BOOK
Presentation, Imaging and Treatment of Common Musculoskeletal Conditions E-Book
Mark D. Miller | Timothy G. Sanders
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Take the mystery out of MRI interpretation and its relationship to arthroscopy with Presentation, Imaging and Treatment of Common Musculoskeletal Conditions: MR-Arthroscopy Correlation, by Drs. Mark D. Miller and Timothy G. Sanders. Abundantly illustrated with MR, arthroscopic, and anatomical images, this new title offers both orthopaedists and radiologists a correlated, systematic approach to diagnosis, helping you achieve accurate evaluations and ensuring that all clinically relevant structures are adequately assessed.
- Improve diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning/decision making, and patient outcomes by seeing how to correlate MRI and arthroscopic findings.
- Gain an enhanced appreciation of the sensitivity and specificity of MRI as a tool in musculoskeletal diagnosis.
- Enhance your diagnostic skills by reviewing illustrative case studies for each major joint, examining specific MRI and arthroscopic findings and considering the range of possible diagnoses.
Take the mystery out of MRI interpretation to assess more confidently.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Pin page | ifc_i | ||
| Video Contents | ifc_ii | ||
| Presentation, Imaging and Treatment of Common Musculoskeletal Conditions Expert Consult | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| I Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1 The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 2 | ||
| Introduction | 2 | ||
| Basics of MR Imaging | 2 | ||
| The Magnet | 2 | ||
| Surface Coils | 3 | ||
| Pulse Sequences | 3 | ||
| Fat-Saturation Techniques | 4 | ||
| Contrast Agents | 5 | ||
| Common MR Imaging Artifacts | 5 | ||
| MR Safety Issues | 6 | ||
| Intravenous Gadolinium: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NFS) | 8 | ||
| 2 Introduction to Arthroscopy | 8 | ||
| Introduction | 8 | ||
| Arthroscopic Equipment | 8 | ||
| Arthroscopic Team and Support | 10 | ||
| Arthroscopic Basics | 11 | ||
| Portals | 13 | ||
| Shoulder Arthroscopy | 13 | ||
| Elbow Arthroscopy | 13 | ||
| Wrist Arthroscopy | 13 | ||
| Hip Arthroscopy | 21 | ||
| Knee Arthroscopy | 21 | ||
| Ankle Arthroscopy | 26 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 26 | ||
| II Shoulder | 27 | ||
| 3 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Shoulder | 28 | ||
| General Facts Regarding Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Shoulder | 28 | ||
| MR Imaging Technique | 28 | ||
| Typical Imaging Protocols | 28 | ||
| Anatomic Evaluation | 29 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging | 30 | ||
| 4 Introduction to Arthroscopy of the Shoulder | 30 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 30 | ||
| Diagnostic Arthroscopy | 34 | ||
| References | 36 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 36 | ||
| 5 Rotator Cuff Disorders | 36 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Rotator Cuff | 36 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 37 | ||
| History | 37 | ||
| Physical Examination | 37 | ||
| Radiographs | 38 | ||
| Diagnosis | 38 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 38 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 38 | ||
| MR Imaging | 38 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 38 | ||
| Direct Signs | 39 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 41 | ||
| Pearls | 41 | ||
| Pitfalls | 42 | ||
| Treatment Options | 43 | ||
| Operative | 43 | ||
| Nonoperative | 43 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 43 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 44 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 44 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| 6 Subscapularis Disorders | 46 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Subscapularis | 46 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 46 | ||
| History | 46 | ||
| Physical Examination | 46 | ||
| Radiographs | 47 | ||
| Diagnosis | 47 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 47 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 47 | ||
| Mr Imaging | 47 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 47 | ||
| Direct Signs | 47 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 48 | ||
| Pearls | 48 | ||
| Pitfalls | 48 | ||
| Treatment Options | 48 | ||
| Operative | 48 | ||
| Nonoperative | 48 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 48 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 48 | ||
| 7 Pectoralis Major Injuries | 48 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Pectoralis Major | 48 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 49 | ||
| History | 49 | ||
| Physical Examination | 50 | ||
| Radiographs | 50 | ||
| Diagnosis | 50 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 50 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 50 | ||
| MR Imaging | 50 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 50 | ||
| Direct Signs | 50 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 51 | ||
| Pearls | 51 | ||
| Treatment Options | 51 | ||
| Operative | 51 | ||
| Nonoperative | 52 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 52 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 53 | ||
| 8 Anterior Instability (Bankart, AMBRI, HAGL, GLAD) | 53 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 53 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 53 | ||
| History | 53 | ||
| Physical Examination | 53 | ||
| Radiographs | 53 | ||
| Diagnosis | 54 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 54 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 54 | ||
| MR Imaging | 54 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 54 | ||
| Direct Signs | 54 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 57 | ||
| Pitfalls | 57 | ||
| Treatment Options | 58 | ||
| Operative | 58 | ||
| Nonoperative | 58 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 58 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 60 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 60 | ||
| 9 Posterior Instability | 60 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 60 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 60 | ||
| History | 60 | ||
| Physical Examination | 60 | ||
| Radiographs | 61 | ||
| Diagnosis | 61 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 61 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 61 | ||
| MR Imaging | 61 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 61 | ||
| Direct Signs | 61 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 62 | ||
| Pearls | 62 | ||
| Treatment Options | 62 | ||
| Operative | 62 | ||
| Nonoperative | 63 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 63 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 63 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 63 | ||
| 10 Multidirectional Instability | 63 | ||
| Introduction | 63 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 63 | ||
| History | 63 | ||
| Physical Examination | 64 | ||
| Radiographs | 64 | ||
| Diagnosis | 64 | ||
| MR Imaging | 64 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 64 | ||
| Direct Signs | 64 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 64 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 65 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 65 | ||
| Treatment Options | 65 | ||
| Operative | 65 | ||
| Nonoperative | 65 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 65 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 65 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 65 | ||
| 11 Superior Labral Injuries | 65 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Superior Labrum | 65 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 65 | ||
| History | 65 | ||
| Physical Examination | 65 | ||
| Radiographs | 66 | ||
| Diagnosis | 66 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 66 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 66 | ||
| MR Imaging | 66 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 66 | ||
| Direct Signs | 66 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 66 | ||
| Pearls | 66 | ||
| Pitfalls | 66 | ||
| Treatment Options | 66 | ||
| Operative | 66 | ||
| Nonoperative | 69 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 69 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 69 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 69 | ||
| 12 Internal Impingement | 70 | ||
| Introduction | 70 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 70 | ||
| History | 70 | ||
| Physical Examination | 70 | ||
| Radiographs | 70 | ||
| Diagnosis | 70 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 70 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 70 | ||
| MR Imaging | 70 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 70 | ||
