BOOK
Netter's Neurology E-Book
H. Royden Jones, Jr. | Jayashri Srinivasan | Gregory J. Allam | Richard A. Baker
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Netter's Neurology, 2nd Edition, by Drs. H. Royden Jones, Jayashri Srinivasan, Gregory J. Allam, and Richard A. Baker, uses visually rich Netter artwork to efficiently provide you with a concise overview of general neurology and its intersection with internal medicine, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, psychiatry, and orthopedics. "It communicates often very difficult areas of neurology quite simply, and builds on basics to advanced understanding. I've never seen such well-thought-out and informative illustrations with such detail in another neurology book of this type." - First Prize Winner, Illustrated Book Category, British Medical Association 2012 Medical Book Competition
- Master general neurology and its intersection with internal medicine, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, psychiatry, and orthopedics through comprehensive topic coverage.
- Get a quick and memorable overview of anatomy, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation from the precision and beauty of Netter and Netter-style plates that highlight key neuroanatomical and neurologic concepts.
- Explore specific clinical applications with vignettes included throughout the text that bring each topic to life.
- Find the information you need quickly and easily thanks to the short text and concise topic overviews.
- See the latest developments in the field in clear detail with new artwork and new entries on ALS, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, African Sleeping Sickness, and more.
- Effectively visualize the underlying anatomy in living patients through upgraded neuroimaging coverage, including MR, CT, and PET.
- Tap into additional treatment information with more clinical vignettes that provide "real-life" illustrative case evaluations.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Netter's Neurology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| About the Artists | vi | ||
| About the Editors | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Foreword | x | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Contributors | xii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xv | ||
| I Initial Clinical Evaluation | 1 | ||
| 1 Clinical Neurologic Evaluation | 2 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 2 | ||
| Neurologic History and Examination | 3 | ||
| Approach to the Neurologic Evaluation | 4 | ||
| Formulation | 4 | ||
| Overview and Basic Tenets | 4 | ||
| Cranial Nerves: An Introduction | 5 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Testing | 7 | ||
| I: Olfactory Nerve | 7 | ||
| II: Optic Nerve | 7 | ||
| Horner Syndrome | 9 | ||
| Optic Fundus | 9 | ||
| III, IV, VI: Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves | 10 | ||
| V: Trigeminal Nerve | 11 | ||
| VII: Facial Nerve | 12 | ||
| VIII: Cochlear and Vestibular Nerves (Auditory [Cochlear] Nerve) | 13 | ||
| Vestibular Nerve | 14 | ||
| IX, X, XI: Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and Accessory Nerves | 14 | ||
| XII: Hypoglossal Nerve | 15 | ||
| Cranial Neuropathies And Systemic Disease | 15 | ||
| Cerebellar Dysfunction | 15 | ||
| Gait Evaluation | 16 | ||
| Abnormal Adventitious Movements | 19 | ||
| Muscle Strength Evaluation | 19 | ||
| Grading Weakness | 20 | ||
| Motor Lesions | 21 | ||
| Cerebral Cortex | 21 | ||
| Brainstem Bulbar Weakness | 22 | ||
| Myelopathies | 22 | ||
| Nerve Root, Plexus, or Peripheral Nerve | 23 | ||
| Muscle Disorders | 23 | ||
| Motor Tone | 23 | ||
| Hypotonia | 23 | ||
| Flaccidity | 24 | ||
| Spasticity | 24 | ||
| Decerebrate Rigidity | 25 | ||
| Rigidity | 25 | ||
| Muscle Stretch Reflexes, Clonus, and the Babinski Sign | 25 | ||
| Sensory Examination | 26 | ||
| Classic Syndromes of Peripheral Sensory Dysfunction | 27 | ||
| Spinal Cord Syndromes | 28 | ||
| Transverse Complete | 28 | ||
| Brown–Séquard | 28 | ||
| Central Cord | 28 | ||
| Anterior Spinal Artery | 29 | ||
| Thalamic Involvement | 29 | ||
| Cortical Sensory Involvement | 30 | ||
| Additional Resources | 30 | ||
| 2 Cognitive and Language Evaluation | 31 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 31 | ||
| Introduction | 31 | ||
| Cognitive Testing | 34 | ||
| An Introductory Mental Status Examination | 34 | ||
| Frontal Lobe Dysfunction | 35 | ||
| Temporal Lobe Dysfunction | 37 | ||
| Personality | 38 | ||
| Language | 39 | ||
| Parietal Lobe Dysfunction | 42 | ||
| Right Parietal Lobe | 42 | ||
| Left Parietal Lobe | 43 | ||
| Occipital Lobe Dysfunction | 44 | ||
| Cerebellum | 46 | ||
| Aphasia | 47 | ||
| Additional Resources | 49 | ||
| II Cranial Nerves | 51 | ||
| 3 Cranial Nerve I: | 52 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 52 | ||
| Anatomy | 52 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation And Diagnostic Approach | 52 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 53 | ||
| Congenital Disorder | 53 | ||
| Kallmann Syndrome | 53 | ||
| Acquired Disorders | 53 | ||
| Other Entities | 55 | ||
| Prognosis | 55 | ||
| Additional Resources | 55 | ||
| 4 Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve and Visual System | 57 | ||
| Intraocular Optic Nerve | 57 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 57 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 57 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 61 | ||
| Orbital and Intracanalicular Optic Nerve | 61 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 61 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 62 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 64 | ||
| Optic Chiasm | 64 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 64 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 65 | ||
| Posterior Visual Afferent System: Optic Tracts, Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, Optic Radiations | 66 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 68 | ||
| Differential and Diagnostic Approach | 69 | ||
| Primary Visual Cortex and Visual Association Cortices | 70 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 70 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 72 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 73 | ||
| Treatment | 73 | ||
| Future Directions | 73 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 74 | ||
| 5 Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI: Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves: Ocular Mobility and Pupils | 75 | ||
| Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor | 75 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 75 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 76 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 78 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 79 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 80 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 80 | ||
| Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear | 80 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 80 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 80 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 82 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 82 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 82 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 83 | ||
| Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens | 83 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 83 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 84 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 84 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 85 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 85 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 86 | ||
| The Pupils | 86 | ||
| Examination | 86 | ||
| Abnormalities of Pupil Function | 87 | ||
| Iris-Based Abnormalities | 87 | ||
| Light Reflex Abnormalities, Afferent Limb | 87 | ||
| Efferent Limb Abnormalities: Parasympathetic | 88 | ||
| Efferent Limb Abnormalities: Sympathetic | 88 | ||
| Light-Near Dissociation | 89 | ||
| Pupil Abnormalities in Coma | 89 | ||
| Laterality | 89 | ||
| Pharmacologic Diagnosis of Pupillary Dysfunction | 90 | ||
| Future Directions | 90 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 91 | ||
| Pupils | 91 | ||
| 6 Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal | 92 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 92 | ||
| Anatomy | 92 | ||
| CN-V Nuclei | 92 | ||
| Principal Sensory Component | 92 | ||
| Trigeminal (Gasserian, Semilunar) Ganglion | 92 | ||
| Sensory Divisions | 93 | ||
| Motor Component | 93 | ||
| CN-V Lesions | 93 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Approach | 93 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 94 | ||
| Additional Resources | 97 | ||
| 7 Cranial Nerve VII: Facial | 98 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 98 | ||
| Anatomy | 98 | ||
| Intrapontine Portion | 98 | ||
| Peripheral CN-VII | 98 | ||
| Clinical Correlations and Entities | 100 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 101 | ||
| Idiopathic Facial Palsy (Bell Palsy) | 102 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 102 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 102 | ||
| Treatment | 103 | ||
| Prognosis | 103 | ||
| Infectious Facial Palsies | 104 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus | 104 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 104 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 104 | ||
| Other Infections | 105 | ||
| Granulomatous Disorders | 105 | ||
| Traumatic Facial Palsy | 105 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 105 | ||
| Neoplasms | 105 | ||
| Uncommon Mass Lesions | 105 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disorders with Facial Weakness | 106 | ||
| Recurrent CN-VII Palsy | 106 | ||
| CN-VII Hyperactivity | 107 | ||
| Diagnostic Modalities | 107 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 107 | ||
| Intrinsic CN-VII Topognostic Testing Studies | 108 | ||
| Additional Resources | 108 | ||
| 8 Cranial Nerve VIII: Auditory and Vestibular | 109 | ||
| Auditory Nerve | 109 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 109 | ||
| Anatomy | 109 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 109 | ||
| History | 109 | ||
| Physical Examination | 110 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 111 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 112 | ||
| Ménière Disease | 112 | ||
| Neoplasms | 112 | ||
| Vascular Etiologies | 112 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 113 | ||
| Infections | 113 | ||
| Hematologic Disorders | 113 | ||
| Presbycusis | 113 | ||
| Otosclerosis | 113 | ||
| Treatment | 113 | ||
| Vestibular Nerve | 113 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 113 | ||
| Anatomy | 114 | ||
| CNS Disorders | 114 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System Disorders | 115 | ||
| Etiologic Classification of Peripheral Vestibulopathies | 116 | ||
| Types of Vertigo and Disorders | 116 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 118 | ||
| General Treatment Considerations | 119 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 119 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 119 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapy | 119 | ||
| Additional Resources | 119 | ||
| Auditory | 119 | ||
| Vestibular | 119 | ||
| 9 Cranial Nerves IX and X: Glossopharyngeal and Vagus | 120 | ||
| Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Swallowing | 120 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 120 | ||
| Physiology | 120 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 121 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 121 | ||
| Clinical Considerations and Outlook | 123 | ||
| Cranial Nerve X, Vagus: Voice Disorders | 125 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 125 | ||
| Anatomy of the Larynx | 125 | ||
| Disorders of Voice | 128 | ||
| Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve | 128 | ||
| Superior Laryngeal Nerve | 128 | ||
| Other Neurologic Disorders of the Larynx | 129 | ||
| Other Neurologic Voice Disorders | 129 | ||
| Additional Resources | 129 | ||
| Cranial Nerve IX | 129 | ||
| Cranial Nerve X | 129 | ||
| 10 Cranial Nerves XI and XII: Accessory and Hypoglossal | 130 | ||
| Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal Accessory Nerve | 130 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 130 | ||
| Anatomy | 130 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Approach | 132 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 133 | ||
| Prognosis | 133 | ||
| Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal | 133 | ||
| Anatomy | 133 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 133 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 135 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 136 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 137 | ||
| Additional Resources | 137 | ||
| III Headache and Pain | 139 | ||
| 11 Primary and Secondary Headache | 140 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 140 | ||
| Primary Headache Disorders | 140 | ||
| Migraine | 140 | ||
| Special Considerations | 141 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 142 | ||
| Future Directions | 144 | ||
| Cluster Headache | 144 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 144 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 144 | ||
| Other Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias | 144 | ||
| Paroxysmal Hemicranias | 144 | ||
| Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing | 145 | ||
