BOOK
Essentials of Pain Medicine E-book
Honorio Benzon | Srinivasa N. Raja | Scott E. Fishman | Spencer S Liu | Steven P Cohen
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This third edition of Essentials of Pain Medicine offers an accessible and concise, yet complete, overview of today's theory and practice of pain medicine and regional anesthesia. From a review of basic considerations through local anesthetics and nerve block techniques, this book provides the reader with an excellent tool for exam review or practice of Pain Management.
- Organized in a concise, practical quick-reference format.
- All chapters are brief and easy to read quickly.
- Offers specific strategies for the evaluation and management of a full range of pain syndromes, including cancer pain.
- Features over 230 diagrams, illustrations, summary charts and tables that clarify the information and make it easy to apply.
- Discusses the latest drugs and therapeutic approaches, such as acupuncture.
- Presents the management of pain for every setting where it is practiced, including the emergency room, the critical care unit, and the pain clinic.
- Includes new topics such as: imaging in pain medicine, radiation safety, issues associated with the use of narcotics, intraarticular and intraperitoneal use of opioids, pain management in the emergency room and in the intensive care unit, pain management issues during pregnancy, geriatric pain, and hospice care and end-of-life issues.
- New chapters on interventional procedures include discography, intradiscal electrothermal coagulation (IDET), vertebroplasty, and piriformis injections. Truncal blocks and neuraxial blocks and anticoagulants are added to the section on nerve blocks.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Essentials of Pain Medicine Third Edition | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| Table of Contents | xvii | ||
| SECTION I Basic Considerations | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1 Anatomy and Physiology of Somatosensory and Pain Processing | 1 | ||
| SOMATOSENSATION, NOCICEPTION, AND PAIN | 1 | ||
| PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS | 2 | ||
| SPINAL MECHANISMS | 2 | ||
| SPINAL MODULATION | 5 | ||
| SUPRASPINAL MECHANISMS | 5 | ||
| SUPRASPINAL MODULATION OF NOCICEPTION | 6 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 6 | ||
| REFERENCES | E1 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 Neurochemistry of Somatosensory and Pain Processing | 8 | ||
| NEUROCHEMISTRY OF PAIN TRANSDUCTION | 8 | ||
| NEUROCHEMISTRY OF PAIN TRANSMISSION | 11 | ||
| SUMMARY | 15 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 15 | ||
| REFERENCES | E2 | ||
| CHAPTER 3 Taxonomy: Definition of Pain Terms and Chronic Pain Syndromes | 16 | ||
| REFERENCES | E4 | ||
| SECTION II Clinical Evaluation and Diagnostic Examinations | 19 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 Physical Examination of the Patient with Pain | 19 | ||
| SENSATION AND SENSORY EXAMINATION | 19 | ||
| MOTOR EXAMINATION | 20 | ||
| REFLEXES AND COORDINATION | 22 | ||
| DIRECTED PAIN EXAMINATION TEMPLATE | 22 | ||
| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS | 23 | ||
| MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION | 23 | ||
| GAIT | 23 | ||
| EXAMINATION OF THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE BODY | 24 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 27 | ||
| REFERENCES | E5 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 Pain Assessment | 28 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 28 | ||
| CHALLENGES OF PAIN MEASUREMENT | 28 | ||
| TYPES OF SELF-REPORT PAIN SCALES | 28 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION | 31 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL PAIN ASSESSMENT | 31 | ||
| PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT | 31 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING | 32 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 32 | ||
| BIASES IN PAIN MEASUREMENT | 33 | ||
| SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 33 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 33 | ||
| REFERENCES | E6 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 Psychological Evaluation and Testing | 34 | ||
| CLINICAL INTERVIEW | 34 | ||
| STANDARDIZED TESTING | 34 | ||
| SPECIAL TOPICS | 37 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 38 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 38 | ||
| REFERENCES | E7 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and Pain Management | 39 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 39 | ||
| SOMATIZATION DISORDER | 39 | ||
| UNDIFFERENTIATED SOMATOFORM DISORDER | 40 | ||
| CONVERSION DISORDER | 40 | ||
| PAIN DISORDER | 41 | ||
| FACTITIOUS DISORDER | 42 | ||
| MALINGERING | 42 | ||
| HYPOCHONDRIASIS | 43 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 44 | ||
| REFERENCES | E9 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 Neurophysiologic Testing for Pain | 45 | ||
| ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG) | 45 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE SENSORY TESTING | 49 | ||
