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Book Details
Abstract
Long respected as the most comprehensive nurse anesthesia resource available, this new edition continues the tradition of bringing together leading experts to create a balanced reference that applies scientific principles to today’s clinical anesthesia practice. Inside you’ll find a solid introduction to the equipment and patient care techniques unique to nurse anesthesia side-by-side with the cutting-edge research and application of evidence necessary to prepare you for tomorrow.
- Over 700 tables and boxes highlight the most essential information in a quick, easy-to-reference format.
- An easy-to-use organization with basic principles covered first, followed by individual chapters for each surgical specialty, ensures you have the information you need to build your knowledge.
- Over 650 figures of anatomy, nurse anesthesia procedures, and equipment enhance your understanding of complex information.
- Expert CRNA authors provide the most up-to-date and relevant clinical information you’ll use in daily practice.
- The latest pharmacology information on pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, opiate antagonists, and key induction drugs to keep you up-to-date.
- Thoroughly updated references make finding the latest and most important research in the field quick and simple.
- New chapters address legal issues, neonatal anesthesia, anesthesia education, clinical monitoring, regional anesthesia, unexpected complications, and more.
- Expanded coverage of chemistry and physics as well as immunology makes these difficult fundamental topics easier to understand and apply to everyday practice.
- Over 100 new images enhance your understanding of difficult anesthesia concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Nurse Anesthesia | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Table of Contents | xi | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Unit I: Professional Issues | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1. Nurse Anesthesia | 1 | ||
| THE PERIOD OF THE FAILED PROMISE | 1 | ||
| HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS OF THE NURSE ANESTHETIST | 2 | ||
| ANESTHESIA: MEDICINE, NURSING, DENTISTRY, OR WHAT? | 4 | ||
| ORGANIZATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SURVIVAL | 5 | ||
| WORLD WAR II AND NURSE ANESTHETISTS | 6 | ||
| A SHORT-LIVED PEACE FOR NURSE ANESTHETISTS AND THE NATION | 6 | ||
| THE NEW AGE OF NURSE ANESTHESIA: THE 1960s | 8 | ||
| AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS’ INCREASING FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE 1970s | 9 | ||
| FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES IN THE 1980s | 11 | ||
| THE CALL FOR HEALTH-CARE REFORM IN THE 1990s | 16 | ||
| ENDING THE 20TH CENTURY | 20 | ||
| THE NEW MILLENNIUM BEGINS | 21 | ||
| CRNA PRACTICE TODAY | 23 | ||
| SUMMARY | 24 | ||
| REFERENCES | 25 | ||
| Chapter 2. Specialty Practice of Nurse Anesthesia | 28 | ||
| THE CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE ANESTHETIST | 28 | ||
| ROLE OF THE PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION | 30 | ||
| SUMMARY | 32 | ||
| REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| Chapter 3. Nurse Anesthesia Education in the United States | 34 | ||
| HISTORY OF NURSE ANESTHESIA EDUCATION | 34 | ||
| THE PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION’S VISION FOR EDUCATION | 34 | ||
| CHALLENGES FACING NURSE ANESTHESIA EDUCATION | 36 | ||
| UPGRADING NURSE ANESTHESIA EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS | 37 | ||
| NURSE ANESTHESIA EDUCATION TODAY | 37 | ||
| SUMMARY | 39 | ||
| REFERENCES | 39 | ||
| Chapter 4. Legal Issues in Nurse Anesthesia | 40 | ||
| SOURCES OF LAW | 40 | ||
| LEGAL AREAS OF INTEREST TO THE NURSE ANESTHETIST | 42 | ||
| AVOIDING A LAWSUIT | 46 | ||
| IF YOU ARE SUED | 47 | ||
| SUMMARY | 48 | ||
| REFERENCES | 48 | ||
| Unit II: Scientific Foundations | 49 | ||
| Chapter 5. Nurse Anesthesia Research | 49 | ||
| WAYS OF KNOWING | 49 | ||
| THE NATURE OF RESEARCH | 50 | ||
| THE EIGHT CRITICAL STAGES IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS | 50 | ||
| FRAUD, DECEIT, AND HUMAN ERROR IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH | 62 | ||
| STUDIES INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS | 62 | ||
| CONTROVERSIES IN ANIMAL RESEARCH | 63 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE: EMPOWERING DECISION MAKING THROUGH RESEARCH | 63 | ||
| SUMMARY | 66 | ||
| REFERENCES | 66 | ||