| Direct Signs | 70 | ||
| Pearls | 70 | ||
| Pitfalls | 70 | ||
| Treatment Options | 70 | ||
| Operative | 70 | ||
| Nonoperative | 70 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 71 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 71 | ||
| 13 Long Head Biceps Tendon Disorders | 71 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Biceps Tendon | 71 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 71 | ||
| History | 71 | ||
| Physical Examination | 71 | ||
| Radiographs | 72 | ||
| Diagnosis | 72 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 72 | ||
| Associated injuries | 72 | ||
| MR Imaging | 72 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 72 | ||
| Direct Signs | 72 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 73 | ||
| Pearls | 73 | ||
| Pitfalls | 73 | ||
| Treatment Options | 74 | ||
| Operative | 74 | ||
| Nonoperative | 74 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 75 | ||
| Postoperative complications | 75 | ||
| Postoperative MRI findings | 75 | ||
| 14 Synovial Disorders | 75 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Synovium | 75 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 75 | ||
| History | 75 | ||
| Physical Examination | 75 | ||
| Radiographs | 76 | ||
| Diagnosis | 76 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 76 | ||
| Associated injuries | 76 | ||
| MR Imaging | 76 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 76 | ||
| Direct Signs | 76 | ||
| Pearls | 76 | ||
| Pitfalls | 76 | ||
| Treatment Options | 76 | ||
| Operative | 76 | ||
| Nonoperative | 77 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 77 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 77 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 77 | ||
| 15 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) | 78 | ||
| Relevant Anatomy | 78 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 78 | ||
| History | 78 | ||
| Physical Examination | 78 | ||
| Radiographs | 78 | ||
| Diagnosis | 78 | ||
| MR Imaging | 78 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 78 | ||
| Direct Signs | 79 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 79 | ||
| Pearls | 79 | ||
| Pitfalls | 79 | ||
| Treatment Options | 79 | ||
| Operative | 79 | ||
| Nonoperative | 80 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 80 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 80 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 80 | ||
| 16 Nerve Entrapment Syndromes | 81 | ||
| Sites of Nerve Compression Around the Shoulder | 81 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 81 | ||
| History | 81 | ||
| Physical Examination | 82 | ||
| Radiographs | 83 | ||
| Diagnosis | 83 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 83 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 83 | ||
| MR Imaging | 83 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 83 | ||
| Direct Signs | 84 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 84 | ||
| Pearls | 84 | ||
| Treatment Options | 86 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 86 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 86 | ||
| 17 Glenohumeral Articular Cartilage Lesions (Osteochondritis Dissecans) | 86 | ||
| Relevant Anatomy | 86 | ||
| Incidence | 86 | ||
| Etiology | 86 | ||
| Location | 86 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 86 | ||
| History | 86 | ||
| Physical Examination | 87 | ||
| Risk Factors | 87 | ||
| Radiographs | 87 | ||
| Diagnosis | 87 | ||
| Mr Imaging | 87 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 87 | ||
| Direct Signs | 87 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 88 | ||
| Pearls | 88 | ||
| Pitfalls | 88 | ||
| Treatment Options | 89 | ||
| Operative (FIG 17-5) | 89 | ||
| Nonoperative | 89 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 89 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 89 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 89 | ||
| 18 Acromioclavicular Disorders (Degenerative Joint Disease, Osteolysis) | 89 | ||
| Anatomy and Function (Fig 18-1) | 89 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 89 | ||
| History | 89 | ||
| Physical Examination | 89 | ||
| Radiographs | 89 | ||
| Diagnosis | 90 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 90 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 90 | ||
| Mr Imaging | 90 | ||
| Normal Appearance (FIG 18-2) | 90 | ||
| Direct Signs | 90 | ||
| Pearls | 91 | ||
| Pitfalls | 91 | ||
| Treatment Options | 91 | ||
| Operative | 91 | ||
| Nonoperative | 91 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 92 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 92 | ||
| Postoperative Mri Findings | 92 | ||
| 19 Acromioclavicular Separations | 93 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 93 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 93 | ||
| History | 93 | ||
| Physical Examination | 93 | ||
| Radiographs | 93 | ||
| Diagnosis | 93 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 93 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 94 | ||
| MRI Imaging | 94 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 94 | ||
| Direct Signs | 94 | ||
| Pitfalls | 94 | ||
| Treatment Options | 94 | ||
| Operative | 94 | ||
| Nonoperative | 95 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 95 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 95 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| 20 Sternoclavicular Injuries | 95 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Sternoclavicular Joint (Fig 20-1) | 95 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 95 | ||
| History | 95 | ||
| Physical Examination | 96 | ||
| Radiographs | 96 | ||
| Diagnosis | 96 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 96 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 96 | ||
| MR Imaging | 96 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 96 | ||
| Direct Signs | 97 | ||
| Pathology | 97 | ||
| Pearls | 99 | ||
| Pitfalls | 99 | ||
| Treatment Options | 99 | ||
| Operative | 99 | ||
| Nonoperative | 99 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 99 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 99 | ||
| 21 Proximal Humerus Fractures | 99 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Proximal Humerus | 99 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 100 | ||
| History | 100 | ||
| Physical Examination | 100 | ||
| Radiographs | 100 | ||
| Diagnosis | 100 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 100 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 100 | ||
| MR Imaging | 100 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 100 | ||
| Direct Signs | 100 | ||
| Treatment Options | 101 | ||
| Operative (FIG 21-5) | 101 | ||
| Nonoperative | 103 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 103 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 103 | ||
| 22 Glenoid Fractures | 103 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Glenoid | 103 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 103 | ||
| History | 103 | ||
| Physical Examination | 103 | ||
| Radiographs (FIG 22-1) | 104 | ||
| Diagnosis | 104 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 104 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 104 | ||
| MR Imaging | 104 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 104 | ||
| Direct Signs | 104 | ||
| Treatment Options | 104 | ||
| Operative | 104 | ||
| Nonoperative | 105 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 105 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 105 | ||
| 23 Scapula Fractures | 106 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Scapula | 106 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 106 | ||
| History | 106 | ||
| Physical Examination | 106 | ||
| Radiographs (FIG 23-1) | 106 | ||
| Diagnosis | 106 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 106 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 106 | ||
| MR Imaging | 106 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 106 | ||
| Direct Signs | 107 | ||
| Treatment Options | 107 | ||
| Operative | 107 | ||
| Nonoperative | 107 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 107 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 107 | ||
| Scapulothoracic Dissociation | 107 | ||
| 24 Clavicle Fractures | 108 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Clavicle | 108 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 108 | ||
| History | 108 | ||
| Physical Examination | 108 | ||
| Radiographs | 108 | ||
| Diagnosis | 108 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 108 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 109 | ||
| MR Imaging | 109 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 109 | ||
| Direct Signs | 109 | ||
| Pitfalls | 109 | ||
| Treatment Options | 109 | ||
| Operative | 109 | ||