| SHORT-LATENCY SOMATOSENSORY-EVOKED POTENTIALS | 50 | ||
| LASER-EVOKED POTENTIALS AND CONTACT HEAT–EVOKED POTENTIALS | 50 | ||
| SYMPATHETIC SKIN RESPONSE | 51 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE SUDOMOTOR AXON REFLEX TEST AND RESTING SWEAT OUTPUT TEST | 51 | ||
| NOCICEPTIVE REFLEXES | 52 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 52 | ||
| REFERENCES | E10 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 Anatomy, Imaging, and Common\nPain-Generating Degenerative Pathologies of the Spine | 53 | ||
| ANATOMY | 53 | ||
| IMAGING OVERVIEW | 58 | ||
| DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASE | 67 | ||
| DISC HERNIATION | 70 | ||
| FACET JOINT | 74 | ||
| INTRASPINAL FACET CYSTS | 74 | ||
| SPINAL STENOSIS | 77 | ||
| SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS | 77 | ||
| OSTEOPOROTIC COMPRESSION FRACTURES | 78 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 79 | ||
| REFERENCES | E11 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 Determination of Disability | 83 | ||
| DISABILITY PROGRAMS | 83 | ||
| DISABILITY EVALUATIONS | 84 | ||
| MANAGING DISABILITY IN A PAIN PRACTICE | 84 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 84 | ||
| REFERENCES | E13 | ||
| SUGGESTED READING | E13 | ||
| SECTION III Pharmacology and Pharmacologic Modalities | 85 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 Major Opioids in Pain Management | 85 | ||
| RATIONALE | 85 | ||
| GUIDELINES | 85 | ||
| INITIATION OF CHRONIC OPIOID THERAPY | 86 | ||
| ADMINISTRATION | 87 | ||
| TREATMENT ENDPOINTS AND OPIOID SELECTION | 88 | ||
| SELECTED OPIOIDS | 89 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 96 | ||
| REFERENCES | E14 | ||
| CHAPTER 12 Opioids Used for Mild to Moderate Pain | 97 | ||
| SPECIFIC SHORT-ACTING OPIOIDS | 97 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 100 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 100 | ||
| REFERENCES | E16 | ||
| CHAPTER 13 Risk Stratification and Management of Opioids | 101 | ||
| ASSESSING FOR RISK OF MISUSE OR ADDICTION | 101 | ||
| UNDERAPPRECIATED RISKS OF OPIOID TREATMENT | 104 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 106 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 106 | ||
| REFERENCES | E17 | ||
| CHAPTER 14 Legal and Regulatory Issues in Pain Management | 107 | ||
| LAWS AND POLICIES AFFECTING PAIN MANAGEMENT | 107 | ||
| FEDERAL CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES LAWS | 107 | ||
| STATE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES AND HEALTH-CARE LAWS | 108 | ||
| LITIGATION INVOLVING PAIN MANAGEMENT | 110 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 113 | ||
| REFERENCES | E18 | ||
| CHAPTER 15 Psychopharmacology for Pain Medicine | 114 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 114 | ||
| PSYCHIATRIC NOSOLOGY | 114 | ||
| MAJOR DEPRESSION AND SUBTHRESHOLD DEPRESSION | 114 | ||
| ANXIETY DISORDERS | 118 | ||
| MOOD STABILIZERS AND ANTIEPILEPTICS | 120 | ||
| NEUROLEPTICS | 121 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 122 | ||
| REFERENCES | E19 | ||
| CHAPTER 16 Membrane Stabilizers | 123 | ||
| SODIUM-CHANNEL BLOCKERS | 123 | ||
| ANTICONVULSANTS | 123 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 126 | ||
| CALCIUM-CHANNEL BLOCKERS | 127 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | E21 | ||
| CHAPTER 17 Nonopioid Analgesics: NSAIDs, COX-2 Inhibitors, and Acetaminophen | 130 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 130 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 131 | ||
| SPECIFIC MEDICATIONS | 132 | ||
| EFFICACY | 136 | ||
| SAFETY, TOXICITY, AND ADVERSE EFFECTS | 136 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 139 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 139 | ||
| REFERENCES | E22 | ||
| CHAPTER 18 Myofascial Pain | 140 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF MUSCLE PAIN | 140 | ||
| PAINFUL CONDITIONS WITH MYOFASCIAL INVOLVEMENT | 140 | ||
| TREATMENT | 141 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 146 | ||
| REFERENCES | E24 | ||
| CHAPTER 19 Pharmacology for the Interventional Pain Physician | 147 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST AGENTS | 147 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 149 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROIDS | 150 | ||
| SKIN ANTISEPTIC AGENTS | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES | E26 | ||
| SECTION IV Therapeutic Interventions | 153 | ||
| CHAPTER 20 Diagnostic Nerve Blocks | 153 | ||
| CLASSIC DIFFERENTIAL NERVE BLOCKS | 153 | ||
| ROLE OF DIAGNOSTIC BLOCKS | 156 | ||
| ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES OF DIAGNOSTIC BLOCK | 158 | ||
| PREREQUISITES FOR OPTIMAL DIAGNOSTIC BLOCK | 160 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | E27 | ||
| CHAPTER 21 Neurosurgical Procedures for Treatment of Intractable Pain | 162 | ||
| GENERAL COMMENTS | 162 | ||
