BOOK
Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine E-Book
David L. Katz | Joann G. Elmore | Dorothea Wild | Sean C Lucan
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Succinct yet thorough, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, 3rd Edition brings you today's best knowledge on epidemiology, biostatistics, preventive medicine, and public health—in one convenient source. You'll find the latest on healthcare policy and financing · infectious diseases · chronic disease · and disease prevention technology. This text also serves as an outstanding resource for preparing for the USMLE, and the American Board of Preventive Medicine recommends it as a top review source for its core specialty examination.
- Discusses the financial concerns and the use and limitations of screening in the prevention of symptomatic disease.
- Emphasizes the application of epidemiologic and biostatistical concepts to everyday clinical problem solving and decision making.
- Showcases important concepts and calculations inside quick-reference boxes.
- Presents abundant illustrations and well-organized tables to clarify and summarize complex concepts.
- Includes 350 USMLE-style questions and answers, complete with detailed explanations about why various choices are correct or incorrect.
- This book comes with STUDENT CONSULT at no extra charge! Register at www.studentconsult.com today...so you can learn and study more powerfully than ever before!
- Access the complete contents of the book online, anywhere you go...perform quick searches...and add your own notes and bookmarks.
- Follow Integration Links to related bonus content from other STUDENT CONSULT titles—to help you see the connections between diverse disciplines.
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- Includes the latest information on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) · SARS · avian form of H5N1 influenza · the obesity epidemic · and more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, 4/e | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| About the Authors | v | ||
| Guest Authors | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Preface to the Third Edition | xii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 Epidemiology | 1 | ||
| 1 Basic Epidemiologic Concepts and Principles | 3 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 3 | ||
| I. What is Epidemiology? | 3 | ||
| II. Etiology and Natural History of Disease | 4 | ||
| A. Stages of Disease | 4 | ||
| B. Mechanisms and Causes of Disease | 4 | ||
| C. Host, Agent, Environment, and Vector | 4 | ||
| D. Risk Factors and Preventable Causes | 5 | ||
| 1. BEINGS Model | 5 | ||
| “B”—Biologic and Behavioral Factors | 6 | ||
| “E”—Environmental Factors | 6 | ||
| “I”—Immunologic Factors | 6 | ||
| “N”—Nutritional Factors | 7 | ||
| “G”—Genetic Factors | 7 | ||
| “S”—Services, Social Factors, and Spiritual Factors | 7 | ||
| III. Ecological Issues in Epidemiology | 8 | ||
| A. Solution of Public Health Problems and Unintended Creation of New Problems | 8 | ||
| 1. Vaccination and Patterns of Immunity | 8 | ||
| Diphtheria | 9 | ||
| Smallpox | 9 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 10 | ||
| Syphilis | 10 | ||
| 2. Effects of Sanitation | 10 | ||
| 3. Vector Control and Land Use Patterns | 11 | ||
| 4. River Dam Construction and Patterns of Disease | 11 | ||
| B. Synergism of Factors Predisposing to Disease | 11 | ||
| IV. Contributions of Epidemiologists | 11 | ||
| A. Investigating Epidemics and New Diseases | 11 | ||
| B. Studying the Biologic Spectrum of Disease | 12 | ||
| C. Surveillance of Community Health Interventions | 12 | ||
| D. Setting Disease Control Priorities | 13 | ||
| E. Improving Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Clinical Disease | 13 | ||
| F. Improving Health Services Research | 14 | ||
| G. Providing Expert Testimony in Courts of Law | 14 | ||
| V. Summary | 14 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| Select Readings | 15 | ||
| Websites | 15 | ||
| 2 Epidemiologic Data Measurements | 16 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 16 | ||
