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Surgical Treatment of Hip Arthritis: Reconstruction, Replacement, and Revision E-Book

Surgical Treatment of Hip Arthritis: Reconstruction, Replacement, and Revision E-Book

William Hozack | Javad Parvizi | Benjamin Bender

(2009)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Surgical Treatment of Hip Arthritis: Reconstruction, Replacement, and Revision, by William J. Hozack, MD, is a state-of-the-art reference that addresses the challenging issues you face in this rapidly growing segment of orthopaedic practice. Inside, you’ll find top surgical management strategies for all types of hip arthroplasty presented by leaders from around the world, along with discussions of possible complications, risks and benefits to specific patient populations, and more.  Best of all, this resource also offers access to a companion website where you will find the full text of the book, completely searchable.

  • Includes online access to the full text at expertconsult.com for convenient anytime, anywhere reference.
  • Presents state-of-the-art surgical management strategies for hip arthritis—from reconstruction to replacement to revision—by experts worldwide, for comprehensive guidance in one convenient resource.
  • Offers current information on computer-assisted navigation techniques and minimally invasive techniques, to equip you with the latest surgical options.
  • Provides extensive discussions of the management of a full range of complications to help you overcome the challenges you’ll face.
  • Addresses the rationale for and management of revision surgery, given specific patient problems and intraoperative issues, enabling you to make the best informed surgical decisions.
  • Presents more than 600 illustrations, including original line art, radiologic images, and full-color intraoperative photos, that show you exactly what to look for and how to proceed.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover cover
Half title page i
Title page iii
Copyright page iv
Dedication v
Preface vii
Contributors ix
Table of contents xiii
Part I: Diagnosis and Evaluation 1
Chapter 1: HISTORY 3
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 4
GENERAL TESTS 5
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSES 5
References 8
Chapter 2: ARTHROPLASTY 9
LOOSENING 10
DISLOCATION 13
INFECTION 13
PERIPROSTHETIC FRACTURE 15
ACETABULAR LINER WEAR 15
PARTICLE DISEASE 15
HETEROTOPIC BONE FORMATION 16
PSEUDOBURSAE 16
ILIOPSOAS IMPINGEMENT 17
SUMMARY 17
References 17
Chapter 3: CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING MODALITIES 19
INJURY-SPECIFIC IMAGING 21
References 28
Chapter 4: \rSURVIVORSHIP ANALYSIS 30
ARTHROPLASTY REGISTERS 30
METHODS OF EARLY PREDICTION OF FAILURE 31
SUBJECTIVE OUTCOME MEASURES 32
FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED OUTCOME MEASURES 32
INTERPRETING RESULTS OF SUBJECTIVE OUTCOME MEASURES 35
IDENTIFICATION OF MODIFIABLE PATIENT FACTORS 35
SUMMARY 36
References 36
Part II: Reconstruction 37
Chapter 5: LABRAL TEARS 39
CHONDRAL LESIONS 40
LOOSE BODIES 41
SYNOVIAL CONDITIONS 41
AFTER TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 42
AFTER TRAUMA 42
CONTRAINDICATIONS 42
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 42
COMPLICATIONS 43
OUTCOMES 43
SUMMARY 43
References 44
Chapter 6: \rCONCEPT OF FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION 45
TYPES OF FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 46
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 47
BACKGROUND WORK 49
SURGICAL HIP DISLOCATION 53
RESULTS OF SURGICAL HIP DISLOCATION AND HIP OSTEOPLASTY 58
COMPLICATIONS OF SURGICAL HIP DISLOCATION 61
FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 61
References 61
Chapter 7: \rINDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 64
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 64
DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES 66
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 71
COMPLICATIONS 72
References 72
Chapter 8: Periacetabular Osteotomy 73
ANATOMY 74
PATHOGENESIS 75
PREDISPOSING ILLNESSES 75
PATIENT HISTORY AND PHYSICAL FINDINGS 76
IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 76
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT 77
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 79
OUTCOMES 79
COMPLICATIONS 79
References 82
Part III: Replacement 85
Chapter 9: Indications for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty 87
INDICATIONS 87
IMPLANT SURVIVORSHIP 90
BILATERAL TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 91
CONTRAINDICATIONS 91
SUMMARY 91
References 92
Chapter 10: Preoperative Planning for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty 93
CLINICAL EVALUATION 93
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION 94
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 94
IMPLANT SELECTION 95
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION AND TEMPLATING 95
SUMMARY 98
References 98
Chapter 11: The Direct Anterior Approach 99
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 99
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 100
TECHNIQUE 100
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 107
COMPLICATIONS 107
Suggested Readings 107
Chapter 12: The Anterolateral Minimal/Limited Incision Intermuscular Approach 108
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 109
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 109
TECHNIQUE 109
