Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn, edited by Christine A. Gleason and Sherin U. Devaskar, is a practical, clinical reference for diagnosing and managing of all the important diseases affecting newborns. Thoroughly revised by a team of new editors, this edition provides new perspectives and updated coverage of genetics, nutrition, respiratory conditions, MRSA, neonatal pain, cardiovascular fetal interventions, care of the late preterm infant, and more. This authoritative reference is ideal as a clinical resource or subspecialty review tool.
- Treat newborns effectively with focused coverage of diagnosis and management, including pertinent developmental physiology and the pathogenesis of neonatal problems.
- Meet every challenge you face in neonatology with Avery’s authoritative, comprehensive clinical resource and subspecialty review tool.
- Navigate quickly and easily with extensive cross-referencing throughout the organ-related sections.
- Stay current with coverage of hot topics including MRSA, neonatal pain, cardiovascular fetal interventions, care of the late preterm infant, and the developing intestinal microbiome.
- Tap into the fresh perspectives of new editors who provide extensive updates throughout, particularly on genetic and respiratory disorders.
- Apply the latest nutritional findings with thorough discussions of this valuable information in the more comprehensive nutrition section.
- Master the fundamentals of neonatology through the greater emphasis on developmental biology and pathobiology.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| Avery’s Diseases Of The Newborn | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Dedication | xv | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| Part I Overview | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 - Neonatal and Perinatal Epidemiology | 1 | ||
| Epidemiologic Approaches To The Perinatal And Neonatal Periods | 1 | ||
| Health Disorders Of Pregnancy And The Perinatal Period | 1 | ||
| Factors Affecting Perinatal Health | 5 | ||
| Epidemiologic Study Designs In The Perinatal Period | 6 | ||
| Summary | 8 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 9 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 9 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Evaluation of Therapeutic Recommendations, Database Management, and Information Retrieval | 10 | ||
| Background | 10 | ||
| Biomedical And Health Informatics | 10 | ||
| Databases | 11 | ||
| Electronic Health Record | 13 | ||
| Evaluating Therapeutic Recommendations | 15 | ||
| Online Information Retrieval | 16 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 17 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Ethics, Data, and Policy in Newborn Intensive Care | 18 | ||
| Philosophy | 18 | ||
| Data | 18 | ||
| Policy | 19 | ||
| Future Directions | 21 | ||
| Summary | 22 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 22 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Global Neonatal Health | 23 | ||
| Child Mortality | 23 | ||
| Epidemiology Of Neonatal Mortality (Before 28 Days) | 26 | ||
| Maternal Risk Factors For Neonatal Death | 27 | ||
| Stillbirths | 28 | ||
| Direct Causes Of Neonatal Death | 28 | ||
| Consequences Of Preterm Delivery And Low BirthWeight | 29 | ||
| Neonatal Sepsis And Pneumonia | 29 | ||
| Asphyxia | 31 | ||
| Providing A Continuum Of Care | 32 | ||
| Resources | 33 | ||
| Funding | 34 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 35 | ||
| The Way Forward: Data, Collaboration, Evaluation, And Involvement | 35 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 36 | ||
| Part II Fetal Development | 37 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Immunologic Basis of Placental Function and Diseases: the Placenta, Fetal Membranes, and Umbilical Cord | 37 | ||
| Mammalian Placentation | 37 | ||
| Functions Of The Placenta | 39 | ||
| Trophoblast Differentiation And Remodeling Of Spiral Arteries | 41 | ||
| Immune Profile And Immuno Vascular Balance During Placentation | 42 | ||
| Epigenetic Regulation In The Placenta | 45 | ||
| Placental Diseases | 47 | ||
| Fetal Membranes And Their Pathology | 49 | ||
| Umbilical Cord | 50 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 50 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Abnormalities of Fetal Growth | 51 | ||
| Definitions | 51 | ||
| Macrosomia | 58 | ||
| Summary | 59 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 59 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Multiple Gestations and Assisted Reproductive Technology | 60 | ||
| Epidemiology of Multiples | 60 | ||
| Diagnosing Zygosity and Chorionicity | 60 | ||
| Zygosity and Chorionicity | 60 | ||
| Increase in Monozygotic Twins With Assisted Reproductive Technology | 61 | ||
| Fetal Complications Associated With Multiples | 63 | ||
| Maternal Complications | 64 | ||
| Psychosocial Factors | 64 | ||
| Cost | 65 | ||
| Decreasing the Risk of Multiples | 65 | ||
| Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction | 66 | ||
| Summary | 66 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 66 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Nonimmune Hydrops | 67 | ||
| Etiology | 67 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 67 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis | 70 | ||
| Prenatal Management | 70 | ||
| Neonatal Evaluation | 71 | ||
| Intensive Care of the Infant With Hydrops Fetalis | 71 | ||
| Clinical Course and Outcome | 72 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 73 | ||
| Part III Maternal Health Affecting Neonatal Outcome | 75 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy | 75 | ||
| Diabetes in Pregnancy | 75 | ||
