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Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Respiratory System E-Book

Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Respiratory System E-Book

David Kaminsky

(2011)

Abstract

Respiratory System, 2nd Edition provides a concise and highly visual approach to the basic sciences and clinical pathology of this body system. This volume in The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations (the CIBA "Green Books") has been expanded and revised by Dr. David Kaminsky to cover important topics like pulmonary hypertension, COPD, asthma, drug-resistant TB, modern endoscopic and surgical techniques, and more. Classic Netter art, updated illustrations, and modern imaging make this timeless work essential to your library.

  • Access rare illustrations in one convenient source from the only Netter work devoted specifically to the respiratory system.
  • Get a complete overview of the respiratory system through multidisciplinary coverage from physiology and biochemistry to adult and pediatric medicine and surgery.
  • Gain a quick understanding of complex topics from a concise text-atlas format that provides a context bridge between primary and specialized medicine.
  • Grasp the nuances of the pathophysiology of today’s major respiratory conditions—including pulmonary hypertension, COPD, asthma, environmental lung disease, sleep disorders, infections of the immunocompromised, neonatal breathing disorders, and drug-resistant TB, and modern endoscopic and surgical techniques—through advances in molecular biology and radiologic imaging.
  • Benefit from the expertise of the new editor, David Kaminsky, MD, who contributes significant experience in asthma and general pulmonary and critical care medicine, and his team of world class contributors.
  • Clearly see the connection between basic and clinical sciences with an integrated overview of normal structure and function as it relates to pathologic conditions.
  • Apply a visual approach—with the classic Netter art, updated illustrations, and modern imaging—to normal and abnormal body function and the clinical presentation of the patient.
  • Tap into the perspectives of an international advisory board for content that reflects the current global consensus.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover Cover
Title page iii
Copyright page iv
ABOUT THE SERIES v
ABOUT THE EDITOR vi
PREFACE vii
ABOUT THE ARTIST FROM THE FIRST EDITION viii
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION ix
ADVISORY BOARD x
CONTRIBUTORS xi
Table of contents xiii
SECTION 1: ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 3
BONY THORAX 4
RIB CHARACTERISTICS AND COSTOVERTEBRAL ARTICULATIONS 5
ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL 6
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 6
MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL 6
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE THORAX 6
NERVES OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL 7
ARTERIES OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL 7
VEINS OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL 7
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL 8
DORSAL ASPECT OF THE THORAX 9
INTERCOSTAL NERVES AND ARTERIES 11
DIAPHRAGM (VIEWED FROM ABOVE) 12
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE LUNGS (ANTERIOR VIEW) 13
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE LUNGS (POSTERIOR VIEW) 14
MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE LUNGS 15
MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE RIGHT LUNG 15
MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE LEFT LUNG 15
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS 16
RIGHT LUNG 16
LEFT LUNG 17
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TRACHEA AND MAIN BRONCHI 18
BRONCHIAL ARTERIES 19
MEDIASTINUM 20
RIGHT THORACIC CAVITY 20
LEFT THORACIC CAVITY 21
INNERVATION OF THE LUNGS AND TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE 22
AUTONOMIC AFFERENT FIBERS 22
PARASYMPATHETIC EFFERENT FIBERS 22
SYMPATHETIC EFFERENT FIBERS 22
STRUCTURE OF THE TRACHEA AND MAJOR BRONCHI 23
LOBES AND SEGMENTS 23
INTRAPULMONARY AIRWAYS 24
STRUCTURE OF BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES—LIGHT MICROSCOPY 25
BLOOD SUPPLY 25
VENOUS DRAINAGE 25
LYMPHATICS 25
NERVE SUPPLY 25
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE TRACHEAL, BRONCHIAL, AND BRONCHIOLAR EPITHELIUM 26
BRONCHIAL SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS 27
INTRAPULMONARY BLOOD CIRCULATION 28
ARTERIES 28
VEINS 28
PRECAPILLARY ANASTOMOSIS 28
FINE STRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY UNIT 29
ALVEOLAR CELLS AND SURFACE-ACTIVE LAYER 29
ENDOTHELIAL CELL STRUCTURE 30
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LUNGS AND PLEURA 32
PULMONARY IMMUNOLOGY: LYMPHOCYTES, MAST CELLS, EOSINOPHILS, AND NEUTROPHILS 34
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 35
PRIMITIVE RESPIRATORY TUBE 35
TRACHEA 35
BRONCHI 36
CARTILAGE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE 36