| Tension-Type Headache | 146 | ||
| Chronic Daily Headaches | 147 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 147 | ||
| Primary Headache Syndromes With Defined Triggers | 147 | ||
| Exertional Headache | 147 | ||
| Headache Associated with Sexual Activity (Coital Headache) | 147 | ||
| Others | 147 | ||
| Secondary Headache Disorders | 148 | ||
| Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis | 148 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 148 | ||
| Treatment | 148 | ||
| Future Directions | 148 | ||
| Brain Hemorrhage, Infections, And Tumors | 148 | ||
| Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | 149 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 149 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Studies | 149 | ||
| Treatment | 150 | ||
| Low Csf Pressure Headache | 150 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 150 | ||
| Diagnosis | 151 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 151 | ||
| Cranial Neuralgias | 152 | ||
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | 152 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 152 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia | 153 | ||
| Occipital Neuralgia | 153 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 153 | ||
| Infectious Mechanisms | 154 | ||
| Contiguous Structure Headaches | 154 | ||
| Nasal Sinus Infection | 154 | ||
| Dental Infection | 154 | ||
| Additional Resources | 154 | ||
| 12 Pain Pathophysiology and Management | 155 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 155 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain Syndromes | 155 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 155 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations | 156 | ||
| Treatment | 156 | ||
| Multitiered Approach to Pain Management | 157 | ||
| First-Line Prescription Agents | 157 | ||
| Second-Line Pharmacotherapy | 158 | ||
| Third-Line Prescription Agents | 159 | ||
| Painful Diabetic Neuropathy | 159 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 159 | ||
| Overview | 159 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 160 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 160 | ||
| Treatment | 161 | ||
| Complex Regional Pain | 162 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 162 | ||
| Overview | 162 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 162 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 163 | ||
| Treatment | 163 | ||
| Additional Resources | 164 | ||
| IV Attention and Consciousness | 165 | ||
| 13 Autonomic Disorders and Syncope | 166 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 166 | ||
| Anatomy of the Autonomic System | 166 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 166 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 167 | ||
| Acute Peripheral Autonomic Disorders | 167 | ||
| Chronic Peripheral Autonomic Disorders | 169 | ||
| Central Disorders | 170 | ||
| Therapy | 172 | ||
| Prognosis | 172 | ||
| Syncope | 172 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 172 | ||
| Additional Resources | 173 | ||
| 14 Epilepsy | 175 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 175 | ||
| Transient Global Amnesia | 175 | ||
| Partial Seizures | 176 | ||
| Simple Partial Seizures | 176 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 176 | ||
| Complex Partial Seizures | 178 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 178 | ||
| Partial Seizures with Secondary Generalization | 179 | ||
| Generalized Seizures | 179 | ||
| Tonic–Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizures | 179 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 179 | ||
| Absence (Petit Mal) Seizures | 180 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 180 | ||
| Atypical Absence Seizures | 180 | ||
| Myoclonic Seizures | 181 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 181 | ||
| Epileptic Syndromes | 182 | ||
| Benign Febrile Convulsions | 182 | ||
| Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal (Rolandic) Spikes | 182 | ||
| Infantile Spasms (West Syndrome) | 182 | ||
| Status Epilepticus | 182 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 182 | ||
| Antiepileptic Therapy | 184 | ||
| Anticonvulsant Treatment Considerations | 185 | ||
| Women with Epilepsy | 186 | ||
| Surgical Treatments for Epilepsy | 187 | ||
| Surgical Candidates | 187 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 187 | ||
| Preoperative Assessments | 187 | ||
| Types of Surgery | 188 | ||
| Temporal Lobectomy | 188 | ||
| Focal Resection | 188 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 189 | ||
| Corpus Callosotomy | 189 | ||
| Functional Hemispherectomy | 189 | ||
| Multiple Subpial Transections | 189 | ||
| Vagus Nerve Stimulator | 189 | ||
| Deep Brain Stimulator | 190 | ||
| Common Pathologies Found in Surgical Resections | 190 | ||
| Future Directions | 190 | ||
| Additional Resources | 190 | ||
| 15 Sleep Disorders | 191 | ||
| Neurotransmitters and Sleep | 191 | ||
| Insomnia | 191 | ||
| Sleep Apnea Syndrome | 191 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 191 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 192 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 193 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 193 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 193 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 194 | ||
| Diagnosis | 194 | ||
| Periodic Limb Movements | 194 | ||
| V Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders | 213 | ||
| 17 Delirium and Acute Encephalopathies | 214 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 214 | ||
| Definition | 214 | ||
| Epidemiology | 214 | ||
| Diagnosis | 215 | ||
| Attention and Vigilance | 215 | ||
| Memory | 216 | ||
| Disorientation | 216 | ||
| Language | 216 | ||
| Misperception and Misidentification | 216 | ||
| Impaired Reasoning, Insight | 216 | ||
| Neuroanatomic Considerations | 216 | ||
| Neurochemical Foundations | 216 | ||
| Evaluation | 216 | ||
| Treatment | 217 | ||
| Alcohol Withdrawal | 217 | ||
| Wernicke Encephalopathy | 218 | ||
| Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy | 218 | ||
| Summary | 218 | ||
| Additional readings | 218 | ||
| 18 Dementia: | 219 | ||
| Mild Cognitive Impairment | 219 | ||
| Dementia | 219 | ||
| Dementia Management | 220 | ||
| Dementia and Driving | 220 | ||
| Alzheimer Disease | 221 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 221 | ||
| Epidemiology | 221 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 221 | ||
| β-Amyloid | 221 | ||
| Neurofibrillary Tangles | 223 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 223 | ||
| Risk Factors | 223 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 227 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 228 | ||
| Diagnosis | 229 | ||