| Disorders of the Thyroid | 87 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 91 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Maternal Medical Disorders of Fetal Significance: Seizure Disorders, Isoimmunization, Cancer, and Mental Health Disorders | 92 | ||
| Maternal Seizure Disorders | 92 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Isoimmunization | 93 | ||
| Cancer | 97 | ||
| Mental Disorders | 101 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 104 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Hypertensive Complications of Pregnancy | 105 | ||
| Classification of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy | 105 | ||
| Chronic Hypertension | 105 | ||
| Gestational Hypertension | 107 | ||
| Preeclampsia-Eclampsia | 107 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 110 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Perinatal Substance Abuse | 111 | ||
| Epidemiology of Perinatal Substance Exposure | 111 | ||
| Perinatal Effects of Specific Drugs (Table 12-1) | 113 | ||
| Identifying Pregnancies and Babies at Risk | 120 | ||
| Pregnancy Management | 121 | ||
| Neonatal Management after Gestational Substance abuse | 122 | ||
| Long-Term Effects of Perinatal Substance Abuse | 126 | ||
| Summary | 128 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 128 | ||
| Part IV labor and delivery | 129 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Antepartum Fetal Assessment | 129 | ||
| General Principles | 129 | ||
| Fetal Assessment in Low Risk Pregnancies | 131 | ||
| Fetal Assessment in High-Risk Pregnancies | 132 | ||
| Summary | 139 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 139 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Prematurity: Causes and Prevention | 140 | ||
| Burden of Preterm Birth | 140 | ||
| Definitions | 140 | ||
| Epidemiology | 140 | ||
| Etiology and Risk Factors | 140 | ||
| Behavioral and psychological contributors | 140 | ||
| Summary | 145 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 145 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Complicated Deliveries: Overview | 146 | ||
| Cesarean Section | 146 | ||
| Complicated Vaginal Delivery: Obstetric Forceps And Vacuum Extraction | 147 | ||
| Shoulder Dystocia | 152 | ||
| Vaginal Breech Delivery | 153 | ||
| Multifetal Delivery | 155 | ||
| Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: Neonatal Issues | 157 | ||
| Cord Accidents | 158 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 158 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia | 159 | ||
| History of Obstetric Anesthesia | 159 | ||
| Anatomy of Labor Pain | 159 | ||
| Changes in Maternal Physiology and The Implications | 159 | ||
| Analgesic Options for Labor and Vaginal Delivery | 161 | ||
| Neuraxial Techniques for Labor Analgesia | 164 | ||
| Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery | 168 | ||
| Summary | 171 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 171 | ||
| Part V Genetics | 173 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Impact of the Human Genome Project on Neonatal Care | 173 | ||
| History Of The Human Genome Project | 173 | ||
| Science And The Human Genome | 174 | ||
| Ethical Aspects Of Human Genetics | 179 | ||
| Summary | 179 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 179 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Noninvasive Techniques | 180 | ||
| Invasive Techniques | 183 | ||
| Summary | 185 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 185 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Evaluation of the Dysmorphic Infant | 186 | ||
| History | 186 | ||
| Pedigree Analysis and Family History | 187 | ||
| Physical Examination for Dysmorphology | 188 | ||
| Literature Review | 192 | ||
| Specialized Laboratory Tests | 194 | ||
| Diagnosis | 194 | ||
| Summary | 195 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 195 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Specific Chromosome Disorders in Newborns | 196 | ||
| Human Karyotype | 196 | ||
| Trisomies | 197 | ||
| Deletion Syndromes | 201 | ||
| DNA Microarrays | 202 | ||
| Segmental Duplications and Microdeletion Syndromes | 202 | ||
| Disorders of Imprinted Chromosomes | 206 | ||
| Summary | 208 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 208 | ||
| Part VI Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders of the Newborn | 209 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Introduction to Metabolic and Biochemical Genetic Disease | 209 | ||
| Classification of Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 210 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Inborn Errors | 213 | ||
| Emergency Treatment | 213 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 214 | ||
| Chapter 22 - Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate, Ammonia, Amino Acid, and Organic Acid Metabolism | 215 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism | 215 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism | 221 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Organic Acid Metabolism | 226 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 238 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Lysosomal Storage, Peroxisomal, and Glycosylation Disorders and Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome in the Neonate | 239 | ||
| Lysosomal Storage Disorders | 239 | ||
| Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation | 249 | ||
| Peroxisomal Disorders | 252 | ||
| Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome | 255 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 257 | ||
| Chapter 24 - Skeletal Dysplasias and Connective Tissue Disorders | 258 | ||
