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Book Details
Abstract
Frank R. Noyes, MD—internationally-renowned knee surgeon and orthopaedic sports medicine specialist—presents Noyes’ Knee Disorders, an unparalleled resource on the diagnosis, management, and outcomes analysis for the full range of complex knee disorders. Master the technical details of procedures such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, meniscus repair, articular cartilage restoration, and many others, and implement appropriate post-operative rehabilitation programs and protocols. Analyze and manage gender disparities in anterior cruciate ligament injuries. You can access the full text, as well as downloadable images, PubMed links, and alerts to new research online at www.expertconsult.com.
- Offers online access to the full text, downloadable images, PubMed links, and alerts to new research online at expertconsult.com through Expert Consult functionality for convenient reference.
- Presents step-by-step descriptions on the full range of complex soft tissue knee operative procedures for the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, meniscus repair, soft tissue transplants, osseous malalignments, articular cartilage restoration, posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and more to provide you with guidance for the management of any patient.
- Relies on Dr. Noyes’ meticulous published clinical studies and outcomes data from other peer-reviewed publications as a scientifically valid foundation for patient care.
- Features detailed post-operative rehabilitation programs and protocols so that you can apply proven techniques and ease your patients’ progression from one phase to the next.
- Bonus video available only from the website provides live presentations from the 2009 Advances on the Knee and Shoulder course, step-by-step surgical demonstration of an opening wedge tibial osteotomy, and a 4-part series on the Diagnosis of Knee Ligament Injuries.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Noyes’ Knee Disorders: Surgery, Rehabilitation, Clinical Outcomes | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface 1 | xi | ||
| Preface 2 | xv | ||
| Foreword 1 | xvii | ||
| Foreword 2 | xix | ||
| Contents | xxi | ||
| Section I: Knee Anatomy | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Medial and Anterior Knee Anatomy | 3 | ||
| Medial Anatomy of the Knee | 3 | ||
| Anterior Anatomy of the Knee | 10 | ||
| Conclusions | 18 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2: Lateral, Posterior, and Cruciate Knee Anatomy | 20 | ||
| Introduction | 20 | ||
| Iliotibial Band | 20 | ||
| FCL | 22 | ||
| Fabellofibular Ligament | 23 | ||
| Fabella | 23 | ||
| PMTL Complex | 23 | ||
| Biceps Femoris | 26 | ||
| The Fibular Head | 28 | ||
| The Knee Capsule | 28 | ||
| ACL | 29 | ||
| PCL | 33 | ||
| Conclusion | 41 | ||
| References | 41 | ||
| Section II: Classification and Biomechanics | 45 | ||
| Chapter 3: The Scientific Basis for Examination and Classification of Knee Ligament Injuries | 47 | ||
| Classification System for Knee ligament Injuries | 47 | ||
| Ligamentous Restraints to Ap Translation | 57 | ||
| Ligamentous and Capsular Restraints Resisting Media land Lateral Joint Opening | 60 | ||
| Function of Medial and Posteromedial Ligaments in Acl-Deficient Knees | 69 | ||
| Effect of Sectioning The MCL and The PMC On Posterior Tibial Translation | 74 | ||
| Role of the POL | 75 | ||
| Variability Between Clinicians During Clinical Knee Ligament Testing | 75 | ||
| Definition of Terms for Knee Motions, Positions, and Ligament Injuries | 80 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Chapter 4: Knee Ligament Function and Failure | 89 | ||
| Ligament Fiber Length-Tension Properties | 89 | ||
| How Ligament Fiber Microgeometry Determines Ligament Function and Failure | 90 | ||
| Importance of Femoral Attachment on Ligament Length-Tension Patterns | 92 | ||
| Ligament Fiber Length-Tension Patterns and Burmester Curves | 96 | ||
| Mechanical Properties of Ligaments | 97 | ||
| Effects of Immobilization and Disuse on Ligament Biomechanical Properties | 101 | ||
| Strength of the ACL: Age-Related and Species-Related Changes | 103 | ||
| Effect of Intra-Articular Corticosteroids on Ligament Properties | 106 | ||
| Effect of Vascularized and Nonvascularized ACL Grafts on Biomechanical Properties | 108 | ||
| Effect of Cellular Necrosis and Stress-Shielding on ACL Healing And Retention Of Native ACL Fiber Microarchitecture | 109 | ||