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 112
COMPLICATIONS 112
SUMMARY 113
Suggested Readings 113
Chapter 13: The Direct Lateral Approach 114
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 114
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 115
TECHNIQUE 115
PERIOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 120
COMPLICATIONS 120
SUMMARY 120
Suggested Readings 120
References 120
Chapter 14: Posterior and Posteroinferior Approaches 122
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 122
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 123
POSTERIOR APPROACH 123
POSTEROINFERIOR APPROACH 127
PERIOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 130
COMPLICATIONS 130
References 130
Chapter 15: The Dual-Incision Approach 131
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 131
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 132
TECHNIQUE 132
PERIOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 135
COMPLICATIONS 136
References 136
Chapter 16: The Cemented All-Polyethylene Acetabular Component 137
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 137
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 138
TECHNIQUE 138
PERIOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 140
COMPLICATIONS 140
SUMMARY 141
Suggested Readings 142
Chapter 17: The Cemented Stem 143
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 143
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 143
TECHNIQUE 144
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 149
COMPLICATIONS 149
SUMMARY 150
References 150
Chapter 18: Cementless Acetabular Fixation 151
DESIGN 151
INGROWTH 151
GEOMETRY 152
SURFACE AND COATINGS 152
FIXATION 153
INTERFACE 153
INDICATIONS 154
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 154
References 155
Chapter 19: The Cementless Tapered Stem 156
COMPONENT DESIGN 156
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 157
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 157
TECHNIQUE 157
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 158
COMPLICATIONS 158
Suggested Readings 158
References 158
Chapter 20: The Cementless Tapered Stem: Ream-and-Broach Technique 159
COMPONENT DESIGN 159
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 159
TECHNIQUE 160
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 161
SUMMARY 162
Suggested Readings 163
Chapter 21: The Fully Coated Cementless Femoral Stem 164
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 165
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 165
TECHNIQUE 166
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 169
COMPLICATIONS 169
SUMMARY 170
References 171
Chapter 22: The Cementless Modular Stem 172
CLINICAL APPLICATION 173
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING/SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 175
RESULTS 176
SUMMARY 176
References 179
Chapter 23: Metal-on-Metal Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty 180
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 180
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 181
TECHNIQUE 181
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 185
COMPLICATIONS 185
SUMMARY 186
Suggested Readings 186
References 187
Chapter 24: Deformity 188
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP 188
PREVIOUS INTERTROCHANTERIC OSTEOTOMY 190
SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CORRECTIVE OSTEOTOMY ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 191
FEMORAL DEFORMITY ASSOCIATED WITH FAILED TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 192
SUMMARY 194
References 194
Chapter 25: Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Metabolic Diseases 196
METABOLIC DISEASES 196
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 198
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 199
TECHNIQUE 199
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 201
COMPLICATIONS 201
Suggested Readings 202
References 202
Chapter 26: Preoperative Rehabilitation 203
PREOPERATIVE REHABILITATION PROGRAM 203
PREOPERATIVE PHYSICAL THERAPY VISIT 204
SUMMARY 204
References 204
Chapter 27: Anesthesia for Hip Surgery 206
GENERAL ANESTHESIA 206
NEURAXIAL ANESTHESIA 207
PRE-EMPTIVE ANALGESIA AND POSTOPERATIVE PAIN 208
LUMBAR PLEXUS BLOCKADE 208
ANESTHETIC CONTRAINDICATIONS 209
MAJOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY 209
MINOR MORBIDITY 209
POSTOPERATIVE DELIRIUM 210
DIFFICULT AIRWAY 210
PREVENTION OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM 211
ANTICOAGULATION AND SPINAL HEMATOMA 211
BLOOD LOSS 212
PRACTICE PATTERNS 213
References 214
Chapter 28: Pain Control 216
PRINCIPLES OF ACUTE PAIN PHYSIOLOGY 216
TECHNIQUES OF PAIN MANAGEMENT 217
GENERAL VERSUS REGIONAL ANESTHESIA 217
PARENTERAL OPIOID ANALGESICS 217
NEURAXIAL ANALGESIA 218
PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCKADE 218
ACETAMINOPHEN 219
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS 220
ORAL OPIOIDS 220
TRAMADOL 220
N-METHYL-d-ASPARTATE (NMDA) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 220
a2-AGONISTS 220
CORTICOSTEROIDS 221
OTHER ANALGESIC TECHNIQUES 221
MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS 221
IMPORTANCE OF PATIENT EDUCATION 221
MULTIMODAL ANALGESIA 221
References 223
Chapter 29: The Rapid Recovery Program for Total Hip Arthroplasty 225
SURGICAL FACTORS 225
PATIENT FACTORS 226
NURSING ISSUES 228
AGGRESSIVE POSTOPERATIVE PHYSICAL THERAPY 228
PROPER PAIN MANAGEMENT 228
PRE-EMPTIVE ANALGESIA 228
MODIFIED ANESTHESIA PROGRAM 229
