BOOK
Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience
Estomih Mtui | Gregory Gruener | M. J. T. FitzGerald
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience by Drs. M. J. T. FitzGerald, Gregory Gruener, and Estomih Mtui, already known as the most richly illustrated book available to help you through the complexity of neuroscience, brings you improved online resources with this updated edition. You’ll find the additional content on Student Consult includes one detailed tutorial for each chapter, 200 USMLE Step I questions, and MRI 3-plane sequences. With clear visual images and concise discussions accompanying the text’s 30 case studies, this reference does an impressive job of integrating clinical neuroanatomy with the clinical application of neuroscience.
- Aid your comprehension of this challenging subject by viewing more than 400 explanatory illustrations drawn by the same meticulous artists who illustrated Gray’s Anatomy for Students.
- Get a complete picture of different disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and brain tumors by reading about the structure, function, and malfunction of each component of the nervous system.
- Grasp new concepts effortlessly with this book’s superb organization that arranges chapters by anatomical area and uses Opening Summaries, Study Guidelines, Core Information Boxes, Clinical Panels, and 23 "flow diagrams," to simplify the integration of information.
- Use this unique learning tool to help you through your classes and prep for your exams, and know that these kind of encompassing tutorials are not usually available for self-study.
- Access outstanding online tutorials on Student Consult that deliver a slide show on relevant topics such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Arterial Supply of the Forebrain.
- Confidently absorb all the material you need to know as, for the first time ever, this edition was reviewed by a panel of international Student Advisors whose comments were added where relevant.
Understand the clinical consequences of physical or inflammatory damage to nervous tissues by reviewing 30 case studies.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Chapters and Pages | vii | ||
| Chapter title pages feature: | vii | ||
| Website features | vii | ||
| Faculty resources | vii | ||
| The table below lists the main clinical perspectives covered in the book | viii | ||
| Clinical Perspectives | viii | ||
| Panel of Consultants | ix | ||
| Student Consultants | ix | ||
| Acknowledgements | xi | ||
| 1 Embryology | 1 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 1 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 1 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 1 | ||
| Neurulation | 1 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 1 | ||
| Brain | 1 | ||
| Brain parts | 1 | ||
| Ventricular system and choroid plexuses | 2 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 2 | ||
| Cerebral hemispheres | 4 | ||
| References | 6 | ||
| 2 Cerebral topography | 7 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 7 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 7 | ||
| Surface Features | 7 | ||
| Lobes | 7 | ||
| Frontal lobe | 8 | ||
| Parietal lobe | 8 | ||
| Occipital lobe | 8 | ||
| Temporal lobe | 8 | ||
| Limbic lobe | 8 | ||
| Diencephalon | 8 | ||
| Midline sagittal view of the brain | 8 | ||
| Internal Anatomy of the Cerebrum | 8 | ||
| Thalamus, caudate and lentiform nuclei, internal capsule | 8 | ||
| Hippocampus and fornix | 16 | ||
| Association and commissural fibers | 18 | ||
| Association fibers (Figure 2.20) | 18 | ||
| Cerebral commissures | 18 | ||
| Corpus callosum | 18 | ||
| Minor commissures | 18 | ||
| Lateral and third ventricles | 18 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| 3 Midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord | 30 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 30 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 30 | ||
| Brainstem | 30 | ||
| Ventral view (Figures 3.1 and 3.2A) | 30 | ||
| Midbrain | 30 | ||
| Pons | 30 | ||
| Medulla oblongata | 30 | ||
| Dorsal view (Figure 3.2B) | 31 | ||
| Sectional views | 32 | ||
| Midbrain (Figure 3.4) | 32 | ||