| Allografts and Autografts: Biomechanical Properties After Implantation and Effect of Irradiation | 109 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| Section III: Anterior Cruciate Ligament | 115 | ||
| Chapter 5: Biology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Healing | 117 | ||
| Introduction | 117 | ||
| Native Tendon-Bone Insertion | 117 | ||
| Tendon-Bone Insertion After ACL Reconstruction | 118 | ||
| Challenges of Tendon-Bone Healing After ACL Reconstruction | 118 | ||
| Modulation of Tendon-Bone Healing | 119 | ||
| Bone-to-Bone Healing in ACL Autograft Reconstruction | 124 | ||
| Intra-Articular Graft Healing in ACL Autograft Reconstruction | 125 | ||
| Primary ACL Healing and Repair | 126 | ||
| Allograft Healing in ACL Reconstruction | 127 | ||
| Conclusion | 127 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Chapter 6: Human Movement and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Function: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency and Gait Mechanics | 130 | ||
| Introduction | 130 | ||
| Joint Kinetics During Gait and the ACL-Deficient Knee | 131 | ||
| Knee Kinematics During Walking And ACL Injury | 134 | ||
| The Adduction Moment at the Knee and ACL Injury | 136 | ||
| Summary | 137 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Chapter 7: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Primary and Revision Reconstruction: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcom | 140 | ||
| Indications | 141 | ||
| Contraindications | 143 | ||
| Clinical Biomechanics | 144 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 160 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 161 | ||
| Intraoperative Evalution | 161 | ||
| Operative Techniques | 162 | ||
| Authors’ ACL Primary Reconstruction Clinical Studies | 191 | ||
| Authors’ ACL Revision Clinical Studies | 199 | ||
| Other Authors’ Clinical Studies | 201 | ||
| Prevention and Management of Complications | 212 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 215 | ||
| References | 223 | ||
| Chapter 8: Graft Options for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction | 229 | ||
| Introduction | 229 | ||
| Synthetic Grafts and Augmentation Devices | 229 | ||
| Allografts | 231 | ||
| Autografts | 233 | ||
| Authors’ Approach | 235 | ||
| Summary | 237 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| Chapter 9: Allografts: Graft Sterilization and Tissue Banking Safety Issues | 240 | ||
| Overview of Current Allograft Tissue Use | 240 | ||
| Current Tissue Bank Regulation | 240 | ||
| Allograft Tissue Processing | 241 | ||
| Summary | 244 | ||
| References | 244 | ||
| Chapter 10: Scientific and Clinical Basis for Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Primary and Revision K | 245 | ||
| Indications | 245 | ||
| Contraindications | 247 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 247 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 248 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 249 | ||
| Operative Technique | 250 | ||
| Authors’ Outcomes | 256 | ||
| Other Authors’ Outcomes | 256 | ||
| Prevention and Management of Complications | 256 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| Chapter 11: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients | 258 | ||
| Introduction | 258 | ||
| Indications | 258 | ||
| Contraindications | 259 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 259 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 259 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 260 | ||
| Operative Techniques and Clinical Outcomes | 260 | ||
| Complications: Causes and Prevention | 264 | ||
| References | 267 | ||
| Chapter 12: Scientific Basis of Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autogenous Reconstruction | 268 | ||
| Factors that Affect Postoperative Rehabilitation and Outcomes | 268 | ||
| Autogenous ACL Graft Maturation in Humans | 270 | ||
| Immediate Knee Motion | 271 | ||
| Early Weight-Bearing | 275 | ||
| Postoperative Bracing | 275 | ||
| Lower Extremity Muscle Strength Atrophy And Recovery After Surgery | 278 | ||
| Open Versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises: Biomechanical, in Vivo, and Clinical Studies | 280 | ||
| Patellofemoral Joint Considerations | 288 | ||
| Alterations in Gait, Neuromuscular Function, and Proprioception After ACL Reconstruction | 289 | ||
| Clinical Studies and Outcome of ACL Rehabilitation Programs | 293 | ||
| Accelerated Rehabilitation: Indications, Contraindications, and Outcome | 295 | ||
