BOOK
Primary Care - E-Book
Terry Mahan Buttaro | JoAnn Trybulski | Patricia Polgar-Bailey | Joanne Sandberg-Cook
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Written by and for Nurse Practitioners from a unique collaborative perspective, Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice, 4th Edition, prepares you to provide care for all of the major disorders of adults seen in the outpatient setting. Evidence-based content reflects the latest guidelines for primary care of hundreds of conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and sexually transmitted infections. Now in full color, the 4th Edition includes chapters on emerging topics such as genetics, obesity, lifestyle management, and emergency preparedness. Combining a special blend of academic and clinical expertise, the author team provides a practical text/reference that promotes a truly collaborative primary care practice.
- Comprehensive, evidence-based content incorporates the latest standardized guidelines for primary care in today's fast-paced, collaborative environment.
- Unique! A collaborative perspective, reflecting the key roles of NPs, MDs, PAs, PharmDs, and others, promotes seamless continuity of care.
- A consistent format from chapter to chapters facilitates learning and clinical reference value.
- Diagnostics and Differential Diagnosis boxes provide a quick reference for diagnosing disorders and helping to develop effective management plans.
- Physician Consultation icons highlight situations or conditions in which consultation is either recommended or necessary.
- Emergency Referral icons identify signs and symptoms that indicate the need for immediate referral to an emergency facility.
- Co-management with Specialists discussions help you provide truly collaborative care in the outpatient setting.
- Complementary and alternative therapies are addressed where supported by solid research evidence.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Primary care: A Collaborative Practice | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Reviewers | xx | ||
| Preface | xxi | ||
| Format | xxi | ||
| Emergency and physician referral icons | xxi | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis boxes | xxi | ||
| Management | xxii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xxii | ||
| Contents | xxiii | ||
| Part 1: Introduction | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: The Changing Landscape of Collaborative Practice | 1 | ||
| Current forces shaping the primary care landscape | 1 | ||
| Decreasing Numbers of Physician Primary Health Care Providers and Solutions | 1 | ||
| New Providers, New Roles: DNP and Nurse as Health Coach | 1 | ||
| Established Providers, New Roles: DPT, PharmD, Hospitalist, Intensivist, and Perioperativist | 1 | ||
| New Venues for Primary Care: Retail Health Clinics | 2 | ||
| The future landscape | 2 | ||
| Health Care Reform | 2 | ||
| Technology in Primary Care: Telemedicine and Electronic Medical Records | 2 | ||
| Patient-Centered Medical Home | 2 | ||
| Accountable Care Organizations | 2 | ||
| The continued value of collaborative practice | 3 | ||
| Building collaborative practice | 3 | ||
| Elements of collaborative practice | 3 | ||
| Recognition of Patient Needs | 3 | ||
| Trust | 3 | ||
| Recognition of Each Discipline's Contribution | 4 | ||
| Time | 4 | ||
| Challenges inherent in collaborative practice | 4 | ||
| Conclusion | 4 | ||
| References | 4 | ||
| Chapter 2: Translating Research into Clinical Practice | 5 | ||
| Research designs and data analysis methods | 5 | ||
| Level I Research: Descriptive Studies | 5 | ||
| Level II Research: Relationships Between or Among Variables | 5 | ||
| Research Methods for Level II Questions | 5 | ||
| Level III Research: Cause and Effect | 5 | ||
| Experimental Design | 5 | ||
| Quasi-Experimental Design | 6 | ||
| Level IV Research: Randomized Clinical Trials | 7 | ||
| Random Selection and Random Assignment | 7 | ||
| Placebos | 7 | ||
| Blinding of the Subject and Researcher | 7 | ||
| Weighing the evidence: evaluating key study parameters | 8 | ||
| Type I and Type II Errors | 8 | ||
| Power Analysis | 8 | ||
| Description of Data and Measures of Central Tendency | 9 | ||
| Standard Deviation | 9 | ||
| Distribution and Error | 9 | ||
| Statistical Significance (Alpha Values) | 9 | ||
| Statistics of Differences and Associations | 9 | ||
| Clinical Significance Versus Statistical Significance | 10 | ||
| Crossing the divide: translating research results into clinical practice | 10 | ||
| What is Translational Research? | 10 | ||
| Thornicroft's Translational Medicine Continuum | 10 | ||
| Strategies to form and to accelerate research collaborations | 11 | ||
| Forming Research Partnerships Between Clinicians and Researchers | 11 | ||
| Initiating Collaborations | 11 | ||
| Merging Perspectives | 12 | ||
| Accelerating Research Collaborations: The National Institutes of Health Roadmap | 12 | ||
| Clinical Research Networks and National Electronics Clinical Trials and Research Program | 12 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes Assessment | 12 | ||
| Clinical Research Training | 12 | ||
| Clinical Research Policy Analysis and Coordination | 12 | ||
| Translational Research | 12 | ||
| Understanding the research process | 13 | ||
| Developing the Research Question, Proposal, and Research Protocol | 13 | ||
| Role of the Team Leader | 13 | ||
| Resource Issues | 13 | ||
| Enhancing the Research Infrastructure: Interdisciplinary Team Building | 13 | ||
| Challenges of Research Collaboration on Career Development | 14 | ||
| Collaborative Research as a Strategy for Career Development | 14 | ||
| Benefits of Having a Mentor | 14 | ||
| Summary | 14 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| Chapter 3: The Patient, the Provider, and Primary Care: An Integrated Perspective | 15 | ||
| Functional medicine | 16 | ||
| The patient encounter | 16 | ||
| Cross-culturalism and health literacy | 16 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| Chapter 4: Professional Integrity and Decision-Making in Primary Care | 17 | ||
| Ethical issues | 18 | ||
| Essential ethical principles | 18 | ||
| Contemporary theoretical perspectives in ethics | 18 | ||
| Language of ethics | 18 | ||
| Ethical dilemmas | 18 | ||
| Analysis of Ethical Dilemmas | 19 | ||
| Patient and Provider Perspectives | 19 | ||
| Research in nursing ethics | 19 | ||
| Creating a primary care practice environment that fosters ethical decisions and promotes professional integrity | 20 | ||
| Summary | 20 | ||
| References | 20 | ||
| Chapter 5: Population-Based Care for Primary Care Providers | 21 | ||
| Chronic care model | 21 | ||
| Organizational Support | 21 | ||
| Clinical Information Systems | 21 | ||
| Delivery System Design | 22 | ||
| Decision Support | 22 | ||
| Self-Management Support | 22 | ||
| Community Resources | 23 | ||
| The patient-centered medical home | 23 | ||
| Population management | 23 | ||
| Population Health | 24 | ||
| Population Disease Management | 24 | ||
| Case/Care Management | 24 | ||
| Preparing for the primary care practice of the future | 25 | ||
| Clinical Information Systems | 25 | ||
| Leading Teams | 25 | ||
| Self-Management Support and Delivery System Design | 26 | ||
| Techniques to Encourage Patient Self-Management: The Transtheoretical Model and Motivational Interviewing | 26 | ||
| Summary | 27 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| Chapter 6: Reimbursement for Nurse Practitioner Services | 29 | ||
| Third-party payers: critical partners | 30 | ||
| Medicare | 30 | ||
| Medicaid | 30 | ||
| Commercial Indemnity Insurers | 30 | ||
| Managed Care Organizations | 30 | ||
| Direct Contracts for Health Care | 31 | ||
| Regulations surrounding nurse practitioner reimbursement | 31 | ||
| General Information | 31 | ||
| Types of Nurse Practitioner Services That May Be Covered | 31 | ||
| Nurse Practitioner Services Not Covered | 31 | ||
| Collaboration | 31 | ||
| Incident to\" Billing | 31 | ||
| Nursing Facilities | 31 | ||
| Hospital Visits and Procedures | 31 | ||
| Hospice | 32 | ||
| Home Visits | 32 | ||
| How to apply for provider status | 32 | ||
| Medicare | 32 | ||
| Medicaid | 32 | ||
| Managed Care Organizations | 32 | ||
| Commercial Indemnity Insurers | 32 | ||
| Billing of third-party payers | 33 | ||
| Coding | 33 | ||
| Documentation | 33 | ||
| Health care reform: what will it mean for nurse practitioners? | 33 | ||
| Resources | 33 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Chapter 7: Health Literacy, Health Care Disparities, and Culturally Responsive Primary Care | 34 | ||
| Health care literacy | 34 | ||
| Identification and management of inadequate health literacy | 34 | ||
| REALM and TOFHLA | 34 | ||
| Health Care Literacy and Oral Communication Skills | 34 | ||
| Effect of Reading Comprehension on Health Care Literacy | 34 | ||
| Ask Me 3 | 35 | ||
| Strategies to Increase Health Care Literacy | 35 | ||
| Health outcomes and health literacy | 35 | ||
| Health care disparities | 35 | ||
| A Powerful Example: Disparities in Diabetes Care | 36 | ||
| Glycemic Control | 36 | ||
| Diabetes Complications | 36 | ||
| Amputations | 36 | ||
| End-Stage Renal Disease | 36 | ||
| Challenges in Understanding Diabetes Disparities | 36 | ||
| A Population at Risk for Health Care Disparities: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients | 37 | ||
| Transgendered or Transsexual Patients | 37 | ||
| Sexual Reassignment | 37 | ||
| Creating a Care Environment for LGBT Patients | 37 | ||
| Guidelines for delivery of culturally responsive care | 38 | ||
| Components of Culturally Responsive Primary Care | 38 | ||
| Address Cultural Variations Among Diverse Patient Groups | 38 | ||
| Create a Patient-Centered Friendly Environment | 38 | ||
| Minimize Clinician Bias | 38 | ||
| Overcome Patient Language Barriers | 39 | ||
| Conclusion | 39 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| Chapter 8: Genetic Considerations in Primary Care | 40 | ||
| Risk assessment | 40 | ||
| Family history | 41 | ||
| Gathering a Family History | 42 | ||
| Interpreting a Family History | 42 | ||
| Common inheritance patterns | 46 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant | 46 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive | 46 | ||
| X-Linked Disorders | 46 | ||
| Genetic information nondiscrimination act (GINA) | 46 | ||
| Direct-to-consumer genetic testing | 46 | ||
| Summary | 47 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| Part 2: Primary Care: Adolescence Through Adulthood | 49 | ||
| Chapter 9: Adolescent Issues | 49 | ||
| Physical development | 49 | ||
| Cognitive development | 50 | ||
| Emotional development | 50 | ||
| Social development | 50 | ||
| Developmental history | 50 | ||
| The adolescent health visit | 51 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Chapter 10: Pregnancy and Prenatal Care | 54 | ||
| Goals of prenatal care | 54 | ||
| Barriers to prenatal care | 54 | ||
| Delivery of prenatal care | 54 | ||
| Content of prenatal visit | 55 | ||
| Diagnosis of Pregnancy | 55 | ||
| Estimated Date of Confinement | 55 | ||
| Gravidity and Parity | 55 | ||
| Health History | 55 | ||
| Nutrition and Weight Gain in Pregnancy | 55 | ||
| Activity in Pregnancy | 57 | ||
| Physical Examination and Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 57 | ||
| Counseling and Education | 58 | ||
| Common problems in pregnancy | 58 | ||
| Infections | 58 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections | 58 | ||
| Vaginitis | 58 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 59 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux | 59 | ||
| Constipation | 59 | ||
| Obstetric complications | 60 | ||
| Bleeding in Pregnancy | 60 | ||
| Preterm Labor | 60 | ||
| Other medical conditions in pregnancy | 60 | ||
| Asthma | 61 | ||
| Hypertension | 61 | ||
| Diabetes | 62 | ||
| Thyroid Disease | 63 | ||
| Gallbladder Disease | 63 | ||
| Integrated health care for women | 64 | ||
| References | 64 | ||
| Chapter 11: Lactation Guidance | 65 | ||
| The first few days | 66 | ||
| Discharge instructions | 66 | ||
| Neonatal jaundice | 67 | ||
| True Breast Milk Jaundice | 67 | ||
| Managing challenges to breastfeeding success | 67 | ||
| Attachment and Latch-on in Newborns | 67 | ||
| Breast Engorgement | 68 | ||
| Let-Down | 68 | ||
| Low Milk Production | 68 | ||
| Low Infant Weight Gain | 69 | ||
| Cracked Nipples | 69 | ||
| Mastitis | 69 | ||
| Referrals | 69 | ||
| Other considerations | 69 | ||
| Working Mothers | 69 | ||
| Multiple Births | 69 | ||
| Breast Pumps | 70 | ||
| Weaning | 70 | ||
| Summary | 70 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| Chapter 12: Aging and Common Geriatric Syndromes | 71 | ||
| Challenges in primary care | 71 | ||
| Mental status and functional assessments | 71 | ||
| Issues with health screening | 71 | ||
| Counseling elderly drivers | 72 | ||
| Importance of advance directives | 72 | ||
| Common geriatric syndromes | 72 | ||
| Polypharmacy | 72 | ||