| I. Frequency | 16 | ||
| A. Incidence (Incident Cases) | 16 | ||
| B. Prevalence (Prevalent Cases) | 16 | ||
| 1. Difference between Point Prevalence and Period Prevalence | 16 | ||
| C. Illustration of Morbidity Concepts | 16 | ||
| D. Relationship between Incidence and Prevalence | 17 | ||
| II. Risk | 19 | ||
| A. Definition | 19 | ||
| B. Limitations of the Concept of Risk | 19 | ||
| III. Rates | 20 | ||
| A. Definition | 20 | ||
| B. Relationship between Risk and Rate | 20 | ||
| C. Quantitative Relationship between Risk and Rate | 21 | ||
| D. Criteria for Valid Use of the Term Rate | 21 | ||
| E. Specific Types of Rates | 22 | ||
| 1. Incidence Rate | 22 | ||
| 2. Prevalence Rate | 23 | ||
| 3. Incidence Density | 23 | ||
| IV. Special Issues on Use of Rates | 23 | ||
| A. Crude Rates versus Specific Rates | 23 | ||
| B. Standardization of Death Rates | 25 | ||
| 1. Direct Standardization | 25 | ||
| 2. Indirect Standardization | 26 | ||
| C. Cause-Specific Rates | 27 | ||
| V. Commonly Used Rates That Reflect Maternal and Infant Health | 27 | ||
| A. Definitions of Terms | 27 | ||
| B. Definitions of Specific Types of Rates | 27 | ||
| 1. Crude Birth Rate | 27 | ||
| 2. Infant Mortality Rate | 27 | ||
| 3. Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality Rates | 28 | ||
| 4. Perinatal Mortality Rate and Ratio | 28 | ||
| 5. Maternal Mortality Rate | 28 | ||
| VI. Summary | 29 | ||
| References | 30 | ||
| Select Readings | 31 | ||
| 3 Epidemiologic Surveillance and Epidemic Outbreak Investigation | 32 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 32 | ||
| I. Surveillance of Disease | 32 | ||
| A. Responsibility for Surveillance | 32 | ||
| B. Creating a Surveillance System | 32 | ||
| C. Methods and Functions of Disease Surveillance | 33 | ||
| 1. Establishment of Baseline Data | 33 | ||
| 2. Evaluation of Time Trends | 33 | ||
| Secular (Long-term) Trends | 33 | ||
| Seasonal Variation | 33 | ||
| Other Types of Variation | 35 | ||
| 3. Identification and Documentation of Outbreaks | 35 | ||
| Surveillance for Bioterrorism | 37 | ||
| 4. Evaluation of Public Health and Disease Interventions | 38 | ||
| 5. Setting of Disease Control Priorities | 39 | ||
| 6. Study of Changing Patterns of Disease | 39 | ||
| II. Investigation of Epidemics | 39 | ||
| A. Nature of Epidemics | 39 | ||
| B. Procedures for Investigating an Epidemic | 40 | ||
| 1. Establish the Diagnosis | 40 | ||
| 2. Establish Epidemiologic Case Definition | 40 | ||
| 3. Is an Epidemic Occurring? | 40 | ||
| 4. Characterize Epidemic by Time, Place, and Person | 40 | ||
| Time | 40 | ||
| Place | 43 | ||
| Person | 45 | ||
| 5. Develop Hypotheses Regarding Source, Patterns of Spread, and Mode of Transmission | 45 | ||
| 6. Test Hypotheses | 46 | ||
| 7. Initiate Control Measures | 46 | ||
| 8. Initiate Specific Follow-up Surveillance to Evaluate Control Measures | 47 | ||
| C. Example of Investigation of an Outbreak | 47 | ||
| D. Example of Preparedness and Response to a Global Health Threat | 48 | ||
| III. Summary | 49 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| Select Readings | 49 | ||
| Websites | 49 | ||
| 4 The Study of Risk Factors and Causation | 50 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 50 | ||
| I. Types of Causal Relationships | 50 | ||
| A. Sufficient Cause | 50 | ||
| B. Necessary Cause | 50 | ||
| C. Risk Factor | 50 | ||
| D. Causal and Noncausal Associations | 51 | ||
| II. Steps in Determination of Cause and Effect | 52 | ||
| A. Investigation of Statistical Association | 52 | ||
| B. Investigation of Temporal Relationship | 53 | ||
| C. Elimination of All Known Alternative Explanations | 53 | ||
| 1. Alternative Explanation for Cholera in 1849 | 54 | ||
| 2. Alternative Explanations for Coronary Heart Disease | 54 | ||
| III. Common Pitfalls in Causal Research | 54 | ||
| A. Bias | 54 | ||
| 1. Assembly Bias | 55 | ||
| Selection Bias | 55 | ||
| Allocation Bias | 55 | ||
| Associated Problems of Validity | 55 | ||
| 2. Detection Bias | 56 | ||
| Measurement Bias | 56 | ||