PLEURAL CAVITIES 37
DIAPHRAGM 38
PLEURA AND MEDIASTINUM 40
TERMINAL RESPIRATORY TUBES 40
SURFACTANT 42
FIRST BREATH 43
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PERINATAL PULMONARY CIRCULATION 45
SECTION 2: PHYSIOLOGY 47
PULMONARY MECHANICS AND GAS EXCHANGE 49
RESPIRATORY MUSCLES 49
LUNG VOLUMES AND SUBDIVISIONS 50
MEASURING LUNG VOLUMES 50
MECHANICS OF VENTILATORY APPARATUS 51
SURFACE TENSION 53
PULMONARY CIRCULATION 59
DIFFUSION 61
GAS EXCHANGE 63
ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION 65
VENTILATION-PERFUSION RELATIONSHIPS 65
OXYGEN TRANSPORT 67
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT 68
ACID-BASE REGULATION 69
RESPONSE TO OXIDANT INJURY 70
INACTIVATION OF CIRCULATING VASOACTIVE SUBSTANCES 71
ACTIVATION OF CIRCULATING PRECURSORS OF VASOACTIVE SUBSTANCES 72
CONTROL AND DISORDERS OF RESPIRATION 73
CHEMICAL RECEPTORS 73
PONTINE CENTERS 74
NEUROCHEMICAL CONTROL OF EXERCISE HYPERPNEA 75
RESPONSES AND ADAPTATION TO HYPOXIA 76
COMMON DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY CONTROL 76
HYPERVENTILATION 77
HYPOVENTILATION 77
UNSTABLE OR IRREGULAR VENTILATION 78
DRUGS THAT AFFECT VENTILATORY DRIVE 78
DISRUPTION OF NORMAL BREATHING CONTROL IN SELECTED DISEASES 79
SECTION 3: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 81
TESTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION 82
RADIOLOGIC EXAMINATION OF THE LUNGS 85
ROUTINE EXAMINATION 85
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 86
CONTRAST EXAMINATIONS 87
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING 90
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 91
SONOGRAPHY 91
INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS 91
EXHALED BREATH ANALYSIS 101
FLEXIBLE BRONCHOSCOPY 102
EQUIPMENT 102
BRONCHOSCOPIC VIEWS 103
NOMENCLATURE FOR PERIPHERAL BRONCHI 104
RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY 105
INSTRUMENTS 105
PROCEDURE 105
ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY 106
MEDIASTINOTOMY AND MEDIASTINOSCOPY 107
STAGING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LUNG CARCINOMA 107
SURGICAL EVALUATION OF THE REGIONAL LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 107
SECTION 4: DISEASES AND PATHOLOGY 109
CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES OFTHE THORACIC CAGE 111
PECTUS EXCAVATUM 111
PECTUS CARINATUM 111
BIFID STERNUM 111
SKELETAL DISORDERS PRESENTING WITH NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS 111
KYPHOSCOLIOSIS 112
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA 114
TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULAS AND TRACHEAL ANOMALIES 115
ANOMALIES AND STRICTURES OF THE TRACHEA 115
PULMONARY AGENESIS, APLASIA, AND HYPOPLASIA 116
CONGENITAL LUNG CYSTS 117
CONGENITAL CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION OF THE LUNG 117
CONGENITAL PULMONARY LYMPHANGIECTASIS 117
PULMONARY SEQUESTRATION 118
INTRALOBAR SEQUESTRATION 118
EXTRALOBAR SEQUESTRATION 118
CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA 119
CHRONIC COUGH 120
COMMON LARYNGEAL LESIONS 121
LARYNGEAL AND TRACHEAL STENOSIS 122
VOCAL CORD DYSFUNCTION 123
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA 124
CLINICAL FORMS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA 124
INDUCERS AND INCITERS OF ASTHMA 124
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 126
DIAGNOSIS OF ASTHMA 127
AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS 127
INVESTIGATIONS THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED TO ESTABLISH A DIAGNOSIS 128
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 129
PHYSIOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES IN ASTHMA 129
PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA 131
IMMUNOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES 132
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ASTHMA 133
LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA 134
TREATMENT OF SEVERE ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS 136
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE 138
SUBTYPES 138
EPIDEMIOLOGY 139
RISK FACTORS 139
NATURAL HISTORY 139
CLINICAL FEATURES 140
PREDOMINANCE OF EMPHYSEMA 140
PREDOMINANCE OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS 141
PATHOLOGY 141
EMPHYSEMA 142
PATHOBIOLOGY 143
α1-ANTITRYPSIN 144
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 144
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE 146
MANAGEMENT 147
PREVENTIVE MEASURES 147
TREATMENT OF STABLE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE 149
TREATMENT OF EXACERBATIONS 150
TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS 151
SURGICAL TREATMENT 152
BRONCHIECTASIS 153
CAUSE 153
DIAGNOSIS 153
CLINICAL COURSE 154
MANAGEMENT 154
CYSTIC FIBROSIS 155
GENETICS 155
DIAGNOSIS 155
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 155
PULMONARY DISEASE 156
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE 156
ENDOCRINE DISEASE 157
FERTILITY 157
PROGNOSIS 157
LUNG CANCER OVERVIEW 158
LUNG CANCER STAGING 159
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG 160