| Nonoperative | 109 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 109 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 109 | ||
| References | 109 | ||
| 25 Avascular Necrosis | 109 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 109 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 109 | ||
| History | 109 | ||
| Physical Examination | 110 | ||
| Radiographs | 110 | ||
| Diagnosis | 110 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 110 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 110 | ||
| MR Imaging | 110 | ||
| Normal Appearance (FIG 25-1) | 110 | ||
| Direct Signs | 110 | ||
| Treatment Options | 111 | ||
| Operative | 111 | ||
| Nonoperative | 112 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 112 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 112 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| 26 Arthritides | 113 | ||
| Introduction | 113 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 113 | ||
| History | 113 | ||
| Physical Examination | 113 | ||
| Radiographs | 113 | ||
| Diagnosis | 113 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 113 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 113 | ||
| MR Imaging | 113 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 113 | ||
| Direct Signs | 113 | ||
| Pitfalls | 113 | ||
| Treatment Options | 113 | ||
| Operative | 113 | ||
| Nonoperative | 116 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 116 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 116 | ||
| III Elbow | 117 | ||
| 27 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elbow | 118 | ||
| Introduction | 118 | ||
| Coils | 118 | ||
| Typical Elbow Mr Imaging Protocol | 118 | ||
| Conventional MR Imaging of the Elbow | 118 | ||
| Protocol Tips | 118 | ||
| Direct Mr Arthrography | 118 | ||
| Indications | 118 | ||
| IV Wrist and Hand | 173 | ||
| 44 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Hand and Wrist | 174 | ||
| General Facts Regarding Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Hand and Wrist | 174 | ||
| Coils | 174 | ||
| Typical Hand and Wrist MR Imaging Protocols | 174 | ||
| Pulse Sequences | 176 | ||
| 45 Introduction to Arthroscopy of the Wrist | 176 | ||
| Positioning | 176 | ||
| Equipment | 177 | ||
| Arthroscope | 177 | ||
| Handheld Instruments | 177 | ||
| Relevant Anatomy | 177 | ||
| Portal Placement | 177 | ||
| Complications | 178 | ||
| Diagnostic Arthroscopy | 178 | ||
| 46 Tendon Injuries of the Wrist | 181 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Tendons of the Wrist | 181 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 183 | ||
| History | 183 | ||
| Physical Examination | 183 | ||
| Radiographs | 183 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 184 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 184 | ||
| MR Imaging | 184 | ||
| Direct Signs | 184 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Tendons | 186 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 186 | ||
| Treatment Options | 187 | ||
| Nonoperative | 187 | ||
| Operative | 187 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 188 | ||
| Surgical Care | 188 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 188 | ||
| Postoperative plan | 189 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 189 | ||
| Immediate | 189 | ||
| Delayed | 189 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging of the Tendons of the Wrist | 189 | ||
| 47 Tendon Injuries and Tendinopathies of the Hand | 189 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Tendons of the Hand and Fingers | 189 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 190 | ||
| History | 190 | ||
| Physical Examination | 190 | ||
| Radiographs | 190 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 190 | ||
| Flexor Tendon Injury in the Hand | 190 | ||
| Extensor Tendon Injuries in the Hand | 191 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 191 | ||
| MR Imaging | 191 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 191 | ||
| Direct Signs | 191 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 191 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Tendons | 191 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 191 | ||
| Treatment Options | 192 | ||
| Nonoperative | 192 | ||
| Operative | 192 | ||
| Flexor Tendon Repairs | 194 | ||
| Extensor Tendon Repairs | 194 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 194 | ||
| Surgical Care | 194 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 194 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 194 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 194 | ||
| Immediate | 194 | ||
| Delayed | 194 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 194 | ||
| 48 Trigger Finger and Pulley Injuries | 195 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of Trigger Finger and Pulley Injuries | 195 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 195 | ||
| History | 195 | ||
| Physical Examination | 195 | ||
| Radiographs | 196 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 196 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 196 | ||
| MR Imaging | 196 | ||
| Normal Appearance of the Pulley Mechanism | 197 | ||
| Direct Signs | 197 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 198 | ||
| Pearls | 198 | ||
| Treatment Options | 199 | ||
| Nonoperative | 199 | ||
| Operative | 199 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 199 | ||
| Surgical Care | 199 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 199 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 199 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 199 | ||
| Immediate | 199 | ||
| Delayed | 199 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 199 | ||
| 49 Ligamentous Injuries of the Wrist (Carpal Instability) | 200 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Ligaments of the Wrist | 200 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 200 | ||
| History | 200 | ||
| Physical Examination | 200 | ||
| Radiographs | 200 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 201 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 203 | ||
| MR Imaging | 203 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 203 | ||
| Direct Signs | 203 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 205 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 205 | ||
| Treatment Options | 206 | ||
| Nonoperative | 206 | ||
| Operative | 206 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 206 | ||
| Surgical Care | 207 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 207 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 208 | ||
| Immediate | 208 | ||
| Delayed | 208 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging | 208 | ||
| 50 Ligamentous Injuries of the Hand | 208 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Ligaments of the Hand | 208 | ||
| Clinical Presentation (Ulnar Collateral Ligament [UCL] Tear of the Thumb MCP Joint) | 208 | ||
| History | 208 | ||
| Physical Examination | 208 | ||
| Radiographs | 209 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 209 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 209 | ||
| MR Imaging | 210 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 210 | ||
| Direct Signs | 210 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 211 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 211 | ||
| Treatment Options | 211 | ||
| Nonoperative | 211 | ||
| Operative | 211 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 212 | ||
| Surgical Care | 212 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 212 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 212 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 212 | ||
| Immediate | 212 | ||
| Delayed | 212 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging | 212 | ||
| 51 Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries | 212 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex | 212 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 213 | ||
| History | 213 | ||
| Physical Examination | 213 | ||
| Radiographs | 213 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 213 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 213 | ||
| MR Imaging | 213 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 213 | ||
| Direct Signs | 214 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 216 | ||
| Pearls and Pitfalls | 216 | ||
| Treatment Options | 216 | ||
| Operative | 216 | ||
| Nonoperative | 216 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 216 | ||
| Surgical Care | 218 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 218 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 218 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 219 | ||
| Immediate | 219 | ||
| Delayed | 219 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 219 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MR Imaging Appearance | 219 | ||