| Clinical Spectra of Disorders with Common Molecular Bases | 258 | ||
| Approach to Diagnosis | 258 | ||
| Clinical Testing | 261 | ||
| Disorders of Bone Fragility | 261 | ||
| FGFR3 Spectrum | 264 | ||
| COL2A1 Spectrum | 267 | ||
| DTDST Spectrum | 269 | ||
| Other Skeletal Dysplasias | 271 | ||
| Connective Tissue Disorders | 272 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 276 | ||
| Part VII Care of the Healthy Newborn | 277 | ||
| Chapter 25 - Initial Evaluation: History and Physical Examination of the Newborn | 277 | ||
| History | 277 | ||
| Physical Examination | 279 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 299 | ||
| Chapter 26 - Routine Newborn Care | 300 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 300 | ||
| Routine Testing | 301 | ||
| Car Seat Trials | 303 | ||
| Routine and Common Medical Treatments | 304 | ||
| Ongoing Care | 306 | ||
| Common Problems during the Nursery Stay | 310 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 315 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Newborn Screening | 316 | ||
| Screening Procedure | 316 | ||
| Screened Disorders | 321 | ||
| Specific Issues in Newborn Screening | 325 | ||
| The Future | 327 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 327 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Resuscitation in the Delivery Room | 328 | ||
| Fetal Transition to Extrauterine Life | 328 | ||
| Environment and Preparation | 330 | ||
| Assessment | 332 | ||
| Initial Steps: Temperature Management and Maintaining the Airway | 332 | ||
| Assisting Ventilation | 334 | ||
| Transitional Oxygenation and Oxygen Use | 336 | ||
| Assisting Circulation | 337 | ||
| Specific Problems Encountered during Resuscitation | 338 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 340 | ||
| Part VIII Care of the High-Risk Infant | 341 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Stabilization and Transport of the High-Risk Infant | 341 | ||
| Neonatal Transport Medicine | 341 | ||
| Patient Care During Transport | 347 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 356 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Temperature Regulation of the Premature Neonate | 357 | ||
| Cold Stress | 357 | ||
| Physical Routes of Heat Loss | 357 | ||
| Physiology of Cold Response | 357 | ||
| Modern Incubation: Incubators and Radiant Warmers | 358 | ||
| Hybrid Incubator-Radiant Warmer Technology | 360 | ||
| Less Conventional Techniques | 362 | ||
| Special Cases | 363 | ||
| Therapeutic Hypothermia for Brain Protection Following Neonatal Asphyxia | 365 | ||
| Summary | 366 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 366 | ||
| Chapter 31 - Acid-Base, Fluid, and Electrolyte Management | 367 | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 367 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance | 383 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 389 | ||
| Chapter 32 - Care of the Extremely Low-Birthweight Infant | 390 | ||
| Epidemiology | 390 | ||
| Perinatal Management | 391 | ||
| Prenatal Consultation | 392 | ||
| General Principles of Care Specific to Extremely Low-Birthweight Infants | 393 | ||
| Neurosensory Complications | 402 | ||
| Future Directions | 404 | ||
| Chapter 33 - Care of the Late Preterm Infant | 405 | ||
| Definition | 405 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Course | 406 | ||
| Mortality | 414 | ||
| Recommendations | 414 | ||
| Future Research | 416 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 416 | ||
| Chapter 34 - Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenetics | 417 | ||
| Principles of Neonatal Therapeutics | 417 | ||
| Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics | 419 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Principles | 420 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Practical Examples | 425 | ||
| Drug-Induced Illness | 426 | ||
| Lessons From Chloramphenicol | 427 | ||
| Reduction and Prevention of Medication Errors in Newborn Care | 427 | ||
| Drug Excretion in Breast Milk | 428 | ||
| Summary | 428 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 428 | ||
| Chapter 35 - Neonatal Pain and Stress: Assessment and Management | 429 | ||
| History and Development of Public Policies | 429 | ||
| Ontogeny and Development of Pain and Stress Responses | 430 | ||
| Assessment of Neonatal Pain and Stress | 432 | ||
| Long-Term Consequences of Neonatal Pain and Stress | 434 | ||
| Clinical Pain and Stress Management Strategies | 435 | ||
| Pharmacologic Analgesia Interventions | 438 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Analgesic Interventions | 441 | ||
| Iatrogenic Drug Dependence, Tolerance, Withdrawal | 441 | ||
| Drug Weaning Considerations | 442 | ||
| Palliative Care | 442 | ||
| Summary | 442 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 444 | ||
| Part IX Immunology and Infections | 445 | ||
| Chapter 36 - Immunology of the Fetus and Newborn | 445 | ||
| Maternal and Placental Immunology | 445 | ||
| Developmental Fetal-Neonatal Immunology | 449 | ||
| Specific Immunologic Deficiencies | 461 | ||
| Immunization | 465 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 467 | ||
| Chapter 37 - Viral Infections of the Fetus and Newborn and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection during Pregnancy* | 468 | ||
| General Diagnostic Approach | 468 | ||
| Herpesviridae | 470 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | 470 | ||
| Rubella | 489 | ||
| Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus | 492 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 494 | ||
| Human Parechovirus | 498 | ||
| Hepatitis Viruses | 498 | ||
| Adenovirus | 503 | ||