| Chapter 6. General Principles, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Receptor Concepts | 67 | ||
| RECEPTOR STRUCTURE | 67 | ||
| DRUG RESPONSE EQUATION | 69 | ||
| POPULATION VARIABILITY | 69 | ||
| DRUG DOSE RESPONSE | 70 | ||
| DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS | 72 | ||
| DRUG ANTAGONISM | 73 | ||
| SUMMARY | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 75 | ||
| Chapter 7. Pharmacokinetics | 77 | ||
| PROPERTIES THAT INFLUENCE PHARMACOKINETIC ACTIVITY | 77 | ||
| OTHER FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PHARMACOKINETICS | 89 | ||
| PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS | 90 | ||
| SUMMARY | 91 | ||
| REFERENCES | 92 | ||
| Chapter 8. Pharmacokinetics of Inhalation Anesthetics | 93 | ||
| PRIMARY FACTORS CONTROLLING UPTAKE, DISTRIBUTION, AND ELIMINATION OF ANESTHETICS | 93 | ||
| PEDIATRICS | 96 | ||
| SUMMARY | 97 | ||
| REFERENCES | 97 | ||
| Chapter 9. Inhalation Anesthetics | 99 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND AGENT CHARACTERISTICS | 99 | ||
| METABOLISM | 100 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS | 101 | ||
| MINIMUM ALVEOLAR CONCENTRATION | 102 | ||
| INFLUENCE OF INHALATION AGENTS ON ORGANS AND SYSTEMS | 103 | ||
| SUMMARY | 111 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| Chapter 10. Intravenous Induction Agents | 118 | ||
| BARBITURATES | 118 | ||
| NONBARBITURATE INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS | 126 | ||
| BENZODIAZEPINES | 135 | ||
| SUMMARY | 138 | ||
| REFERENCES | 138 | ||
| Chapter 11. Local Anesthetics | 142 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVE | 142 | ||
| NEURON ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY AND THE ACTION MECHANISM OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 142 | ||
| CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 145 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS AND PHARMACOKINETIC CONCEPTS | 146 | ||
| TOXICITY OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 153 | ||
| NEWER LOCAL ANESTHETIC COMPOUNDS | 157 | ||
| CLINICAL USE OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 159 | ||
| SUMMARY | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | 161 | ||
| Chapter 12. Opioid Agonists and Antagonists | 165 | ||
| OPIOIDS | 165 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF OPIOIDS | 171 | ||
| CLINICAL USES OF OPIOIDS | 175 | ||
| SUMMARY | 177 | ||
| REFERENCES | 177 | ||
| Chapter 13. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, Reversal Agents, and Their Monitoring | 179 | ||
| HISTORY | 179 | ||
| MONITORING OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE | 180 | ||
| DEPOLARIZING AGENTS | 181 | ||
| NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS | 189 | ||
| REVERSAL OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE | 196 | ||
| CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS | 196 | ||
| ANTICHOLINERGICS | 198 | ||
| SUMMARY | 199 | ||
| REFERENCES | 200 | ||
| Chapter 14. Autonomic and Cardiac Pharmacology | 203 | ||
| AUTONOMIC DRUGS–SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES | 203 | ||
| DIRECT-ACTING α-AGONISTS | 207 | ||
| MIXED FUNCTION AGONISTS | 207 | ||
| SELECTIVE β2-AGONISTS | 208 | ||
| α-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS | 208 | ||
| β-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS | 210 | ||
| CHOLINERGICS | 211 | ||
| ANTICHOLINERGICS | 212 | ||
| DIRECT VASODILATORS | 213 | ||
| CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS | 215 | ||
| ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS | 218 | ||
| ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS | 220 | ||
| CATECHOLAMINE-DEPLETING AGENTS | 220 | ||
| TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE INHIBITORS | 220 | ||
| CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS | 220 | ||
| PHOSPHODIESTERASE III INHIBITORS | 220 | ||
| CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES | 221 | ||
| OTHER AGENTS | 221 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES | 221 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ADMINISTRATION OF CARDIAC DRUGS | 226 | ||
| SUMMARY | 232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 232 | ||
| Chapter 15. Chemistry and Physics of Anesthesia | 235 | ||
| ATOMIC STRUCTURE | 236 | ||
| MOLECULAR BOND TYPES | 237 | ||
| BOND BREAKING | 238 | ||
| ORGANIC COMPOUNDS | 239 | ||
| SOLUBILTY | 240 | ||
| DIFFUSION | 240 | ||
| GRAVITY | 241 | ||
| NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION | 242 | ||
| FORCE | 242 | ||
| PRESSURE | 242 | ||
| ENERGY | 245 | ||