| Mental Status Exam | 230 | ||
| Additional Testing | 231 | ||
| Brain Imaging | 231 | ||
| CSF Biomarkers | 232 | ||
| Blood Tests | 232 | ||
| Genetic Tests | 232 | ||
| Treatment | 232 | ||
| Treatment of MCI | 232 | ||
| Treatment of Alzheimer Disease | 232 | ||
| General Approach | 232 | ||
| Cholinesterase Inhibitors | 233 | ||
| Memantine | 233 | ||
| Dementia with Lewy Bodies | 234 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 234 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 235 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis | 235 | ||
| Diagnosis | 237 | ||
| Treatment | 237 | ||
| Frontotemporal Lobar Dementia | 238 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 238 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 238 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 239 | ||
| Behavior Subtype of Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) | 239 | ||
| Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration with Motor Neuron Disease | 240 | ||
| Primary Progressive Aphasia | 240 | ||
| Diagnosis | 240 | ||
| Treatment | 240 | ||
| Vascular Cognitive Impairment | 240 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 240 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 241 | ||
| Epidemiology | 241 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis | 241 | ||
| Binswanger Disease | 242 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 243 | ||
| Additional Resources | 243 | ||
| Alzheimer Disease | 243 | ||
| Dementia with Lewy Bodies | 243 | ||
| Frontotemporal Dementia | 243 | ||
| Vascular Dementia | 243 | ||
| 19 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt– Jakob Disease) | 244 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 244 | ||
| Epidemiology | 244 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 244 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 245 | ||
| Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Treatment | 245 | ||
| Additional Resources | 246 | ||
| VI Psychiatric Disorders | 247 | ||
| Substance Dependence | 248 | ||
| 20 Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Dependence | 248 | ||
| Etiology | 248 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 248 | ||
| Diagnosis | 250 | ||
| Treatment | 251 | ||
| Additional Resources | 253 | ||
| Personality Disorders | 254 | ||
| 21 Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder | 254 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 254 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 254 | ||
| Therapy | 254 | ||
| Prognosis | 254 | ||
| Additional Resources | 255 | ||
| 22 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 256 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 256 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 256 | ||
| Treatment | 256 | ||
| Additional Resources | 257 | ||
| 23 Borderline Personality Disorder | 258 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 258 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 258 | ||
| Therapy | 258 | ||
| Additional Resources | 259 | ||
| 24 Panic Disorder | 260 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 260 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 260 | ||
| Diagnosis | 260 | ||
| Treatment | 260 | ||
| Additional Resources | 261 | ||
| 25 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 262 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 262 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 262 | ||
| Treatment | 262 | ||
| Additional Resources | 263 | ||
| 26 Somatization Disorder | 264 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 264 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 264 | ||
| Treatment | 264 | ||
| Additional Resources | 265 | ||
| 27 Eating Disorders | 266 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 266 | ||
| Anorexia | 267 | ||
| Bulimia | 267 | ||
| Additional Resources | 267 | ||
| Mood Disorders | 268 | ||
| 28 Dysthymia | 268 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 268 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 269 | ||
| Treatment | 269 | ||
| Additional Resources | 269 | ||
| 29 Major Depression | 270 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 270 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 270 | ||
| Treatment | 271 | ||
| Future Directions | 273 | ||
| Additional Resources | 273 | ||
| 30 Bipolar Disorder | 274 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 274 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 274 | ||
| Treatment | 275 | ||
| Additional Resources | 276 | ||
| Psychotic Disorders | 277 | ||
| 31 Schizophrenia | 277 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 277 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 278 | ||
| Treatment | 278 | ||
| Additional Resources | 278 | ||
| VII Gait and Movement Disorders | 279 | ||
| Gait Disorders | 280 | ||
| 32 Gait Disorders | 280 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 280 | ||
| Anatomy and Pathophysiology | 280 | ||
| Etiology and Classification | 280 | ||
| Cortical Gait Disorders | 280 | ||
| Frontal Gait | 280 | ||
| Cautious Gait | 281 | ||
| Psychogenic Gait | 281 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 282 | ||
| Subcortical Gait Disorders | 282 | ||
| Spastic Gait | 282 | ||
| Ataxic Gait | 283 | ||
| Hypokinetic-Rigid Gait | 283 | ||
| Hyperkinetic Gait | 284 | ||
| Choreic Gait | 284 | ||
| Dystonic Gait | 284 | ||
| Myoclonic Gait | 285 | ||
| Peripheral Gait Disorders | 285 | ||
| Sensory Gait | 285 | ||
| Steppage Gait | 285 | ||
| Waddling Gait | 285 | ||
| Antalgic Gait | 285 | ||
| Additional Resources | 286 | ||
| 33 Parkinson Disease | 287 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 287 | ||
| Etiology | 287 | ||
| Genes for Parkinson Disease | 287 | ||
| Alpha-Synuclein | 287 | ||
| Parkin | 288 | ||
| Other Proteins | 288 | ||
| Pathology/Pathophysiology | 288 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 290 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 292 | ||
| Essential Tremor | 293 | ||
| Secondary Causes of Parkinsonism | 293 | ||
| Medications | 293 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 293 | ||
| Toxins | 294 | ||
| Metabolic Conditions | 294 | ||
| Other Rare Sometimes Treatable Causes | 294 | ||
| Normal-pressure hydrocephalus | 294 | ||
| Other Disorders | 294 | ||
| Atypical Parkinsonism | 294 | ||
| Familial Parkinsonism | 294 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 295 | ||
| Treatment | 295 | ||
| Dopaminergic | 296 | ||
| Levodopa | 296 | ||
| Dopaminergic Agonists | 297 | ||
| Anticholinergic | 297 | ||
| COMT Inhibitors | 297 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors | 297 | ||
| Amantadine | 297 | ||
| Future Directions | 298 | ||
| Additional Resources | 298 | ||
| 34 Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes | 299 | ||
| Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | 299 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 299 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 299 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 299 | ||
| Diagnosis | 300 | ||
| Treatment | 300 | ||
| Corticobasal Degeneration | 302 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 302 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 302 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 302 | ||
| Diagnosis | 303 | ||
| Treatment | 303 | ||
| Frontotemporal Dementia Parkinsonism–Chromosome 17 | 303 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation | 303 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 303 | ||
| Multiple system atrophy | 303 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 303 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 304 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 304 | ||
| Diagnosis | 305 | ||
| Treatment | 305 | ||
| Additional Resources | 305 | ||
| Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders | 307 | ||
| 35 Tremors | 307 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 307 | ||
| Physiologic Tremor | 307 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 307 | ||
| Pathologic Tremor | 307 | ||
| Essential Tremor | 308 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 309 | ||
| Resting Tremor | 310 | ||
| Orthostatic and Action Tremor | 311 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 311 | ||
| Ataxic Intention Tremor (AIT) | 311 | ||
| Palatal Tremor (Palatal Myoclonus) | 312 | ||
| Asterixis | 312 | ||
| Drug-Induced (Iatrogenic) Tremor | 312 | ||
| Psychogenic Tremor | 312 | ||
| Additional Resources | 313 | ||
| 36 Chorea | 314 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 314 | ||
| Etiology | 314 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 314 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 314 | ||
| Huntington Disease | 315 | ||
| Sydenham Chorea | 316 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 317 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 317 | ||
| Huntington Disease | 317 | ||
| Sydenham Chorea | 318 | ||
| Chorea Gravidarum | 318 | ||
| Treatment | 318 | ||
| Future Directions | 318 | ||
| Additional Resources | 318 | ||
| 37 Wilson Disease | 319 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 319 | ||
| History | 319 | ||
| Genetics | 319 | ||
| Hepatic Copper Metabolism | 319 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 320 | ||
| Diagnosis | 321 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 322 | ||
| Additional Resources | 323 | ||
| 38 Myoclonus | 324 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 324 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 324 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 324 | ||
| Physiologic Nonpathologic Myoclonus | 324 | ||
| Pathologic Myoclonus | 324 | ||
| Additional Forms of Myoclonus | 325 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 325 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 325 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 327 | ||
| Additional Resources | 327 | ||
| 39 Tic Disorders | 328 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 328 | ||
| Phenomenology and Classification | 328 | ||
| Causes Of Tic Disorders | 328 | ||
| Clinical Course and Natural History of Tourette Syndrome | 328 | ||
| Therapies | 329 | ||
| Additional Resources | 330 | ||
| 40 Dystonia | 331 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 331 | ||
| Classification of Dystonia | 331 | ||
| Age at Onset | 331 | ||
| Anatomic Distribution | 331 | ||
| Etiology | 332 | ||
| Primary Dystonia | 332 | ||
| Secondary Dystonia | 333 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 334 | ||
| Treatment | 334 | ||
| Additional Resources | 334 | ||
| Miscellaneous Movement Disorders and Therapy | 335 | ||
| 41 Medication-Induced Movement Disorders | 335 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 335 | ||
| Clinical Syndromes | 335 | ||
| Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome | 335 | ||
| Acute Dystonic Reactions | 335 | ||
| Medication-Induced Parkinsonism | 336 | ||
| Akathisia | 337 | ||
| Tardive Dyskinesia Syndromes | 337 | ||
| Diagnosis | 337 | ||
| Treatment | 338 | ||
| Prognosis | 338 | ||
| Additional Resources | 338 | ||
| 42 Psychogenic Movement Disorders | 339 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 339 | ||
| Etiology | 340 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 340 | ||
| Psychogenic Dystonia | 340 | ||
| Psychogenic Tremor | 340 | ||
| Psychogenic Myoclonus | 340 | ||
| Psychogenic Parkinsonism | 340 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 340 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 341 | ||
| Treatment And Prognosis | 341 | ||
| Future Directions | 341 | ||
| Additional Resources | 341 | ||
| 43 Surgical Treatments for Movement Disorders | 342 | ||
| Patient Selection | 342 | ||
| General Procedure | 342 | ||
| Operations Performed For Movement Disorders | 342 | ||
| Pallidotomy | 342 | ||
| Thalamotomy | 343 | ||
| Deep Brain Stimulation | 344 | ||
| Additional Resources | 344 | ||
| VIII Spinal Cord Disorders | 345 | ||
| 44 Anatomic Aspects of Spinal Cord Disorders | 346 | ||
| Anatomic Correlations | 346 | ||
| External Structure | 346 | ||
| Internal Structure | 346 | ||
| Specific Spinal Tracts | 346 | ||
| Ascending Sensory Tracts (see Fig. 44-4) | 346 | ||
| Descending Motor Tracts | 347 | ||
| Spinal Gray Matter | 347 | ||
| Vascular Supply | 348 | ||
| Arterial | 348 | ||
| Venous | 349 | ||
| Pathoanatomy | 349 | ||
| Intra-Axial Spinal Cord Pathologies | 351 | ||
| Intramedullary Loci | 351 | ||
| Intradural Extramedullary | 355 | ||
| Extradural Extramedullary | 355 | ||
| Transverse Myelopathy, Complete Spinal Cord Lesions | 357 | ||
| Additional Resources | 357 | ||
| 45 Spinal Cord Myelopathies | 358 | ||
| Acute Myelopathies | 358 | ||
| Acute Extradural Spinal Lesions | 358 | ||
| Trauma | 358 | ||
| Central Herniated Disc | 358 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 358 | ||
| Metastatic Malignancies | 359 | ||
| Epidural Abscess | 359 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 359 | ||
| Spinal Epidural Hematoma | 360 | ||
| Acute Intradural Intramedullary Spinal Lesions | 361 | ||
| Myelitis Secondary to Multiple Sclerosis | 361 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 361 | ||
| Transverse Myelitis | 364 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 364 | ||
| Spinal Cord Infarction/Ischemic Myelopathy | 365 | ||
| Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome | 365 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 365 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 367 | ||
| Therapy | 367 | ||
| Prognosis | 367 | ||