| DORSAL ROOT ENTRY ZONE LESIONS/CAUDALIS DORSAL ROOT ENTRY ZONE | 162 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NEURECTOMY/ GANGLIONECTOMY | 164 | ||
| SYMPATHECTOMY | 165 | ||
| CORDOTOMY | 166 | ||
| COMMISSURAL MYELOTOMY | 167 | ||
| INTRACEREBRAL LESIONS | 167 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 169 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 169 | ||
| REFERENCES | E28 | ||
| CHAPTER 22 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Approaches to Pain Management | 170 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF MODALITIES | 170 | ||
| HEAT AND COLD | 170 | ||
| ELECTRICITY | 172 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF A COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION PROGRAM | 172 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE | 173 | ||
| TREATMENT INTERVENTIONS SPECIFIC TO SPINE-RELATED CONDITIONS | 173 | ||
| INTERDISCIPLINARY COMPREHENSIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT | 174 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 174 | ||
| REFERENCES | E30 | ||
| CHAPTER 23 Acupuncture | 175 | ||
| HISTORY AND THEORIES | 175 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 175 | ||
| SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AND MECHANISM OF ACUPUNCTURE | 175 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 176 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS, COMPLICATIONS, AND MEDICAL CONSENT | 176 | ||
| PRECAUTIONS AND RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS | 177 | ||
| CLINICAL DATA | 177 | ||
| MYOFASCIAL PAIN AND TRIGGER POINT | 178 | ||
| DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS IN ACUPUNCTURE PROVIDERS | 179 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTION: UPDATES SINCE THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH CONSENSUS STATEMENT | 179 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 179 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 179 | ||
| REFERENCES | E31 | ||
| CHAPTER 24 Psychological Interventions for Chronic Pain | 180 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS | 180 | ||
| COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS | 181 | ||
| SELF-MANAGEMENT AND PEER SUPPORT | 182 | ||
| MULTIDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT | 182 | ||
| INPATIENT VERSUS OUTPATIENT CARE | 183 | ||
| SUMMARY | 183 | ||
| REFERENCES | E32 | ||
| CHAPTER 25 Substance Use Disorders and Detoxification | 184 | ||
| SUBSTANCE USE AND CHRONIC PAIN | 184 | ||
| RISKS OF PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC PAIN | 185 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS | 185 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN | 186 | ||
| LONG-TERM OPIOID THERAPY | 187 | ||
| WHY IS DETOXIFICATION NECESSARY? | 187 | ||
| OPIOID DETOXIFICATION | 187 | ||
| BENZODIAZEPINE DETOXIFICATION | 190 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 191 | ||
| REFERENCES | E33 | ||
| SECTION V Perioperative Pain Management | 193 | ||
| CHAPTER 26 Pain Management in the Emergency Department | 193 | ||
| CHRONIC PAIN | 193 | ||
| ACUTE PAIN | 193 | ||
| SPECIFIC PROBLEMS | 194 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT IN PEDIATRICS | 196 | ||
| ANALGESIA DURING PROCEDURES | 196 | ||
| SPECIFIC AGENTS | 197 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 199 | ||
| REFERENCES | E35 | ||
| CHAPTER 27 Preemptive Analgesia | 200 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 200 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PREEMPTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ANALGESIA | 200 | ||
| PREEMPTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ANALGESIA IN CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS | 201 | ||
| CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES OF PREEMPTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ANALGESIA | 204 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 204 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 205 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 205 | ||
| REFERENCES | E36 | ||
| CHAPTER 28 Perioperative Nonopioid Infusions for Postoperative Pain Management | 206 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS KETAMINE INFUSION | 206 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS LIDOCAINE INFUSION | 207 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS NALOXONE INFUSION | 209 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETIC WOUND INFUSIONS | 209 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 211 | ||
| REFERENCES | E37 | ||
| CHAPTER 29 Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 212 | ||
| SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF PCA | 212 | ||
| TYPES OF PCAs | 213 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 216 | ||
| REFERENCES | E39 | ||
| CHAPTER 30 Intrathecal Opioid Injections for Postoperative Pain | 217 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF INTRATHECAL OPIOIDS | 217 | ||
| ADVANTAGES OF INTRATHECAL OPIOIDS | 217 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS OF INTRATHECAL OPIOIDS | 217 | ||