| Pons (Figure 3.5) | 37 | ||
| Medulla oblongata (Figure 3.6) | 37 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 38 | ||
| General features | 38 | ||
| Internal anatomy | 38 | ||
| Cerebellum | 40 | ||
| References | 44 | ||
| 4 Meninges | 45 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 45 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 45 | ||
| Cranial Meninges | 45 | ||
| Dura mater | 45 | ||
| Innervation of the cranial dura mater | 45 | ||
| Meningeal arteries | 46 | ||
| Arachnoid mater | 46 | ||
| Pia mater | 46 | ||
| Subarachnoid cisterns | 46 | ||
| Sheath of the optic nerve | 48 | ||
| Spinal Meninges (Figure 4.9) | 51 | ||
| Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (Figure 4.10) | 52 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 5 Blood supply of the brain | 55 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 55 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 55 | ||
| Introduction | 55 | ||
| Arterial Supply of the Forebrain | 55 | ||
| Anterior cerebral artery (Figure 5.2) | 55 | ||
| Middle cerebral artery (Figure 5.3) | 56 | ||
| Posterior cerebral artery (Figures 5.2 and 5.5) | 57 | ||
| Neuroangiography | 59 | ||
| Arterial Supply to Hindbrain | 59 | ||
| Vertebral branches | 60 | ||
| Basilar branches | 60 | ||
| Venous Drainage of the Brain | 60 | ||
| Superficial veins | 60 | ||
| Deep veins (Figure 5.13B) | 60 | ||
| Regulation of Blood Flow | 61 | ||
| The Blood–Brain Barrier | 62 | ||
| Blood–CSF barrier (Figure 5.17) | 65 | ||
| Blood–ECF barrier (Figure 5.18) | 66 | ||
| Roles of microvascular pericytes | 66 | ||
| Functions of the blood–brain barrier | 67 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| 6 Neurons and neuroglia: overview | 70 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 70 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 70 | ||
| Neurons | 70 | ||
| Internal structure of neurons | 70 | ||
| Intracellular transport | 71 | ||
| Transport mechanisms | 72 | ||
| Synapses | 73 | ||
| Electrical synapses | 73 | ||
| Chemical synapses | 73 | ||
| Receptor activation | 75 | ||
| Lock and key analogy for drug therapy | 76 | ||
| Inhibition versus disinhibition | 77 | ||
| Less common chemical synapses | 77 | ||
| Neuroglial Cells of the Central Nervous System | 78 | ||
| Astrocytes | 78 | ||
| Oligodendrocytes | 78 | ||
| Myelination | 78 | ||
| Microglia (Figure 6.14) | 78 | ||
| Ependyma | 78 | ||
| References | 82 | ||
| 7 Electrical events | 83 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 83 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 83 | ||
| Structure of the Plasma Membrane | 83 | ||
| Ion channels | 83 | ||
| The resting membrane potential | 84 | ||
| Resting membrane permeability | 84 | ||
| Potassium ions | 84 | ||
| Sodium pump | 86 | ||
| Response to Stimulation: Action Potentials | 86 | ||
| Electrotonic potentials | 86 | ||
| The shape of action potentials | 86 | ||
| Propagation | 87 | ||
| Conduction velocities | 88 | ||
| Reference | 92 | ||
| 8 Transmitters and receptors | 93 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 93 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 93 | ||
| Electrical Synapses | 93 | ||
| Chemical Synapses | 93 | ||
| Transmitter liberation (Table 8.1 and Figure 8.2) | 93 | ||
| Target cell receptor binding | 94 | ||
| Ionotropic receptors | 94 | ||
| Metabotropic receptors | 94 | ||
| Cyclic AMP system | 96 | ||
| Phosphoinositol system | 96 | ||
| Arachidonic acid system | 97 | ||
| Gene transcription effects | 97 | ||
| Transmitters and Modulators | 97 | ||
| Fate of neurotransmitters | 98 | ||
| Amino acid transmitters | 99 | ||
| Glutamate | 99 | ||
| Ionotropic glutamate receptors | 99 | ||
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors | 99 | ||
| GABA | 99 | ||
| Ionotropic GABA receptors | 99 | ||
| Metabotropic GABA receptors | 100 | ||
| Recycling of glutamate and GABA | 102 | ||
| Glycine | 102 | ||
| Recycling | 102 | ||
| Biogenic amine transmitters | 103 | ||
| Acetylcholine | 103 | ||
| Nicotinic receptors | 105 | ||
| Muscarinic receptors | 105 | ||
| Recycling of acetylcholine | 105 | ||
| Monoamines | 105 | ||
| Catecholamines | 105 | ||