| Recall Bias | 56 | ||
| B. Random Error | 56 | ||
| C. Confounding | 56 | ||
| D. Synergism | 57 | ||
| E. Effect Modification (Interaction) | 57 | ||
| IV. Important Reminders About Risk Factors and Disease | 57 | ||
| V. Summary | 58 | ||
| References | 58 | ||
| Select Readings | 58 | ||
| 5 Common Research Designs and Issues in Epidemiology | 59 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 59 | ||
| I. Functions of Research Design | 59 | ||
| II. Types of Research Design | 59 | ||
| A. Observational Designs for Generating Hypotheses | 60 | ||
| 1. Qualitative Studies | 60 | ||
| 2. Cross-Sectional Surveys | 60 | ||
| 3. Cross-Sectional Ecological Studies | 62 | ||
| 4. Longitudinal Ecological Studies | 62 | ||
| B. Observational Designs for Generating or Testing Hypotheses | 63 | ||
| 1. Cohort Studies | 63 | ||
| Prospective Cohort Studies | 63 | ||
| Retrospective Cohort Studies | 64 | ||
| 2. Case-Control Studies | 64 | ||
| 3. Nested Case-Control Studies | 65 | ||
| C. Experimental Designs for Testing Hypotheses | 65 | ||
| 1. Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials | 65 | ||
| 2. Randomized Controlled Field Trials | 67 | ||
| D. Techniques for Data Summary, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, and Postapproval Surveillance | 67 | ||
| III. Research Issues in Epidemiology | 68 | ||
| A. Dangers of Data Dredging | 68 | ||
| B. Ethical Issues | 69 | ||
| IV. Summary | 69 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| Select Readings | 70 | ||
| Websites | 70 | ||
| 6 Assessment of Risk and Benefit in Epidemiologic Studies | 71 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 71 | ||
| I. Definition of Study Groups | 71 | ||
| II. Comparison of Risks in Different Study Groups | 71 | ||
| A. Absolute Differences in Risk | 72 | ||
| B. Relative Differences in Risk | 72 | ||
| 1. Relative Risk (Risk Ratio) | 72 | ||
| 2. Odds Ratio | 73 | ||
| 3. Which Side Is Up in the Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio? | 73 | ||
| III. Other Measures of Impact of Risk Factors | 74 | ||
| A. Attributable Risk Percent in the Exposed | 75 | ||
| B. Population Attributable Risk | 75 | ||
| C. Population Attributable Risk Percent | 75 | ||
| IV. Uses of Risk Assessment Data | 76 | ||
| A. Application of Risk Data to Policy Analysis | 76 | ||
| 1. Estimating Benefit of Interventions in Populations | 76 | ||
| 2. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | 77 | ||
| 3. Cost-Benefit Analysis | 77 | ||
| 4. Other Methods of Describing the Value of Interventions | 77 | ||
| Absolute and Relative Risk Reduction | 77 | ||
| Reduction in Incidence Density | 77 | ||
| Number Needed to Treat or Harm | 79 | ||
| B. Application of Risk Measures to Counseling Patients | 79 | ||
| V. Summary | 79 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| Select Readings | 80 | ||
| 7 Understanding the Quality of Data in Clinical Medicine | 81 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 81 | ||
| I. Goals of Data Collection and Analysis | 81 | ||
| A. Promoting Accuracy and Precision | 81 | ||
| B. Reducing Differential and Nondifferential Errors | 81 | ||
| C. Reducing Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability | 82 | ||
| II. Studying the Accuracy and Usefulness of Screening and Diagnostic Tests | 82 | ||
| A. False-Positive and False-Negative Results | 82 | ||
| B. Sensitivity and Specificity | 84 | ||
| C. Predictive Values | 85 | ||
| D. Likelihood Ratios, Odds Ratios, and Cutoff Points | 85 | ||
| E. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves | 87 | ||
| III. Measuring Agreement | 89 | ||
| A. Overall Percent Agreement | 89 | ||
| B. Kappa Test Ratio | 89 | ||
| IV. Summary | 90 | ||
| References | 90 | ||
| Select Reading | 90 | ||
| 2 Biostatistics | 91 | ||
| 8 Statistical Foundations of Clinical Decisions | 93 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 93 | ||
| I. Bayes Theorem | 93 | ||
| A. Community Screening Programs | 94 | ||
| B. Individual Patient Care | 94 | ||
| C. Influence of the Sequence of Testing | 95 | ||
| II. Decision Analysis | 97 | ||