| CLINICAL USES OF INTRATHECAL OPIOIDS FOR POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA | 220 | ||
| ADJUVANTS TO INTRATHECAL OPIOIDS | 221 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 221 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 221 | ||
| REFERENCES | E41 | ||
| CHAPTER 31 Epidural Opioids for Postoperative Pain | 223 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF EPIDURAL OPIOIDS | 223 | ||
| INJECTION OF SINGLE-DOSE EPIDURAL OPIOIDS | 223 | ||
| CONTINUOUS INFUSION OF EPIDURAL OPIOIDS | 224 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS OF EPIDURAL OPIOIDS | 224 | ||
| PATIENT OUTCOMES AND EPIDURAL MORPHINE | 225 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 227 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 227 | ||
| REFERENCES | E42 | ||
| CHAPTER 32 Intra-Articular and Intraperitoneal\nOpioids for Postoperative Pain | 228 | ||
| INTRA-ARTICULAR OPIOIDS | 228 | ||
| INTRAPERITONEAL OPIOIDS | 232 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 233 | ||
| REFERENCES | E44 | ||
| CHAPTER 33 Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks | 234 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ACUTE PAIN MEDICINE | 234 | ||
| EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES | 234 | ||
| INFUSION MANAGEMENT | 236 | ||
| POTENTIAL RISKS/COMPLICATIONS | 236 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 237 | ||
| REFERENCES | E46 | ||
| CHAPTER 34 Pediatric Postoperative Pain | 238 | ||
| ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC DIFFERENCES | 238 | ||
| NONOPIOID ANALGESICS | 238 | ||
| OPIOID ANALGESIA | 240 | ||
| REGIONAL ANALGESIA | 241 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 242 | ||
| REFERENCES | 242 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | E48 | ||
| CHAPTER 35 Chronic Pain after Surgery | 243 | ||
| WHAT IS CHRONIC PAIN AFTER SURGERY? | 243 | ||
| PREVENTION OF CHRONIC PAIN AFTER SURGERY | 245 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 247 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 248 | ||
| REFERENCES | E49 | ||
| CHAPTER 36 Pain Management during Pregnancy and Lactation | 249 | ||
| DRUGS DURING PREGNANCY | 249 | ||
| DRUGS DURING LACTATION | 251 | ||
| IMAGING DURING PREGNANCY | 252 | ||
| PAIN SYNDROMES DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION | 252 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 252 | ||
| REFERENCES | E50 | ||
| CHAPTER 37 Pain Control in the Critically Ill Patient | 253 | ||
| GOAL ASSESSMENT | 253 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC AGENTS | 254 | ||
| ANALGESIA | 254 | ||
| HYPNOSIS | 256 | ||
| DELIRIUM | 258 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS | 260 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 260 | ||
| REFERENCES | E51 | ||
| SECTION VI Chronic Pain Syndromes | 261 | ||
| CHAPTER 38 Migraine Headache and Cluster | 261 | ||
| MIGRAINE HEADACHE | 261 | ||
| TRIGEMINAL AUTONOMIC CEPHALALGIAS | 265 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 267 | ||
| REFERENCES | E52 | ||
| CHAPTER 39 Tension-Type Headache, Chronic Tension-Type Headache, and Other Headache | 268 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 268 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 268 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE | 269 | ||
| OTHER CHRONIC HEADACHE TYPES | 270 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 271 | ||
| REFERENCES | E53 | ||
| CHAPTER 40 Postmeningeal Puncture Headache and Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension | 272 | ||
| SPONTANEOUS INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION | 275 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 276 | ||
| REFERENCES | E54 | ||
| CHAPTER 41 Cervicogenic Headache | 278 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 278 | ||
| NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY | 278 | ||
| COMMON SOURCES OF CERVICOGENIC HEADACHE | 278 | ||
| OCCIPITAL NEURALGIA | 280 | ||
| CERVICAL MYOFASCIAL PAIN | 282 | ||
| CERVICAL DISCOGENIC PAIN | 282 | ||
| SUMMARY | 282 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 282 | ||
| REFERENCES | E56 | ||
| CHAPTER 42 Orofacial Pain | 283 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 283 | ||
| HEADACHE ATTRIBUTED TO DISORDER OF CRANIAL BONE | 283 | ||
| HEADACHE ATTRIBUTED TO DISORDER OF NECK | 283 | ||
| HEADACHE ATTRIBUTED TO RHINOSINUSITIS | 285 | ||
| HEADACHE ATTRIBUTED TO DISORDER OF TEETH, JAWS, OR RELATED STRUCTURES | 286 | ||
| HEADACHE OR FACIAL PAIN ATTRIBUTED TO TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDER | 286 | ||
| CRANIAL NEURALGIAS AND CENTRAL CAUSES OF FACIAL PAIN AND OTHER HEADACHES | 287 | ||
| OTHER TERMINAL BRANCH NEURALGIAS | 290 | ||
| HEAD OR FACIAL PAIN ATTRIBUTED TO HERPES ZOSTER | 290 | ||
| TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME | 291 | ||
| CENTRAL CAUSES OF FACIAL PAIN | 292 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 292 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 293 | ||
| REFERENCES | E57 | ||