| Respiratory Viruses | 503 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Viruses | 505 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 512 | ||
| Chapter 38 - Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis, Malaria, and Tuberculosis | 513 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 513 | ||
| Syphilis | 517 | ||
| Congenital Malaria | 522 | ||
| Congenital Tuberculosis | 529 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 537 | ||
| Chapter 39 - Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis | 538 | ||
| Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis | 538 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Early-Onset Neonatal Bacterial Infections | 538 | ||
| Epidemiology of Early-Onset Bacterial Infections | 539 | ||
| Bacterial Pathogens In Early-Onset Infections | 539 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 543 | ||
| Prevention | 546 | ||
| Treatment | 547 | ||
| Neonatal Bacterial Meningitis | 549 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 550 | ||
| Chapter 40 - Health Care–Acquired Infections in the Nursery | 551 | ||
| Definitions | 551 | ||
| Incidence | 551 | ||
| Anatomic Sites of Infection | 552 | ||
| Risk Factors | 553 | ||
| Distribution by Pathogen | 555 | ||
| Epidemics | 558 | ||
| Infection Control | 559 | ||
| Prevention of Health care–Acquired Infections | 559 | ||
| Management of Health care–Acquired Infections | 563 | ||
| Conclusion | 564 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 564 | ||
| Chapter 41 - Fungal Infections in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 565 | ||
| Epidemiology | 565 | ||
| Infections Caused By Candida Species | 565 | ||
| Systemic Infection | 567 | ||
| Infections Ascribable To Other Fungi | 568 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 569 | ||
| Part X Respiratory System | 571 | ||
| Chapter 42 - Lung Development: Embryology, Growth, Maturation, and Developmental Biology | 571 | ||
| Key Events in Lung Development | 571 | ||
| Mechanisms of Lung Development | 577 | ||
| Other Topics in Lung Development | 580 | ||
| Novel Concepts in Lung Development | 581 | ||
| Summary | 583 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 583 | ||
| Chapter 43 - Control of Breathing | 584 | ||
| Animal Models of Control of Breathing | 584 | ||
| Overview of Respiratory Control | 584 | ||
| Respiratory Center Neuroanatomy | 586 | ||
| Peripheral Mechanoreceptor Inputs that Modulate Respiratory Pattern and Rhythm | 588 | ||
| Chemical Control of Breathing (Co2/H+ and O2) | 590 | ||
| Sleep State and Breathing | 593 | ||
| Apnea of Prematurity | 594 | ||
| Therapeutic Approaches for Apnea of Prematurity | 595 | ||
| Resolution and Consequences of Neonatal Apnea | 596 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 597 | ||
| Chapter 44 - Pulmonary Physiology of the Newborn | 598 | ||
| Lung Mechanics and Lung Volumes | 598 | ||
| Alveolar Ventilation | 602 | ||
| Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships | 604 | ||
| Heart-Lung Interaction | 605 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 611 | ||
| Chapter 45 - Principles of Respiratory Monitoring and Therapy | 612 | ||
| Respiratory Monitoring | 612 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 614 | ||
| Noninvasive Respiratory Support | 616 | ||
| Invasive Mechanical Ventilation | 618 | ||
| Acute Complications of Respiratory Support | 629 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 632 | ||
| Chapter 46 - Respiratory Distress in the Preterm Infant | 633 | ||
| Introduction | 633 | ||
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 633 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypoplasia | 642 | ||
| Pneumonia | 645 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 646 | ||
| Chapter 47 - Respiratory Failure in the Term Newborn | 647 | ||
| Evaluation of the Term Newborn with Hypoxemia/Respiratory Distress | 647 | ||
| Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn | 650 | ||
| Specific Pulmonary Conditions Causing Respiratory Distress in the Term Newborn | 651 | ||
| Summary | 656 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 657 | ||
| Chapter 48 - Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia | 658 | ||
| Historical Overview | 658 | ||
| Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia | 658 | ||
| Summary | 671 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 671 | ||
| Chapter 49 - Surgical Disorders of the Chest and Airways | 672 | ||
| Anomalies of the Airways | 672 | ||
| Disorders of the Mediastinum | 677 | ||
| Disorders of the Chest Wall | 680 | ||
| Disorders of the Pleural Cavity | 681 | ||
| Congenital Thoracic Masses and Cysts | 684 | ||
| Disorders of the Diaphragm | 690 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 697 | ||
| Part XI Cardiovascular System | 699 | ||
| Chapter 50 - Embryology and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System | 699 | ||
| Cell Types within the Heart and their Origins | 701 | ||
| Formation of the Embryonic Cardiac Crescent and Heart Tube | 702 | ||
| Looping and Laterality of the Heart Tube | 702 | ||
| Ventricular Inlet Septation: Endocardial Cushions | 704 | ||
| Ventricular Outflow Tract Septation: Contribution of Endocardial Cushions | 705 | ||
| Ventricular Outflow Tract Septation: Role of Neural Crest | 706 | ||
| Separation of Aorta and Pulmonary Artery: Normal Dextroposition | 707 | ||
| Cardiac Valve Formation | 707 | ||
| Development of the Ventricles and Ventricular Septum | 708 | ||
| Development of the Atria and Atrial Septum | 708 | ||
| Systemic and Pulmonary Vein Development | 709 | ||
| Aortic Arch Development | 709 | ||
| Coronary Arteries | 710 | ||