| Posterior Spinal Artery Syndrome | 367 | ||
| Chronic Myelopathies | 367 | ||
| Extradural Myelopathies | 367 | ||
| Cervical Spondylosis | 367 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 367 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 369 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 369 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 369 | ||
| Diagnosis | 369 | ||
| Treatment | 370 | ||
| Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations | 370 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 370 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 370 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 371 | ||
| Diagnosis | 372 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 372 | ||
| Epidural Lipomatosis | 372 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 372 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 372 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 372 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 372 | ||
| Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions | 373 | ||
| Meningioma | 373 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 373 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 373 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 373 | ||
| Diagnosis | 373 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 374 | ||
| Intradural Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions | 374 | ||
| Vitamin B12 Deficiency | 374 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 374 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 375 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 375 | ||
| Diagnosis | 375 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 376 | ||
| Copper Deficiency Myelopathy | 376 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 376 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 376 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 376 | ||
| Diagnosis | 376 | ||
| Treatment | 376 | ||
| Demographics and Prognosis | 377 | ||
| AIDS-Associated Vacuolar Myelopathy | 377 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 377 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 377 | ||
| Diagnosis | 377 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 377 | ||
| Schistosomal (Bilharziasis) Myelopathy | 377 | ||
| HTLV-I Myelopathy | 378 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 378 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 378 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 378 | ||
| Diagnosis | 379 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 379 | ||
| Syringomyelia | 379 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 379 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 379 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 380 | ||
| Diagnosis | 380 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 380 | ||
| Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia | 381 | ||
| IX Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders | 385 | ||
| 46 Multiple Sclerosis | 386 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 386 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 386 | ||
| Pathology | 386 | ||
| Clinical Subtypes | 388 | ||
| Benign MS | 388 | ||
| X Infectious Disease | 407 | ||
| 48 Bacterial Diseases | 408 | ||
| Common Syndromes | 408 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 408 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 408 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 408 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 409 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 410 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 412 | ||
| Complications | 412 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 412 | ||
| Future Directions: Vaccines | 412 | ||
| Parameningeal Infections | 412 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 412 | ||
| Brain Abscess | 413 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 413 | ||
| Subdural Abscess | 413 | ||
| Spinal Epidural Abscess | 414 | ||
| XI Neuro-Oncology | 457 | ||
| 52 Brain Tumors | 458 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 458 | ||
| Malignant Brain Tumors | 459 | ||
| Gliomas | 459 | ||
| Epidemiology | 459 | ||
| Pathology | 459 | ||
| Glioblastoma | 460 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis | 460 | ||
| Low-Grade Glioma | 461 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 461 | ||
| Clinical Presentation/Pathology | 461 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 462 | ||
| Anaplastic Glioma | 463 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 463 | ||
| Pathology | 463 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 463 | ||
| Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas | 463 | ||
| Primary Cns Lymphoma | 463 | ||
| Other Primary Brain Tumors | 464 | ||
| Ependymoma | 464 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 465 | ||
| Cerebellar Astrocytoma | 465 | ||
| Pontine Glioma | 465 | ||
| Metastatic Brain Tumors | 465 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 465 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 466 | ||
| Treatment | 467 | ||
| Therapy and Future Directions | 467 | ||
| Benign Brain Tumors | 468 | ||
| Meningiomas | 468 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 468 | ||
| Demographics | 468 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 469 | ||
| Treatment | 469 | ||
| Pituitary Adenoma | 469 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 469 | ||
| Demographics | 470 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 470 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 472 | ||
| Treatment | 473 | ||
| Craniopharyngioma | 473 | ||
| Acoustic Neuromas/ Vestibular Schwannoma | 475 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 475 | ||
| Demographics | 475 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 475 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 476 | ||
| Treatment | 477 | ||
| Other Benign Intracranial Tumors | 477 | ||
| Chordoma | 477 | ||
| Pineal Region Tumors | 478 | ||
| Colloid Cysts | 479 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 479 | ||
| Pseudotumor Cerebri/Idiopathic Intracranial Hypotension, Intracranial Hypotension, and Other Brain Lesions | 479 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 479 | ||
| Treatment | 480 | ||
| Intracranial Hypotension (Low-CSF-Pressure Syndrome) | 480 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 480 | ||
| Other Intracranial Lesions | 481 | ||
| Future Directions | 481 | ||
| Additional Resources | 481 | ||
| 53 Spinal Cord Tumors | 483 | ||
| Extradural Spinal Tumors | 483 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 483 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 483 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 484 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 486 | ||