| CHAPTER 43 Overview of Low Back Pain Disorders | 294 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 294 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 294 | ||
| ANATOMY | 294 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 295 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 296 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION | 297 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 299 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL DISORDERS | 301 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 305 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 306 | ||
| REFERENCES | E58 | ||
| CHAPTER 44 Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections for Lumbosacral Radicular Pain | 307 | ||
| THE INFLAMMATORY MODEL FOR BACK PAIN AND RADICULAR PAIN | 307 | ||
| DRUGS USED FOR EPIDURAL INJECTION | 307 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 308 | ||
| EFFICACY | 308 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 311 | ||
| INTERLAMINAR VERSUS TRANSFORAMINAL APPROACH | 312 | ||
| CURRENT ROLE | 313 | ||
| REFERENCES | E60 | ||
| CHAPTER 45 Selective Nerve Root Blocks\nand Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections | 314 | ||
| ANATOMY | 314 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION AND EQUIPMENT | 315 | ||
| TECHNIQUES | 315 | ||
| COMMENTS ON SELECTIVE NERVE ROOT BLOCKS | 317 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 318 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 318 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 321 | ||
| REFERENCES | E62 | ||
| CHAPTER 46 Facet Syndrome: Facet Joint Injections, Medial Branch Blocks, and Radiofrequency Denervation | 322 | ||
| ANATOMY AND FUNCTION | 322 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 324 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 325 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 325 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC BLOCKS | 326 | ||
| TREATMENT | 327 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 329 | ||
| REFERENCES | E63 | ||
| CHAPTER 47 Pain Originating from the Buttock:\nSacroiliac Joint Syndrome and Piriformis Syndrome | 330 | ||
| ANATOMY, FUNCTION, AND INNERVATION | 330 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 330 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 331 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND PRESENTATION | 332 | ||
| TREATMENT | 334 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 336 | ||
| PIRIFORMIS SYNDROME | 337 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 339 | ||
| REFERENCES | E65 | ||
| CHAPTER 48 Myofascial Pain Syndrome | 340 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 340 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 340 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 341 | ||
| TREATMENT | 342 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 343 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 344 | ||
| REFERENCES | E67 | ||
| CHAPTER 49 Fibromyalgia | 345 | ||
| IMPACT OF FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME ON FUNCTIONING AND QUALITY OF LIFE | 345 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FIBROMYALGIA | 345 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF FIBROMYALGIA | 348 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF FIBROMYALGIA | 348 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF FIBROMYALGIA | 349 | ||
| MULTICOMPONENT TREATMENT OF FIBROMYALGIA | 349 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 350 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 350 | ||
| REFERENCES | E68 | ||
| CHAPTER 50 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | 351 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 351 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 351 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 353 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 354 | ||
| TREATMENT | 355 | ||
| REFERENCES | E69 | ||
| CHAPTER 51 Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia | 358 | ||
| HERPES ZOSTER | 358 | ||
| POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA | 360 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 363 | ||
| REFERENCES | E70 | ||
| CHAPTER 52 Postamputation Pain | 365 | ||
| PHANTOM SENSATION | 365 | ||
| TELESCOPING | 365 | ||
| PHANTOM PAIN | 365 | ||
| RESIDUAL LIMB PAIN | 366 | ||
| PHANTOM PHENOMENA AFTER MASTECTOMY | 366 | ||
| THEORETICAL MECHANISMS | 366 | ||
| TREATMENT | 367 | ||
| REFERENCES | E72 | ||
| CHAPTER 53 Central Pain States | 370 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CENTRAL PAIN | 370 | ||
| TAXONOMY | 370 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS | 371 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS | 373 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF CENTRAL PAIN SECONDARY TO SPINAL CORD INJURY | 374 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS | 374 | ||
| OTHER INTERVENTIONAL THERAPIES | 376 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 377 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 377 | ||
| REFERENCES | E73 | ||