| A. Steps in Creating a Decision Tree | 97 | ||
| 1. Identify the Problem | 97 | ||
| 2. Diagram the Options | 97 | ||
| 3. Obtain Information on Each Option | 98 | ||
| 4. Compare Utility Values and Perform Sensitivity Analysis | 98 | ||
| B. Applications of Decision Trees | 99 | ||
| III. Data Synthesis | 99 | ||
| A. Systematic Review | 99 | ||
| B. Meta-Analysis | 99 | ||
| C. Evidence Mapping | 101 | ||
| IV. Elementary Probability Theory | 101 | ||
| A. Independence Rule | 101 | ||
| B. Product Rule | 102 | ||
| C. Addition Rule | 102 | ||
| V. Summary | 102 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| Select Readings | 104 | ||
| 9 Describing Variation in Data | 105 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 105 | ||
| I. Sources of Variation in Medicine | 105 | ||
| II. Statistics and Variables | 106 | ||
| A. Quantitative and Qualitative Data | 106 | ||
| B. Types of Variables | 106 | ||
| 1. Nominal Variables | 106 | ||
| 2. Dichotomous (Binary) Variables | 107 | ||
| 3. Ordinal (Ranked) Variables | 107 | ||
| 4. Continuous (Dimensional) Variables | 107 | ||
| 5. Ratio Variables | 108 | ||
| 6. Risks and Proportions as Variables | 108 | ||
| C. Counts and Units of Observation | 108 | ||
| D. Combining Data | 108 | ||
| III. Frequency Distributions | 108 | ||
| A. Frequency Distributions of Continuous Variables | 108 | ||
| 1. Range of a Variable | 108 | ||
| 2. Real and Theoretical Frequency Distributions | 108 | ||
| 3. Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Line Graphs | 110 | ||
| 4. Parameters of a Frequency Distribution | 111 | ||
| Measures of Central Tendency | 111 | ||
| Mode | 111 | ||
| Median | 111 | ||
| Mean | 112 | ||
| Measures of Dispersion | 112 | ||
| Measures of Dispersion Based on Percentiles | 112 | ||
| Measures of Dispersion Based on the Mean | 112 | ||
| Mean Deviation | 112 | ||
| Variance | 112 | ||
| Standard Deviation | 114 | ||
| 5. Problems in Analyzing a Frequency Distribution | 114 | ||
| Skewness and Kurtosis | 114 | ||
| Extreme Values (Outliers) | 115 | ||
| 6. Methods of Depicting a Frequency Distribution | 115 | ||
| Stem and Leaf Diagrams | 115 | ||
| Quantiles | 115 | ||
| Boxplots | 115 | ||
| 7. Use of Unit-Free (Normalized) Data | 116 | ||
| B. Frequency Distributions of Dichotomous Data and Proportions | 117 | ||
| C. Frequency Distributions of Other Types of Data | 117 | ||
| IV. Summary | 117 | ||
| References | 118 | ||
| Select Reading | 118 | ||
| 10 Statistical Inference and Hypothesis Testing | 119 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 119 | ||
| I. Nature and Purpose of Statistical Inference | 119 | ||
| A. Differences between Deductive and Inductive Reasoning | 119 | ||
| B. Differences between Mathematics and Statistics | 120 | ||
| II. Process of Testing Hypotheses | 120 | ||
| A. False-Positive and False-Negative Errors | 120 | ||
| 1. Develop Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis | 120 | ||
| 2. Establish Alpha Level | 121 | ||
| 3. Perform Test of Statistical Significance | 121 | ||
| 4. Compare p Value Obtained with Alpha | 121 | ||
| 5. Reject or Fail to Reject Null Hypothesis | 121 | ||
| B. Variation in Individual Observations and in Multiple Samples | 122 | ||
| 1. Standard Deviation and Standard Error | 122 | ||
| 2. Confidence Intervals | 123 | ||
| III. Tests of Statistical Significance | 123 | ||
| A. Critical Ratios | 123 | ||
| B. Degrees of Freedom | 124 | ||
| C. Use of t-Tests | 124 | ||
| 1. Sample Populations and Sizes | 124 | ||
| 2. t Distribution | 125 | ||
| 3. Student’s t-Test | 126 | ||
| Calculation of the Value of t | 126 | ||
| Interpretation of the Results | 129 | ||
| One-Tailed and Two-Tailed ± t-Tests | 129 | ||
| 4. Paired t-Test | 129 | ||
| Calculation of the Value of t | 130 | ||
| 3 Preventive Medicine and Public Health | 171 | ||
| 14 Introduction to Preventive Medicine | 173 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 173 | ||
| I. Basic Concepts | 173 | ||
| A. Health Defined | 173 | ||
| B. Health as Successful Adaptation | 173 | ||
| C. Health as Satisfactory Functioning | 174 | ||