| Definition and Etiology | 72 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 72 | ||
| Part 3: Health Maintenance | 105 | ||
| Chapter 17: Obesity and Weight Management | 105 | ||
| Epidemiology | 105 | ||
| Definition | 105 | ||
| Body Mass Index | 105 | ||
| Bioimpedance Analysis | 105 | ||
| Anthropometric Measures | 105 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 106 | ||
| Energy Output | 107 | ||
| Insufficient Physical Activity | 107 | ||
| Energy Intake | 107 | ||
| Genetics | 107 | ||
| Maternal Influences | 108 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | 108 | ||
| Pharmaceuticals | 108 | ||
| Neuroleptic and Seizure Medications | 108 | ||
| Antihistamines | 108 | ||
| Hormonal Preparations | 108 | ||
| Cardiac Medications | 108 | ||
| Diabetes Medications | 109 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 109 | ||
| Sleep Factors | 109 | ||
| Gut Microbiota | 109 | ||
| Psychosocial Stress | 109 | ||
| Food Quality, Nutrients, and Availability | 109 | ||
| Complications, Social Stigma, and Discrimination | 110 | ||
| Increased Morbidity and Mortality | 110 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 110 | ||
| Physical examination | 111 | ||
| Diagnostics | 111 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 111 | ||
| Management | 111 | ||
| Reducing Energy Intake | 111 | ||
| Proteins | 111 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 112 | ||
| Fats | 113 | ||
| Alcohol | 113 | ||
| Weight Loss Diets | 113 | ||
| Look AHEAD | 113 | ||
| Side Effects of Weight Loss | 114 | ||
| Resources for Weight Loss | 114 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 114 | ||
| Dietary Supplements | 115 | ||
| Bariatric Surgery | 115 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 115 | ||
| Surgical Techniques and Outcomes | 115 | ||
| Surgical Complications | 116 | ||
| Nutritional Supplementation | 116 | ||
| Monitoring | 116 | ||
| Medications | 116 | ||
| Pregnancy | 116 | ||
| Weight Gain | 116 | ||
| Psychological Results | 116 | ||
| Preoperative Management | 116 | ||
| Motivational Interviewing in Weight Management | 117 | ||
| Life span considerations | 117 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 117 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 117 | ||
| References | 118 | ||
| Obesity | 120 | ||
| Sedentary Lifestyle | 120 | ||
| Part 4: Office Emergencies | 184 | ||
| Chapter 25: Emergency Preparedness, Recognition, and Response in Primary Care | 184 | ||
| The evolution of emergency preparedness and the need to prepare | 184 | ||
| Emergency management | 184 | ||
| Incident command system overview | 185 | ||
| Planning the role of primary care in disaster situations | 186 | ||
| Primary care and surge capacity | 186 | ||
| H1N1: Primary Care During a Pandemic Influenza Event | 187 | ||
| Hurricane Katrina: Primary Care During the Post-Disaster Period | 187 | ||
| Summary | 188 | ||
| References | 188 | ||
| Chapter 26: Acute Bronchospasm | 189 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 189 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 189 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 189 | ||
| Physical examination | 189 | ||
| Diagnostics | 189 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 189 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 190 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 190 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 190 | ||
| References | 191 | ||
| Chapter 27: Anaphylaxis | 191 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 192 | ||
| Management | 192 | ||
| Complications | 193 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 193 | ||
| Life span considerations | 193 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 193 | ||
| References | 193 | ||
| Chapter 28: Bites and Stings | 194 | ||
| Insect Bites and Stings | 194 | ||
| Definition And Epidemiology | 194 | ||
| Pathophysiology And Clinical Presentation | 194 | ||
| Physical Examination | 194 | ||
| Diagnostics | 194 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 194 | ||
| Initial Stabilization And Management | 194 | ||
| Disposition And Referral | 195 | ||
| Prevention And Patient Education | 195 | ||
| Spider Bites | 195 | ||
| Definition And Epidemiology | 195 | ||
| Pathophysiology And Clinical Presentation | 196 | ||
| History And Physical Examination | 196 | ||
| Diagnostics | 196 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 196 | ||
| Initial Stabilization And Management | 196 | ||
| Disposition And Referral | 197 | ||
| Prevention And Patient Education | 197 | ||
| Reptile Bites and Scorpion Stings | 197 | ||
| Definition And Epidemiology | 197 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 197 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 197 | ||
| Physical Examination | 197 | ||
| Diagnostics | 197 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 198 | ||
| Initial Stabilization And Management | 198 | ||
| Disposition And Referral | 198 | ||
| Prevention And Patient Education | 198 | ||
| References | 198 | ||
| Chapter 29: Bradycardia and Tachycardia | 198 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 199 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 199 | ||
| Physical examination | 199 | ||
| Diagnostics | 199 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 199 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 199 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 200 | ||
| Prevention | 200 | ||
| Patient and family education | 200 | ||
| Tachycardia | 200 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 200 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 200 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 200 | ||
| Physical examination | 200 | ||
| Diagnostics | 200 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 201 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 201 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 202 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 202 | ||
| References | 202 | ||
| Chapter 30: Cardiac Arrest | 202 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 203 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 203 | ||
| Physical examination | 203 | ||
| Diagnostics | 204 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 204 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 204 | ||
| Complications | 204 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 204 | ||
| Prevention | 204 | ||
| Patient and family education | 205 | ||
| References | 205 | ||
| Chapter 31: Chemical Exposure | 205 | ||
| Physical examination | 206 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 206 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 206 | ||
| Ingestions | 207 | ||
| Skin Exposure | 207 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 207 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 207 | ||
| Resources | 207 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| Chapter 32: Electrical Injuries | 208 | ||
| Physical examination | 209 | ||
| Diagnostics | 209 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 209 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 209 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 209 | ||
| Prevention and patient and family education | 209 | ||
| References | 210 | ||
| Chapter 33: Head Trauma | 210 | ||
| Physical examination | 211 | ||
| Diagnostics | 211 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 211 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 212 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 212 | ||
| Patient and family education | 212 | ||
| References | 212 | ||
| Chapter 34: Hypotension | 212 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 213 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 213 | ||
| Physical examination | 213 | ||
| Diagnostics | 213 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 214 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 214 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 214 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 214 | ||
| References | 214 | ||
| Chapter 35: Poisoning | 215 | ||
| Definition | 215 | ||
| Epidemiology | 215 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 215 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 215 | ||
| Physical examination | 215 | ||
| Diagnostics | 215 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 216 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 216 | ||
| Terrorism | 216 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 217 | ||
| References | 217 | ||
| Chapter 36: Sexual Assault | 217 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management and physical examination | 218 | ||
| Primary Care Management | 218 | ||
| Physical Examination | 219 | ||
| Documentation | 219 | ||
| Life span considerations | 219 | ||
| Adolescents | 219 | ||
| Older Adults | 219 | ||
| Specific populations | 219 | ||
| Male Patients | 219 | ||
| Immigrants | 219 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 220 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 220 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| Chapter 37: Syncope | 220 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 221 | ||
| Physical examination | 222 | ||
| Diagnostics | 222 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 222 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management | 222 | ||
| Disposition and referral | 222 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 223 | ||
| References | 223 | ||
| Chapter 38: Thermal Injuries | 223 | ||
| Physical examination | 224 | ||
| Diagnostics | 224 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 224 | ||
| Management | 224 | ||
| Complications | 225 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 225 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 225 | ||
| Cold Injury | 225 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 225 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 225 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 225 | ||
| Physical examination | 225 | ||
| Diagnostics | 226 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 226 | ||
| Management (including co-management with specialists) | 226 | ||
| Complications | 226 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 226 | ||
| Life span considerations | 226 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 226 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| Part 5: Evaluation and Management of Skin Disorders | 227 | ||
| Chapter 39: Examination of the Skin and Approach to Diagnosis of Skin disorders | 227 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 227 | ||
| Overview of skin function, anatomy, and structures | 227 | ||
| Changes in the skin associated with aging | 227 | ||
| Assessment | 227 | ||
| History | 229 | ||
| Physical Examination | 229 | ||
| References | 230 | ||
| Chapter 40: Surgical Office Procedures | 230 | ||
| Electrocautery | 231 | ||
| Curettage | 231 | ||
| Biopsy | 231 | ||
| Summary | 232 | ||
| References | 233 | ||
| Chapter 41: Principles of Dermatologic Therapy | 233 | ||
| Topical Corticosteroids | 235 | ||
| Patient and family education | 235 | ||
| References | 235 | ||
| Chapter 42: Screening for Skin Cancer | 235 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 236 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 236 | ||
| Physical examination | 236 | ||
| Diagnostics | 237 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 237 | ||
| Management | 237 | ||
| Treatment | 237 | ||
| Co-Management with Specialists | 237 | ||
| Complications and life span considerations | 238 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 238 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 238 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| Chapter 43: Acne Vulgaris | 238 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 239 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 239 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 240 | ||
| Management | 240 | ||
| Rosacea | 241 | ||
| Complications | 241 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 241 | ||
| Patient and family education | 241 | ||
| Health promotion | 241 | ||
| References | 242 | ||
| Chapter 44: Alopecia | 242 | ||
| Physical examination | 243 | ||
| Diagnostics | 243 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Management | 244 | ||
| Complications | 244 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 244 | ||
| Patient and family education | 244 | ||
| References | 244 | ||
| Chapter 45: Animal and Human Bites | 245 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 245 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 245 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 245 | ||
| Physical examination | 246 | ||
| Diagnostics | 246 | ||
| Management | 246 | ||
| Complications | 246 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 247 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 247 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Chapter 46: Burns (Minor) | 247 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 248 | ||