| CHAPTER 54 Pelvic Pain | 378 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 378 | ||
| CAUSES OF PELVIC PAIN | 378 | ||
| THEORIES OF CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN | 379 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 379 | ||
| MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH | 379 | ||
| HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAM | 380 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY | 380 | ||
| TREATMENTS | 381 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE/COMPLEMENTARY PAIN MEDICINE | 384 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 384 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 385 | ||
| REFERENCES | E75 | ||
| CHAPTER 55 Painful Peripheral Neuropathies | 386 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION | 386 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 386 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 386 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 388 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 389 | ||
| TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 392 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 394 | ||
| REFERENCES | E77 | ||
| CHAPTER 56 Entrapment Neuropathies | 395 | ||
| CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | 395 | ||
| ULNAR NEUROPATHY AT THE ELBOW | 398 | ||
| THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROMES | 399 | ||
| MERALGIA PARESTHETICA | 400 | ||
| TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | 401 | ||
| INTERDIGITAL NEUROPATHY (MORTON’S NEUROMA) | 401 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 402 | ||
| REFERENCES | 402 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | E78 | ||
| CHAPTER 57 Chronic Pain Management in Children and Adolescents | 403 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF PAIN | 403 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT | 403 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE SENSORY TESTING | 403 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM OPIOIDS | 407 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 408 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 408 | ||
| REFERENCES | E79 | ||
| CHAPTER 58 Geriatric Pain | 409 | ||
| PRESENTATION OF DISEASE | 409 | ||
| COMMON COMORBIDITIES | 409 | ||
| AGING AND DISABILITY | 409 | ||
| AGING-ASSOCIATED PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY | 409 | ||
| DRUG METABOLISM | 410 | ||
| COMPREHENSIVE PAIN ASSESSMENT | 411 | ||
| DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE PAIN | 415 | ||
| DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 420 | ||
| DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WIDESPREAD PAIN | 420 | ||
| COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MODALITIES | 420 | ||
| INTERDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT | 421 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 421 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 421 | ||
| REFERENCES | E80 | ||
| SECTION VII Interventional Techniques for Pain Management | 423 | ||
| CHAPTER 59 Joint Injections | 423 | ||
| SHOULDER JOINT | 423 | ||
| GLENOHUMERAL JOINT | 423 | ||
| ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT INJECTION | 425 | ||
| HIP JOINT | 426 | ||
| HIP: INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION | 427 | ||
| HIP: GREATER TROCHANTERIC BURSA INJECTION | 428 | ||
| KNEE JOINT | 429 | ||
| KNEE: INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION | 429 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 430 | ||
| REFERENCES | E82 | ||
| CHAPTER 60 Pulsed Radiofrequency, Water-Cooled Radiofrequency, and Cryoneurolysis | 431 | ||
| BACKGROUND AND TECHNIQUE | 431 | ||
| CLINICAL USES | 434 | ||
| CLINICAL EFFICACY | 435 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS | 438 | ||
| REFERENCES | E83 | ||
| CHAPTER 61 Spinal Cord Stimulation | 439 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 439 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 439 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 441 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 443 | ||
| PROGRAMMING | 443 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 444 | ||
| COST EFFECTIVENESS | 445 | ||
| PERIPHERAL, CORTICAL, AND DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION | 446 | ||
| FUTURE | 446 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 446 | ||
| COMPANIES THAT PRODUCE NEUROMODULATION DEVICES | 446 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 447 | ||
| REFERENCES | E85 | ||
| CHAPTER 62 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation | 448 | ||
| HISTORY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 448 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 448 | ||
| ANATOMY | 448 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 450 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 450 | ||
| REFERENCES | E86 | ||
| CHAPTER 63 Implanted Drug Delivery Systems\nfor the Control of Chronic Pain | 451 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 451 | ||
| ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION | 453 | ||
| DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS | 454 | ||
| INTRATHECAL AGENTS FOR PAIN PHARMACOTHERAPY | 454 | ||
| ZICONOTIDE | 458 | ||
| NEWER DRUGS | 458 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 458 | ||
| INTRATHECAL GRANULOMAS (CATHETER TIP INFLAMMATORY MASS) | 459 | ||
| MORTALITY WITH INTRATHECAL OPIOIDS FOR NONCANCER PAIN | 460 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 461 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 461 | ||
| REFERENCES | E87 | ||
| CHAPTER 64 Discography | 462 | ||
| SPINAL PAIN OVERVIEW | 462 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF DISCOGENIC PAIN | 462 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 463 | ||
| THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING DISCOGRAPHY | 463 | ||
| CORRELATION BETWEEN MRI AND DISCOGRAPHY | 465 | ||
| EFFECT ON SURGICAL OUTCOMES | 466 | ||
| INTERPRETATION | 468 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND DISC INJURY | 469 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 470 | ||
| REFERENCES | E88 | ||
| CHAPTER 65 Intradiscal Techniques: Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy, Biacuplasty, Percutaneous Decompression Techniques | 471 | ||
| INTRADISCAL ELECTROTHERMAL THERAPY | 471 | ||
| BIACUPLASTY | 474 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS DISC DECOMPRESSION WITH NUCLEOPLASTY | 476 | ||
| OTHER METHODS OF PERCUTANEOUS DISC DECOMPRESSION | 477 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 478 | ||
| REFERENCES | E90 | ||
| CHAPTER 66 Osteoporosis, Vertebroplasty,\nand Kyphoplasty | 479 | ||
| OSTEOPOROSIS | 479 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND INITIAL EVALUATION | 480 | ||
| PREVENTION | 481 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 481 | ||
| INITIAL EVALUATION OF VERTEBRAL COMPRESSION FRACTURES | 482 | ||
| VERTEBRAL AUGMENTATION | 483 | ||
| KYPHOPLASTY | 486 | ||
| PREPARATION OF POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE AND DELIVERY | 486 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS | 488 | ||
| EVIDENCE | 490 | ||
| VERTEBRAL AUGMENTATION IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND METASTASES | 492 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 492 | ||
| REFERENCES | E92 | ||
| CHAPTER 67 Ultrasound-Guided Sympathetic Blocks: Stellate Ganglion and Celiac Plexus Block | 494 | ||
| STELLATE GANGLION BLOCKS | 494 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 495 | ||
| VISCERAL BLOCKS | 496 | ||
| ULTRASOUND-GUIDED CELIAC PLEXUS BLOCK | 498 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 501 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 501 | ||
| REFERENCES | E94 | ||
| CHAPTER 68 Fluoroscopy and Radiation Safety | 502 | ||
| FLUOROSCOPY MACHINE | 504 | ||
| RADIATION SAFETY | 505 | ||
| RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA | 509 | ||
| REFERENCES | E95 | ||
| SECTION VIII Cancer Pain | 511 | ||
| CHAPTER 69 Approach to the Management\nof Cancer Pain | 511 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF CANCER PAIN | 511 | ||
| TREATMENT OF CANCER PAIN | 512 | ||
| COMMON ANALGESICS | 513 | ||
| ADJUVANT PAIN MEDICINE | 517 | ||
| ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS | 518 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 518 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 519 | ||
| REFERENCES | E96 | ||
| CHAPTER 70 Management of Pain at End of Life | 520 | ||
| PALLIATIVE CARE AND HOSPICE | 520 | ||
| PAINFUL SYNDROMES IN CANCER AND OTHER LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESSES | 520 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF PAIN AT THE END OF LIFE | 521 | ||
| COMPLEX PAIN SYNDROMES AT END OF LIFE | 522 | ||
| OTHER SYMPTOMS COMMON AT END OF LIFE | 524 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 524 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 524 | ||
| REFERENCES | E97 | ||
| CHAPTER 71 Neurolytic Visceral Sympathetic Blocks | 525 | ||
| CELIAC PLEXUS BLOCK | 525 | ||
| SUPERIOR HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS BLOCK | 528 | ||
| GANGLION IMPAR BLOCK | 529 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 530 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 530 | ||
| REFERENCES | E98 | ||
| CHAPTER 72 Central and Peripheral Neurolysis | 531 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 531 | ||
| PATIENT PREPARATION | 531 | ||
| NEUROLYTIC AGENTS | 532 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRATHECAL AND EPIDURAL NEUROLYSIS | 536 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NEUROLYSIS IN CANCER PAIN | 536 | ||
| ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES OF NEUROLYSIS | 537 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 537 | ||
| REFERENCES | E99 | ||
| SECTION IX Nerve Blockade | 539 | ||
| CHAPTER 73 Head and Neck Blocks | 539 | ||
| TRIGEMINAL NERVE AND GANGLION | 539 | ||
| PROCEDURES | 539 | ||
| SPHENOPALATINE GANGLION | 542 | ||
| PROCEDURE | 542 | ||