| 52 Abutment Disorders | 219 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of Ulnar-Sided Abutment Syndromes | 219 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 220 | ||
| History | 220 | ||
| Physical Examination | 220 | ||
| Radiographs | 220 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 220 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 220 | ||
| MR Imaging | 220 | ||
| Ulnar-Lunate Abutment | 220 | ||
| Direct Signs | 220 | ||
| V Hip | 291 | ||
| 62 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Hip | 292 | ||
| General Facts Regarding Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Hip | 292 | ||
| Coils | 292 | ||
| Pulse Sequences—Characteristics and General Uses | 292 | ||
| Other Techniques | 292 | ||
| General MR Imaging Tips | 293 | ||
| Typical Hip MR Imaging Protocol | 294 | ||
| MR Imaging of the Hip | 294 | ||
| Direct MR Arthrography | 294 | ||
| Indirect MR Arthrography | 296 | ||
| Advanced Imaging (Fig 62-8) | 296 | ||
| Mechanical Imaging | 296 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 296 | ||
| 63 Introduction to Arthroscopy of the Hip | 296 | ||
| Introduction to Arthroscopy of the Hip | 296 | ||
| Hip Imaging | 296 | ||
| MR Imaging of the Hip Technique | 297 | ||
| Typical Hip MR Imaging Protocol | 297 | ||
| Unilateral Hip Protocol: Bony Architecture | 297 | ||
| Unilateral Hip Protocol: Labral and Intraarticular Evaluation | 297 | ||
| Alternative Hip Protocol | 297 | ||
| Patient Selection | 297 | ||
| Hip Arthroscopy Indications | 297 | ||
| Central Compartment | 297 | ||
| Peripheral Compartment | 297 | ||
| Peritrochanteric (Lateral) Compartment | 297 | ||
| Iliopsoas Bursoscopy | 298 | ||
| Hip Arthroscopy Contraindications | 298 | ||
| Relevant Anatomy | 298 | ||
| Acetabulum | 298 | ||
| Femoral Head Neck Junction | 298 | ||
| Ligaments | 298 | ||
| Muscles | 298 | ||
| Neurovascular Anatomy | 298 | ||
| Surgical Positioning | 298 | ||
| Additional Pearls | 299 | ||
| Equipment | 299 | ||
| Portal Placement | 299 | ||
| Diagnostic Arthroscopy | 300 | ||
| Central Compartment | 300 | ||
| Peripheral Compartment | 301 | ||
| Peritrochanteric Compartment | 302 | ||
| Iliopsoas Bursoscopy | 302 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 302 | ||
| VI Knee | 389 | ||
| 76 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee | 390 | ||
| Introduction | 390 | ||
| Coils | 390 | ||
| Typical Knee MR Imaging Protocol | 390 | ||
| Pulse Sequences | 392 | ||
| 77 Introduction to Arthroscopy of the Knee | 392 | ||
| Introduction | 392 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 392 | ||
| Examination Under Anesthesia | 393 | ||
| Positioning (FIG 77-1) | 393 | ||
| Equipment (FIG 77-2) | 393 | ||
| Relevant Anatomy (FIG 77-3) | 393 | ||
| Portal Placement (FIG 77-4) | 394 | ||
| Diagnostic Arthroscopy (FIG 77-5) | 395 | ||
| Complications | 399 | ||
| 78 Meniscal Disorders | 404 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Menisci | 404 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 404 | ||
| History | 404 | ||
| Physical Examination | 404 | ||
| Radiographs | 404 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 404 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 404 | ||
| MR Imaging | 404 | ||
| Direct Signs | 406 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 406 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities | 407 | ||
| Pearls | 408 | ||
| Pitfalls | 409 | ||
| Treatment Options | 411 | ||
| Operative | 411 | ||
| Nonoperative | 411 | ||
| Surgical Care | 412 | ||
| Treatment plan | 412 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 412 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 412 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging Findings | 412 | ||
| 79 Anterior Cruciate Ligament | 419 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament | 419 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 419 | ||
| History | 419 | ||
| Physical Examination | 420 | ||
| Radiographs | 420 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 421 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 421 | ||
| MR Imaging | 421 | ||
| Direct Signs | 421 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 423 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities | 424 | ||
| Pearls | 425 | ||
| Pitfalls | 425 | ||
| Treatment Options | 426 | ||
| Operative | 426 | ||
| Nonoperative | 427 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 427 | ||
| Surgical Care | 427 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 427 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 427 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 427 | ||
| Immediate | 427 | ||
| Delayed | 427 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 428 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MR Imaging Appearance | 428 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 428 | ||
| 80 Posterior Cruciate Ligament | 430 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament | 430 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 430 | ||
| History | 430 | ||
| Physical Examination | 432 | ||
| Radiographs | 432 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 432 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 432 | ||
| MR Imaging | 432 | ||
| Direct Signs | 432 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 433 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities | 433 | ||
| Pearls | 434 | ||
| Pitfalls | 434 | ||
| Treatment Options | 434 | ||
| Operative | 434 | ||
| Nonoperative | 434 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 434 | ||
| Surgical Care | 434 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 434 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 436 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 436 | ||
| Immediate | 436 | ||
| Delayed | 436 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging Findings | 436 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MR Imaging Appearance | 436 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 436 | ||
| 81 Medial Collateral Ligament/Posteromedial Complex | 437 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Medial Collateral Ligament Complex | 437 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 437 | ||
| History | 437 | ||
| Physical Examination | 437 | ||
| Radiographs | 437 | ||
| Classification of Medial Collateral Ligament Injury | 437 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 438 | ||
| MR Imaging | 438 | ||
| Direct Signs | 440 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 441 | ||
| Pearls | 441 | ||
| Pitfalls | 441 | ||
| Treatment Options | 441 | ||
| Operative | 441 | ||
| Nonoperative | 441 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 441 | ||
| Surgical Care | 441 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 441 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 442 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 442 | ||
| Immediate | 442 | ||
| Delayed | 442 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 444 | ||
| 82 Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex and Posterolateral Corner Structures | 444 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex and Posterolateral Corner Structures | 444 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 444 | ||
| History | 444 | ||
| Physical Examination | 444 | ||
| Radiographs | 446 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 446 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 447 | ||
| MR Imaging | 447 | ||
| Iliotibial Band Abnormalities | 447 | ||
| VII Leg | 527 | ||
| 94 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Foot and Ankle | 528 | ||
| General Facts Regarding Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Foot and Ankle | 528 | ||
| Coils | 528 | ||
| Typical Ankle MR Imaging Protocols | 528 | ||
| Typical Foot MR Imaging Protocols | 528 | ||
| 95 Introduction to Arthroscopy of the Ankle | 530 | ||
| Introduction | 530 | ||
| Relevant Anatomy | 530 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 533 | ||
| Perioperative Considerations | 534 | ||
| Portal Placement | 535 | ||
| Diagnostic Arthroscopy | 536 | ||
| Complications | 538 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 538 | ||
| 96 Achilles Tendon Disorders | 538 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 538 | ||
| Achilles Tendinopathies | 539 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 539 | ||
| History | 539 | ||
| Physical Examination | 539 | ||
| Radiographs | 539 | ||
| Classification | 540 | ||
| MR Imaging | 540 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 540 | ||
| Direct MR Imaging Signs | 540 | ||
| Indirect MR Imaging Signs | 541 | ||
| Pearls | 541 | ||
| Pitfalls | 542 | ||
| Treatment Options | 542 | ||
| Operative | 542 | ||
| Nonoperative | 542 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 542 | ||