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE LUNG 161
LARGE CELL CARCINOMAS OF THE LUNG 162
SMALL CELL CARCINOMAS OF THE LUNG 163
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME 164
PANCOAST TUMOR AND SYNDROME 165
PARANEOPLASTIC MANIFESTATIONS OF LUNG CANCER 166
OTHER NEOPLASMS OF THE LUNG 168
BENIGN TUMORS OF THE LUNG 169
MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA 170
MEDIASTINAL TUMORS: ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM 171
MIDDLE-POSTERIOR AND PARAVERTEBRAL MEDIASTINUM 172
PULMONARY METASTASES 173
OVERVIEW OF PNEUMONIA 174
PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA 175
CAUSE 175
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY 175
CLINICAL FEATURES 175
THERAPY 176
PREVENTION 176
ATYPICAL PATHOGEN PNEUMONIA 177
ATYPICAL PATHOGENS 177
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA 177
CHLAMYDOPHILA INFECTIONS 178
LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA 178
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PNEUMONIA 180
EPIDEMIOLOGY 180
CLINICAL FEATURES 180
TREATMENT 180
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE PNEUMONIA 181
GRAM–NEGATIVE BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA 182
VIRAL COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA 183
ETIOLOGIC VIRAL PATHOGENS 183
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 185
DIAGNOSIS 186
THERAPY 187
PREVENTION 187
LUNG ABSCESS 188
PATHOGENESIS 188
CLINICAL FEATURES 189
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 189
THERAPY 189
OVERVIEW OF HEALTH CARE–ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA, HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, AND VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA 190
HEALTH CARE–ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA DEFINITIONS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 190
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA AND VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA DEFINITIONS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 190
CAUSE AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 190
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE 191
MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS 191
METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 191
PNEUMONIA IN THE COMPROMISED HOST 192
PNEUMONIA WITH HIV INFECTION 193
ACTINOMYCOSIS 194
TREATMENT 194
NOCARDIOSIS 195
TREATMENT 195
HISTOPLASMOSIS 196
TREATMENT 197
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 198
TREATMENT 198
BLASTOMYCOSIS 199
TREATMENT 199
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 200
TREATMENT 200
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 201
TREATMENT 201
ASPERGILLOSIS 202
ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS 202
ASPERGILLOMA 202
INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS 202
TUBERCULOSIS 203
BACKGROUND 203
TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENESIS 204
TUBERCULIN SKIN TESTING AND INTERFERON-γ RELEASE ASSAYS 205
CHEST RADIOGRAPHY 206
SPUTUM STUDIES 206
TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS 208
PREVENTING NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS 211
NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL LUNG DISEASE 212
EPIDEMIOLOGY 212
NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL SPECIES 212
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 212
TREATMENT 212
OVERVIEW OF INHALATION DISEASES 213
SILICOSIS 214
PATHOLOGY 214
CLINICAL FEATURES 214
WORKPLACE EXPOSURE 215
SILICOTUBERCULOSIS 215
CAPLAN NODULES 215
COAL WORKER’S PNEUMOCONIOSIS 216
ASBESTOSIS AND ASBESTOS-RELATED DISEASES 217
ASBESTOSIS 217
BENIGN ASBESTOS-RELATED PLEURAL DISEASE 218
ASBESTOS-RELATED MALIGNANCY 218
BERYLLIUM 219
CHRONIC BERYLLIUM DISEASE 219
PATHOGENESIS 219
DIAGNOSIS 219
THERAPY 219
PNEUMOCONIOSIS CAUSED BY VARIOUS MINERALS AND MIXED DUSTS 220
KAOLIN 220
MIXED-DUST PNEUMOCONIOSIS 220
COBALT PNEUMOCONIOSIS (HARD METAL DISEASE) 220
CADMIUM 221
FULLER EARTH 221
GRAPHITE 221
SIDEROSIS 221
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS 222
PULMONARY EMBOLISM AND VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM 224
RISK FACTORS FOR PULMONARY EMBOLISM 224
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 224
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LEG VEIN THROMBOSIS 224
DIAGNOSIS OF DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS 226
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM 226
DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM 227
PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT 229
CHRONIC EFFECTS OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM 230
SPECIAL SITUATIONS AND EXTRAVASCULAR SOURCES OF PULMONARY EMBOLI 232
MALIGNANCY 232
PREGNANCY 232
FAT EMBOLISM 232
AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM 232
AIR EMBOLISM 232
FOREIGN BODY EMBOLISM 232
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 233
CLASSIFICATION 233
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION 233
DIAGNOSIS 233