| Criteria for Patient Release and Return to Sports Activities | 296 | ||
| Risks for Reinjury and Future Joint Arthrosis | 297 | ||
| References | 300 | ||
| Chapter 13: Rehabilitation of Primary and Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions | 306 | ||
| Clinical Concepts | 306 | ||
| Rehabilitation Protocol for Primary ACL B-PT-B Autogenous Reconstruction: Early Return to Strenuous Activities | 307 | ||
| Rehabilitation Protocol with Delayed Parameters for Revision ACL Reconstruction, Allografts, and Complex Knees | 329 | ||
| References | 335 | ||
| Chapter 14: Neuromuscular Retraining after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction | 337 | ||
| Introduction | 337 | ||
| Terminology | 337 | ||
| Effects of Injury on Proprioception | 338 | ||
| Effects of Injury on Gait | 339 | ||
| Duration of Injury Effects | 339 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 339 | ||
| Stages of Motor Skill Development | 340 | ||
| Neuromuscular-Training Program | 340 | ||
| Rehabilitation Program | 343 | ||
| Conclusions | 355 | ||
| References | 355 | ||
| Section IV: Gender Disparity in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries | 357 | ||
| Chapter 15: Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in the Female Athlete | 359 | ||
| Introduction | 359 | ||
| Genetic Predisposition | 360 | ||
| Environmental | 361 | ||
| Anatomic | 362 | ||
| Neuromuscular/Biomechanics | 366 | ||
| Conclusions | 375 | ||
| References | 375 | ||
| Chapter 16: Lower Limb Neuromuscular Control and Strength in Prepubescent and Adolescent Male and Female Athletes | 379 | ||
| Introduction | 379 | ||
| Neuromuscular Testing Methods | 380 | ||
| Study | 384 | ||
| Study | 389 | ||
| Study | 393 | ||
| Study | 398 | ||
| Conclusions | 401 | ||
| References | 401 | ||
| Chapter 17: Differences in Neuromuscular Characteristics between Male and Female Athletes | 404 | ||
| Introduction | 404 | ||
| Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Female Athletes | 404 | ||
| Proprioception | 405 | ||
| Balance and Postural Stability | 406 | ||
| EMG Activity | 407 | ||
| Strength | 408 | ||
| Biomechanics | 409 | ||
| Fatigue | 411 | ||
| Current Research | 412 | ||
| Summary | 412 | ||
| References | 412 | ||
| Chapter 18: Gender Differences in Muscular Protection of the Knee | 415 | ||
| Introduction: Protection System | 415 | ||
| Proprioception | 415 | ||
| Muscle Response | 416 | ||
| Functional Biomechanics | 420 | ||
| Training Programs | 424 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 425 | ||
| References | 426 | ||
| Chapter 19: Decreasing the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes | 428 | ||
| Scientific Rationale and Supporting Investigations for Sportsmetrics Neuromuscular Retraining Program | 428 | ||
| Sports Injury Test | 432 | ||
| Sportsmetrics Neuromuscular Training Program Components | 433 | ||
| Sportsmetrics Training Program Options | 451 | ||
| Strategies for Implementation of Neuromuscular Training | 461 | ||
| References | 462 | ||
| Section V: Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Ligament Structures | 465 | ||
| Chapter 20: Function of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Ligament Structures | 467 | ||
| Introduction | 467 | ||
| Effect of Sectioning the PCL and PLS on the Limits of Knee Motion | 467 | ||
| Role of the Posterior Oblique Ligament | 472 | ||
| Function and Role of the PMTL | 473 | ||
| Posterior Subluxations of the Medial and Lateral Tibiofemoral Compartments | 475 | ||
| Effect of PCL and Posterolateral Reconstruction on Restoring Normal Knee Motion Limits | 479 | ||
| Clinical Effects of Posterior Tibial Subluxation of the PCL-Deficient Knee | 481 | ||
| Meniscofemoral Ligaments | 482 | ||
| Popliteomeniscal Fascicle Attachments | 484 | ||
| PCL Fiber Function: Scientific Basis for Placement of PCL Grafts at Tibiofemoral Locations | 484 | ||
| Cyclical Fatigue Testing of One- and Two-Strand PCL Graft Constructs | 496 | ||
| References | 500 | ||
| Chapter 21: Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 503 | ||
| Indications | 503 | ||
| Contraindications | 506 | ||
| PCL Anatomy | 506 | ||
| Vascular Anatomy and Variations | 510 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 512 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 514 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 517 | ||
| Operative Techniques | 518 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Studies | 552 | ||
| Results from Other Clinical Studies | 558 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 566 | ||