| Conduction System | 711 | ||
| Physiology of Transition | 711 | ||
| Summary | 712 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 712 | ||
| Chapter 51 - Cardiovascular Compromise in the Newborn Infant | 714 | ||
| Pathophysiology, Phases, and Etiology of Neonatal Shock | 714 | ||
| Diagnosis of Circulatory Compromise | 721 | ||
| Treatment | 724 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 731 | ||
| Chapter 52 - Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension | 732 | ||
| Normal Fetal Pulmonary Vascular Development and Transition | 732 | ||
| Pathophysiology of PPHN | 732 | ||
| Other Causes of Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension | 735 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of infants with PPHN | 735 | ||
| General Management for pphn | 737 | ||
| Inhaled Nitric Oxide for PPHN | 737 | ||
| New Insights into PPHN Pathophysiology and Treatment | 738 | ||
| Summary | 739 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 740 | ||
| Chapter 53 - Fetal and Neonatal Echocardiography | 741 | ||
| Application of Ultrasound to Cardiac Imaging | 741 | ||
| Fetal Imaging Techniques | 743 | ||
| Neonatal Imaging Techniques | 744 | ||
| Fetal Echocardiography: Goals of Imaging | 745 | ||
| Neonatal Echocardiography: Goals of Imaging | 746 | ||
| Fetal-to-Neonatal Transition Physiology: Echocardiography-Derived Assessment | 747 | ||
| Limitations of Echocardiography | 748 | ||
| Other Cardiovascular Imaging Modalities | 748 | ||
| Summary | 749 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 750 | ||
| Chapter 54 - Patent Ductus Arteriosus in the Preterm Infant | 751 | ||
| Diagnosis | 751 | ||
| Incidence | 751 | ||
| Regulation of Ductus Arteriosus Patency | 751 | ||
| Hemodynamic and Pulmonary Alterations | 757 | ||
| Treatment | 758 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 761 | ||
| Chapter 55 - Congenital Heart Disease | 762 | ||
| General Considerations | 762 | ||
| Murmurs in the Newborn: Congenital Cardiac Lesions | 766 | ||
| Cyanosis in the Newborn | 772 | ||
| Lesions that manifest Primarily with Heart Failure | 780 | ||
| Chapter 56 - Arrhythmias in the Newborn and Fetus | 789 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Arrhythmias in the Neonate and Fetus | 789 | ||
| Neonatal Rhythms | 789 | ||
| Neonatal Management | 794 | ||
| Fetal Rhythms | 796 | ||
| Fetal Management | 798 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 800 | ||
| Chapter 57 - Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children with Congenital Heart Disease | 801 | ||
| Scope Of The Problem | 801 | ||
| Mechanisms Of Injury | 801 | ||
| The Effect On The Brain Of Cardiac Surgery | 804 | ||
| pH Management | 805 | ||
| Hematocrit During Bypass | 805 | ||
| Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest | 805 | ||
| Postoperative Factors | 806 | ||
| Genetic Susceptibility To Neurologic Injury And Developmental Dysfunction | 807 | ||
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | 807 | ||
| Functional Status After Repair Of Complex Congenital Heart disease | 808 | ||
| Summary | 808 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 809 | ||
| Part XII Neurologic System | 811 | ||
| Chapter 58 - Developmental Physiology of the Central Nervous System | 811 | ||
| Central Nervous System Vascular Development | 811 | ||
| Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow and Energy Metabolism | 812 | ||
| Suggested Guidelines for Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Care in High-Risk Newborns | 815 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 815 | ||
| Chapter 59 - Neonatal Neuroimaging | 816 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 816 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 819 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 820 | ||
| Choosing the Appropriate Test | 825 | ||
| Imaging Applications | 825 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Neuroimaging Techniques | 842 | ||
| Summary of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines | 843 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 843 | ||
| Chapter 60 - Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System | 844 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Neural Tube Formation (Neurulation) | 844 | ||
| Neural Tube Defects | 845 | ||
| Prosencephalic Cleavage and Related Events | 853 | ||
| Malformations of Structures in the Posterior Fossa | 858 | ||
| Central Nervous System Development in the Postembryonic Period | 860 | ||
| Summary | 868 | ||
| Chapter 61 - Central Nervous System Injury and Neuroprotection | 869 | ||
| Injury and Protection in the Developing Nervous System | 869 | ||
| Strategies for Neuroprotection | 886 | ||
| Cell Death Inhibitors | 890 | ||
| Summary | 891 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 891 | ||
| Chapter 62 - Neonatal Neuromuscular Disorders | 892 | ||
| Primary Muscle Disorders | 892 | ||
| Motor Neuron Disorders | 897 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 898 | ||
| Investigation of Neuromuscular Diseases in the Neonate | 899 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 900 | ||
| Chapter 63 - Neonatal Seizures | 901 | ||
| Diagnostic Dilemmas: Identifying Causes for Seizures | 908 | ||
| Seizures Reflecting Fetal or Neonatal Brain Disorders: Guide to Differential Diagnosis | 913 | ||
| Challenges Regarding Prognostic Assessments | 914 | ||
| Diagnostic Dilemmas Regarding Treatment Choices | 915 | ||
| Effects Of Neonatal Seizures On Brain Development: Consequences Of Underdiagnosis | 917 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 918 | ||
| Chapter 64 - Risk Assessment and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes | 920 | ||
| Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disability | 920 | ||
| Neurodevelopmental Outcome | 921 | ||
| Health and Growth | 931 | ||
| Follow-Up Evaluation of the High-Risk Infant | 932 | ||
| Summary | 934 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 935 | ||
| Part XIII Nutrition | 937 | ||
| Chapter 65 - Breastfeeding | 937 | ||
| Rates of Breastfeeding in the United States | 937 | ||
| Interventions to Support Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation | 937 | ||
| The Evidence to Support Breastfeeding | 938 | ||
| Contraindications to Breastfeeding | 944 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of Lactation | 944 | ||
| The Management of Breastfeeding | 946 | ||
| Maternal Breastfeeding Issues | 948 | ||
| Jaundice and Breastfeeding | 949 | ||
| Collection and Storage of Human Milk | 950 | ||
| Donor Human Milk | 950 | ||
| Conclusion | 951 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 951 | ||
| Suggested Internet Resources | 951 | ||
| Chapter 66 - Enteral Nutrition for the High-Risk Neonate | 952 | ||
| Macronutrient Requirements in the Enterally Fed Premature Neonate | 952 | ||
| Composition of Human Milk and Premature Formulas | 954 | ||
| Initiation and Advancement of Enteral Feeds | 958 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Priming | 958 | ||
| Mineral, Vitamin, and Trace Element Supplementation | 959 | ||
| Postdischarge Nutrition for the Premature Infant | 961 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 962 | ||
| Chapter 67 - Parenteral Nutrition | 963 | ||
| Components of Parenteral Nutrition | 963 | ||
| Use Of Parenteral Nutrition in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Practical Approach | 970 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 971 | ||
| Part XIV Gastrointestinal System | 973 | ||
| Chapter 68 - Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 973 | ||
| Structural and Functional Development | 973 | ||
| Foregut | 973 | ||
| Midgut and Hindgut | 974 | ||
| Digestive Physiology | 977 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 978 | ||
| Chapter 69 - Structural Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 979 | ||
| Disorders of The Mouth and Neck | 979 | ||
| Disorders of the Esophagus | 980 | ||
| Disorders of the Stomach | 984 | ||
| Disorders Of The Intestine | 985 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 993 | ||
| Chapter 70 - Innate and Mucosal Immunity in the Developing Gastrointestinal Tract: Relationship to Early and Later Disease | 994 | ||
| Development of the Intestinal Tract | 994 | ||
| Coordinated Layers of Defense: Putting it All Together | 998 | ||
| Exogenous Exposures and Their Impact on Innate Intestinal Immune Defenses | 1000 | ||
| Impact of Altered Mucosal Immunity on Early and Later Disease | 1003 | ||
| Conclusion | 1005 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1006 | ||
| Chapter 71 - Abdominal Wall Problems | 1007 | ||
| Disorders of the Umbilical Region | 1007 | ||
| Umbilical Cord Lesions | 1007 | ||
| Abdominal Wall Defects | 1007 | ||
| Urachal Lesions | 1013 | ||
| Malformations of the Omphalomesenteric Duct | 1013 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1015 | ||
| Chapter 72 -The Developing Intestinal Microbiome: Implications for the Neonate | 1016 | ||
| The Microbiome | 1016 | ||
| Activities Of The Intestinal Microbiome | 1018 | ||
| Development Of The Intestinal Microbiome | 1018 | ||
| Nutrition And The Developing Intestinal Microbiome | 1020 | ||
| Probiotics | 1020 | ||
| Conclusion | 1021 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1021 | ||
| Chapter 73 - Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Short Bowel Syndrome | 1022 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 1022 | ||
| Short Bowel Syndrome | 1028 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1029 | ||
| Chapter 74 - Disorders of the Liver | 1030 | ||
| Approach To The Newborn With Liver Disease | 1030 | ||
| Infections of The Liver In The Newborn | 1031 | ||
| Disorders Of The Bile Ducts | 1033 | ||
| Metabolic Liver Disease | 1040 | ||
| Gallstones and Cholecystitis | 1044 | ||
| Liver Tumors | 1044 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1045 | ||
| Part XV Hematologic System and Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism System | 1047 | ||
| Chapter 75 - Developmental Biology of the Hematologic System | 1047 | ||
| Embryonic Hematopoiesis | 1047 | ||
| Stem Cell Biology | 1047 | ||
| Developmental Aspects Of Erythropoiesis | 1048 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Transfusion | 1052 | ||
| Bilirubin Metabolism | 1053 | ||
| Developmental Aspects Of Megakaryocytopoiesis | 1053 | ||
| Platelet Transfusions | 1054 | ||
| Developmental Aspects Of Granulocytopoiesis | 1054 | ||
| Overview Of Hematopoietic Cytokines | 1055 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1055 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1055 | ||
| Chapter 76 - Hemostatic Disorders of the Newborn | 1056 | ||
| Overview of Hemostasis | 1056 | ||
| Developmental Hemostasis | 1057 | ||
| Introduction to Bleeding Disorders | 1057 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Disorders | 1058 | ||
| Thrombotic Disorders | 1070 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1079 | ||
| Chapter 77 - Erythrocyte Disorders in Infancy | 1080 | ||
| Normal Erythrocyte Physiology In The Fetus And Newborn | 1080 | ||
| General Approach to Anemic Infants | 1082 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Anemia | 1085 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia | 1087 | ||
| Hypoplastic Anemia | 1099 | ||