TREATMENT OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION 234
INTERVENTIONAL AND SURGICAL THERAPIES 236
PULMONARY EDEMA 237
NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY 237
CARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA 237
NONCARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA 237
SPECIFIC CLINICAL CAUSES OF NONCARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA 238
EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY EDEMA 238
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PLEURAL FLUID ACCUMULATION 239
PLEURAL EFFUSION IN HEART DISEASE 240
UNEXPANDABLE LUNG 241
PARAPNEUMONIC EFFUSION 242
PLEURAL EFFUSION IN MALIGNANCY 243
CHYLOTHORAX 244
RIB AND STERNAL FRACTURES 245
FLAIL CHEST AND PULMONARY CONTUSION 246
PNEUMOTHORAX 247
HEMOTHORAX 249
PULMONARY LACERATION 250
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL RUPTURE 251
TRAUMATIC ASPHYXIA 252
DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURIES 253
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME 254
EPIDEMIOLOGY 254
PATHOLOGY 254
PATHOGENESIS 254
DIAGNOSIS 254
RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS 255
TREATMENT 255
COMPLICATIONS OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY 255
PROGNOSIS 255
ACUTE LUNG INJURY 256
EPIDEMIOLOGY 256
PATHOGENESIS 256
TREATMENT 256
OUTCOMES 256
IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIAS 257
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS 257
NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA 257
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLITIS–ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES 258
LYMPHOID INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS 258
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA 259
DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA 259
CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA 260
PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS 261
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS 262
LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS 263
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 263
PULMONARY LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS 264
SARCOIDOSIS 265
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 267
SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA) 268
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 269
DERMATOMYOSITIS AND POLYMYOSITIS 270
PULMONARY VASCULITIS 271
EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA 272
PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF OTHER DISEASES 273
PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 273
PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF LIVER DISEASE: HEPATOPULMONARY SYNDROME 273
PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS AFTER HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION: BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS AND IDIOPATHIC PNEUMONIA SYNDROME 274
SLEEP MEDICINE 275
SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING 276
SECTION 5: THERAPIES AND THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES 277
PULMONARY PHARMACOLOGY 278
β2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS 278
THEOPHYLLINE (METHYLXANTHINES) 279
ANTICHOLINERGICS 281
CORTICOSTEROIDS 281
CROMONES 283
ANTILEUKOTRIENES 284
ANTI-IgE THERAPY 285
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AND CORTICOSTEROID-SPARING THERAPY 286
ANTITUSSIVES 286
DRUGS FOR DYSPNEA 287
VENTILATORY STIMULANTS 287
PULMONARY REHABILITATION 288
OXYGEN THERAPY IN ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE 289
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS COMPOSITION 289
CARE AND MONITORING DURING OXYGEN THERAPY 289
METHODS OF OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION 290
OXYGEN THERAPY IN CHRONIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE (AMBULATORY AND HOME USE) 291
INTRODUCTION OF CHEST DRAINAGE TUBES 292
CHEST-DRAINING METHODS 293
POSTURAL DRAINAGE AND BREATHING EXERCISES 294
UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION AND THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER 295
SECURING AN EMERGENT AIRWAY 296
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION 297
TRACHEOSTOMY 298
MORBIDITY OF ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION AND TRACHEOSTOMY 299
ENDOTRACHEAL SUCTION 300
MECHANICAL VENTILATION 301
INDICATIONS AND GOALS OF THERAPY 301
PRINCIPLES OF POSITIVE-PRESSURE MECHANICAL VENTILATION 301
TRACHEAL RESECTION AND ANASTOMOSIS 302
REMOVAL OF MEDIASTINAL TUMORS 303
SUBLOBAR RESECTION AND SURGICAL LUNG BIOPSY 304
SEGMENTAL RESECTION 304
WEDGE RESECTION 304
LOBECTOMY 305
PNEUMONECTOMY 306
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY 308
LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION SURGERY 309
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION 310
SELECTED REFERENCES 311
Section 1: Anatomy and Embryology 311
Section 2: Physiology 311
Section 3: Diagnostic Procedures 311
Section 4: Diseases and Pathology 312
Section 5: Therapies and Therapeutic Procedures 314
INDEX 317