| Physical examination | 248 | ||
| Diagnostics | 248 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Management | 248 | ||
| Complications | 249 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 249 | ||
| Patient and family education | 249 | ||
| Health promotion | 249 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| Chapter 47: Cellulitis | 249 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 250 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 250 | ||
| Diagnostics | 250 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 250 | ||
| Management | 251 | ||
| Complications and indications for referral or hospitalization | 251 | ||
| Patient and family education | 251 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| Chapter 48: Contact Dermatitis | 252 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 252 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 252 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 252 | ||
| Management | 253 | ||
| Complications | 253 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 253 | ||
| Patient and family education | 253 | ||
| References | 253 | ||
| Chapter 49: Corns and Calluses | 254 | ||
| Definition | 254 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 254 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 254 | ||
| Physical examination | 254 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 254 | ||
| Management | 254 | ||
| Co-Management with Specialists | 255 | ||
| Life span considerations | 255 | ||
| Complications | 255 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 255 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 255 | ||
| References | 255 | ||
| Chapter 50: Cutaneous Herpes | 256 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 256 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 256 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 256 | ||
| Physical examination | 256 | ||
| Diagnostics | 256 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 257 | ||
| Management | 257 | ||
| Primary Herpes Labialis | 257 | ||
| Recurrent Herpes Labialis | 257 | ||
| Primary Genital Herpes | 258 | ||
| Recurrent Genital Herpes | 258 | ||
| Suppression of Frequent Recurrences | 258 | ||
| Life span considerations | 258 | ||
| Complications | 258 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 258 | ||
| Patient and family education | 258 | ||
| Health promotion | 258 | ||
| References | 258 | ||
| Chapter 51: Dermatitis Medicamentosa | 259 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 259 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 259 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 259 | ||
| Physical examination | 260 | ||
| Diagnostics | 260 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 260 | ||
| Management | 260 | ||
| Complications | 261 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 261 | ||
| Clinical information resources | 261 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 261 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| Chapter 52 Dry Skin | 261 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 261 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 261 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 262 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 262 | ||
| Management | 262 | ||
| Complications | 262 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 262 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 263 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| Chapter 53: Eczematous Dermatitis (Atopic Dermatitis) | 263 | ||
| Management | 264 | ||
| Complications | 264 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 264 | ||
| Patient and family education | 265 | ||
| References | 265 | ||
| Chapter 54: Fungal Infections (Superficial) | 265 | ||
| Diagnostics | 266 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 266 | ||
| Management | 266 | ||
| Oral Medications | 267 | ||
| Complications | 267 | ||
| Part 6: Evaluation and Management of Eye Disorders | 313 | ||
| Chapter 70: Evaluation of the Eyes | 313 | ||
| Screening recommendations | 313 | ||
| History | 313 | ||
| Physical examination | 313 | ||
| Visual Acuity | 314 | ||
| Pupil Response | 314 | ||
| Intraocular Pressure | 314 | ||
| Ocular Alignment and Extraocular Movements | 315 | ||
| Visual Fields | 315 | ||
| External Structures | 315 | ||
| Anterior Segment | 316 | ||
| Posterior Segment | 317 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of ocular disease | 318 | ||
| Red Eye | 318 | ||
| Vision Loss and Other Visual Disturbances | 318 | ||
| Ocular and Periocular Pain | 318 | ||
| Other Ocular Signs and Symptoms | 321 | ||
| References | 321 | ||
| Chapter 71: Cataracts | 322 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 322 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 322 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 322 | ||
| Physical examination | 322 | ||
| Diagnostics | 322 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 322 | ||
| Management | 323 | ||
| Life span considerations | 323 | ||
| Complications | 323 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 323 | ||
| Patient and family education | 323 | ||
| Health promotion | 323 | ||
| References | 323 | ||
| Chapter 72: Blepharitis, Hordeolum, and Chalazion | 324 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 324 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 324 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 324 | ||
| Physical examination | 324 | ||
| Diagnostics | 325 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 325 | ||
| Management | 325 | ||
| Life span considerations | 325 | ||
| Complications | 325 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 326 | ||
| Patient and family education | 326 | ||
| Health promotion | 326 | ||
| References | 326 | ||
| Chapter 73: Conjunctivitis | 327 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 327 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 327 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 327 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 327 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 328 | ||
| Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis | 328 | ||
| Vernal and Atopic Conjunctivitis | 328 | ||
| Medication Toxicity | 328 | ||
| Diagnostics | 328 | ||
| Management | 328 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 328 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 329 | ||
| Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis | 329 | ||
| Vernal and Atopic Conjunctivitis | 329 | ||
| Medication Toxicity | 329 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 329 | ||
| Indications for referral | 329 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 330 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| Chapter 74: Corneal Surface Defects and Ocular Surface Foreign Bodies | 330 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 330 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 331 | ||
| Physical examination | 331 | ||
| Diagnostics | 331 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 331 | ||
| Management | 331 | ||
| Complications | 332 | ||
| Indications for referral | 332 | ||
| Prevention | 332 | ||
| References | 332 | ||
| Chapter 75: Dry Eye Syndrome | 333 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 333 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 333 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 333 | ||
| Physical examination | 334 | ||
| Diagnostics | 334 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 334 | ||
| Management | 334 | ||
| Life span considerations | 335 | ||
| Complications | 335 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 335 | ||
| Patient and family education | 335 | ||
| Health promotion | 335 | ||
| References | 335 | ||
| Chapter 76: Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Dacryocystitis | 335 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 335 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 335 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 335 | ||
| Physical examination | 336 | ||
| Diagnostics | 336 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 336 | ||
| Management | 336 | ||
| Complications | 337 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 337 | ||
| Patient and family education | 337 | ||
| References | 337 | ||
| Chapter 77: Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis | 337 | ||
| Physical examination | 338 | ||
| Diagnostics | 338 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 338 | ||
| Management | 338 | ||
| Complications | 338 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 339 | ||
| Patient and family education | 339 | ||
| Health promotion | 339 | ||
| References | 339 | ||
| Chapter 78: Pinguecula and Pterygium | 339 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 339 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 339 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 339 | ||
| Physical examination | 339 | ||
| Diagnostics | 340 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 340 | ||
| Management | 340 | ||
| Indications for referral | 340 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 340 | ||
| References | 341 | ||
| Chapter 79: Traumatic Ocular Disorders | 341 | ||
| Epidemiology | 341 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 342 | ||
| Mechanical Injuries | 342 | ||
| Chemical Injuries | 342 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 343 | ||
| Physical examination | 343 | ||
| Diagnostics | 343 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 343 | ||
| Management and indications for referral | 344 | ||
| Complications | 344 | ||
| Life span considerations | 344 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 344 | ||
| References | 344 | ||
| Part 7: Evaluation and Management of Ear Disorders | 345 | ||
| Chapter 80: Auricular Disorders | 345 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 345 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 345 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 345 | ||
| Physical examination | 345 | ||
| Diagnostics | 346 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 346 | ||
| Management | 346 | ||
| Life span considerations | 346 | ||
| Complications | 346 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 346 | ||
| Patient and family education | 346 | ||
| Health promotion | 346 | ||
| References | 346 | ||
| Chapter 81: Cerumen Impaction | 347 | ||
| Life span considerations | 348 | ||
| Complications | 348 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 348 | ||
| Patient and family education | 348 | ||
| Part 8: Evaluation and Management of Nose Disorders | 365 | ||
| Chapter 88: Chronic Nasal Congestion and Discharge | 365 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 365 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 365 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 365 | ||
| Physical examination | 365 | ||
| Diagnostics | 365 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 365 | ||
| Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis | 365 | ||
| Medications and Street Drugs | 365 | ||
| Part 9: Evaluation and Management of Oropharynx Disorders | 385 | ||
| Chapter 95: Dental Abscess | 385 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 385 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 385 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 385 | ||
| Physical examination | 385 | ||
| Diagnostics | 385 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 385 | ||
| Management | 385 | ||
| Complications | 386 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 386 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 386 | ||
| References | 386 | ||
| Chapter 96: Diseases of the Salivary Glands | 386 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 387 | ||
| Physical examination | 387 | ||
| Diagnostics | 387 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 388 | ||
| Management | 388 | ||
| Life span considerations | 389 | ||
| Complications | 389 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 389 | ||
| Patient and family education | 389 | ||
| Health promotion | 389 | ||
| References | 389 | ||
| Chapter 97: Epiglottitis | 389 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 390 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 390 | ||
| Physical examination | 390 | ||
| Diagnostics | 390 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 390 | ||
| Management | 391 | ||
| Life span considerations | 391 | ||
| Complications | 391 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 391 | ||
| Patient and family education | 391 | ||
| Health promotion | 391 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| Chapter 98: Oral Infections | 392 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 392 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 392 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 392 | ||
