anti-Cd52 Monoclonal Antibodies | 511 | ||
| Anti-Il2 Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies | 511 | ||
| Anti-Cd20 Monoclonal Antibodies | 512 | ||
| Biological Agents in Drug Minimization Trials | 513 | ||
| Emerging Biological Agents | 514 | ||
| Costimulatory Blockade | 514 | ||
| Antiadhesion Molecules | 515 | ||
| Complement Inhibition | 515 | ||
| Summary | 515 | ||
| Chapter 36: Current and Emerging Maintenance Immunosuppressive Therapy | 516 | ||
| Induction Immunosuppression | 516 | ||
| The Maintenance Phase | 517 | ||
| Summary | 524 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 525 | ||
| Chapter 37: Diagnosis and Therapy of Graft Dysfunction | 526 | ||
| Delayed Graft Function | 527 | ||
| The Effect of Acute Tubular Necrosis on Host Immunogenecity | 529 | ||
| Dual Kidney Transplantation | 531 | ||
| Organ Procurement and Preservation | 532 | ||
| Organ Preservation | 532 | ||
| Management of Delayed Graft Function | 534 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies in Persistent Oliguria Or Anuria | 535 | ||
| Other Causes of Graft Dysfunction During the First Week After Transplantation | 535 | ||
| Acute Rejection | 537 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 537 | ||
| Histopathological Diagnosis | 538 | ||
| Types of Acute Rejection | 538 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 541 | ||
| Thrombotic Microangiopathy | 541 | ||
| Histological Features | 542 | ||
| Infection | 543 | ||
| Vascular Complications | 543 | ||
| Graft Dysfunction During Long-Term Follow-Up | 545 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immune Response: the Role of Anti-Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies in Chronic Allograft Injury... | 546 | ||
| Chapter 38: Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients | 553 | ||
| Risk of Infection | 553 | ||
| Timetable of Infection | 556 | ||
| Assessment of Infectious Disease Risk in Recipient and Potential Donor Before Transplantation | 559 | ||
| Selected Infections of Importance | 561 | ||
| Chapter 39: Noninfectious Complications After Kidney Transplantation | 568 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 568 | ||
| Malignancy After Kidney Transplantation | 573 | ||
| Electrolyte Disorders | 575 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Complications of Transplantation | 576 | ||
| Neuropsychiatric Complications of Transplantation | 577 | ||
| Visual Disturbances After Transplantation | 578 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 579 | ||
| Chapter 40: Recurrent and De Novo Renal Diseases After Kidney Transplantation | 580 | ||
| Factors That Influence Recurrence | 580 | ||
| Primary Glomerulopathies | 581 | ||
| Secondary Glomerulopathies | 585 | ||
| Glomerular Deposition Diseases | 588 | ||
| Nonglomerular Diseases | 588 | ||
| Chronic Allograft Nephropathy | 589 | ||
| Chapter 41: Pediatric Renal Transplantation | 591 | ||
| Role of Transplantation | 591 | ||
| Pretransplant Preparation | 594 | ||
| The Transplantation Procedure | 596 | ||
| Allograft Dysfunction | 598 | ||
| Graft Survival | 603 | ||
| Growth Following Transplantation | 605 | ||
| Complications of Pediatric Renal Transplantation | 605 | ||
| Long-Term Outcomes of Pediatric Renal Transplantation | 608 | ||
| Chapter 42: Novel Diagnostics In Transplantation | 609 | ||
| Immune Monitoring Assays | 609 | ||
| Genomics in Transplantation | 616 | ||
| Proteomics in Transplantaton | 618 | ||
| Biomarkers in Transplantation | 618 | ||
| Summary | 619 | ||
| Chapter 43: Chronic Kidney Disease in Nonkidney Transplant Recipients | 620 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation | 620 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease in Heart, Lung, Liver Transplantation | 622 | ||
| Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Nonrenal Solid Organ Recipients | 625 | ||
| Chapter 44: Emerging Strategies in Kidney Transplantation | 628 | ||
| The Evolving Demand for Renal Replacement | 628 | ||
| Emerging Renal Replacement Technologies | 629 | ||
| New Technologies for Replacing Or Augmenting Renal Functions | 632 | ||
| Approaches to Augmentation and Replacement of Renal Function: A Synthesis | 634 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 635 | ||
| Chapter 45: Chronic Kidney Disease and the Kidney Transplant Recipient | 636 | ||
| Is Chronic Kidney Disease An Important Issue in Kidney Transplant Recipients? | 636 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease Management | 638 | ||
| Section VI: Acute Kidney Injury | 641 | ||
| Chapter 46: The Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury | 643 | ||
| Definition of Acute Kidney Injury | 643 | ||
| Epidemiology in Disease-Specific States | 646 | ||
| Costs Associated With Acute Kidney Injury | 652 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury in the Developing World | 653 | ||
| Summary | 653 | ||
| Chapter 47: Metabolic and Nutritional Complications of Acute Kidney Injury | 654 | ||
| Terminology | 654 | ||
| Nutritional Derangements In Acute Kidney Injury | 659 | ||
| Provision of Nutritional Support | 664 | ||
| Metabolic Support | 666 | ||
| Summary | 667 | ||
| Chapter 48: Acute Kidney Injury | 668 | ||
| Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury | 668 | ||
| The Future of Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury | 676 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 676 | ||
| Disclosures | 676 | ||
| Chapter 49: Pharmacological Interventions in Acute Kidney Injury | 677 | ||
| Barriers to Successful Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury | 678 | ||
| Pharmacological Interventions | 679 | ||
| What Drugs are on the Horizon? | 682 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 686 | ||
| Chapter 50: Dialytic Management for Acute Renal Failure | 687 | ||
| Goals of and Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy | 687 | ||
| Modalities for Renal Replacement Therapy | 688 | ||
| Timing of Dialytic Intervention | 691 | ||
| Selection of Dialysis Modality | 692 | ||
| Summary | 699 | ||
| Chapter 51: Extracorporeal Treatment of Poisonings | 700 | ||
| Approach to the Poisoned Patient | 700 | ||
| Antidotes | 702 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 702 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics of Toxin Removal | 703 | ||
| Indications for Extracorporeal Therapy | 706 | ||
| Specific Toxins | 706 | ||
| Overview of Alcohols | 707 | ||
| Drugs With High Protein Binding | 718 | ||
| Index | 721 |