| OCCIPITAL NERVE BLOCK | 544 | ||
| GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE BLOCK | 546 | ||
| CERVICAL PLEXUS BLOCK | 548 | ||
| REFERENCES | E100 | ||
| CHAPTER 74 Brachial Plexus Blocks: Techniques Above the Clavicle | 552 | ||
| ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 552 | ||
| TECHNIQUES FOR BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK ABOVE THE CLAVICLE | 555 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 566 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 568 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 568 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 569 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 569 | ||
| REFERENCES | E101 | ||
| CHAPTER 75 Brachial Plexus Blocks: Techniques\nBelow the Clavicle | 570 | ||
| ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 570 | ||
| AXILLARY APPROACH OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK | 574 | ||
| TRANSARTERIAL TECHNIQUES | 575 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION TECHNIQUES | 576 | ||
| ULTRASOUND-GUIDED AXILLARY BLOCK TECHNIQUE | 578 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND ANALGESIC ADJUNCTS | 579 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESS | 580 | ||
| INFRACLAVICULAR APPROACH OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK | 581 | ||
| INFRACLAVICULAR VERSUS AXILLARY BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK | 584 | ||
| CONTINUOUS TECHNIQUES | 584 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 585 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 586 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 586 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 586 | ||
| REFERENCES | E103 | ||
| CHAPTER 76 Truncal Blocks: Intercostal, Paravertebral, Interpleural, Suprascapular, Ilioinguinal, and Iliohypogastric Nerve Blocks | 587 | ||
| PARAVERTEBRAL BLOCK | 587 | ||
| INTERCOSTAL NERVE BLOCK | 589 | ||
| INTRAPLEURAL BLOCK | 590 | ||
| SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE BLOCK | 591 | ||
| ILIOINGUINAL AND ILIOHYPOGASTRIC NERVE BLOCKS | 592 | ||
| TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS PLANE BLOCK | 593 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 594 | ||
| REFERENCES | E106 | ||
| CHAPTER 77 Blocks of the Lumbar Plexus and its Branches | 595 | ||
| LUMBAR PLEXUS BLOCK | 595 | ||
| FEMORAL NERVE BLOCK | 599 | ||
| LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS NERVE BLOCK | 601 | ||
| OBTURATOR NERVE BLOCK | 602 | ||
| SAPHENOUS NERVE BLOCK | 604 | ||
| FASCIA ILIACA BLOCK | 606 | ||
| REFERENCES | E108 | ||
| CHAPTER 78 Sciatic Nerve Block and Ankle Block | 607 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 607 | ||
| REGIONAL ANATOMY PERTINENT TO SCIATIC NERVE BLOCK | 607 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 608 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF SCIATIC NERVE BLOCK | 608 | ||
| CHOICE OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 615 | ||
| METHODS OF NERVE LOCALIZATION | 615 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF SCIATIC NERVE BLOCK | 616 | ||
| ANKLE BLOCK | 616 | ||
| POSTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE | 617 | ||
| DEEP PERONEAL NERVE (DPN) BLOCK | 618 | ||
| SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE (SPN) BLOCK | 618 | ||
| SURAL NERVE BLOCK | 618 | ||
| SAPHENOUS NERVE BLOCK | 619 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETIC CHOICE AND DOSE FOR ANKLE BLOCK | 619 | ||
| SUMMARY | 619 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 619 | ||
| REFERENCES | E111 | ||
| CHAPTER 79 Peripheral Sympathetic Blocks | 621 | ||
| STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK | 621 | ||
| LUMBAR SYMPATHETIC BLOCKS | 624 | ||
| NEUROLYSIS | 625 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 626 | ||
| MONITORING ADEQUACY OF SYMPATHETIC BLOCKADE | 626 | ||
| STUDIES | 627 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 628 | ||
| REFERENCES | E113 | ||
| CHAPTER 80 Anticoagulants and Neuraxial\nand Peripheral Nerve Blocks | 629 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS | 629 | ||
| ANTICOAGULANTS FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, AND STROKE PROPHYLAXIS | 630 | ||
| RELEVANT PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NEURAXIAL BLOCKADE | 631 | ||
| ASRA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ANTIPLATELET THERAPY AND NEURAXIAL BLOCK | 631 | ||
| WARFARIN: PHARMACOLOGY AND ASRA RECOMMENDATIONS | 632 | ||
| HEPARIN AND LMWH: PHARMACOLOGY AND ASRA RECOMMENDATIONS | 632 | ||
| NEWER ANTICOAGULANTS | 635 | ||
| HERBAL THERAPIES | 635 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION AND NEURAXIAL INJECTIONS DURING PREGNANCY | 635 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION AND PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCKS | 635 | ||
| COMPARISON OF ASRA, BELGIAN, GERMAN, AND NORDIC GUIDELINES | 636 | ||
| SUMMARY | 636 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 636 | ||
| REFERENCES | E114 | ||
| INDEX | 641 |