| Physical examination | 393 | ||
| Diagnostics | 393 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 394 | ||
| Management | 394 | ||
| Complications | 395 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 395 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 395 | ||
| References | 395 | ||
| Chapter 99: Parotitis | 396 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 396 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 396 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 396 | ||
| Physical examination | 396 | ||
| Diagnostics | 396 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 396 | ||
| Management | 396 | ||
| Complications | 397 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 397 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 397 | ||
| References | 397 | ||
| Chapter 100: Peritonsillar Abscess | 397 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 397 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 397 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 398 | ||
| Physical examination | 398 | ||
| Diagnostics | 398 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 398 | ||
| Management | 398 | ||
| Life span considerations | 399 | ||
| Complications | 399 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 399 | ||
| Patient and family education | 399 | ||
| Health promotion | 399 | ||
| References | 399 | ||
| Chapter 101: Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis | 399 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 400 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 400 | ||
| Physical examination | 400 | ||
| Diagnostics | 400 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 401 | ||
| Management | 402 | ||
| Life span considerations | 402 | ||
| Complications | 402 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 402 | ||
| Patient and family education | 402 | ||
| Health promotion | 403 | ||
| References | 403 | ||
| Part 10: Evaluation and Management of Pulmonary Disorders | 404 | ||
| Chapter 102: Acute Bronchitis | 404 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 404 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 404 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 404 | ||
| Diagnostics | 404 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 405 | ||
| Management | 405 | ||
| Complications | 407 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 407 | ||
| Patient and family education | 407 | ||
| References | 407 | ||
| Chapter 103: Asthma | 407 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 407 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 408 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 409 | ||
| Physical examination | 411 | ||
| Diagnostics | 414 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 415 | ||
| Management | 416 | ||
| Medications | 417 | ||
| Long-Term Control Medications | 417 | ||
| Corticosteroids. | 417 | ||
| Cromolyn and Nedocromil. | 424 | ||
| Xanthine Derivatives. | 424 | ||
| Leukotriene Modifiers. | 424 | ||
| Immunomodulators. | 428 | ||
| Long-Acting Beta 2 -Adrenergic Agonists (LABAs). | 428 | ||
| Quick-Relief Medications | 428 | ||
| Short-Acting Beta 2 -Adrenergic Agonists (SABAs). | 428 | ||
| Anticholinergic Agents. | 428 | ||
| Monitoring Therapy and Asthma Severity. | 428 | ||
| Co-Management with Specialists. | 429 | ||
| Life span considerations | 429 | ||
| Complications | 430 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 430 | ||
| Patient education | 430 | ||
| References | 433 | ||
| Chapter 104: Chest Pain (Noncardiac) | 433 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 434 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 434 | ||
| Physical examination | 434 | ||
| Diagnostics | 435 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 435 | ||
| Management | 436 | ||
| Life span considerations | 437 | ||
| Complications | 438 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 438 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 438 | ||
| References | 438 | ||
| Chapter 105: Chronic Cough | 439 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 439 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 439 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 440 | ||
| Physical examination | 440 | ||
| Diagnostics | 440 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 440 | ||
| Management | 443 | ||
| Complications | 444 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 444 | ||
| Patient and family education | 444 | ||
| References | 445 | ||
| Chapter 106: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 445 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 446 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 446 | ||
| Physical examination | 446 | ||
| Diagnostics | 447 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 447 | ||
| Management | 448 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 449 | ||
| Bronchodilators. | 451 | ||
| Anticholinergic Therapy | 451 | ||
| Beta 2 -Adrenergic Agonist Therapy | 451 | ||
| Combination Therapy | 451 | ||
| Methylxanthine Therapy | 451 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 451 | ||
| Combination Inhaled Glucocorticosteroid and BronchŁodilator Therapy | 452 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors | 452 | ||
| Mucoactive Agents | 452 | ||
| Antibiotics | 452 | ||
| Pulmonary Rehabilitation | 452 | ||
| Exercise Training | 452 | ||
| Immunizations | 452 | ||
| Psychological Support | 452 | ||
| Nutrition | 452 | ||
| Surgery | 453 | ||
| Complications | 453 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 454 | ||
| Patient and family education | 454 | ||
| References | 454 | ||
| Chapter 107: Dyspnea | 454 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 455 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 455 | ||
| Quality | 455 | ||
| Timing | 455 | ||
| Intensity | 455 | ||
| Associated Symptoms | 455 | ||
| Exposures | 455 | ||
| Physical examination | 456 | ||
| Diagnostics | 456 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 457 | ||
| Management | 457 | ||
| Complications | 458 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 458 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 458 | ||
| References | 458 | ||
| Chapter 108: Hemoptysis | 458 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 459 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 459 | ||
| Physical examination | 459 | ||
| Diagnostics | 460 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 460 | ||
| Management | 461 | ||
| Complications | 461 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 461 | ||
| Patient and family education | 461 | ||
| References | 461 | ||
| Chapter 109: Lung Cancer | 461 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 462 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 462 | ||
| Physical examination | 462 | ||
| Diagnostics | 463 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 463 | ||
| Management | 465 | ||
| Surgery in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer | 465 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 465 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 465 | ||
| Targeted Therapies | 466 | ||
| Complications | 466 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 466 | ||
| Patient and family education | 466 | ||
| Health promotion | 466 | ||
| References | 466 | ||
| Chapter 110: Pleural Effusions and Pleurisy | 467 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 468 | ||
| Physical examination | 468 | ||
| Diagnostics | 468 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 469 | ||
| Management | 470 | ||
| Complications | 470 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 470 | ||
| Patient and family education | 470 | ||
| Pleurisy | 470 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 470 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 470 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 470 | ||
| Physical examination | 470 | ||
| Diagnostics | 471 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 471 | ||
| Management | 471 | ||
| Complications | 471 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 471 | ||
| Patient and family education | 472 | ||
| References | 472 | ||
| Chapter 111: Pneumonia | 472 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 472 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 473 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 474 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia Syndromes | 474 | ||
| Gram-Positive Bacteria. | 474 | ||
| Gram-Negative Bacteria. | 474 | ||
| Atypical Pneumonia Syndromes | 474 | ||
| Diagnostics | 475 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 475 | ||
| Sputum Analysis | 475 | ||
| Other Tests | 475 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 476 | ||
| Management | 476 | ||
| Complications | 477 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 477 | ||
| Patient and family education | 477 | ||
| Health promotion | 477 | ||
| References | 477 | ||
| Chapter 112: Pneumothorax | 478 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 478 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 478 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 478 | ||
| Physical examination | 478 | ||
| Diagnostics | 478 | ||
| Diagnosis | 479 | ||
| Management | 479 | ||
| Life span considerations | 479 | ||
| Complications | 479 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 479 | ||
| Patient and family education | 479 | ||
| References | 480 | ||
| Chapter 113: Pulmonary Hypertension | 480 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 481 | ||
| Physical examination | 481 | ||
| Diagnostics | 481 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 482 | ||
| Management | 482 | ||
| Complications | 483 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 483 | ||
| Patient and family education | 483 | ||
| Health promotion | 483 | ||
| References | 483 | ||
| Chapter 114: Sarcoidosis | 483 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 484 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 484 | ||
| Diagnostics | 484 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 485 | ||
| Management | 485 | ||
| Life span considerations | 486 | ||
| Complications | 486 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 486 | ||
| Patient and family education | 486 | ||
| References | 486 | ||
| Part 11: Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders | 487 | ||
| Chapter 115: Cardiac Diagnostic Testing: Noninvasive Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease | 487 | ||
| Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease | 487 | ||
| Role of Inflammation and Atherogenesis | 487 | ||
| Relation to Cardiac Stress Testing | 487 | ||
| Overview of cardiac diagnostic testing | 487 | ||
| Noninvasive Tests and Biomarkers for Coronary Artery Disease | 487 | ||
| Exercise Tolerance Test | 488 | ||
| Imaging Adjuncts to the Exercise Tolerance Test | 489 | ||
| Myocardial Perfusion Imaging | 490 | ||
| Exercise Echocardiography | 490 | ||
| Comparison of Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with Two-Dimensional Echocardiography | 491 | ||
| Three-Dimensional and Doppler Flow EchocardioŁgraphy | 491 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrafast Computed Tomography Cardiac Scans | 491 | ||
| Pharmacologic Stress Testing | 491 | ||
| Diagnostic testing for cardiovascular disease in women | 492 | ||
| Summary | 492 | ||
| References | 493 | ||
| Chapter 116: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 493 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 493 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 493 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 494 | ||
| Physical examination | 494 | ||
| Diagnostics | 494 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 495 | ||
| Management | 495 | ||
| Preoperative Cardiac Risk Stratification | 495 | ||
| Open Surgical Repair | 496 | ||
| Endovascular Stent Grafts | 496 | ||
| Laparoscopic and Laparoscopically Assisted Aneurysm Surgery | 497 | ||
| Life span considerations | 497 | ||
| Complications | 497 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 497 | ||
| Patient education | 497 | ||
| Health promotion | 498 | ||
| References | 498 | ||
| Chapter 117: Cardiac Arrhythmias | 498 | ||
| Tachyarrhythmias | 499 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 499 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 499 | ||
| Reentry | 499 | ||
| Abnormal or Enhanced Automaticity | 499 | ||
| Triggered Activity | 499 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 499 | ||
| Physical examination | 500 | ||
| Diagnostics | 500 | ||
| 12-Lead Electrocardiogram | 500 | ||
| Holter Monitoring | 500 | ||
| Provocative Testing and Electrophysiologic Studies | 500 | ||
| Carotid Sinus Massage and Valsalva Maneuver | 501 | ||
| Echocardiography | 501 | ||