| Intradural Extramedullary Tumors | 487 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 487 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 488 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 488 | ||
| XII Cerebrovascular Diseases | 491 | ||
| 54 Anatomic Aspects of Cerebral Circulation | 492 | ||
| The Carotid Artery System | 492 | ||
| External Carotid Artery | 492 | ||
| Internal Carotid Artery | 492 | ||
| Vertebrobasilar Arteries | 493 | ||
| Cerebral Sinuses and Veins | 495 | ||
| Additional Resources | 496 | ||
| 55 Ischemic Stroke | 497 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 497 | ||
| Large Artery Occlusive Disease | 497 | ||
| Cardiac Embolism | 497 | ||
| Small Vessel Disease (Lacunes) | 498 | ||
| Arterial Dissection | 498 | ||
| Less Common Stroke Etiologies | 499 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 499 | ||
| Large Artery Occlusive Disease | 499 | ||
| Carotid Artery Disease | 499 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 499 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 500 | ||
| Intracranial MCA and ACA Disease | 502 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 502 | ||
| Vertebrobasilar Disease | 504 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 504 | ||
| Cardioembolic Disease | 505 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 505 | ||
| XIII Trauma | 549 | ||
| 59 Trauma to the Brain | 550 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 550 | ||
| General Principles of Head Injury Care | 550 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 550 | ||
| Extra-Axial Traumatic Brain Injuries | 552 | ||
| Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 552 | ||
| Epidural Hematomas | 552 | ||
| Acute Subdural Hematoma | 554 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 555 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 555 | ||
| Chronic Subdural Hematoma | 557 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 557 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 557 | ||
| Intra-Axial Traumatic Injuries | 557 | ||
| Cerebral Contusions | 557 | ||
| Intraparenchymal Hematomas | 557 | ||
| Diffuse Axonal Shear Injury | 558 | ||
| Posterior Fossa Lesions | 559 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury in Military Combat Settings | 560 | ||
| Overall Treatment Protocols | 560 | ||
| Long-Term Prognosis of Traumatic Brain Injury | 561 | ||
| Additional Resources | 561 | ||
| 60 Trauma to the Spine and Spinal Cord | 562 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 562 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 563 | ||
| Initial Management | 563 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 564 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 564 | ||
| Thoracic, Thoracolumbar, and Lumbar Spine | 565 | ||
| Treatment | 565 | ||
| Immediate | 565 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 566 | ||
| Surgery | 566 | ||
| Atlanto-axial (C1–2) | 567 | ||
| Subaxial Cervical Spine | 568 | ||
| Thoracolumbar Spine | 568 | ||
| Prognosis | 569 | ||
| Additional resources | 571 | ||
| XIV Radiculopathies and Plexopathies | 573 | ||
| 61 Cervical Radiculopathy | 574 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 574 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 574 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 575 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 576 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 577 | ||
| Additional Resources | 578 | ||
| 62 Lumbar Radiculopathy | 579 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 579 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 579 | ||
| Etiology | 579 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 579 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 581 | ||
| Treatment | 582 | ||
| Additional Resources | 586 | ||
| 63 Vascular, Rheumatologic, Functional, and Psychosomatic Back Pain | 587 | ||
| XV Mononeuropathies | 599 | ||
| 65 Mononeuropathies of the Upper Extremities | 600 | ||
| Mononeuropathies of the Shoulder Girdle | 600 | ||
| Dorsal Scapular Neuropathies | 600 | ||
| XVI Motor Neuron Disorders | 629 | ||
| 67 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 630 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 630 | ||
| Etiology, Genetics, and Pathogenesis | 630 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 632 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 636 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 637 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 638 | ||
| Future Directions | 639 | ||
| Additional Resources | 640 | ||
| 68 Other Motor Neuron Diseases and Motor Neuropathies | 641 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 641 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 641 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy Types I–IV | 641 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Respiratory Distress (SMARD1) | 643 | ||
| X-Linked Bulbospinal Muscular Atrophy (SBMA)—Kennedy Disease | 643 | ||
| Juvenile Segmental Spinal Muscular Atrophy—Benign Focal Amyotrophy—Hirayama Disease | 644 | ||
| Scapuloperoneal Form of SMA (Davidenkow Disease) | 644 | ||
| Distal SMA (Hereditary Motor Neuronopathy, Spinal Forms of Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease) | 645 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 645 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 647 | ||
| Multifocal Motor Neuropathy | 647 | ||
| Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia | 648 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes of Motor Neuron Disease | 648 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 648 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 649 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 650 | ||
| Future Directions | 650 | ||
| Additional Resources | 650 | ||
| SMA | 650 | ||
| HSP | 650 | ||
| XVII Neuromuscular Hyperactivity Disorders | 651 | ||
| 69 Stiff Person Syndrome | 652 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 652 | ||
| Etiology | 652 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 652 | ||
| Classic SPS | 652 | ||
| Stiff Person Syndrome—Primary Limb Involvement | 653 | ||
| Stiff Person Syndrome with Encephalomyelitis (SPSE) | 653 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 654 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 654 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 654 | ||
| Symptomatic Treatment | 654 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 654 | ||
| Baclofen | 654 | ||
| Immunosuppressants/Immunomodulators | 655 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 655 | ||
| Intravenous Immunoglobulin | 655 | ||
| Plasma Exchange | 655 | ||