| References | 572 | ||
| Chapter 22: Posterolateral Ligament Injuries: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 577 | ||
| Indications | 577 | ||
| Contraindications | 578 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 578 | ||
| Classification and Treatment of Partial to Complete PL Injuries | 585 | ||
| Preoperative Planning: Timing of Surgery | 585 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 587 | ||
| Operative Treatment of Acute PL Ruptures | 589 | ||
| Operative Treatment of Chronic PL Ruptures | 597 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Studies | 611 | ||
| Other Operative Techniquesand Results | 615 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 620 | ||
| References | 629 | ||
| Chapter 23: Rehabilitation of Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Reconstructive Procedures | 631 | ||
| Clinical Concepts | 631 | ||
| PCL Clinical Biomechanics | 632 | ||
| Protocol for Partial or Acute Isolated PCL Ruptures | 634 | ||
| PCL Reconstruction Postoperative Protocol | 634 | ||
| Posterolateral Reconstruction Rehabilitation | 650 | ||
| References | 657 | ||
| Section VI: Medial Collateral Ligament | 659 | ||
| Chapter 24: Medial and Posteromedial Ligament Injuries: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 661 | ||
| Indications | 661 | ||
| Contraindications | 662 | ||
| Clinical Biomechanics | 664 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 667 | ||
| Conservative Versus Operative Treatment Rules and Planning | 670 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 672 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 673 | ||
| Complications | 678 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Study | 679 | ||
| Results from Other Clinical Studies | 681 | ||
| Illustrative Case | 688 | ||
| References | 690 | ||
| Chapter 25: Rehabilitation of Medial Ligament Injuries | 692 | ||
| Clinical Concepts | 692 | ||
| Conservative Treatment of Medial Ligament Injuries | 693 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation of Medial Ligament Repairs/Reconstructions | 700 | ||
| References | 706 | ||
| Section VII: Dislocated Knees and Multiple Ligament Injuries | 709 | ||
| Chapter 26: Classification of Knee Dislocations | 711 | ||
| Introduction | 711 | ||
| Definition of Knee Dislocation | 711 | ||
| Position Classification System | 713 | ||
| Energy of Injury Classification System | 714 | ||
| Anatomic Classification System | 715 | ||
| Conclusion | 718 | ||
| References | 718 | ||
| Chapter 27: Management of Acute Knee Dislocation before Surgical Intervention | 720 | ||
| Evaluation | 720 | ||
| Classification | 720 | ||
| Vascular Injuries | 721 | ||
| Neurologic Injuries | 723 | ||
| Ligamentous Injuries | 725 | ||
| Reduction and Immobilization | 725 | ||
| Imaging | 726 | ||
| Emergent Surgery | 728 | ||
| Definitive Management | 728 | ||
| References | 729 | ||
| Section VIII: Meniscus | 731 | ||
| Chapter 28: Meniscus Tears: Diagnosis, Repair Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 733 | ||
| Indications | 733 | ||
| Contraindications | 735 | ||
| Clinical Biomechanics | 736 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 738 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 739 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 739 | ||
| Operative Technique | 741 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Studies | 751 | ||
| Results from Other Clinical Studies | 756 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 761 | ||
| Chapter 29: Meniscus Transplantation: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 772 | ||
| Indications | 772 | ||
| Contraindications | 773 | ||
| Clinical Biomechanics | 773 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 775 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 776 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 777 | ||
| Operative Technique: LMT | 777 | ||
| Operative Technique: MMT | 781 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Studies | 785 | ||
| Results from Other Clinical Studies | 791 | ||
| Conclusions | 794 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 795 | ||
| References | 803 | ||
| Chapter 30: Rehabilitation of Meniscus Repair and Transplantation Procedures | 806 | ||
| Clinical Concepts | 806 | ||
| Immediate Postoperative Management | 807 | ||
| Brace and Crutch Support | 808 | ||
| Range of Knee Motion and Flexibility | 809 | ||
| Balance and Proprioceptive Training | 810 | ||
| Strengthening | 811 | ||