| Dopamine | 106 | ||
| 9 Peripheral nerves | 112 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 112 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 112 | ||
| General Features | 112 | ||
| Microscopic Structure of Peripheral Nerves | 112 | ||
| Myelin formation | 113 | ||
| Myelin expedites conduction | 114 | ||
| Central nervous system–peripheral nervous system transitional region | 115 | ||
| Degeneration and Regeneration | 115 | ||
| Wallerian degeneration of peripheral nerves | 116 | ||
| Regeneration of peripheral nerves | 116 | ||
| Degeneration in the central nervous system | 119 | ||
| Transneuronal atrophy | 119 | ||
| End result of central nervous injury | 119 | ||
| Regeneration in the central nervous system | 119 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| 10 Innervation of muscles and joints | 120 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 120 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 120 | ||
| Motor Innervation of Skeletal Muscle | 120 | ||
| Motor end plates | 122 | ||
| Motor units in the elderly | 122 | ||
| Sensory Innervation of Skeletal Muscle | 122 | ||
| Neuromuscular spindles | 122 | ||
| Innervation | 122 | ||
| Activation | 125 | ||
| Passive stretch | 125 | ||
| Information coding | 125 | ||
| Active stretch | 125 | ||
| Tendon endings | 125 | ||
| Free nerve endings | 126 | ||
| Innervation of Joints | 126 | ||
| References | 128 | ||
| 11 Innervation of skin | 129 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 129 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 129 | ||
| Sensory Units | 129 | ||
| Nerve Endings | 129 | ||
| Free nerve endings (Figure 11.1A, B) | 129 | ||
| Functions | 129 | ||
| Follicular nerve endings (Figure 11.1A, D) | 129 | ||
| Merkel cell–neurite complexes (Figure 11.1A, C) | 129 | ||
| Encapsulated nerve endings | 129 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| 12 Electrodiagnostic examination | 134 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 134 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 134 | ||
| Introduction | 134 | ||
| Nerve Conduction Studies | 134 | ||
| Nerve conduction in the upper limb | 134 | ||
| Motor nerve conduction | 134 | ||
| Stimulation | 134 | ||
| Recording | 134 | ||
| Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) | 135 | ||
| Second choice | 135 | ||
| Sensory nerve conduction | 136 | ||
| Sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) | 137 | ||
| Second choice | 137 | ||
| Nerve conduction in the lower limb | 137 | ||
| Nerve root pathology | 138 | ||
| The H response (see Ch. 12 tutorial onsite) | 138 | ||
| Electromyography | 141 | ||
| Needle electrode | 141 | ||
| The normal electromyogram | 141 | ||
| Some clinical applications | 142 | ||
| Denervation of muscle | 142 | ||
| Reinnervation of muscle | 143 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| 13 Autonomic nervous system and visceral afferents | 148 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 148 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 148 | ||
| Components of the Autonomic Nervous System | 148 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 148 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 149 | ||
| Cranial parasympathetic system | 150 | ||
| Sacral parasympathetic system | 150 | ||
| Neurotransmission in the Autonomic System | 151 | ||
| Ganglionic transmission | 151 | ||
| Junctional transmission | 151 | ||
| Junctional receptors | 152 | ||
| Sympathetic junctional receptors (adrenoceptors) (Figure 13.5) | 152 | ||
| Parasympathetic junctional receptors | 152 | ||
| Other types of neurons | 157 | ||
| Regional Autonomic Innervation | 157 | ||
| Innervation of the genital tract | 157 | ||
| Interaction of the Autonomic and Immune Systems | 160 | ||
| Visceral Afferents | 160 | ||
| Visceral pain | 160 | ||
| Pure visceral pain | 160 | ||
| Visceral referred pain | 160 | ||
| Viscerosomatic pain | 162 | ||
| Tenderness | 162 | ||
| Pain and the mind | 162 | ||
| Note on vascular afferents | 162 | ||
| References | 164 | ||
| 14 Nerve roots | 165 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 165 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 165 | ||