DISCHARGE 230
SUMMARY 230
References 230
Part IV: Revision 233
Chapter 30: Evaluation of the Painful Total Hip Arthroplasty 235
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 235
HISTORY 235
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 236
LABORATORY TESTS 236
ASPIRATION 237
RADIOGRAPHY 237
ARTHROGRAPHY 238
RADIONUCLIDE ARTHROGRAPHY 238
NUCLEAR IMAGING 238
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 238
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 239
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 239
SUMMARY 239
References 239
Chapter 31: Indications for Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty 241
INDICATIONS FOR REVISION TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 242
SUMMARY 246
References 246
Chapter 32: Preoperative Radiographic Evaluation and Classification of Defects 247
EVALUATION 247
CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS 250
Suggested Reading 255
References 255
Chapter 33: Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: Preoperative Planning 256
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 256
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION 257
CLASSIFICATION OF BONE DEFICIENCIES 258
TEMPLATING 258
ORDERING EQUIPMENT AND PARTS 260
SUMMARY 260
References 260
Chapter 34: Revision Total Hip Replacement: Posterior Approach 261
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 261
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 262
TECHNIQUE 262
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 265
COMPLICATIONS 265
References 266
Chapter 35: Surgical Approach: Direct Anterior Revision 267
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 267
TECHNIQUE 268
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 271
COMPLICATIONS 271
Suggested Readings 271
Chapter 36: Surgical Approach to the Hip: Direct Lateral 272
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 272
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 273
TECHNIQUE 273
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 276
COMPLICATIONS 276
References 277
Chapter 37: Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy: Posterior Approach 278
INDICATIONS 278
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 279
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 280
CLINICAL RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS 283
SUMMARY 283
References 283
Chapter 38: Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy: Anterior Approach 284
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 284
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 285
TECHNIQUE 285
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 286
COMPLICATIONS 286
Suggested Reading 288
Chapter 39: Component Removal: Acetabulum 289
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 289
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 290
TECHNIQUES 292
Suggested Reading 295
References 295
Chapter 40: Femoral Component Removal 296
INDICATIONS 296
CONTRAINDICATIONS 297
TECHNIQUE 297
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 302
COMPLICATIONS 302
References 303
Chapter 41: Cement Extraction Techniques 304
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 304
INSTRUMENTATION 304
SEGMENTAL CEMENT EXTRACTION SYSTEMS 307
ULTRASONIC CEMENT REMOVAL DEVICES 307
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES 309
References 311
Chapter 42: Monolithic Extensively Porous-Coated Femoral Revision 312
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 313
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 313
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 315
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 316
COMPLICATIONS 316
Suggested Reading 317
References 317
Chapter 43: Surgical Options for Femoral Reconstruction: The Use of Modular Stems 318
BIOMECHANICS OF MODULAR STEMS 319
INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 320
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 322
RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS 324
SUMMARY 324
References 325
Chapter 44: Surgical Options for Femoral Reconstruction Impaction Grafting 327
INDICATIONS 327
CONTRAINDICATIONS 328
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 328
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 329
REPAIR OF DIAPHYSEAL DEFECTS 330
PROPHYLACTIC WIRING OF THE FEMUR 330
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 334
COMPLICATIONS 334
References 335
Chapter 45: Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: Megaprosthesis Proximal Femoral Replacement and Total Femur Replacement 336
INDICATIONS 337
CONTRAINDICATIONS 337
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 338
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 338
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 341
RESULTS 341
COMPLICATIONS 342
SUMMARY 342
References 342
Chapter 46: Surgical Options for Femoral Reconstruction: Allograft-Prosthesis Composites 344
INDICATIONS, CONTRAINDICATIONS, AND PITFALLS 345
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 345
TECHNIQUE 346
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 349
RESULTS 349
COMPLICATIONS 352
References 352
Chapter 47: Jumbo Cups 353
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 353
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 354
TECHNIQUE 354
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 356
COMPLICATIONS 356
RESULTS 356
Suggested Reading 356
References 356
Chapter 48: Use of a Modular Acetabular Reconstruction System 357