| Conditioning | 814 | ||
| Running Program | 816 | ||
| Plyometric Training | 816 | ||
| Return to Sports Activities | 817 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 817 | ||
| References | 817 | ||
| Section IX: Lower Extremity Osseous Malalignment | 819 | ||
| Chapter 31: Primary, Double, and Triple Varus Knee Syndromes: Diagnosis, Osteotomy Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 821 | ||
| Indications | 822 | ||
| Contraindications | 823 | ||
| Lower Limb Alignment: Primary, Double, and Triple Varus Knees | 824 | ||
| Gait Analysis | 825 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 828 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 833 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 847 | ||
| Operative Technique: Opening Wedge Tibial Osteotomy | 848 | ||
| Operative Technique: Closing Wedge Tibial Osteotomy | 856 | ||
| Role Of Computerized Navigation for HTO | 861 | ||
| Opening Wedge Femoral Osteotomy | 861 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Studies | 865 | ||
| Results from Other Clinical Studies | 871 | ||
| Prevention and Management of Complications | 876 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 879 | ||
| References | 892 | ||
| Chapter 32: Valgus Malalignment: Diagnosis, Osteotomy Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 896 | ||
| Introduction | 896 | ||
| Indications | 896 | ||
| Contraindications | 897 | ||
| Clinical Biomechanics | 897 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 898 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 898 | ||
| Operative Technique | 899 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Outcomes | 902 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes from Other Authors | 903 | ||
| Complications | 903 | ||
| Summary | 904 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 904 | ||
| References | 904 | ||
| Chapter 33: Rehabilitation after Tibial and Femoral Osteotomy | 905 | ||
| Clinical Concepts | 905 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation Protocol | 906 | ||
| References | 914 | ||
| Chapter 34: Correction of Hyperextension Gait Abnormalities: Preoperative and Postoperative Techniques | 915 | ||
| Introduction and Diagnosis | 915 | ||
| Abnormal Knee Hyperextension Patterns | 916 | ||
| Gait-Retraining Program for Abnormal Knee Hyperextension | 917 | ||
| Clinical Investigation | 923 | ||
| Summary | 926 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 926 | ||
| References | 928 | ||
| Section X: Articular CartilageProcedures andRehabilitation of theArthritic Knee | 929 | ||
| Chapter 35: Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation | 931 | ||
| Introduction | 931 | ||
| Indications | 931 | ||
| Contraindications | 932 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 932 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 933 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 933 | ||
| Operative Technique | 933 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 939 | ||
| Author’s Evidence-Based Clinical Outcomes | 942 | ||
| Outcomes from Other Authors | 943 | ||
| Prevention and Management of Complications | 944 | ||
| References | 946 | ||
| Chapter 36: Osteochondral Grafts: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes | 948 | ||
| Introduction | 948 | ||
| Indications | 948 | ||
| Contraindications | 949 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 949 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 950 | ||
| Intraoperative Planning | 951 | ||
| Operative Technique | 952 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Outcomes | 956 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes from Other Authors | 957 | ||
| Complications | 959 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 959 | ||
| References | 959 | ||
| Chapter 37: Rehabilitation after Articular Cartilage Procedures | 961 | ||
| Introduction | 961 | ||
| Principles of Articular Cartilage Rehabilitation | 961 | ||
| Rehabilitation After Articular Cartilage Repair Procedures | 970 | ||
| Specific Postoperative Guidelines | 971 | ||
| Conclusion | 979 | ||
| References | 979 | ||
| Chapter 38: Aquatic Therapy for the Arthritic Knee | 981 | ||
| Introduction | 981 | ||
| Scientific Basis | 981 | ||
| Clinical Research | 984 | ||
| Applications | 984 | ||
| Transition to Land | 991 | ||
| Summary | 991 | ||
| References | 991 | ||
| Section XI: Patellofemoral Disorders | 993 | ||
| Chapter 39: Operative Options for Extensor Mechanism Malalignment and Patellar Dislocation | 995 | ||