| Surgical Care | 542 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 542 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 543 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 543 | ||
| Immediate | 543 | ||
| Delayed | 543 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 543 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MR Imaging Appearance | 543 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 544 | ||
| Achilles Tendon Rupture | 544 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 544 | ||
| History | 544 | ||
| Physical Examination | 544 | ||
| Radiographs | 545 | ||
| Classification | 545 | ||
| MR Imaging | 545 | ||
| Direct Signs | 545 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 545 | ||
| Pearls | 545 | ||
| Pitfalls | 545 | ||
| Treatment Options | 545 | ||
| Surgical Care | 546 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 546 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 546 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 546 | ||
| Immediate | 546 | ||
| Delayed | 546 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 546 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MR Imaging Appearance | 546 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 547 | ||
| Suggesting Readings | 547 | ||
| 97 Flexor Tendon Disorders | 547 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 547 | ||
| Adult Acquired Flatfoot | 548 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 548 | ||
| History | 548 | ||
| Physical Examination | 548 | ||
| Radiographs | 550 | ||
| Classification of AAFD | 550 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 551 | ||
| MR Imaging | 551 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 551 | ||
| Direct Signs | 551 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 552 | ||
| Pitfalls | 552 | ||
| Treatment Options | 552 | ||
| Operative | 552 | ||
| Nonoperative | 552 | ||
| Surgical Care | 554 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 554 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 556 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 556 | ||
| Immediate | 556 | ||
| Delayed | 557 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 557 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 557 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus Tenosynovitis | 557 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 557 | ||
| History | 557 | ||
| Physical Examination | 557 | ||
| Radiographs | 557 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 558 | ||
| MR Imaging | 558 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 558 | ||
| Direct Signs | 558 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 558 | ||
| Pearls | 558 | ||
| Pitfalls | 558 | ||
| Treatment Options | 558 | ||
| Operative | 559 | ||
| Nonoperative | 559 | ||
| Surgical Care | 559 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 559 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 559 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 559 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 559 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MR Imaging Appearance | 559 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 559 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 559 | ||
| 98 Peroneal Tendon Disorders | 560 | ||
| Anatomy and function | 560 | ||
| Peroneal Tendinopathy | 561 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 561 | ||
| History | 561 | ||
| Physical Examination | 561 | ||
| Radiographs | 562 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 562 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 562 | ||
| MR Imaging | 562 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 562 | ||
| Direct Signs | 562 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 563 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities | 563 | ||
| Pearls | 563 | ||
| Pitfalls | 563 | ||
| Treatment Options | 565 | ||
| Operative | 565 | ||
| Nonoperative | 565 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 565 | ||
| Surgical Care | 565 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 565 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 565 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 565 | ||
| Immediate | 565 | ||
| Delayed | 565 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 566 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 566 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 566 | ||
| Peroneal Tendon Subluxation | 567 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 567 | ||
| History | 567 | ||
| Physical Examination | 567 | ||
| Radiographs | 567 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 568 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 568 | ||
| MR Imaging | 568 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 568 | ||
| Direct Signs | 568 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 568 | ||
| Pearls | 568 | ||
| Pitfalls | 568 | ||
| Treatment Options | 568 | ||
| Operative | 568 | ||
| Nonoperative | 568 | ||
| Surgical Care | 569 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 569 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 569 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 570 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging Findings | 570 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MR Imaging Appearance | 570 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 570 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 570 | ||
| 99 Extensor Tendon Disorders | 571 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Foot and Ankle Extensor Tendons | 571 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture | 571 | ||
| History | 571 | ||
| Physical Examination | 572 | ||
| Radiographs | 573 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 573 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 573 | ||
| MR Imaging | 573 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 573 | ||
| Direct Signs | 573 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 573 | ||
| Pearls | 574 | ||
| Pitfalls | 574 | ||
| Treatment Options | 574 | ||
| Operative | 574 | ||
| Nonoperative | 574 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 575 | ||
| Surgical Care | 575 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 575 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 576 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 576 | ||
| Immediate | 576 | ||
| Delayed | 576 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging Findings | 576 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 576 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 576 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 576 | ||
| 100 Compartment Syndrome | 576 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Compartments of the Leg | 576 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 576 | ||
| History | 576 | ||
| Physical Examination | 577 | ||
| Radiographs | 577 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 577 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 577 | ||
| MR Imaging | 577 | ||
| Direct Signs | 577 | ||
| Pearls | 578 | ||
| Pitfalls | 578 | ||
| Treatment Options | 578 | ||
| Operative | 578 | ||
| Nonoperative | 578 | ||
| Endoscopic Findings | 578 | ||
| Surgical Care | 578 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 578 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 579 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 579 | ||
| Immediate | 579 | ||
| Delayed | 579 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 579 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 579 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 579 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 579 | ||
| 101 Calf Injuries | 579 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Calf | 580 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 580 | ||
| History | 580 | ||
| Physical Examination | 580 | ||
| Radiographs | 580 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 580 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 580 | ||
| MR Imaging | 580 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 580 | ||
| Direct Signs | 580 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 580 | ||
| Pitfalls | 580 | ||
| Treatment Options | 580 | ||
| Operative | 580 | ||
| Nonoperative | 581 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 581 | ||
| Surgical Care | 581 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 581 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 581 | ||
| 102 Chronic Ankle Instability | 582 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Medial and Lateral Ankle Ligaments | 582 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 582 | ||
| History | 582 | ||
| Physical Examination | 582 | ||
| Radiographs | 583 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 584 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 584 | ||