| II. Measures of Health Status | 174 | ||
| III. Natural History of Disease | 175 | ||
| IV. Levels of Prevention | 175 | ||
| A. Primary Prevention and Predisease Stage | 175 | ||
| 1. Health Promotion | 176 | ||
| 2. Specific Protection | 176 | ||
| B. Secondary Prevention and Latent Disease | 176 | ||
| C. Tertiary Prevention and Symptomatic Disease | 176 | ||
| 1. Disability Limitation | 176 | ||
| 2. Rehabilitation | 177 | ||
| V. Economics of Prevention | 177 | ||
| A. Demonstration of Benefits | 177 | ||
| B. Delay of Benefits | 177 | ||
| C. Accrual of Benefits | 177 | ||
| D. Discounting | 178 | ||
| E. Priorities | 178 | ||
| VI. Preventive Medicine Training | 179 | ||
| VII. Summary | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Select Readings | 180 | ||
| Websites | 180 | ||
| 15 Methods of Primary Prevention: | 181 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 181 | ||
| I. Society’s Contribution to Health | 181 | ||
| II. General Health Promotion | 182 | ||
| III. Behavioral Factors in Health Promotion | 182 | ||
| A. Theories of Behavior Change | 182 | ||
| 1. Health Belief Model | 182 | ||
| 2. Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model) | 184 | ||
| 3. Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Reasoned Action | 184 | ||
| 4. Precaution Adoption Process Model | 184 | ||
| 5. Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory | 185 | ||
| B. Behavioral Counseling | 185 | ||
| 1. Motivational Interviewing | 185 | ||
| 2. Shared Decision Making | 185 | ||
| IV. Prevention of Disease Through Specific Protection | 186 | ||
| A. Prevention of Disease by Use of Vaccines | 186 | ||
| 1. Types of Immunity | 186 | ||
| 2. Types of Vaccines | 186 | ||
| 3. Immunization Recommendations and Schedules | 187 | ||
| Active Immunization of Adults | 187 | ||
| 4. Passive Immunization | 187 | ||
| B. Vaccine Surveillance and Testing | 187 | ||
| 1. Randomized Field Trials | 188 | ||
| 2. Retrospective Cohort Studies | 189 | ||
| 3. Case-Control Studies | 190 | ||
| 4. Incidence Density Measures | 190 | ||
| C. Immunization Goals | 191 | ||
| 1. Vaccine-Related Supplies and Lawsuits | 191 | ||
| D. Prevention of Disease by Use of Antimicrobial Drugs | 191 | ||
| E. Prevention of Deficiency States | 192 | ||
| V. Effecting Behavior Change in Underserved Populations | 192 | ||
| A. Cultural Competency | 192 | ||
| B. Health Literacy | 193 | ||
| VI. Summary | 193 | ||
| References | 193 | ||
| Select Readings | 194 | ||
| Websites | 195 | ||
| 16 Principles and Practice of Secondary Prevention | 196 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 196 | ||
| I. Community Screening | 196 | ||
| A. Objectives of Screening | 196 | ||
| B. Minimum Requirements for Community Screening Programs | 197 | ||
| 1. Disease Requirements | 197 | ||
| 2. Screening Test Requirements | 198 | ||
| 3. Health Care System Requirements | 198 | ||
| 4. Application of Minimum Screening Requirements to Specific Programs | 199 | ||
| C. Ethical Concerns about Community Screening | 199 | ||
| D. Potential Benefits and Harms of Screening Programs | 199 | ||
| E. Bias in Screening Programs | 200 | ||
| F. Repetition of Screening Programs | 201 | ||
| G. Simultaneous Screening for Multiple Diseases (Multiphasic Screening) | 201 | ||
| H. Genetic Screening | 202 | ||
| II. Individual Case Finding | 202 | ||
| A. Periodic Health Examination | 202 | ||
| B. Health Risk Assessments | 203 | ||
| III. Screening Guidelines and Recommendations | 203 | ||
| IV. Summary | 204 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| Select Readings | 205 | ||
| Website | 205 | ||
| 17 Methods of Tertiary Prevention | 206 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 206 | ||
| I. Disease, Illness, Disability, and Disease Perceptions | 206 | ||
| II. Opportunities for Tertiary Prevention | 206 | ||
| III. Disability Limitation | 207 | ||
| A. Cardiovascular Disease | 207 | ||
| 1. Risk Factor Modification | 207 | ||
| Cigarette Smoking | 207 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 207 | ||
| Hypertension | 207 | ||