| Indications | 995 | ||
| Contraindications | 997 | ||
| Biomechanics of Medial Andlateral Patellofem Oralrestraints | 999 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 1000 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 1003 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 1017 | ||
| Complications | 1018 | ||
| Clinical Studies | 1018 | ||
| Illustrative Case | 1022 | ||
| References | 1023 | ||
| Chapter 40: Patellofemoral Disorders: Correction of Rotational Malalignment of the Lower Extremity | 1026 | ||
| Introduction | 1026 | ||
| Basic Assumptions | 1027 | ||
| How Does Long Bone Torsion Affect the PF Joint? | 1029 | ||
| Biomechanical Evidence Relating Limb Torsion with PF Instability and Pain | 1032 | ||
| Clinical Evidence Relating Limb Torsion to PF Instability and Pain | 1032 | ||
| Femoral and Tibial Torsion Measurements | 1033 | ||
| Indications | 1035 | ||
| Surgical Strategy | 1036 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 1037 | ||
| Complications | 1046 | ||
| Results of Torsional Realignment | 1047 | ||
| Conclusions | 1048 | ||
| References | 1048 | ||
| Section XII: Postoperative Complications | 1051 | ||
| Chapter 41: Prevention and Treatment of Knee Arthrofibrosis | 1053 | ||
| Introduction | 1053 | ||
| Terminology and Classification Systems | 1056 | ||
| Risk Factors after Knee Ligament Reconstruction | 1056 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1060 | ||
| Prevention | 1062 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Presentation | 1063 | ||
| Conservative Management of Limitation of Knee Extension | 1065 | ||
| Conservative Management of Limitation of Knee Flexion | 1068 | ||
| Role of Oral Corticosteroids | 1071 | ||
| Gentle Manipulation Under Anesthesia | 1072 | ||
| Operative Management of Severe Restriction of Knee Motion | 1072 | ||
| In-Patient Physical Therapy Program | 1072 | ||
| Developmental Patella Infera | 1079 | ||
| Authors’ Clinical Studies | 1080 | ||
| Other Authors’ Clinical Studies | 1085 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 1088 | ||
| References | 1092 | ||
| Chapter 42: Knee Pain of Neural Origin | 1096 | ||
| Introduction | 1096 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Anatomy Related to the Knee | 1097 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of Knee Pain of Neural Origin | 1099 | ||
| Indications for Partial Knee Denervation | 1101 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 1102 | ||
| Operative Techniques | 1103 | ||
| Other Authors’ Clinical Studies | 1113 | ||
| Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy of the Knee | 1113 | ||
| References | 1114 | ||
| Chapter 43: Diagnosis and Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | 1116 | ||
| Introduction | 1116 | ||
| Anatomy | 1117 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1118 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1120 | ||
| Treatment | 1123 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 1129 | ||
| References | 1131 | ||
| Section XIII: Knee Rating Outcome Instruments | e1 | ||
| Chapter 44: The Cincinnati Knee Rating System | e3 | ||
| Introduction | e3 | ||
| Review of Analyses used to Measure Psychometric Properties of Outcome Instruments | e4 | ||
| Components of the CKRS | e5 | ||
| Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness Testing: Authors' Study | e17 | ||
| Assessment of the CKRS by Independent Institutions | e19 | ||
| Modified CKRS Scales | e21 | ||
| Appendix A:. Sports Activity and Function form, Symptom Rating form, Occupational Rating Form | e22 | ||
| Appendix b:. Final Rating Form | e25 | ||
| References | e26 | ||
| Chapter 45: The International Knee Documentations Committee Rating System | e28 | ||
| Introduction | e28 | ||
| History of the IKDC | e28 | ||
| Components of the IKDC | e29 | ||
| Comparison of IKDC Outcomes with Those of Other Knee Rating Systems | e34 | ||
| Authors' Comments | e37 | ||
| References | e46 | ||
| Chapter 46: Rating of Athletic and Daily Functional Activities after Knee Injuries and Operative Procedures | e48 | ||
| Introduction | e48 | ||
| Sports Activity Scales | e48 | ||
| Activities of Daily Living Scales | e52 | ||
| Global Assessment Schemes | e55 | ||
| References | e56 | ||
| Chapter 47: Articular Cartilage Rating Systems | e57 | ||
| Introduction | e57 | ||
| Review of Published Articular Cartilage Rating Systems | e57 | ||
| Investigations by Independent Institutions | e68 | ||
| Conclusions | e72 | ||
| References | e72 | ||
| Index | 1141 |