| MR Imaging | 584 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 584 | ||
| Direct Signs | 584 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 586 | ||
| Pearls | 586 | ||
| Pitfalls | 586 | ||
| Treatment Options | 586 | ||
| Operative | 586 | ||
| Nonoperative | 587 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 587 | ||
| Surgical Care | 588 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 588 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 590 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 590 | ||
| Immediate | 590 | ||
| Delayed | 590 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging Findings | 591 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 591 | ||
| 103 Acute Ankle Ligament Injuries | 591 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 591 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 592 | ||
| History | 592 | ||
| Physical Examination | 592 | ||
| Radiographs | 593 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 594 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 595 | ||
| MR Imaging | 595 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 595 | ||
| Direct Signs | 595 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 595 | ||
| Pearls | 595 | ||
| Pitfalls | 595 | ||
| Treatment Options | 596 | ||
| Operative | 596 | ||
| Nonoperative | 596 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 597 | ||
| Surgical Care | 597 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 597 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 598 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 599 | ||
| Immediate | 599 | ||
| Delayed | 599 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 599 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 599 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 599 | ||
| 104 Ligamentous Injuries of the Foot | 600 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Foot | 600 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 600 | ||
| History | 600 | ||
| Physical Examination | 600 | ||
| Radiographs | 601 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 602 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 602 | ||
| MR Imaging | 602 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 602 | ||
| Direct Signs | 603 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 603 | ||
| Pearls | 603 | ||
| Pitfalls | 603 | ||
| Treatment Options | 604 | ||
| Operative | 604 | ||
| Nonoperative | 604 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 604 | ||
| Surgical Care | 604 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 604 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 605 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 606 | ||
| Immediate | 606 | ||
| Delayed | 606 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 606 | ||
| Postoperative Appearance | 606 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 607 | ||
| 105 Osteochondral Lesions | 607 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 607 | ||
| Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus | 607 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 607 | ||
| History | 607 | ||
| Physical Examination | 607 | ||
| Radiographs | 607 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 608 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 609 | ||
| MR Imaging | 609 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 609 | ||
| Direct Signs | 609 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 609 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities | 609 | ||
| Pearls | 609 | ||
| Pitfalls | 610 | ||
| Treatment Options | 610 | ||
| Operative | 610 | ||
| Nonoperative | 610 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 610 | ||
| Surgical Care | 611 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 611 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 612 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 613 | ||
| Immediate | 613 | ||
| Delayed | 613 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 613 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 613 | ||
| Freiberg’s Disease | 613 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 613 | ||
| History | 613 | ||
| Physical Examination | 614 | ||
| Radiographs | 614 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 615 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 615 | ||
| MR Imaging | 615 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 615 | ||
| Direct Signs | 615 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 615 | ||
| Pearls | 615 | ||
| Treatment Options | 615 | ||
| Operative | 615 | ||
| Nonoperative | 615 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 615 | ||
| Surgical Care | 615 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 615 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 616 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 616 | ||
| Immediate | 616 | ||
| Delayed | 616 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 617 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 617 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 617 | ||
| 106 Impingement Syndromes | 617 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Ankle | 617 | ||
| Posterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome | 618 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 618 | ||
| History | 618 | ||
| Physical Examination | 618 | ||
| Radiographs | 618 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 618 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 618 | ||
| MR Imaging | 618 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 618 | ||
| Direct Signs | 619 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 619 | ||
| Pearls | 620 | ||
| Pitfalls | 620 | ||
| Treatment Options | 620 | ||
| Operative | 620 | ||
| Nonoperative | 620 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 620 | ||
| Surgical Care | 620 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 620 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 620 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 620 | ||
| Immediate | 620 | ||
| Delayed | 621 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 621 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 621 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 621 | ||
| Anterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome | 621 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 621 | ||
| History | 621 | ||
| Physical Examination | 621 | ||
| Radiographs | 622 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 622 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 622 | ||
| MR Imaging | 622 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 622 | ||
| Direct Signs | 622 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 623 | ||
| Pearls | 623 | ||
| Pitfalls | 623 | ||
| Treatment Options | 623 | ||
| Operative | 623 | ||
| Nonoperative | 623 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 623 | ||
| Surgical Care | 623 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 623 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 625 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 625 | ||
| Immediate | 625 | ||
| Delayed | 625 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 625 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 625 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 625 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 625 | ||
| 107 Nerve Entrapment Syndromes | 626 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 626 | ||
| Morton’s Neuroma | 627 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 627 | ||
| History | 627 | ||
| Physical Examination | 627 | ||
| Radiographs | 627 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 627 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 627 | ||
| MR Imaging | 627 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 627 | ||
| Direct Signs | 627 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 627 | ||
| Pearls | 628 | ||
| Pitfalls | 628 | ||
| Treatment Options | 628 | ||
| Operative | 628 | ||
| Nonoperative | 628 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 628 | ||
| Surgical Care | 628 | ||
| Treatment plan | 628 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 629 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 629 | ||
| Immediate | 629 | ||
| Delayed | 629 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 629 | ||
| MRI Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 629 | ||
| Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome | 629 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 629 | ||
| History | 629 | ||
| Physical Examination | 630 | ||
| Radiographs | 630 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 630 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 630 | ||