| ENTROPY | 245 | ||
| TEMPERATURE | 245 | ||
| KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY | 247 | ||
| GAS LAWS | 247 | ||
| FLUID FLOW | 249 | ||
| WAVES | 251 | ||
| ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION | 256 | ||
| ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION/MATTER INTERACTION | 256 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHY | 257 | ||
| GAS ANALYSIS | 257 | ||
| PULSE OXIMETRY | 261 | ||
| LASERS | 262 | ||
| SUMMARY | 263 | ||
| REFERENCES | 263 | ||
| Unit III: Technology Related to Anesthesia Practice | 266 | ||
| Chapter 16. Anesthesia Equipment | 266 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE ANESTHESIA GAS MACHINE | 266 | ||
| SUPPLY | 267 | ||
| PROCESSING | 275 | ||
| DELIVERY | 290 | ||
| DISPOSAL | 307 | ||
| RISK MANAGEMENT | 308 | ||
| SUMMARY | 310 | ||
| REFERENCES | 310 | ||
| Chapter 17. Clinical Monitoring I: Cardiovascular System | 315 | ||
| PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETERIZATION | 315 | ||
| AUTOMATED ST-SEGMENT MONITORING | 323 | ||
| ARTERIAL PRESSURE MONITORING | 329 | ||
| TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY MONITORING | 331 | ||
| SUMMARY | 333 | ||
| REFERENCES | 334 | ||
| Chapter 18. Clinical Monitoring II: Respiratory and Metabolic Systems | 337 | ||
| MONITORING STANDARDS | 337 | ||
| PRACTICAL APPROACH TO MONITORING | 337 | ||
| ADDITIONAL MONITORING ISSUES | 345 | ||
| ANESTHESIA EDUCATION AND PATIENT MONITORING | 345 | ||
| FUTURE OF CLINICAL MONITORING | 346 | ||
| SUMMARY | 346 | ||
| REFERENCES | 346 | ||
| Chapter 19. Clinical Monitoring III: Neurologic System | 348 | ||
| ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM | 348 | ||
| PROCESSED EEG WAVEFORMS | 350 | ||
| EVOKED POTENTIALS | 353 | ||
| SUMMARY | 356 | ||
| REFERENCES | 356 | ||
| Unit IV: Preoperative Preparation | 358 | ||
| Chapter 20. Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation of the Patient | 358 | ||
| PREANESTHESIA ASSESSMENT CLINIC | 358 | ||
| CHART REVIEW | 359 | ||
| PATIENT INTERVIEW | 360 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION: OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS | 368 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 391 | ||
| FASTING CONSIDERATIONS | 392 | ||
| AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS PHYSICAL STATUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM | 394 | ||
| PREVENTING OPERATIVE ERRORS | 395 | ||
| SUMMARY | 395 | ||
| REFERENCES | 397 | ||
| Unit V: Intraoperative Management | 401 | ||
| Chapter 21. Fluids, Electrolytes, and Blood Component Therapy | 401 | ||
| FLUID COMPARTMENTS | 401 | ||
| INFLUENCES OF SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA ON FLUID BALANCE | 401 | ||
| FLUID VOLUME DISORDERS | 403 | ||
| DISORDERS OF SODIUM BALANCE | 403 | ||
| DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM BALANCE | 406 | ||
| DISORDERS OF CALCIUM BALANCE | 408 | ||
| DISORDERS OF MAGNESIUM BALANCE | 410 | ||
| PARENTERAL FLUIDS | 410 | ||
| BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY | 413 | ||
| SUMMARY | 417 | ||
| REFERENCES | 418 | ||
| Chapter 22. Positioning for Anesthesia and Surgery | 420 | ||
| CLOSED-CLAIMS STUDIES | 420 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE INJURY | 421 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NERVE INJURIES | 422 | ||
| PATIENT-RELATED FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NERVE INJURIES | 422 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE NEUROPATHIES | 423 | ||
| BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES | 424 | ||
| SPINAL CORD INJURY | 425 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE VISUAL LOSS | 426 | ||
| OTHER POSITION-RELATED INJURIES | 427 | ||
| SURGICAL POSITIONING | 429 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF SURGICAL POSITIONS | 434 | ||
| SUMMARY | 437 | ||
| REFERENCES | 437 | ||
| Chapter 23. Airway Management | 441 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AIRWAY | 441 | ||
| AIRWAY ASSESSMENT | 444 | ||
| TRACHEAL INTUBATION | 445 | ||
| AIRWAY BLOCKS | 451 | ||
| CRICOID PRESSURE | 452 | ||
| ADJUNCT AIRWAY EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES | 452 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEAL INTUBATION | 460 | ||
| DIFFICULT AIRWAY IN OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA | 462 | ||
| SUMMARY | 463 | ||
| REFERENCES | 463 | ||
| Chapter 24. Cardiovascular Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthesia Management | 465 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 465 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR REFLEXES | 479 | ||