| Development of the Spinal Cord | 165 | ||
| Cellular differentiation | 165 | ||
| Neural cord | 165 | ||
| Ascent of the spinal cord (Figure 14.2) | 165 | ||
| Neural arches | 166 | ||
| Adult Anatomy | 166 | ||
| Distribution of Spinal Nerves | 168 | ||
| Segmental sensory distribution: the dermatomes | 168 | ||
| Segmental motor distribution | 169 | ||
| Nerve root compression syndromes | 169 | ||
| Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) | 171 | ||
| Anesthetic procedures | 171 | ||
| Anesthesia and childbirth | 171 | ||
| References | 175 | ||
| 15 Spinal cord: ascending pathways | 176 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 176 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 176 | ||
| General Features | 176 | ||
| Types of spinal neurons | 176 | ||
| Spinal ganglia | 177 | ||
| Central terminations of posterior root afferents (Figure 15.5) | 177 | ||
| Ascending Sensory Pathways | 178 | ||
| Categories of sensation | 178 | ||
| Conscious sensations | 178 | ||
| Nonconscious sensations | 178 | ||
| Sensory testing | 178 | ||
| Somatic Sensory Pathways | 179 | ||
| Posterior (dorsal) column–medial lemniscal pathway | 179 | ||
| Functions | 180 | ||
| Spinothalamic pathway | 181 | ||
| Functions | 181 | ||
| Spinoreticular tracts | 182 | ||
| Spinocerebellar pathways | 182 | ||
| Nonconscious proprioception | 183 | ||
| Information from reflex arcs | 183 | ||
| Other Ascending Pathways | 183 | ||
| References | 185 | ||
| 16 Spinal cord: descending pathways | 186 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 186 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 186 | ||
| Anatomy of the Anterior Gray Horn | 186 | ||
| Cell columns | 186 | ||
| Cell types | 186 | ||
| Tonic and phasic motor neurons | 186 | ||
| Renshaw cells | 186 | ||
| Segmental-level inputs to α motor neurons | 187 | ||
| Descending Motor Pathways | 187 | ||
| Corticospinal tract | 187 | ||
| Targets of the lateral corticospinal tract | 188 | ||
| Distal limb motor neurons | 188 | ||
| Renshaw cells | 189 | ||
| Excitatory internuncials | 189 | ||
| Ia inhibitory internuncials | 190 | ||
| Presynaptic inhibitory neurons serving the stretch reflex | 190 | ||
| Presynaptic inhibition of first-order afferents | 190 | ||
| Upper and lower motor neurons | 191 | ||
| Reticulospinal tracts | 192 | ||
| Locomotion | 193 | ||
| Posture | 193 | ||
| Tectospinal tract | 194 | ||
| Vestibulospinal tract | 194 | ||
| Raphespinal tract | 194 | ||
| Aminergic pathways | 194 | ||
| Central autonomic pathways | 194 | ||
| Note on the rubrospinal tract | 194 | ||
| Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord | 194 | ||
| Arteries | 194 | ||
| Veins | 196 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| 17 Brainstem | 198 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 198 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 198 | ||
| General Arrangement of Cranial Nerve Nuclei | 198 | ||
| Background Information | 198 | ||
| Study guide | 200 | ||
| Overview of three pathways in the brainstem | 201 | ||
| C1 Segment of Spinal Cord (Figure 17.10) | 204 | ||
| 18 The lowest four cranial nerves | 216 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 216 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 216 | ||
| Hypoglossal Nerve | 216 | ||
| Phylogenetic note | 216 | ||
| Supranuclear supply to the hypoglossal nucleus | 216 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Nerve | 216 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and Cranial Accessory Nerves | 220 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal nerve | 220 | ||
| 19 Vestibular nerve | 223 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 223 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 223 | ||
| Introduction | 223 | ||
| Vestibular System | 223 | ||
| Static labyrinth: anatomy and actions | 224 | ||
| Kinetic labyrinth: anatomy and action | 225 | ||
| Nystagmus | 226 | ||
| Vestibulocortical connections | 227 | ||
| References | 228 | ||
| 20 Cochlear nerve | 229 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 229 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 229 | ||
| Auditory System | 229 | ||