| MR Imaging | 630 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 630 | ||
| Direct Signs | 630 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 630 | ||
| Treatment Options | 630 | ||
| Operative | 630 | ||
| Nonoperative | 631 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 631 | ||
| Surgical Care | 631 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 631 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 632 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 632 | ||
| Immediate | 632 | ||
| Delayed | 632 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 632 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 632 | ||
| Lateral Plantar Nerve Compression | 632 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 632 | ||
| History | 632 | ||
| Physical Examination | 633 | ||
| Radiographs | 633 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 633 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 633 | ||
| MR Imaging | 633 | ||
| Direct Signs | 633 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 633 | ||
| Treatment Options | 633 | ||
| Operative | 633 | ||
| Nonoperative | 633 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 633 | ||
| Surgical Care | 633 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 633 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 634 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 634 | ||
| Immediate | 634 | ||
| Delayed | 634 | ||
| Superficial Peroneal Nerve Compression | 634 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 634 | ||
| History | 634 | ||
| Physical Examination | 634 | ||
| Radiographs | 635 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 635 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 635 | ||
| MR Imaging | 635 | ||
| Treatment Options | 635 | ||
| Operative | 635 | ||
| Nonoperative | 635 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 635 | ||
| Surgical Care | 635 | ||
| Treatment plan | 635 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 635 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 635 | ||
| Immediate | 635 | ||
| Delayed | 635 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 635 | ||
| 108 The Plantar Fascia | 636 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Plantar Fascia | 636 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 636 | ||
| History | 636 | ||
| Physical Examination | 637 | ||
| Radiographs | 637 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 637 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 637 | ||
| Mr Imaging | 637 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 637 | ||
| Direct Signs | 638 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 638 | ||
| Treatment Options | 638 | ||
| Operative | 638 | ||
| Nonoperative | 639 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 640 | ||
| Surgical Care | 640 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 640 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 642 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 642 | ||
| Immediate | 642 | ||
| Delayed | 642 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 642 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 642 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 642 | ||
| 109 Bunions/Bunionettes | 643 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Metatarsophalangeal Joints | 643 | ||
| Bunions | 644 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 644 | ||
| History | 644 | ||
| Physical Examination | 644 | ||
| Radiographs | 645 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 646 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 646 | ||
| MR Imaging | 646 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 646 | ||
| Pearls | 646 | ||
| Pitfalls | 647 | ||
| Treatment Options | 647 | ||
| Operative | 647 | ||
| Nonoperative | 648 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 648 | ||
| Surgical Care | 648 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 648 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 651 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 652 | ||
| Immediate | 652 | ||
| Delayed | 652 | ||
| Bunionettes | 653 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 653 | ||
| History | 653 | ||
| Physical Examination | 653 | ||
| Radiographs | 653 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 653 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 653 | ||
| Mr Imaging | 653 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 653 | ||
| Treatment Options | 653 | ||
| Operative | 653 | ||
| Nonoperative | 653 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 654 | ||
| Surgical Care | 654 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 654 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 654 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 654 | ||
| Immediate | 654 | ||
| Delayed | 655 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 655 | ||
| 110 Claw and Hammer Toes | 655 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Toes | 655 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 656 | ||
| History | 656 | ||
| Physical Examination | 656 | ||
| Radiographs | 657 | ||
| Classification Of Abnormalities | 657 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 658 | ||
| Mr Imaging | 658 | ||
| Treatment Options | 658 | ||
| Operative | 658 | ||
| Nonoperative | 658 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 658 | ||
| Surgical Care | 658 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 658 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 662 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 662 | ||
| Immediate | 662 | ||
| Delayed | 662 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 662 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 662 | ||
| 111 Tarsal Coalition | 662 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Hindfoot | 662 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 663 | ||
| History | 663 | ||
| Physical Examination | 663 | ||
| Radiographs | 663 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 664 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 664 | ||
| MR Imaging | 664 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 664 | ||
| Direct Signs | 665 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 665 | ||
| Pitfalls | 665 | ||
| Treatment Options | 665 | ||
| Operative | 665 | ||
| Nonoperative | 666 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 667 | ||
| Surgical Care | 667 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 668 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 668 | ||
| Immediate | 668 | ||
| Delayed | 668 | ||
| Postoperative MR Imaging | 669 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 669 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 669 | ||
| 112 Disorders of the Hallucal Sesamoids | 669 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Sesamoids | 669 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 670 | ||
| History | 670 | ||
| Physical Examination | 670 | ||
| Radiographs | 670 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 670 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 671 | ||
| MR Imaging | 671 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 671 | ||
| Direct Signs | 671 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 671 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities | 671 | ||
| Pearls | 671 | ||
| Treatment Options | 672 | ||
| Operative | 672 | ||
| Nonoperative | 672 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 673 | ||
| Surgical Care | 673 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 673 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 674 | ||
| Immediate | 674 | ||
| Delayed | 674 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 674 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 674 | ||
| 113 Stress Fractures of the Foot and Ankle | 674 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 674 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 675 | ||
| History | 675 | ||
| Physical Examination | 676 | ||
| Radiographs | 676 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 676 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 676 | ||
| MR Imaging | 676 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 676 | ||
| Direct Signs | 676 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 677 | ||
| Nontraumatic Abnormalities | 677 | ||
| Pitfalls | 678 | ||
| Treatment Options | 678 | ||
| Operative | 678 | ||
| Nonoperative | 678 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 678 | ||
| Surgical Care | 679 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 679 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 680 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 680 | ||
| Immediate | 680 | ||
| Delayed | 680 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 681 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 681 | ||