| VASCULAR SYSTEM | 480 | ||
| HYPERTENSION | 487 | ||
| MITRAL STENOSIS | 494 | ||
| MITRAL REGURGITATION AND INSUFFICIENCY | 495 | ||
| AORTIC STENOSIS | 497 | ||
| AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY | 499 | ||
| HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 500 | ||
| MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE | 501 | ||
| SUMMARY | 502 | ||
| REFERENCES | 502 | ||
| Chapter 25. Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery | 504 | ||
| CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | 504 | ||
| EFFECTS OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 504 | ||
| ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS | 506 | ||
| ANESTHESIA MONITORING | 510 | ||
| PERFUSION PRINCIPLES | 511 | ||
| COAGULATION | 513 | ||
| PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF COAGULOPATHY | 514 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES TO BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL | 515 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PERIOD | 515 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD | 516 | ||
| DISCONTINUING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 517 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF CARDIAC BYPASS | 519 | ||
| EXTUBATION | 521 | ||
| UNIQUE SITUATIONS IN CARDIAC ANESTHESIA | 521 | ||
| MINIMALLY INVASIVE CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS TECHNIQUES | 522 | ||
| ABLATION PROCEDURES | 523 | ||
| PEDIATRIC APPROACHES | 524 | ||
| SUMMARY | 525 | ||
| REFERENCES | 525 | ||
| Chapter 26. Anesthesia for Vascular Surgery | 528 | ||
| PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | 528 | ||
| ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS | 530 | ||
| ABDOMINAL AORTIC RECONSTRUCTION | 530 | ||
| THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSMS | 538 | ||
| AORTIC DISSECTION | 539 | ||
| DESCENDING THORACIC AND THORACOABDOMINAL ANEURYSMS | 540 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR | 543 | ||
| CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY AND CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY | 546 | ||
| CAROTID ARTERY STENTING | 552 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE COST CONTAINMENT | 554 | ||
| SUMMARY | 555 | ||
| REFERENCES | 555 | ||
| Chapter 27. Respiratory Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthesia Management | 560 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 560 | ||
| MECHANICS OF BREATHING | 565 | ||
| PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW | 570 | ||
| ACID-BASE BALANCE | 575 | ||
| TREATMENT OF BLOOD GAS ABNORMALITIES | 577 | ||
| CONTROL OF BREATHING | 577 | ||
| CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE | 578 | ||
| ASTHMA | 587 | ||
| PULMONARY HYPERTENSION | 593 | ||
| COR PULMONALE | 594 | ||
| PULMONARY EMBOLISM | 597 | ||
| RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES | 603 | ||
| ASPIRATION PNEUMONITIS | 605 | ||
| ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME | 610 | ||
| NONCYTOTOXIC AND CYTOTOXIC DRUG-INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE | 612 | ||
| PULMONARY OXYGEN TOXICITY | 615 | ||
| AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS | 616 | ||
| FLAIL CHEST | 618 | ||
| PNEUMOTHORAX | 618 | ||
| ATELECTASIS | 620 | ||
| PLEURAL EFFUSION | 621 | ||
| SKELETAL DISORDERS | 621 | ||
| SUMMARY | 625 | ||
| REFERENCES | 625 | ||
| Chapter 28. Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery | 630 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION | 630 | ||
| LATERAL DECUBITUS POSITION | 634 | ||
| ONE-LUNG VENTILATION | 636 | ||
| ANALGESIA FOR THORACIC SURGERY | 644 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AFTER THORACOTOMY | 644 | ||
| MEDIASTINAL MASSES | 645 | ||
| BULLAE | 647 | ||
| SUMMARY | 648 | ||
| REFERENCES | 648 | ||
| Chapter 29. Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, and Neuroanesthesia | 651 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 651 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 653 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 656 | ||
| VASCULATURE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 658 | ||
| ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY | 659 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 660 | ||
| SENSORY PATHWAYS | 662 | ||
| MOTOR PATHWAYS | 664 | ||
| NEUROANESTHESIA | 667 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE | 670 | ||
| NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING | 673 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIFIC PROCEDURES | 674 | ||
| SUMMARY | 690 | ||
| REFERENCES | 690 | ||
| Chapter 30. Renal Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthesia Management | 694 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY | 694 | ||
| RENAL PHYSIOLOGY | 696 | ||
| EFFECTS OF ANESTHESIA ON NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION | 700 | ||
| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE | 702 | ||
| CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE | 705 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE RENAL ASSESSMENT | 706 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED RENAL DISEASE | 710 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS FLUID MANAGEMENT | 713 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR RENAL TRANSPLANTATION | 714 | ||
| EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK-WAVE LITHOTRIPSY | 718 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY | 719 | ||
| TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE | 719 | ||
| LAPAROSCOPIC UROLOGIC SURGERY | 721 | ||
| ROBOTIC UROLOGIC SURGERY | 722 | ||
| SUMMARY | 722 | ||
| REFERENCES | 722 | ||
| Chapter 31. Hepatobiliary and Gastrointestinal Disturbances and Anesthesia | 727 | ||
| PANCREATIC DISEASE | 727 | ||
| LIVER DISEASE | 730 | ||
| SURGICAL DECOMPRESSION PROCEDURES | 740 | ||
| DISEASES OF THE BILIARY TRACT | 741 | ||
| DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS | 744 | ||
| DISEASES OF THE STOMACH | 746 | ||
| PERITONEUM | 750 | ||
| DISEASES OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT | 751 | ||
| SPLENIC DISEASE | 759 | ||
| CARCINOID TUMORS AND CARCINOID SYNDROME | 760 | ||
| TRANSPLANTATION | 762 | ||
| SUMMARY | 769 | ||
| REFERENCES | 769 | ||
| Chapter 32. Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery | 771 | ||
| CREATION OF THE PNEUMOPERITONEUM | 771 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY | 772 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF PNEUMOPERITONEUM | 773 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT | 776 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 777 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY | 778 | ||
| SUMMARY | 778 | ||
| REFERENCES | 778 | ||
| Chapter 33. Musculoskeletal System Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthesia Management | 780 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION | 780 | ||
| MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY | 785 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ANESTHESIA | 789 | ||
| SUMMARY | 799 | ||
| REFERENCES | 799 | ||
| Chapter 34. The Endocrine System and Anesthesia | 802 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY | 802 | ||
| PITUITARY GLAND | 803 | ||
| PARATHYROID GLAND | 809 | ||
| PANCREAS | 813 | ||
| DIABETES MELLITUS | 816 | ||
| ADRENAL GLANDS | 823 | ||
| THYROID GLAND | 834 | ||
| SUMMARY | 839 | ||
| REFERENCES | 839 | ||
| Chapter 35. Hematology and Anesthesia | 842 | ||
| THE NORMAL VESSEL WALL | 842 | ||
| VESSEL INJURY | 843 | ||
| CELL-BASED THEORY OF COAGULATION | 846 | ||
| FIBRINLOYTIC SYSTEM | 846 | ||
| ANESTHETIC IMPLICATIONS | 847 | ||
| SPECIFIC DISORDERS | 853 | ||
| OTHER CONSIDERATIONS | 854 | ||
| SUMMARY | 860 | ||
| REFERENCES | 860 | ||
| Chapter 36. Thermal Injury and Anesthesia | 862 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY | 862 | ||
| ETIOLOGIES OF BURN INJURIES | 862 | ||
| TREATMENT OF THE BURN PATIENT | 864 | ||
| SUMMARY | 873 | ||
| REFERENCES | 873 | ||
| Chapter 37. Trauma Anesthesia | 875 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES ARISING FROM TRAUMATIC INJURY | 875 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAUMA PATIENTS | 876 | ||
| IDEAL TRAUMA CARE | 876 | ||
| TRAUMA SYSTEMS AND LEVELS OF CARE | 877 | ||
| STAGES IN TRAUMA CARE | 877 | ||
| TRAUMA-INDUCED SHOCK | 880 | ||
| MECHANISM OF INJURY | 882 | ||
| SELECTION OF ANESTHETIC AGENTS FOR THE TRAUMA PATIENT | 889 | ||
| SUMMARY | 890 | ||
| REFERENCES | 890 | ||
| Chapter 38. Outpatient Anesthesia | 892 | ||
| FEATURES OF OUTPATIENT SURGERY | 892 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 893 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION AND PREPARATION | 896 | ||
| PREMEDICATION | 901 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 902 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 906 | ||
| SUMMARY | 913 | ||
| REFERENCES | 914 | ||
| Chapter 39. Anesthesia for Ear, Nose, Throat, and Maxillofacial Surgery | 921 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK | 921 | ||