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 357
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND TECHNIQUE 358
SUMMARY 359
Suggested Reading 361
Chapter 49: Impaction Bone Grafting of the Acetabulum 363
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 364
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 364
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE 365
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 368
COMPLICATIONS AND PITFALLS 368
CLINICAL RESULTS 368
References 369
Chapter 50: Reconstruction of Acetabular Bone Deficiencies Using the Antiprotrusio Cage 370
RELEVANT SURGICAL ANATOMY 370
CLASSIFICATION OF ACETABULAR BONE DEFECTS 371
CAGE DESIGNS 373
INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF ANTIPROTRUSIO CAGES 373
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 373
IMAGING 373
LABORATORY TESTS 373
SURGICAL APPROACH 373
CAGE INSERTION TECHNIQUE 374
UNCEMENTED CUP-CAGE CONSTRUCT 374
POSTOPERATIVE CARE 374
OUTCOMES 374
ADVANTAGES 375
DISADVANTAGES 375
COMPLICATIONS 375
References 375
Chapter 51: Surgical Options for Acetabular Reconstruction: Custom Components 377
INDICATIONS 377
THE IMPLANT 377
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE 379
RESULTS WITH THE CUSTOM TRIFLANGED ACETABULAR COMPONENT 379
DISCUSSION 381
Suggested Reading 382
References 382
Chapter 52: Lesional Treatment of Osteolysis 383
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 384
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 385
TECHNIQUE 386
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 387
COMPLICATIONS 388
References 389
Chapter 53: Venous Thromboembolic Disease after Total Hip Arthroplasty 398
PATHOGENESIS 398
EPIDEMIOLOGY 399
PROPHYLACTIC REGIMENS AFTER TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 400
CHEMOPROPHYLACTIC REGIMENS 400
MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS 403
THE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA ON THROMBOGENESIS 404
DURATION OF THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS 404
PROPHYLAXIS FOR THE HIGH-RISK PATIENT 405
POSTOPERATIVE SCREENING FOR DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS 405
RECOMMENDATIONS 405
References 406
Chapter 54: Periprosthetic Infection 390
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 390
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 391
TECHNIQUE 392
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 396
COMPLICATIONS 397
Suggested Reading 397
References 397
Chapter 55: Neurovascular Injury 407
ANATOMY 407
PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 407
ETIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES IN TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 408
INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT 410
VASCULAR INJURIES 410
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR VASCULAR INJURIES 411
PREVENTION 411
TREATMENT 411
SUMMARY 412
References 412
Chapter 56: Management of Postoperative Hematomas 414
ETIOLOGY 414
DISSECTION TECHNIQUE 414
CLOSED WOUND DRAINAGE 414
ANTICOAGULATION 415
DIAGNOSIS 415
MANAGEMENT 415
SUMMARY 416
References 416
Chapter 57: Periprosthetic Hip Fractures 417
RISK FACTORS 417
CLASSIFICATION OF FEMORAL FRACTURES 417
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 418
ACETABULAR FRACTURES 426
SUMMARY 426
References 427
Chapter 58: Dislocation 429
TREATMENT OF FIRST DISLOCATION 429
EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF RECURRENT DISLOCATION 430
COMPONENT REVISION 430
MODULAR REVISION 430
SOFT-TISSUE AUGMENTATION 432
CONVERSION TO BIPOLAR ARTHROPLASTY 432
CONSTRAINED COMPONENTS 432
References 436
Chapter 59: Treatment of Leg Length Discrepancy after Total Hip Arthroplasty 437
PREVALENCE 437
ETIOLOGY 437
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 438
TREATMENT 438
SPECIFIC SITUATIONS 439
SUMMARY 439
References 441
Part V: Current Controversies 443
Chapter 60: Computerized Hip Navigation 445
THEORY 446
EVIDENCE 447
INDICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 448
OPERATING ROOM SETUP 449
TECHNIQUE 449
ACETABULAR PREPARATION AND CUP INSERTION WITH NAVIGATION 450
STEM INSERTION 451
THE FUTURE 453
SUMMARY 454
References 455
Chapter 61: Cross-Linked Polyethylene 456
BASIC SCIENCE 457
CLINICAL STUDIES COMPARING CROSS-LINKED AND CONVENTIONAL POLYETHYLENE 460
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES 463
SUMMARY 464
References 465
Chapter 62: Bearing Surface: Metal on Metal 468
TRIBOLOGY 468
CLINICAL PERFORMANCE 471
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE 473
References 475
Chapter 63: Ceramic-on-Ceramic Bearings in Total Hip Arthroplasty 478
BASIC SCIENCE 479
CLINICAL STUDIES 482
SUMMARY 483
References 484
Chapter 64: New Developments in Alternative Hip Bearing Surfaces 485
CARBON FIBER POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 485
COMPLIANT BEARINGS 489
SUMMARY 491
References 491
Chapter 65: Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty 493
APPROACHES 493
SUMMARY 501
References 501
Chapter 66: Current Controversies: Robotics for Total Hip Arthroplasty 502
RATIONALE AND INDICATIONS 503
LIMITATIONS OF THE CURRENT TECHNIQUES IN TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY 503
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTIC TECHNIQUES 503
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 504
ROBOTIC TECHNIQUES 504
COMPLICATIONS 505
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 505
SUMMARY 507
Index 508