| Other Diagnostics | 501 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 501 | ||
| Narrow QRS Tachycardia | 501 | ||
| Sinus Tachycardia | 501 | ||
| Premature Atrial Contractions | 501 | ||
| Premature Junctional Contractions | 502 | ||
| Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia | 502 | ||
| Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia | 502 | ||
| Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia | 502 | ||
| Atrioventricular Reentry Tachycardia | 502 | ||
| Atrial Flutter | 502 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 502 | ||
| Wide QRS Tachycardia | 502 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 502 | ||
| Torsades de Pointes | 503 | ||
| Ventricular Fibrillation | 503 | ||
| Premature Ventricular Contractions | 503 | ||
| Management | 504 | ||
| Sinus Tachycardia | 504 | ||
| Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia | 504 | ||
| Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia | 504 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter | 504 | ||
| Premature Ventricular Contractions | 505 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 506 | ||
| Complications, indications for referral or hospitalization, and patient and family education | 506 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmias | 506 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 506 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 506 | ||
| Conduction Blocks | 506 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 506 | ||
| Physical examination | 507 | ||
| Diagnostics | 507 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 507 | ||
| Provocative Testing | 507 | ||
| Other Diagnostics | 507 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 507 | ||
| Sinus Bradycardia | 507 | ||
| Sinoatrial Exit Block | 507 | ||
| Atrioventricular Nodal Block | 507 | ||
| Second Degree, Type I | 507 | ||
| Second Degree, Type II | 507 | ||
| Third-Degree AV Block | 508 | ||
| Bundle Branch Blocks | 508 | ||
| Hemiblocks | 508 | ||
| Management | 508 | ||
| Sinus Bradycardia | 509 | ||
| Sinoatrial Exit Block | 509 | ||
| Heart Blocks | 509 | ||
| Life span considerations | 509 | ||
| Complications | 509 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 509 | ||
| Patient and family education | 509 | ||
| References | 510 | ||
| Chapter 118: Carotid Artery Disease | 510 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 511 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 511 | ||
| Risk Factors | 511 | ||
| Physical examination | 512 | ||
| Diagnostics | 512 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 512 | ||
| Management | 513 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 513 | ||
| Carotid Endarterectomy | 513 | ||
| Carotid Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Patients | 513 | ||
| Carotid Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Patients | 513 | ||
| Periprocedural Care | 514 | ||
| Complications of CEA | 514 | ||
| Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting | 514 | ||
| Procedure | 515 | ||
| Postprocedural Care | 515 | ||
| Complications of CAS | 516 | ||
| Life span considerations | 516 | ||
| Considerations for referral and hospitalization | 516 | ||
| Patient education | 516 | ||
| References | 517 | ||
| Chapter 119: Chest Pain and Coronary Artery Disease | 518 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 518 | ||
| Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease | 518 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 518 | ||
| Chronic Stable Angina | 518 | ||
| Silent Myocardial Ischemia (Asymptomatic Coronary Heart Disease) | 518 | ||
| Microvascular Angina | 519 | ||
| Variant Angina (Coronary Artery Spasm, Prinzmetal's Angina) | 519 | ||
| Unstable Angina and Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 519 | ||
| Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 520 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 520 | ||
| Chronic Stable Angina | 520 | ||
| Anginal Equivalents | 521 | ||
| Microvascular Angina | 521 | ||
| Variant Angina | 521 | ||
| Unstable Angina and Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 521 | ||
| Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 522 | ||
| Physical examination | 522 | ||
| Diagnostics | 523 | ||
| Chronic Stable Angina | 523 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 523 | ||
| Exercise Tolerance Testing (Stress Testing) | 523 | ||
| Part 12: Evaluation and Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders | 612 | ||
| Chapter 126: Abdominal Pain and Infections | 612 | ||
| Part 13: Evaluation and Management of Genitourinary Disorders | 723 | ||
| Chapter 144: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia | 723 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 723 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 723 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 724 | ||
| Physical examination | 724 | ||
| Diagnostics | 724 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 724 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 725 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 725 | ||
| Management | 725 | ||
| Acute Hypokalemia | 726 | ||
| Chronic Hypokalemia | 726 | ||
| Acute Hyperkalemia | 726 | ||
| Chronic Hyperkalemia | 726 | ||
| Complications | 726 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 726 | ||
| Patient and family education | 726 | ||
| Part 14: Evaluation and Management of Gynecologic Concerns | 794 | ||
| Chapter 154: Amenorrhea | 794 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 794 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 794 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 794 | ||
| Physical examination | 795 | ||
| Diagnostics | 795 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 796 | ||
| Primary Amenorrhea | 796 | ||
| Secondary Amenorrhea | 796 | ||
| Management | 797 | ||
| Life span considerations | 798 | ||
| Complications | 798 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 798 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 798 | ||
| References | 798 | ||
| Chapter 155: Bartholin's Gland Cysts and Abscesses | 799 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 799 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 799 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 799 | ||
| Physical examination | 799 | ||
| Diagnostics | 799 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 799 | ||
| Management | 799 | ||
| Antibiotics | 799 | ||
| Surgical Treatments | 800 | ||
| Incision and Drainage | 800 | ||
| Excision of Bartholin's Gland | 800 | ||
| Marsupialization and Window Operation | 800 | ||
| Catheter or Drain Placement | 800 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Laser Therapy | 800 | ||
| Silver Nitrate | 800 | ||
| Life span considerations | 800 | ||
| Complications | 800 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 800 | ||
| Patient and family education | 800 | ||
| References | 800 | ||
| Chapter 156: Breast Disorders | 801 | ||
| Risk assessment | 801 | ||
| Risk Factors | 801 | ||
| Risk Assessment Models | 802 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 802 | ||
| Risk Reduction | 802 | ||
| Screening recommendations | 802 | ||
| Breast Pain (Mastalgia, Mastodynia) | 802 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 802 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 803 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 803 | ||
| Physical examination | 803 | ||
| Diagnostics | 803 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 804 | ||
| Management | 804 | ||
| Complications | 804 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 805 | ||
| Patient education | 805 | ||
| Mastitis | 805 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 805 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 805 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 805 | ||
| Diagnostics | 805 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 805 | ||
| Management | 805 | ||
| Complications | 806 | ||
| Indications for referral | 806 | ||
| Patient education | 806 | ||
| Nipple Discharge and Galactorrhea | 806 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 806 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 806 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 806 | ||
| Physical examination | 806 | ||
| Diagnostics | 806 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 807 | ||
| Management | 807 | ||
| Co-Management with Specialists | 808 | ||
| Life span considerations | 808 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 808 | ||
| Patient and family education | 808 | ||
| Paget's Disease of the Nipple | 808 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 808 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 808 | ||
| Physical examination | 808 | ||
| Diagnostics | 808 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 809 | ||
| Management | 809 | ||
| Indication for referral | 809 | ||
| Patient education | 809 | ||
| Breast Masses | 809 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 809 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 809 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 810 | ||
| Physical examination | 810 | ||
| Diagnostics | 810 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 810 | ||
| Management | 810 | ||
| Life span considerations | 811 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 811 | ||
| Patient and family education | 811 | ||
| Gynecomastia | 811 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 811 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 811 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 811 | ||
| Physical examination | 811 | ||
| Diagnostics | 811 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 811 | ||
| Management | 812 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 812 | ||
| Patient and family education | 812 | ||
| References | 812 | ||
| Chapter 157: Chronic Pelvic Pain | 812 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 812 | ||
| Populations at Increased Risk of Chronic Pelvic Pain | 812 | ||
| Physical and Sexual Abuse | 812 | ||
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | 813 | ||
| Endometriosis | 813 | ||
| Interstitial Cystitis | 813 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 813 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Disorders | 813 | ||
| Postsurgical Pain | 813 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 813 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 813 | ||
| Physical examination | 813 | ||
| Diagnostics | 814 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 814 | ||
| Management | 815 | ||
| Life span considerations | 816 | ||
| Complications | 816 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 816 | ||
| Patient and family education | 816 | ||
| Health promotion | 816 | ||
| References | 816 | ||
| Chapter 158: Dysmenorrhea | 817 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 817 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 817 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 818 | ||
| Physical examination | 818 | ||
| Diagnostics | 818 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 818 | ||
| Management | 819 | ||
| Complications | 820 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 820 | ||
| Patient and family education | 820 | ||
| References | 820 | ||
| Chapter 159: Dyspareunia | 820 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 820 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 820 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 821 | ||
| Examination | 821 | ||
| Diagnostics | 821 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 822 | ||
| Management and health promotion | 822 | ||
| Life span considerations | 822 | ||
| Complications | 822 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 822 | ||
| Patient and family education | 823 | ||
| References | 823 | ||
| Chapter 160: Ectopic Pregnancy | 823 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 823 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 823 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 823 | ||
| Physical examination | 824 | ||
| Diagnostics | 824 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 824 | ||
| Management | 825 | ||
| Life span considerations | 825 | ||
| Complications | 825 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 826 | ||
| Patient and family education | 826 | ||
| References | 826 | ||
| Chapter 161: Fertility Control | 826 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 826 | ||
| Hormonal contraception | 826 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 826 | ||
| Progestin-Only Pills (Minipills) | 828 | ||
| Spironolactone Analogues | 829 | ||
| Injectable Contraception | 829 | ||
| Contraceptive Implants | 829 | ||
| Contraceptive Patch | 829 | ||
| Postcoital Contraception | 830 | ||
| Barrier methods | 830 | ||
| Condoms | 830 | ||
| Diaphragms and Cervical Caps | 830 | ||
| Spermicides | 830 | ||
| Cervical Sponge and Lea Contraceptive | 831 | ||