| The cochlea | 229 | ||
| Sound transduction | 230 | ||
| Cochlear nerve | 230 | ||
| Central auditory pathways | 230 | ||
| Functional anatomy (Figure 20.4) | 230 | ||
| Cochlear nuclei | 230 | ||
| Superior olivary nucleus | 231 | ||
| Lateral lemniscus | 231 | ||
| Inferior colliculus | 231 | ||
| Medial geniculate body | 232 | ||
| Primary auditory cortex | 232 | ||
| Brainstem acoustic reflexes | 232 | ||
| Descending auditory pathways | 233 | ||
| Deafness | 233 | ||
| References | 233 | ||
| 21 Trigeminal nerve | 234 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 234 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 234 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve | 234 | ||
| Motor nucleus (Figures 17.16 and 21.1) | 234 | ||
| Sensory nuclei | 235 | ||
| Mesencephalic nucleus | 235 | ||
| Pontine nucleus | 235 | ||
| Spinal nucleus | 236 | ||
| Innervation of the teeth | 236 | ||
| Innervation of cerebral arteries | 236 | ||
| Trigeminothalamic tract and trigeminal lemniscus (Figure 21.6) | 238 | ||
| Mastication | 239 | ||
| The jaw jerk | 239 | ||
| References | 239 | ||
| 22 Facial nerve | 240 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 240 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 240 | ||
| Facial Nerve | 240 | ||
| Supranuclear connections | 241 | ||
| Nuclear connections | 242 | ||
| Corneal reflex | 242 | ||
| Nervus Intermedius | 242 | ||
| References | 244 | ||
| 23 Ocular motor nerves | 245 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 245 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 245 | ||
| General Because of the immense diagnostic and therapeutic importance of ocular innervation, and because of its inherent complexity, neuro-ophthalmology has become a branch of medicine in its own right. It is especially important to appreciate the way in which premotor centers are able to operate bilaterally in order to keep the gaze on target, even when the head is moving. | 245 | ||
| Particular | 245 | ||
| The Nerves | 245 | ||
| Oculomotor nerve | 245 | ||
| Trochlear nerve | 246 | ||
| Abducens nerve | 246 | ||
| Nerve Endings | 246 | ||
| Motor endings | 246 | ||
| Sensory endings | 247 | ||
| Pupillary Light Reflex (Figure 23.4) | 247 | ||
| Accommodation | 248 | ||
| The near response | 248 | ||
| Pathway for the accommodation reflex | 248 | ||
| The far response | 248 | ||
| Notes on the Sympathetic Pathway to the Eye | 248 | ||
| Ocular Palsies | 249 | ||
| Control of Eye Movements | 250 | ||
| Scanning | 251 | ||
| Tracking | 251 | ||
| References | 252 | ||
| 24 Reticular formation | 253 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 253 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 253 | ||
| Introduction | 253 | ||
| Organization | 253 | ||
| Aminergic neurons of the brainstem | 254 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 255 | ||
| Pattern generators | 255 | ||
| Respiratory control | 256 | ||
| Medullary chemosensitive area | 260 | ||
| Carotid chemoreceptors | 260 | ||
| Cardiovascular control | 260 | ||
| Sleeping and wakefulness | 260 | ||
| Ascending reticular activating system | 263 | ||
| Sensory modulation: gate control | 263 | ||
| Segmental antinociception | 263 | ||
| Supraspinal antinociception | 263 | ||
| Magnus raphe nucleus (Figure 24.8) | 263 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| 25 Cerebellum | 267 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 267 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 267 | ||
| Introduction | 267 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 267 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy | 268 | ||
| Spatial effects of mossy fiber activity (Figure 25.6) | 269 | ||
| Representation of Body Parts | 269 | ||
| Afferent Pathways | 269 | ||
| Olivocerebellar tract | 270 | ||
| Efferent Pathways (Figure 25.10) | 272 | ||
| Anticipatory Function of the Cerebellum | 273 | ||
| Postural stabilization | 273 | ||
| Postural fixation | 273 | ||
| Clinical Disorders of the Cerebellum | 273 | ||
| The Cerebellum and Higher Brain Functions | 273 | ||
| Posturography | 275 | ||
| References | 276 | ||