| Physiologic Anemia of Infancy and Prematurity | 1100 | ||
| Polycythemia | 1103 | ||
| Methemoglobinemia | 1105 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1107 | ||
| Chapter 78 - Neonatal Leukocyte Physiology and Disorders | 1108 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 1108 | ||
| Neonatal Neutropenia | 1111 | ||
| Qualitative Defects (Dysfunction) of Neonatal Phagocytic Immunity | 1114 | ||
| Negative Regulators of Hematopoiesis | 1117 | ||
| Summary | 1121 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1122 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1122 | ||
| Chapter 79 - Neonatal Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia and Kernicterus | 1123 | ||
| Increased Hepatic Bilirubin load: Enhanced Enterohepatic Circulation | 1123 | ||
| Increased Hepatic Bilirubin Load: Hemolytic Disease | 1123 | ||
| Heritable Causes of Hemolysis: Red Cell Membrane Defects | 1123 | ||
| Decreased Hepatic Bilirubin Clearance | 1126 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 1128 | ||
| Kernicterus: Chronic Bilirubin Encephalopathy | 1134 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 1137 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1142 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1142 | ||
| Part XVI Neoplasia | 1143 | ||
| Chapter 80 - Congenital Malignant Disorders | 1143 | ||
| Epidemiology, Etiology, And Diagnosis Of Neonatal Malignancy | 1143 | ||
| Specific Neoplasms | 1146 | ||
| Treatment Considerations in Infants | 1161 | ||
| Conclusion | 1162 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1162 | ||
| Part XVII Renal and Genitourinary Systems | 1165 | ||
| Chapter 81 - Renal Morphogenesis and Development of Renal Function | 1165 | ||
| Renal Morphogenesis | 1165 | ||
| Renal Function In Utero | 1166 | ||
| Postnatal Maturation of Renal Blood Flow | 1166 | ||
| Regulation of Body Fluid Tonicity and Volume | 1169 | ||
| Regulation of Acid-Base Balance | 1172 | ||
| Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis | 1172 | ||
| Regulation of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Homeostasis | 1173 | ||
| Summary | 1174 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1175 | ||
| Chapter 82 - Clinical Evaluation of Renal and Urinary Tract Disease | 1176 | ||
| Prenatal Evaluation of Renal and Urinary Tract Disease | 1176 | ||
| Prenatal Management of Renal and Urinary Tract Disease | 1177 | ||
| Postnatal Evaluation of Renal and Urinary Tract Disease | 1177 | ||
| Summary | 1181 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1181 | ||
| Chapter 83 - Developmental Abnormalities of the Kidneys | 1182 | ||
| Ectopic Kidney, Horseshoe Kidney, and Crossed Fused Ectopia | 1182 | ||
| Multicystic Kidney | 1182 | ||
| Renal Adysplasia and Dysplasia | 1183 | ||
| Ciliopathies | 1185 | ||
| Polycystic Kidneys | 1186 | ||
| Cystic Kidneys with Autosomal Recessive Inheritance | 1188 | ||
| Glomerulocystic Kidneys | 1189 | ||
| Dysgenetic Kidneys | 1189 | ||
| Overgrowth Syndromes | 1189 | ||
| In Utero Exposure to Teratogens | 1190 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 1190 | ||
| Chapter 84 - Developmental Abnormalities of the Genitourinary System | 1191 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis | 1191 | ||
| Hydronephrosis | 1191 | ||
| Obstructive Uropathy | 1192 | ||
| Disorders of the Genitalia | 1200 | ||
| Chapter 85 - Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease | 1205 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 1205 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1215 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1221 | ||
| Chapter 86 - Glomerulonephropathies and Disorders of Tubular Function | 1222 | ||
| Glomerulonephropathies | 1222 | ||
| Disorders of Renal Tubular Function | 1224 | ||
| Renal Tubular Hyperkalemia | 1226 | ||
| Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus | 1227 | ||
| Chapter 87 - Urinary Tract Infections and Vesicoureteral Reflux | 1228 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections | 1228 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 1231 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1234 | ||
| Chapter 88 - Renal Vascular Disease in the Newborn | 1235 | ||
| Renal Arterial Obstruction | 1235 | ||
| Renal Vein Obstruction | 1237 | ||
| Renal Cortical and Medullary Necrosis | 1238 | ||
| Adrenal Hemorrhage | 1238 | ||
| Hypertension in the Newborn | 1239 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1244 | ||
| Part XVIII Endocrine Disorders | 1245 | ||
| Chapter 89 - Embryology, Developmental Biology, and Anatomy of the Endocrine System | 1245 | ||
| Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Development in the Fetus and Perinatal Transition | 1245 | ||
| Molecular Determinants of Endocrine Development | 1245 | ||
| Steroidogenesis and the Maternal-Placental-Fetal Unit | 1247 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis | 1248 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis | 1250 | ||
| Endocrine Pancreas | 1251 | ||
| Parathyroid-Renal Axis | 1252 | ||
| Gonadal Axes | 1252 | ||
| Fetal and Neonatal Circadian Rhythms | 1252 | ||
| Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis | 1253 | ||
| Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis | 1253 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1254 | ||
| Chapter 90 - Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism | 1255 | ||
| Homeostatic Control of Calcium and Magnesium | 1255 | ||
| Homeostatic Control of Phosphorus | 1255 | ||
| Parathyroid-Renal Hormonal Axis | 1256 | ||
| Perinatal Mineral Metabolism | 1258 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease in Newborns and Infants | 1269 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1272 | ||