| Intrauterine Devices | 831 | ||
| Vaginal Ring | 831 | ||
| Surgical sterilization | 831 | ||
| Hysteroscopic sterilization | 831 | ||
| Natural family planning | 831 | ||
| Reasons for contraceptive nonuse | 832 | ||
| References | 832 | ||
| Chapter 162: Genital Tract Cancers | 833 | ||
| Endometrial Cancer | 833 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 833 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 833 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 833 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 834 | ||
| Management and indications for referral or hospitalization | 834 | ||
| Life span considerations | 834 | ||
| Patient and family education | 834 | ||
| Ovarian Cancer | 834 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 834 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 835 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 835 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 835 | ||
| Management and indications for referral or hospitalization | 836 | ||
| Life span considerations | 836 | ||
| Patient and family education | 836 | ||
| Vulvar Cancer | 837 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 837 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 837 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 837 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 837 | ||
| Part 15: Evaluation and Management of Musculoskeletal and Arthritic Disorders | 887 | ||
| Chapter 170: Ankle and Foot Pain | 887 | ||
| Ankle Sprains | 887 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 887 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 887 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 887 | ||
| Physical examination | 887 | ||
| Diagnostics | 887 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 888 | ||
| Management | 888 | ||
| Complications | 888 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 888 | ||
| Patient and family education | 888 | ||
| Achilles Tendinopathy | 888 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 888 | ||
| Part 16: Evaluation and Management of Neurologic Disorders | 984 | ||
| Chapter 187: Neuropsychological Evaluation | 984 | ||
| Overview of clinical neuropsychology | 984 | ||
| Professional functions and roles | 984 | ||
| Assessment tools and approaches | 984 | ||
| Neuropsychology within primary care settings | 985 | ||
| When to refer | 986 | ||
| Overview of the assessment process | 987 | ||
| Scoring and interpretation of neuropsychological test data | 987 | ||
| Additional considerations in neuropsychological assessment | 988 | ||
| Summary | 988 | ||
| References | 988 | ||
| Chapter 188: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 989 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 989 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 989 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 989 | ||
| Diagnostics | 989 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 990 | ||
| Management | 990 | ||
| Life span considerations | 990 | ||
| Complications | 991 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 991 | ||
| Patient and family education | 991 | ||
| References | 991 | ||
| Chapter 189: Bell's Palsy | 992 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 993 | ||
| Management | 993 | ||
| Life span considerations | 993 | ||
| Complications | 993 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 994 | ||
| Patient and family education | 994 | ||
| References | 994 | ||
| Chapter 190: Cerebrovascular Events | 994 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 994 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 995 | ||
| Ischemic Stroke | 995 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | 995 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 995 | ||
| Physical examination | 995 | ||
| Diagnostics | 996 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 997 | ||
| Management | 997 | ||
| Thrombolytic Therapy | 997 | ||
| Surgery | 998 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents | 998 | ||
| Life span considerations | 998 | ||
| Pregnancy | 998 | ||
| Geriatric Patients | 998 | ||
| Complications | 998 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 998 | ||
| Prevention and patient education | 999 | ||
| References | 999 | ||
| Chapter 191: Delirium | 999 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1000 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1000 | ||
| Physical examination | 1001 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1001 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1001 | ||
| Management | 1002 | ||
| Complications | 1002 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1003 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1003 | ||
| References | 1003 | ||
| Chapter 192: Dementia | 1003 | ||
| Mild Cognitive Impairment | 1004 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1005 | ||
| Alzheimer's Disease | 1005 | ||
| Vascular Dementia | 1005 | ||
| Lewy Body Dementia | 1005 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1005 | ||
| Physical examination | 1005 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1006 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1006 | ||
| Management | 1006 | ||
| Complications | 1007 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1007 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1007 | ||
| References | 1008 | ||
| Chapter 193: Dizziness and Vertigo | 1008 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1009 | ||
| Physical examination | 1009 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1009 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1010 | ||
| Management | 1011 | ||
| Complications | 1011 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1011 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1011 | ||
| Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo | 1011 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1011 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1011 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1011 | ||
| Physical examination | 1012 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1012 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1012 | ||
| Management | 1012 | ||
| Complications | 1012 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1012 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1012 | ||
| References | 1012 | ||
| Chapter 194: Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 1013 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1013 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1013 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1013 | ||
| Physical examination | 1013 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1014 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1014 | ||
| Management | 1014 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1015 | ||
| Complications | 1015 | ||
| Consideration for referral or hospitalization | 1015 | ||
| Patient education | 1015 | ||
| References | 1015 | ||
| Chapter 195: Headache | 1015 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1016 | ||
| Migraine | 1016 | ||
| Tension-Type Headache | 1016 | ||
| Cluster Headache | 1016 | ||
| Physical examination | 1016 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1017 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1017 | ||
| Management | 1018 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Management | 1018 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 1018 | ||
| Preventive Therapy | 1018 | ||
| Abortive Therapy | 1018 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1021 | ||
| Complications | 1021 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1021 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1021 | ||
| Health promotion | 1021 | ||
| References | 1021 | ||
| Chapter 196: Infections of the Central Nervous System | 1022 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1023 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1023 | ||
| Management | 1024 | ||
| Complications | 1024 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1024 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1024 | ||
| Health promotion | 1025 | ||
| References | 1025 | ||
| Chapter 197: Movement Disorders and Essential Tremor | 1025 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1026 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1026 | ||
| Management | 1026 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1026 | ||
| Complications | 1027 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1027 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1027 | ||
| Essential Tremor | 1027 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1027 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1027 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1027 | ||
| Physical examination | 1028 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1028 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1028 | ||
| Management | 1028 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1028 | ||
| Complications | 1028 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1029 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1029 | ||
| Health promotion | 1029 | ||
| References | 1029 | ||
| Chapter 198: Multiple Sclerosis | 1029 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1030 | ||
| Physical examination | 1030 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1030 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1030 | ||
| Management | 1031 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1032 | ||
| Complications and indications for referral or hospitalization | 1032 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1034 | ||
| References | 1034 | ||
| Chapter 199: Parkinson's Disease | 1035 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1035 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1035 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1035 | ||
| Physical examination | 1035 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1036 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1036 | ||
| Management | 1036 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 1036 | ||
| Selegiline | 1036 | ||
| Levodopa | 1036 | ||
| Dopamine Agonists | 1037 | ||
| Catechol O -Methyltransferase Inhibitors | 1037 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 1037 | ||
| Amantadine | 1037 | ||
| Surgery | 1037 | ||
| Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) | 1037 | ||
| Complications and comorbid problems | 1038 | ||
| Psychosis and Hallucinations | 1038 | ||
| Dementia | 1038 | ||
| Depression | 1038 | ||
| Daytime Sleepiness and Fatigue | 1038 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1038 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1038 | ||
| References | 1039 | ||
| Chapter 200: Seizure Disorder | 1039 | ||
| Classification of seizures, epilepsy, and epileptic syndromes | 1040 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1041 | ||
| Physical examination | 1041 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1041 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1042 | ||
| Initial stabilization and management of acute seizures | 1042 | ||
| Management | 1043 | ||
| Conservative Management | 1043 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 1044 | ||
| Surgical Management | 1044 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1044 | ||
| Complications | 1047 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1047 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1047 | ||
| Health promotion | 1047 | ||
| References | 1047 | ||
| Chapter 201: Trigeminal Neuralgia | 1048 | ||
| Management | 1049 | ||
| Complications | 1049 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1050 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1050 | ||
| References | 1050 | ||
| Chapter 202: Intracranial Tumors | 1050 | ||
| Etiology | 1051 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1051 | ||
| Physical examination | 1051 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1051 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1052 | ||
| Management | 1052 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1053 | ||
| Complications | 1053 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1053 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1053 | ||
| Health promotion | 1054 | ||
| References | 1054 | ||
| Part 17: Evaluation and Management of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 1055 | ||
| Chapter 203: Acromegaly | 1055 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1055 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1055 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1055 | ||
| Physical examination | 1055 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1056 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1056 | ||
| Management and co-management with specialists | 1056 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1057 | ||