| Sedentary Lifestyle | 208 | ||
| Excess Weight | 208 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 208 | ||
| 2. Therapy | 208 | ||
| 3. Symptomatic Stage Prevention | 208 | ||
| Behavior Modification | 208 | ||
| Other Measures | 208 | ||
| B. Dyslipidemia | 208 | ||
| 1. Assessment | 209 | ||
| Total Cholesterol Level | 209 | ||
| High-Density Lipoprotein Level | 209 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Level | 209 | ||
| Triglyceride and Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels | 210 | ||
| Total Cholesterol–to–High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio | 210 | ||
| Triglyceride–High-Density Lipoprotein Relationship | 210 | ||
| Homocysteine Level | 210 | ||
| 4 Public Health | 289 | ||
| 24 Introduction to Public Health | 291 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 291 | ||
| I. Definitions of Public Health | 291 | ||
| II. Health in the United States | 292 | ||
| A. Major Sources of Mortality and Morbidity | 292 | ||
| B. Actual Causes of Death | 292 | ||
| C. Disability-adjusted Life Years | 292 | ||
| D. Health Care Disparities | 294 | ||
| III. Data Sources in Public Health | 294 | ||
| A. Surveillance and Databases | 295 | ||
| B. Summary Measures of Health | 297 | ||
| C. Census Data | 297 | ||
| 1. U.S. Census | 297 | ||
| D. Numerator Data | 297 | ||
| 1. U.S. Vital Statistics System | 297 | ||
| 2. Death Certificates | 297 | ||
| E. Leading Health Indicators | 298 | ||
| 1. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System | 299 | ||
| 2. National Center for Health Statistics | 300 | ||
| 3. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System | 300 | ||
| 4. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | 300 | ||
| F. Other Health-Related Registries | 300 | ||
| G. Other Data Sources | 301 | ||
| 1. Third-party Payers and Insurance | 301 | ||
| 2. Health of Special Populations | 302 | ||
| 3. Environmental and Specialized Data | 302 | ||
| IV. Injuries | 303 | ||
| A. Motor Vehicle Crashes | 304 | ||
| 1. Risk Factors in Preinjury Phase | 304 | ||
| Human Factors | 304 | ||
| 30 Supplement One Health: | e1 | ||
| Applications of One Health to Millennium Development Goals | e1 | ||
| One Health Case Study 1 Deforestation, Intensive Livestock Production, and Nipah Virus Emergence | e1 | ||
| One Health Case Study 2 Biodiversity Loss, Land Use, and Lyme Disease | e2 | ||
| Animal-Human-Ecosystem Dynamics | e2 | ||
| Response and Conclusions | e2 | ||
| One Health Case Study 3 Rift Valley Fever at the Interface of Humans, Domestic Animals, and the Environment | e3 | ||
| The Disease | e3 | ||
| Animal-Human-Ecosystem Dynamics | e3 | ||
| Response and Conclusions | e3 | ||
| One Health Case Study 4 Origins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus | e3 | ||
| One Health Case Study 5 Brucellosis: Vaccinating Animals for Human Health | e4 | ||
| The Disease | e4 | ||
| Animal-Human-Ecosystem Dynamics | e4 | ||
| Response and Conclusions | e4 | ||
| Policy Implications | e5 | ||
| One Health Case Study 6 Schistosomiasis and Three Gorges Dam in China | e5 | ||
| Integrative Approaches to One Health | e5 | ||
| One Health in Action I Animal & Human Health for the Environment And Development | e5 | ||
| One Health in Action II Emerging Pandemic Threats Program | e6 | ||
| One Health in Action III HealthMap and Technology for Global Disease Surveillance | e7 | ||
| Implementation of One Health Framework | e7 | ||
| Communication | e7 | ||
| Institutional | e8 | ||
| Technical/Educational | e8 | ||
| References | e10 | ||
| Appendix | e11 | ||
| Outline | e11 | ||
| Epidemiologic and Medical Glossary | 378 | ||
| Index | 391 | ||
| A | 391 | ||
| B | 391 | ||
| C | 392 | ||
| D | 393 | ||
| E | 394 | ||
| F | 395 | ||
| G | 396 | ||
| H | 396 | ||
| I | 397 | ||
| J | 397 | ||
| K | 397 | ||
| L | 397 | ||
| M | 398 | ||
| N | 399 | ||
| O | 399 | ||
| P | 400 | ||
| Q | 401 | ||
| R | 401 | ||
| S | 402 | ||
| T | 404 | ||
| U | 404 | ||
| V | 404 | ||
| W | 404 | ||
| Y | 405 | ||
| Z | 405 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 |