| 26 Hypothalamus | 277 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 277 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 277 | ||
| Introduction | 277 | ||
| Gross Anatomy | 277 | ||
| Boundaries | 277 | ||
| Subdivisions and nuclei | 278 | ||
| Functions | 278 | ||
| Hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland | 278 | ||
| The parvocellular neuroendocrine system | 278 | ||
| The magnocellular neuroendocrine system | 279 | ||
| Antidiuretic hormone | 280 | ||
| Oxytocin | 280 | ||
| Other hypothalamic connections and functions | 280 | ||
| Autonomic centers | 280 | ||
| Temperature regulation | 282 | ||
| Drinking | 282 | ||
| Eating | 282 | ||
| Hypothalamic response to psychological stress: gender matters | 282 | ||
| Rage and fear | 282 | ||
| Sleeping and waking | 282 | ||
| Sexual arousal | 282 | ||
| Memory | 283 | ||
| References | 283 | ||
| 27 Thalamus, epithalamus | 284 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 284 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 284 | ||
| Thalamus | 284 | ||
| Thalamic nuclei | 284 | ||
| Specific nuclei | 284 | ||
| Association nuclei | 286 | ||
| Non-specific nuclei | 286 | ||
| Oscillation | 287 | ||
| Thalamic peduncles | 287 | ||
| Epithalamus | 287 | ||
| References | 288 | ||
| 28 Visual pathways | 289 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 289 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 289 | ||
| Introduction | 289 | ||
| Retina | 289 | ||
| Structure of the retina | 290 | ||
| Photoreceptors | 291 | ||
| Cone and rod bipolar neurons | 291 | ||
| Cone bipolar neurons | 291 | ||
| Rod bipolar neurons | 291 | ||
| Horizontal cells | 291 | ||
| Amacrine cells | 291 | ||
| Ganglion cells | 291 | ||
| Coding for color | 292 | ||
| Coding for black and white | 292 | ||
| Foveal specialization | 292 | ||
| Central Visual Pathways | 292 | ||
| Optic nerve, optic tract | 292 | ||
| Medial root of optic tract | 292 | ||
| Lateral root of the optic tract and lateral geniculate body | 292 | ||
| Geniculocalcarine tract and primary visual cortex | 294 | ||
| Retinotopic map | 295 | ||
| References | 298 | ||
| 29 Cerebral cortex | 299 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 299 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 299 | ||
| Structure | 299 | ||
| Laminar organization | 299 | ||
| Cellular laminae of the neocortex (Figure 29.1) | 299 | ||
| Columnar organization (Figure 29.1) | 299 | ||
| Cell types | 300 | ||
| Afferents | 301 | ||
| Efferents | 302 | ||
| Cortical Areas | 302 | ||
| Investigating functional anatomy | 302 | ||
| Positron emission tomography | 302 | ||
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging | 303 | ||
| Sensory Areas | 304 | ||
| Somatic sensory cortex (areas 3, 1, 2) | 304 | ||
| Components | 304 | ||
| Afferents | 304 | ||
| Efferents | 305 | ||
| Somatic sensory association area | 305 | ||
| Superior parietal lobule | 305 | ||
| Inferior parietal lobule | 306 | ||
| Intraparietal cortex | 306 | ||
| Secondary somatic sensory area | 306 | ||
| Plasticity of the somatic sensory cortex | 306 | ||
| Sensory competition | 306 | ||
| Visual cortex (areas 17, 18, 19) | 306 | ||
| Primary visual cortex (Figure 29.4) | 306 | ||
| Plasticity of the primary visual cortex | 307 | ||
| Visual association cortex (Figure 29.4) | 307 | ||
| The ‘Where?’ visual pathway (Figure 29.9) | 307 | ||
| The ‘What?’ visual pathway (Figure 29.10) | 307 | ||
| The V1–V5 nomenclature | 308 | ||
| Auditory cortex (areas 41, 42, 22) | 308 | ||
| Motor Areas | 308 | ||
| Primary motor cortex | 308 | ||
| Plasticity in the motor cortex | 309 | ||
| Sources of afferents to the primary motor cortex | 310 | ||
| Premotor cortex | 310 | ||
| Supplementary motor area | 310 | ||
| Cortical eye fields | 310 | ||
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 311 | ||
| Cingulate cortex | 311 | ||
| Supplementary eye field | 311 | ||
| Frontal eye field (FEF) | 311 | ||
| Parietal eye field (PEF) | 311 | ||
| References | 312 | ||
| 30 Electroencephalography | 313 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 313 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 313 | ||
| Neurophysiological Basis of the EEG | 313 | ||
| Technique | 313 | ||