| Complications | 1057 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1057 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 1057 | ||
| References | 1058 | ||
| Chapter 204: Adrenal Gland Disorders | 1058 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1059 | ||
| Physical examination | 1059 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1059 | ||
| Alternative Therapies | 1061 | ||
| Complications | 1061 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1061 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 1061 | ||
| References | 1061 | ||
| Chapter 205: Diabetes Mellitus | 1062 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1062 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1062 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1063 | ||
| Physical examination | 1063 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1064 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1064 | ||
| Management | 1065 | ||
| Lifestyle Interventions | 1065 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 1065 | ||
| Insulin Therapy | 1067 | ||
| Type 1 Diabetes. | 1067 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes | 1068 | ||
| Medications for Type 2 Diabetes | 1068 | ||
| Blood Glucose Monitoring | 1071 | ||
| Follow-Up Care | 1072 | ||
| Diabetes and Pregnancy | 1072 | ||
| Gestational Diabetes | 1072 | ||
| Pregnancy in the Woman with Type 1 Diabetes | 1073 | ||
| Pregnancy in the Woman with Type 2 Diabetes | 1074 | ||
| Co-Management with Specialists | 1074 | ||
| Complications | 1075 | ||
| Psychological Complications | 1075 | ||
| Acute Complications of Diabetes | 1075 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 1075 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 1076 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State | 1076 | ||
| Chronic Complications of Diabetes | 1077 | ||
| Microvascular Complications | 1077 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 1077 | ||
| Diabetic Nephropathy | 1078 | ||
| Diabetic Neuropathy | 1078 | ||
| Macrovascular Complications | 1079 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1081 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1081 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 1082 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 1083 | ||
| Chapter 206: Hirsutism | 1083 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1083 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1084 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1085 | ||
| Physical examination | 1085 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1086 | ||
| Ovarian Source | 1086 | ||
| Adrenal Source | 1086 | ||
| Cortisol Excess | 1087 | ||
| Insulin Excess | 1087 | ||
| Prolactin Excess | 1087 | ||
| Pituitary Source | 1087 | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Excess | 1087 | ||
| 5 α -Reductase Excess | 1087 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 1087 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1087 | ||
| Management | 1088 | ||
| Complications | 1089 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1089 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1090 | ||
| Education and health promotion | 1090 | ||
| References | 1090 | ||
| Chapter 207: Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia | 1090 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1090 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 1091 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1091 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1091 | ||
| Physical examination | 1092 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1092 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1092 | ||
| Management | 1092 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1093 | ||
| Complications | 1093 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 1093 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1093 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1093 | ||
| Physical examination | 1093 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1093 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1093 | ||
| Management | 1094 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1094 | ||
| Complications | 1094 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1094 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 1094 | ||
| References | 1095 | ||
| Chapter 208: Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia | 1095 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1096 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1096 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1096 | ||
| Management | 1096 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1097 | ||
| Complications | 1097 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1097 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1097 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 1097 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1097 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1098 | ||
| Hyponatremia with Increased Extracellular Volume | 1098 | ||
| Hyponatremia with Decreased Extracellular Volume | 1098 | ||
| Hyponatremia with Normal Extracellular Volume | 1098 | ||
| Pseudohyponatremia | 1098 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1098 | ||
| Physical examination | 1099 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1099 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1099 | ||
| Management | 1099 | ||
| Co-Management with Specialists | 1100 | ||
| Complications | 1100 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1100 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1100 | ||
| References | 1101 | ||
| Chapter 209: Lipid Disorders | 1101 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1101 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1101 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein | 1101 | ||
| High-Density Lipoprotein | 1102 | ||
| Triglycerides | 1102 | ||
| Role of Lifestyle, Including Diet and Exercise | 1102 | ||
| Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome | 1102 | ||
| Clinical evaluation | 1103 | ||
| Physical examination | 1103 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1103 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1104 | ||
| Management | 1104 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 1104 | ||
| Lifestyle Modification | 1105 | ||
| Diet | 1108 | ||
| Exercise | 1108 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 1109 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 1109 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy for Specific Populations | 1111 | ||
| Young Adults | 1111 | ||
| Middle-Aged Men | 1111 | ||
| Middle-Aged Women | 1111 | ||
| Older Adults | 1111 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1111 | ||
| Complications | 1111 | ||
| Indications for referral | 1111 | ||
| Patient education | 1111 | ||
| References | 1111 | ||
| Chapter 210: Metabolic Syndrome | 1112 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1112 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1112 | ||
| Hypertension | 1112 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1113 | ||
| Prothrombotic State | 1113 | ||
| Proinflammatory State | 1113 | ||
| Microalbuminuria | 1114 | ||
| Other Pathophysiologic Effects | 1114 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1114 | ||
| Physical examination | 1114 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1114 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1114 | ||
| Management | 1115 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1117 | ||
| Complications | 1117 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1117 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1117 | ||
| Health promotion | 1117 | ||
| References | 1118 | ||
| Chapter 211: Parathyroid Gland Disorders | 1118 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1119 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1119 | ||
| Physical examination | 1120 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1120 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1121 | ||
| Management | 1121 | ||
| Complications | 1122 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1122 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1122 | ||
| Patient education and health promotion | 1122 | ||
| References | 1122 | ||
| Chapter 212: Thyroid Disorders | 1123 | ||
| Thyroid function testing | 1123 | ||
| Goiter (Simple, Nontoxic) | 1125 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1125 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1125 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1125 | ||
| Physical examination | 1125 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1125 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1125 | ||
| Management | 1126 | ||
| Complications | 1126 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1126 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 1126 | ||
| Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer | 1126 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1126 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1126 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1126 | ||
| Diagnostics and differential diagnosis | 1127 | ||
| Management | 1127 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1128 | ||
| Complications | 1128 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1128 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 1128 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 1128 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1128 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1129 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1129 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1129 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1130 | ||
| Management and life span considerations | 1130 | ||
| Graves' Disease | 1130 | ||
| Subclinical Hyperthyroidism | 1131 | ||
| Thyroiditis | 1131 | ||
| Subacute Thyroiditis | 1131 | ||
| Painless Postpartum Thyroiditis | 1132 | ||
| Toxic Nodule | 1132 | ||
| Toxic Multinodular Goiter | 1132 | ||
| Complications | 1132 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1132 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1132 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 1132 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1132 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1133 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1133 | ||
| Physical examination | 1133 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1133 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1134 | ||
| Management | 1134 | ||
| Subclinical Hypothyroidism | 1134 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1135 | ||
| Complications | 1135 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1135 | ||
| Patient and family education and health promotion | 1135 | ||
| Euthyroid Sick Syndrome | 1135 | ||
| Drugs and the Thyroid Gland | 1136 | ||
| Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy | 1137 | ||
| References | 1137 | ||
| Part 18: Evaluation and Management of Hematologic Disorders | 1139 | ||
| Chapter 213: Anemia | 1139 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1139 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1139 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1139 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1140 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1141 | ||
| Microcytic Anemia | 1141 | ||
| Iron deficiency anemia | 1141 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1142 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1142 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1142 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1142 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1143 | ||
| Management | 1143 | ||
| Life Span Considerations | 1144 | ||
| Complications | 1144 | ||
| Indications for Referral or Hospitalization | 1144 | ||
| Patient and Family Education | 1144 | ||
| Health Promotion | 1144 | ||
| Thalassemia | 1144 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology | 1144 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1145 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1145 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1146 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1146 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1146 | ||
| Management | 1146 | ||
| Life Span Considerations | 1147 | ||
| Complications | 1147 | ||
| Indications for Referral or Hospitalization | 1147 | ||
| Patient and Family Education | 1148 | ||
| Health Promotion | 1148 | ||
| Macrocytic Anemia: Megaloblastic Anemia | 1148 | ||
| Vitamin b 12 and folate deficiency | 1148 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology | 1148 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1148 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1148 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1149 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1149 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1149 | ||