| PREPARATION AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT PROCEDURES | 923 | ||
| SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT FOR EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT PROCEDURES | 926 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT PROCEDURES | 928 | ||
| SELECT TECHNIQUES COMMONLY USED IN EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT PROCEDURES | 930 | ||
| PROCEDURES OF THE EAR AND FACE | 934 | ||
| SUMMARY | 939 | ||
| REFERENCES | 940 | ||
| Chapter 40. Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Procedures | 942 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC ANATOMY | 942 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY: OCULAR MEDICATIONS AND ANESTHETIC AGENTS | 948 | ||
| SELECT OCULAR ANESTHESIA TECHNIQUES | 952 | ||
| OCULAR REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 952 | ||
| POSITIVE ORBITAL PRESSURE | 959 | ||
| ANESTHESIA MANAGEMENT | 959 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC ANESTHESIA COMPLICATIONS | 963 | ||
| SUMMARY | 966 | ||
| REFERENCES | 966 | ||
| Chapter 41. Anesthesia for Orthopedics and Podiatry | 969 | ||
| PNEUMATIC TOURNIQUET | 969 | ||
| PATIENT POSITIONING | 971 | ||
| ARTHROSCOPY | 973 | ||
| ARTHROPLASTY | 976 | ||
| SPINAL SURGERY | 978 | ||
| FOOT AND ANKLE SURGERY | 981 | ||
| FOREARM AND HAND SURGERY | 981 | ||
| ARTHRITIC SYNDROMES | 981 | ||
| SUMMARY | 982 | ||
| REFERENCES | 982 | ||
| Chapter 42. The Immune System and Anesthesia | 985 | ||
| THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 985 | ||
| IMMUNE SYSTEM PATHOLOGY | 993 | ||
| DISEASES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 997 | ||
| ANESTHESIA AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 1002 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1006 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1006 | ||
| Chapter 43. Anesthesia and Laser Surgery | 1009 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LASERS | 1009 | ||
| MEDICAL LASERS | 1012 | ||
| LASER SAFETY | 1015 | ||
| LASER HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS | 1016 | ||
| SPECIAL ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1021 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR LASER PROCEDURES | 1021 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1022 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1022 | ||
| Chapter 44. Obesity and Anesthesia Practice | 1024 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 1024 | ||
| ADIPOSE TISSUE | 1025 | ||
| CAUSES OF OBESITY | 1027 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY | 1027 | ||
| PEDIATRIC OBESITY | 1030 | ||
| MATERNAL OBESITY | 1031 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OBESITY | 1031 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1032 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT: PREANESTHETIC EVALUATION | 1034 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT: PREPARATION | 1036 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT: MAINTENANCE | 1038 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT: POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 1040 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1041 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1041 | ||
| Chapter 45. Regional Anesthesia: | 1045 | ||
| APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NEURAXIS | 1045 | ||
| SPINAL ANESTHESIA | 1054 | ||
| EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA | 1063 | ||
| COMBINED SPINAL AND EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA | 1070 | ||
| CAUDAL ANESTHESIA | 1073 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1074 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1074 | ||
| Chapter 46. Regional Anesthesia: | 1077 | ||
| HISTORY OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 1077 | ||
| SELECTION OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA TECHNIQUES | 1077 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 1079 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 1080 | ||
| ELECTRICAL STIMULATORS IN REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 1083 | ||
| ULTRASOUND-GUIDED REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 1084 | ||
| UPPER-EXTREMITY BLOCK | 1084 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS REGIONAL ANESTHESIA (BIER BLOCK) | 1092 | ||
| INTERCOSTAL NERVE BLOCKS | 1093 | ||
| LOWER-EXTREMITY BLOCK | 1095 | ||
| REGIONAL ANESTHESIA AND TRAUMA | 1101 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1101 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1102 | ||