| Types of Pattern | 313 | ||
| Normal EEG rhythms | 313 | ||
| Awake state EEG | 313 | ||
| Normal sleep EEG | 315 | ||
| Glossary | 315 | ||
| EEG activation procedures | 316 | ||
| Maturation of wave format | 316 | ||
| Abnormal EEG rhythms | 316 | ||
| Focal abnormalities without seizures | 316 | ||
| Focal slowing | 316 | ||
| Phase reversal | 318 | ||
| Generalized abnormalities without seizures | 318 | ||
| Seizures | 318 | ||
| References | 322 | ||
| 31 Evoked potentials | 323 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 323 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 323 | ||
| Sensory Evoked Potentials | 323 | ||
| Visual evoked potentials | 323 | ||
| Brainstem auditory evoked potentials | 323 | ||
| Evidence for a ‘Where’ auditory pathway | 324 | ||
| Somatosensory evoked potentials | 325 | ||
| Motor Evoked Potentials | 325 | ||
| Motor training | 325 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| 32 Hemispheric asymmetries | 331 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 331 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 331 | ||
| Handedness and Language | 331 | ||
| Language areas | 331 | ||
| Broca’s area (Figure 32.1) | 331 | ||
| Wernicke’s area (Figure 32.1) | 332 | ||
| Right hemisphere contribution | 333 | ||
| Angular gyrus | 333 | ||
| Listening to spoken words | 333 | ||
| Modular organization of language | 333 | ||
| Cognitive Style | 334 | ||
| Neuroanatomy of reading (Figure 32.4) | 334 | ||
| Glossary | 334 | ||
| Reading sequence | 334 | ||
| Parietal Lobe (Figure 32.5) | 335 | ||
| Superior parietal lobule and the body schema | 335 | ||
| Handedness and balance | 337 | ||
| Parietal lobe and movement initiation | 337 | ||
| Prefrontal Cortex | 338 | ||
| References | 341 | ||
| 33 Basal ganglia | 342 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 342 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 342 | ||
| Introduction | 342 | ||
| Basic Circuits | 342 | ||
| Motor loop | 342 | ||
| What are the normal functions of the motor loop? | 343 | ||
| Cognitive loop | 343 | ||
| Limbic loop | 344 | ||
| Oculomotor loop | 344 | ||
| References | 351 | ||
| 34 Olfactory and limbic systems | 352 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 352 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 352 | ||
| Olfactory System | 352 | ||
| Olfactory epithelium | 352 | ||
| Olfactory bulb (Figure 34.1) | 353 | ||
| Central connections | 353 | ||
| Limbic System | 353 | ||
| Parahippocampal gyrus | 354 | ||
| Hippocampal complex | 354 | ||
| Connections | 356 | ||
| Afferents | 356 | ||
| Efferents | 356 | ||
| Memory function of the hippocampal complex | 358 | ||
| Glossary | 358 | ||
| Clinical and experimental observations | 358 | ||
| Left vs right hippocampal functions | 360 | ||
| Anterior vs posterior hippocampal functions | 361 | ||
| Long-term medial temporal lobe dependency | 361 | ||
| Prefrontal cortex and working memory | 361 | ||
| Insula | 361 | ||
| Cingulate cortex and posterior parahippocampal gyrus | 361 | ||
| Amygdala | 361 | ||
| Afferent pathways | 366 | ||
| Efferent pathways (Table 34.2) | 367 | ||
| Notes on the efferent target connections | 368 | ||
| Nucleus accumbens | 370 | ||
| Septal area | 370 | ||
| Basal forebrain | 371 | ||
| Neurogenesis in the adult brain | 373 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| 35 Cerebrovascular disease | 377 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 377 | ||
| Study Guidelines | 377 | ||
| Introduction | 377 | ||
| Anterior Circulation of the Brain | 378 | ||
| Internal capsule | 378 | ||
| Posterior Circulation of the Brain | 378 | ||
| Transient Ischemic Attacks | 378 | ||
| Clinical Anatomy of Vascular Occlusions | 379 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| Glossary | 392 | ||
| Index | 406 | ||
| A | 406 | ||
| B | 407 | ||
| C | 407 | ||
| D | 408 | ||
| E | 409 | ||
| F | 409 | ||
| G | 410 | ||
| H | 410 | ||
| I | 410 | ||
| J | 411 | ||
| K | 411 | ||
| L | 411 | ||
| M | 411 | ||
| N | 412 | ||
| O | 413 | ||
| P | 413 | ||
| Q | 414 | ||
| R | 414 | ||
| S | 415 | ||
| T | 416 | ||
| U | 416 | ||
| V | 417 | ||
| W | 417 | ||
| Y | 417 | ||
| Z | 417 |