| Chapter 91 - Disorders of the Adrenal Gland | 1274 | ||
| The Adrenal Gland | 1274 | ||
| Primary Adrenal Disorders | 1277 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1285 | ||
| Chapter 92 - Ambiguous Genitalia in the Newborn | 1286 | ||
| General Considerations in the Approach to the Newborn with Ambiguous Genitalia | 1286 | ||
| Embryology of Sexual Differentiation | 1286 | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Disorders of Sex Differentiation | 1289 | ||
| Disorders Resulting in Ambiguous Genitalia | 1293 | ||
| Newborn Screening | 1294 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment | 1296 | ||
| Overview of the Surgical Management of Disorders of sexual differentiation | 1304 | ||
| Conclusions | 1305 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1306 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1306 | ||
| Chapter 93 - Disorders of the Thyroid Gland | 1307 | ||
| Embryogenesis of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis | 1307 | ||
| Fetal-Placental-Maternal Thyroid Interaction | 1307 | ||
| Thyroid System Maturation | 1308 | ||
| Regulation of Thyroid Function | 1309 | ||
| Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | 1309 | ||
| Serum Protein Binding or Transport | 1309 | ||
| Fetal Thyroid Hormone Metabolism | 1310 | ||
| Extrauterine Thyroid Adaptation | 1310 | ||
| Congenital Hypothyroidism | 1310 | ||
| Neonatal Screening for Hypothyroidism | 1312 | ||
| Thyroid Dysgenesis | 1314 | ||
| Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis | 1314 | ||
| Central Hypothyroidism | 1314 | ||
| Hyperthyrotropinemia: Down Syndrome | 1315 | ||
| Consumptive Hypothyroidism | 1315 | ||
| Transient Primary Hypothyroidism | 1315 | ||
| Euthyroid Sick Syndrome | 1315 | ||
| Transient Hypothyroxinemia of Prematurity | 1316 | ||
| Low Triiodothyronine Syndrome in Premature Infants | 1316 | ||
| Iodine Deficiency | 1316 | ||
| Disorders of Thyroid Hormone Carrier Proteins | 1317 | ||
| Thyroxine-Binding Globulin Deficiency | 1317 | ||
| Thyroxine-Binding Globulin Excess | 1317 | ||
| Familial Dysalbuminemic Hyperthyroxinemia | 1317 | ||
| Therapy of Hypothyroidism | 1317 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 1318 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1319 | ||
| Chapter 94 - Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism | 1320 | ||
| Definition of Hypoglycemia | 1320 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1320 | ||
| Classification of Neonatal Hypoglycemia | 1321 | ||
| Hyperglycemia in the Neonate | 1327 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1329 | ||
| Part XIX Craniofacial and Orthopedic Conditions | 1331 | ||
| Chapter 95 - Craniofacial Malformations | 1331 | ||
| Micrognathia/Robin Sequence | 1331 | ||
| Orofacial Clefting | 1333 | ||
| Craniosynostosis | 1338 | ||
| Charge Syndrome | 1346 | ||
| Macroglossia/ Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | 1347 | ||
| Frontonasal Dysplasia, Hypertelorism, Encephalocele | 1349 | ||
| Prenatal Screening for Fetal Face Anomalies | 1350 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1350 | ||
| Chapter 96 - Common Neonatal Orthopedic Ailments | 1351 | ||
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 1351 | ||
| Torticollis | 1353 | ||
| Foot Deformities | 1354 | ||
| Angular Deformities of the Lower Extremities | 1356 | ||
| Congenital Vertebral Malformations | 1358 | ||
| Obstetrical Trauma | 1358 | ||
| Neonatal Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis | 1360 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1361 | ||
| Part XX Dermatologic Conditions | 1363 | ||
| Chapter 97 - Newborn Skin: Development and Basic Concepts | 1363 | ||
| Skin Development | 1363 | ||
| Newborn Skin | 1364 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis By Cutaneous Morphology | 1367 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1372 | ||
| Chapter 98 - Congenital and Hereditary Disorders of the Skin* | 1373 | ||
| Genodermatoses and Mosaicism | 1373 | ||
| Specific Genodermatoses | 1373 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1389 | ||
| Chapter 99 - Infections of the Skin | 1390 | ||
| Staphylococcus Aureus Infections | 1390 | ||
| Streptococcus Spp Infections | 1392 | ||
| Omphalitis | 1392 | ||
| Candida Albicans Infections | 1392 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Infection | 1395 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1396 | ||
| Chapter 100 -Common Newborn Dermatoses* | 1397 | ||
| Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum | 1397 | ||
| Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis | 1398 | ||
| Milia, Epstein Pearls, and Sebaceous Hyperplasia | 1398 | ||
| Miliaria | 1399 | ||
| Acne | 1399 | ||
| Seborrheic Dermatitis | 1400 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 1401 | ||
| Diaper Dermatitis | 1402 | ||
| Harlequin Color Change | 1403 | ||
| Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis | 1404 | ||
| Sclerema Neonatorum | 1404 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1405 | ||
| Chapter 101 - Cutaneous Congenital Defects* | 1406 | ||
| Vascular Anomalies | 1406 | ||
| Vascular Malformations | 1410 | ||
| Hypopigmented Lesions | 1413 | ||
| Melanin-Containing Lesions | 1415 | ||
| Tumors of Epithelial Origin | 1419 | ||
| Dermal Tumors | 1419 | ||
| Mastocytosis | 1420 | ||
| Midline Anomalies | 1421 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1421 | ||
| Part XXI The Eye | 1423 | ||
| Chapter 102 - Disorders of the Eye | 1423 | ||
| General Examination Techniques | 1423 | ||
| Common Diagnostic Problems | 1427 | ||
| Color Plates | CP1 | ||
| Index | 1441 |