| Chapter 47. Obstetric Anesthesia | 1103 | ||
| ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY | 1103 | ||
| STAGES OF LABOR AND DELIVERY | 1107 | ||
| PREPARATION FOR ANESTHETIC INTERVENTION | 1109 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS ANALGESIA IN THE PARTURIENT | 1114 | ||
| REGIONAL ANALGESIA AND ANESTHESIA FOR LABOR AND VAGINAL DELIVERY | 1115 | ||
| SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS FOR OBSTETRIC PATIENTS | 1121 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR CESAREAN SECTION | 1124 | ||
| ANESTHETIC COMPLICATIONS | 1126 | ||
| OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS | 1129 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR THE PREGNANT PATIENT UNDERGOING A NONOBSTETRIC PROCEDURE | 1139 | ||
| NEONATAL RESUSCITATION | 1140 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1142 | ||
| Chapter 48. Neonatal Anesthesia | 1147 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS | 1147 | ||
| GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 1148 | ||
| ANESTHETIC PHARMACOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE NEONATE | 1154 | ||
| DRUGS USED IN NEONATAL ANESTHESIA | 1155 | ||
| FLUID MANAGEMENT | 1156 | ||
| ANESTHETIC EQUIPMENT | 1159 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT | 1160 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTED CASES | 1165 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1171 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1171 | ||
| Chapter 49. Pediatric Anesthesia | 1174 | ||
| PEDIATRIC ANESTHETIC MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY | 1174 | ||
| PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1175 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE CARE | 1182 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION | 1188 | ||
| PEDIATRIC AIRWAY MANAGEMENT | 1196 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS FLUID AND BLOOD THERAPY | 1201 | ||
| PEDIATRIC REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 1205 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1206 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1206 | ||
| Chapter 50. Geriatrics and Anesthesia Practice | 1210 | ||
| PERSPECTIVES ON AGING | 1210 | ||
| EXPECTED ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES | 1210 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1214 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT | 1215 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT | 1215 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1217 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1217 | ||
| Chapter 51. Postanesthesia Recovery | 1218 | ||
| POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNIT ADMISSION | 1218 | ||
| ANESTHESIA REPORT | 1218 | ||
| INITIAL POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNIT ASSESSMENT | 1218 | ||
| ONGOING ASSESSMENT | 1220 | ||
| DISCHARGE FROM THE POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNIT | 1234 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1236 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1237 | ||
| Chapter 52. Pain Management | 1239 | ||
| PAIN | 1240 | ||
| ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT | 1243 | ||
| DRUGS USED IN PAIN MANAGEMENT | 1244 | ||
| MODE OF ADMINISTRATION | 1250 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT IN CHILDREN | 1256 | ||
| CANCER-RELATED PAIN | 1257 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1265 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1265 | ||
| Chapter 53. Anesthesia for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Procedures | 1268 | ||
| ADMINISTRATION OF ANESTHESIA IN REMOTE LOCATIONS | 1268 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR SPECIFIC PROCEDURES IN REMOTE LOCATIONS | 1279 | ||
| REMOTE ANESTHETIC MONITORING USING TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY | 1297 | ||
| MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES | 1297 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1297 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1297 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1297 | ||
| Chapter 54. Anesthesia Complications | 1302 | ||
| EYE INJURY | 1302 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY COMPLICATIONS | 1304 | ||
| COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT | 1311 | ||
| OPERATING ROOM FIRE | 1313 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1314 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1315 | ||
| Index | 1319 |