| 114 Ankle Fractures | 681 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Ankle | 681 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 682 | ||
| History | 682 | ||
| Physical Examination | 682 | ||
| Radiographs | 682 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 683 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 684 | ||
| MR Imaging | 685 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 685 | ||
| Pearls | 685 | ||
| Treatment Options | 685 | ||
| Operative | 685 | ||
| Nonoperative | 686 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 687 | ||
| Surgical Care | 687 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 687 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 689 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 690 | ||
| Immediate | 690 | ||
| Delayed | 690 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 690 | ||
| 115 Tarsal Fractures | 690 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Tarsal Bones | 691 | ||
| Calcaneus Fractures | 692 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 692 | ||
| History | 692 | ||
| Physical Examination | 693 | ||
| Radiographs | 693 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 694 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 694 | ||
| Mr Imaging | 695 | ||
| Treatment Options | 695 | ||
| Operative | 695 | ||
| Nonoperative | 695 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 696 | ||
| Surgical Care | 696 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 696 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 698 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 698 | ||
| Immediate | 698 | ||
| Delayed | 698 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 698 | ||
| Talus Fractures/Dislocations | 698 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 698 | ||
| History | 698 | ||
| Physical Examination | 699 | ||
| Radiographs | 699 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 700 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 701 | ||
| Treatment Options | 701 | ||
| Operative | 701 | ||
| Nonoperative | 702 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 702 | ||
| Surgical Care | 702 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 702 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 704 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 704 | ||
| Immediate | 704 | ||
| Delayed | 705 | ||
| Postoperative Mri Findings | 705 | ||
| MR Imaging of Postoperative Complications | 705 | ||
| Navicular Fractures | 705 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 705 | ||
| History | 705 | ||
| Physical Examination | 705 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 706 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 706 | ||
| Treatment Options | 706 | ||
| Operative | 706 | ||
| Nonoperative | 706 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 706 | ||
| Surgical Care | 707 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 707 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 707 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 707 | ||
| Immediate | 707 | ||
| Delayed | 707 | ||
| Cuboid Fractures | 707 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 707 | ||
| History | 707 | ||
| Physical Examination | 708 | ||
| Classification Of Abnormalities | 709 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 709 | ||
| Treatment Options | 709 | ||
| Operative | 709 | ||
| Nonoperative | 709 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 709 | ||
| Surgical Care | 709 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 709 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 709 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 709 | ||
| Immediate | 709 | ||
| Delayed | 709 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 709 | ||
| 116 Foot Fractures | 710 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Forefoot | 710 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 711 | ||
| History | 711 | ||
| Physical Examination | 711 | ||
| Radiographs | 711 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 711 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 712 | ||
| MR Imaging | 712 | ||
| Treatment Options | 712 | ||
| Operative | 712 | ||
| Nonoperative | 712 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 714 | ||
| Surgical Care | 714 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 714 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 717 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 718 | ||
| Immediate | 718 | ||
| Delayed | 718 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 718 | ||
| 117 The Diabetic Foot | 718 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 718 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 719 | ||
| History | 719 | ||
| Physical Examination | 719 | ||
| Radiographs | 720 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 720 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 722 | ||
| MR Imaging | 722 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 722 | ||
| Direct Signs | 722 | ||
| Indirect Signs | 724 | ||
| Pearls | 724 | ||
| Pitfalls | 724 | ||
| Treatment Options | 724 | ||
| Operative | 724 | ||
| Nonoperative | 725 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 726 | ||
| Surgical Care | 726 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 726 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 727 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 727 | ||
| Immediate | 727 | ||
| Delayed | 727 | ||
| Postoperative MRI Findings | 727 | ||
| Normal Postoperative MRI Appearance | 727 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 727 | ||
| 118 Arthritides of the Foot and Ankle | 728 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Foot and Ankle | 728 | ||
| Tibiotalar Arthritis | 729 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 729 | ||
| History | 729 | ||
| Physical Examination | 729 | ||
| Radiographs | 729 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 731 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 731 | ||
| MR Imaging | 731 | ||
| Normal Appearance | 731 | ||
| Pearls | 731 | ||
| Pitfalls | 731 | ||
| Treatment Options | 732 | ||
| Operative | 732 | ||
| Nonoperative | 733 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 733 | ||
| Surgical Care | 733 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 733 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 735 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 735 | ||
| Immediate | 735 | ||
| Delayed | 735 | ||
| Hindfoot Arthritis | 737 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 737 | ||
| History | 737 | ||
| Physical Examination | 737 | ||
| Radiographs | 738 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 738 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 738 | ||
| Treatment Options | 739 | ||
| Operative | 739 | ||
| Nonoperative | 740 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 740 | ||
| Surgical Care | 740 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 740 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 742 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 742 | ||
| Immediate | 742 | ||
| Delayed | 742 | ||
| Midfoot Arthritis | 742 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 742 | ||
| History | 742 | ||
| Physical Examination | 742 | ||
| Radiographs | 742 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 742 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 742 | ||
| Treatment Options | 743 | ||
| Operative | 743 | ||
| Nonoperative | 743 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 743 | ||
| Surgical Care | 743 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 743 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 744 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 745 | ||
| Immediate | 745 | ||
| Delayed | 745 | ||
| Forefoot/First MTP Arthritis | 745 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 745 | ||
| History | 745 | ||
| Physical Examination | 745 | ||
| Radiographs | 747 | ||
| Classification of Abnormalities | 747 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 747 | ||
| Treatment Options | 748 | ||
| Operative | 748 | ||
| Nonoperative | 749 | ||
| Arthroscopic Findings | 749 | ||
| Surgical Care | 749 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 749 | ||
| Postoperative Plan | 752 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 752 | ||
| Immediate | 752 | ||
| Delayed | 752 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 752 | ||
| Index | 753 | ||
| A | 753 | ||
| B | 753 | ||
| C | 753 | ||
| D | 757 | ||
| E | 759 | ||
| F | 759 | ||
| G | 760 | ||
| H | 760 | ||
| I | 760 | ||
| J | 764 | ||
| K | 764 | ||
| L | 764 | ||
| M | 764 | ||
| N | 766 | ||
| O | 766 | ||
| P | 766 | ||
| R | 770 | ||
| S | 770 | ||
| T | 770 | ||
| U | 772 | ||
| V | 772 | ||
| W | 772 |