| Azathioprine | 655 | ||
| Rituximab | 655 | ||
| Other Issues | 655 | ||
| Additional Resources | 655 | ||
| 70 Other Peripheral Motor Hyperactivity Syndromes | 656 | ||
| Isaac (Merten) Syndrome/Quantal Squander, Neuromyotonia | 656 | ||
| Cramp Fasciculation Syndrome | 656 | ||
| Benign Fasciculation Syndrome | 656 | ||
| Myokymia | 656 | ||
| Additional Resources | 656 | ||
| XVIII Polyneuropathies | 657 | ||
| 71 Hereditary Polyneuropathies | 658 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 658 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 658 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 658 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 658 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 658 | ||
| Classification of Cmt | 661 | ||
| CMT Type 1 | 661 | ||
| CMT Type 2 | 661 | ||
| Other CMT Types | 661 | ||
| Management and Therapy | 662 | ||
| Optimum Treatment | 662 | ||
| Treatment of Complications | 663 | ||
| Future Directions | 663 | ||
| Evidence and Additional Resources | 663 | ||
| Classic References | 663 | ||
| Additional Resources | 663 | ||
| 72 Acquired Polyneuropathies | 664 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 664 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 664 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 668 | ||
| Idiopathic Length-Dependent Polyneuropathies | 669 | ||
| Treatment | 671 | ||
| Neuropathies Associated With Diabetes | 671 | ||
| Cobalamin Deficiency | 672 | ||
| Guillain–Barré Syndrome | 672 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 672 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis Of Demyelinating Polyneuropathies | 674 | ||
| AIDP and CIDP Variants | 677 | ||
| Treatment | 678 | ||
| Sensory Neuronopathies | 678 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 678 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 680 | ||
| Additional Resources | 681 | ||
| XIX Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders | 683 | ||
| 73 Myasthenia Gravis | 684 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 684 | ||
| Etiology And Pathogenesis | 684 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 684 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 686 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 687 | ||
| Management And Prognosis | 688 | ||
| Additional Resources | 690 | ||
| 74 Other Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders | 691 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 691 | ||
| Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome | 691 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 691 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 691 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 692 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 694 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 694 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 695 | ||
| Botulism | 695 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 695 | ||
| Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Approach, and Differential Diagnosis | 695 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 696 | ||
| Additional Resources | 696 | ||
| XX Myopathies | 697 | ||
| 75 Hereditary Myopathies | 698 | ||
| Channelopathies | 698 | ||
| Periodic Paralysis and Congenital Myotonic Disorders | 698 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 698 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 698 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 700 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 700 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 702 | ||
| Glycogen and Lipid Storage Disorders | 702 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 702 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 703 | ||
| Genetics | 703 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 705 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 707 | ||
| Idiopathic HyperCKemia | 707 | ||
| Muscle Biopsy | 707 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 708 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophies | 708 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 708 | ||
| Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy, Type 1 (DM1) | 709 | ||
| Proximal Myotonic Myopathy (DM2) | 709 | ||
| Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies | 710 | ||
| Dystrophinopathies | 710 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 710 | ||
| Becker Muscular Dystrophy | 710 | ||
| Treatment of Dystrophinopathies | 711 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy | 713 | ||
| Scapuloperoneal Syndromes | 713 | ||
| Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy | 713 | ||
| Bethlem Myopathy | 714 | ||
| Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy | 714 | ||
| Myofibrillar (Desmin) Myopathy | 714 | ||
| Congenital Muscular Dystrophies | 714 | ||
| Distal Myopathies or Muscular Dystrophies | 714 | ||
| Congenital Myopathies | 714 | ||
| Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy | 714 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to Genetic Myopathies | 715 | ||
| Treatment | 715 | ||
| Prognosis | 716 | ||
| Additional Resources | 716 | ||
| 76 Acquired Myopathies | 717 | ||
| Classification | 717 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 717 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 717 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 717 | ||
| Electromyography | 720 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 720 | ||
| Muscle Biopsy | 720 | ||
| Specific Inflammatory Myopathic Disorders | 721 | ||
| Polymyositis | 721 | ||
| Dermatomyositis | 722 | ||
| Treatment of Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis | 723 | ||
| Specific Pharmacologic Therapies | 723 | ||
| Inclusion Body Myositis | 724 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 724 | ||
| Other Acquired Myopathies | 724 | ||
| Toxic Myopathies | 724 | ||
| Critical Illness Myopathy | 725 | ||
| Hypokalemic Myopathies | 725 | ||
| Endocrine Myopathies | 726 | ||
| Clinical Vignette | 726 | ||
| Osteomalacia, Hypovitamin D Myopathy | 727 | ||
| Granulomatous Myopathies | 727 | ||
| Eosinophilic Myopathy | 727 | ||
| Infectious Myopathies | 727 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Necrotizing Myopathy | 728 | ||
| Treatment of Myopathies | 729 | ||
| Supportive Therapies | 729 | ||
| Prognosis | 729 | ||
| Additional Resources | 729 | ||
| Index | 731 | ||
| A | 731 | ||
| B | 732 | ||
| C | 733 | ||
| D | 735 | ||
| E | 736 | ||
| F | 737 | ||
| G | 737 | ||
| H | 737 | ||
| I | 738 | ||
| J | 739 | ||
| K | 739 | ||
| L | 739 | ||
| M | 740 | ||
| N | 742 | ||
| O | 742 | ||
| P | 743 | ||
| Q | 744 | ||
| R | 744 | ||
| S | 745 | ||
| T | 747 | ||
| U | 748 | ||
| V | 748 | ||
| W | 748 | ||
| X | 749 | ||
| Z | 749 |