| Management | 1149 | ||
| Life Span Considerations | 1149 | ||
| Complications | 1150 | ||
| Indications for Referral or Hospitalization | 1150 | ||
| Patient and Family Education | 1150 | ||
| Health Promotion | 1150 | ||
| Normocytic Anemia | 1150 | ||
| Sickle cell disease | 1150 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology | 1150 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1150 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1150 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1151 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1151 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1151 | ||
| Management | 1151 | ||
| Life Span Considerations | 1152 | ||
| Complications | 1152 | ||
| Indications for Referral or Hospitalization | 1153 | ||
| Patient and Family Education | 1153 | ||
| Health Promotion | 1153 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Disease | 1153 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1153 | ||
| Part 19: Evaluation and Management of Rheumatic and Multisystem Disorders | 1182 | ||
| Unit One: Rheumatic Disorders | 1182 | ||
| Chapter 218 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders | 1182 | ||
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 1182 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1182 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1182 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1182 | ||
| Physical examination | 1182 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1183 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1183 | ||
| Management | 1184 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1184 | ||
| Complications | 1184 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1184 | ||
| Patient education | 1185 | ||
| Reactive Arthritis (Formerly Known as Reiter's Syndrome) | 1185 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1185 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1185 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1185 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1186 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1186 | ||
| Management | 1186 | ||
| Complications | 1186 | ||
| Indications for referral | 1186 | ||
| Patient education | 1186 | ||
| Psoriatic Arthritis | 1186 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1186 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1186 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1186 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1187 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1187 | ||
| Management | 1187 | ||
| Complications | 1187 | ||
| Indications for referral | 1187 | ||
| Patient education | 1187 | ||
| Arthritis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1188 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1188 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1188 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1188 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1188 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1188 | ||
| Management | 1188 | ||
| Complications | 1188 | ||
| Indications for referral | 1188 | ||
| Patient education | 1188 | ||
| References | 1188 | ||
| Chapter 219 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis | 1189 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1190 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1190 | ||
| Physical examination | 1190 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1190 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1191 | ||
| Management | 1192 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1192 | ||
| Complications | 1192 | ||
| Considerations for referral or hospitalization | 1193 | ||
| Patient education | 1193 | ||
| References | 1193 | ||
| Chapter 220 Raynaud's Phenomenon | 1194 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1194 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1194 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1194 | ||
| Physical examination | 1194 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1194 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1194 | ||
| Management | 1195 | ||
| Complications | 1195 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1195 | ||
| Patient education | 1196 | ||
| References | 1196 | ||
| Chapter 221 Rheumatoid Arthritis | 1196 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1197 | ||
| Physical examination | 1197 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1197 | ||
| Radiographs | 1197 | ||
| Synovial Fluid Analysis | 1198 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1198 | ||
| Management | 1198 | ||
| Cardiovascular Risk | 1198 | ||
| Pharmacologic Agents | 1198 | ||
| Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs | 1198 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 1199 | ||
| NSAIDs | 1199 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment | 1199 | ||
| Co-Management with Specialists | 1199 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1199 | ||
| Complications | 1199 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1199 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1199 | ||
| References | 1200 | ||
| Chapter 222 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1201 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1201 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1201 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1201 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1203 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1203 | ||
| Management | 1203 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1205 | ||
| Complications | 1205 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1205 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1206 | ||
| References | 1206 | ||
| Chapter 223 Vasculitis | 1206 | ||
| Classification of vasculitic syndromes | 1207 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1207 | ||
| Clinical presentation and physical examination | 1207 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1209 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1210 | ||
| Management | 1210 | ||
| Complications | 1210 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1211 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1211 | ||
| References | 1211 | ||
| Unit Two: Multisystem Disorders | 1211 | ||
| Chapter 224 Barotrauma and Other Diving Injuries | 1211 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1212 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1212 | ||
| Physical examination | 1212 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1212 | ||
| Management | 1212 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1213 | ||
| Complications | 1213 | ||
| Indications for referral | 1213 | ||
| Patient education | 1213 | ||
| Ear Barotrauma | 1214 | ||
| Part 20: Evaluation and Management of Infectious Diseases | 1242 | ||
| Chapter 230: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases | 1242 | ||
| Definitions | 1242 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1242 | ||
| Pathogens | 1243 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Diseases | 1243 | ||
| Human Metapneumovirus | 1243 | ||
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | 1243 | ||
| Influenza A (H1N1) | 1243 | ||
| Avian Influenza A (H5N1) | 1245 | ||
| Acute Diarrheal Illnesses | 1245 | ||
| Vibrio Cholerae | 1245 | ||
| Escherichia Coli O157:H7 | 1245 | ||
| Vector-Borne Diseases | 1246 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 1246 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 1246 | ||
| Dengue Fever | 1246 | ||
| Chikungunya Fever | 1246 | ||
| Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) | 1246 | ||
| Zoonosis | 1247 | ||
| Monkeypox | 1247 | ||
| Antibiotic Resistance | 1247 | ||
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | 1248 | ||
| Extremely Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) | 1248 | ||
| References | 1249 | ||
| Chapter 231: Fever | 1250 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1250 | ||
| Presentations of elevated body temperature | 1250 | ||
| Approach to evaluation of a febrile patient | 1250 | ||
| Evaluation of Fever Without Clear Etiology | 1250 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation for Fever Without Clear Etiology | 1251 | ||
| Evaluation of Fever of Unknown Origin | 1252 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation for Fever of Unknown Origin | 1252 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1252 | ||
| Management | 1252 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1252 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1252 | ||
| References | 1252 | ||
| Chapter 232: HIV Infection | 1253 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1253 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1254 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1254 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1255 | ||
| Diagnosis of HIV Infection | 1255 | ||
| Laboratory and Other Testing of the Patient with Newly Diagnosed HIV Infection | 1256 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1257 | ||
| Management | 1257 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1260 | ||
| Complications | 1260 | ||
| Metabolic Toxicities | 1260 | ||
| Lipodystrophy | 1260 | ||
| Liver Disease | 1260 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 1260 | ||
| Iris | 1260 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1260 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1261 | ||
| References | 1261 | ||
| Chapter 233: Influenza | 1261 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1261 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1261 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1262 | ||
| Physical examination | 1262 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1262 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1262 | ||
| Management | 1262 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1262 | ||
| Complications | 1262 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1263 | ||
| Patient and family education | 1263 | ||
| Health promotion and prevention | 1263 | ||
| References | 1263 | ||
| Chapter 234: Infectious Diarrhea | 1263 | ||
| Definition | 1263 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1264 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1264 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1265 | ||
| Physical examination | 1265 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1266 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1266 | ||
| Noninflammatory Diarrhea: Acute Gastroenteritis | 1266 | ||
| Traveler's Diarrhea | 1266 | ||
| Vibrio Cholerae | 1267 | ||
| Inflammatory Diarrhea | 1267 | ||
| Shigella (S. Dysenteriae, S. Flexneri, S. Sonnei) | 1267 | ||
| Salmonella (Non- Typhi Species) | 1268 | ||
| Campylobacter Jejuni | 1268 | ||
| Escherichia Coli O 157:H7 | 1268 | ||
| Clostridium Difficile | 1268 | ||
| Food Poisoning: Bacterial Toxins | 1269 | ||
| One to Six Hours After Ingestion | 1269 | ||
| Staphylococcus Aureus Food Poisoning | 1269 | ||
| Part 21: Evaluation and Management of Oncologic Disorders | 1298 | ||
| Chapter 239: Collaborative Management of the Oncology Patient | 1298 | ||
| Cancer risks | 1298 | ||
| Screening for cancer | 1298 | ||
| Patient management issues | 1298 | ||
| Role of the primary health care provider | 1299 | ||
| References | 1299 | ||
| Chapter 240: Basic Principles of Oncology Treatment | 1299 | ||
| Radiation therapy | 1300 | ||
| External Beam Radiotherapy | 1300 | ||
| Brachytherapy | 1300 | ||
| CT Simulation and Its Role in Radiotherapy | 1300 | ||
| Fractionation | 1300 | ||
| Radiation Treatment Side Effects | 1301 | ||
| Summary | 1301 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 1301 | ||
| Carcinogenesis, Cellular Kinetics, and Chemotherapy | 1301 | ||
| Role of Chemotherapy in Oncology | 1301 | ||
| Response to Chemotherapy | 1302 | ||
| Other anticancer therapies | 1303 | ||
| References | 1303 | ||
| Chapter 241: Oncology Complications and Paraneoplastic Syndromes | 1303 | ||
| Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | 1303 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1303 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1303 | ||
| Part 22: Evaluation and Management of Mental Health Disorders | 1323 | ||
| Chapter 244: Eating Disorders | 1323 | ||
| Definition and epidemiology | 1323 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1323 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 1323 | ||
| Physical examination | 1323 | ||
| Diagnostics | 1324 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 1324 | ||
| Management | 1324 | ||
| Complications | 1326 | ||
| Indications for referral or hospitalization | 1326 | ||
| Life span considerations | 1327 | ||
| Index | 1367 | ||
| Table of Contents by Disorder | 1397 |