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Book Details
Abstract
Berne and Levy Physiology has long been respected for its scientifically rigorous approach and now includes major updates to bring you all of the latest knowledge in the field. Bruce M. Koeppen and Bruce A. Stanton present a honed and shortened edition that emphasizes the core information needed by students of physiology today and features a full-color design and artwork to enhance readability and enrich your comprehension of every concept. With access to the full contents online at Student Consult, this time-honored book delivers an in-depth understanding of physiology more powerfully and effectively than ever before.
- Describes all of the mechanisms that control and regulate bodily function using a clear and intuitive organ system-based approach.
- Provides a rich understanding of the body's dynamic processes through key experimental observations and examples.
- Includes Student Consult access to the complete and searchable contents of the book online, as well as relevant bonus content from other Student Consult titles, an image gallery, 10 physiology animations, and much more.
- Features updated coverage throughout to expand your understanding of the most current trends in physiology and medicine, including the latest cellular and molecular knowledge.
- Includes shaded boxes that highlight and explain important clinical and molecular information.
- Presents new section editors who ensure that you are getting the freshest, most clinically relevant information available today.
- Summarizes need-to-know information in each chapter with Key Points sections.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Berne & Levy Physiology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | xi | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors\r | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| SECTION ONE: CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1. Principles of Cell Function\r | 3 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS | 3 | ||
| THE PLASMA MEMBRANE | 5 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT | 7 | ||
| VESICULAR TRANSPORT | 10 | ||
| ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT | 13 | ||
| OSMOSIS AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE | 15 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 18 | ||
| CHAPTER 2.\r Homeostasis of Body Fluids | 20 | ||
| CONCEPT OF STEADY-STATE BALANCE | 20 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS | 21 | ||
| MAINTENANCE OF CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS | 23 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF EPITHELIAL TRANSPORT | 28 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 32 | ||
| CHAPTER 3. Signal Transduction, Membrane Receptors, Second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression\r | 34 | ||
| CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION | 34 | ||
| RECEPTORS | 37 | ||
| RECEPTORS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS | 40 | ||
| REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS | 47 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 48 | ||
| SECTION TWO: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 51 | ||
| CHAPTER 4. The Nervous System: Introduction to Cells and Systems\r | 53 | ||
| CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 53 | ||
| THE SUPPORTIVE MATRIX OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 55 | ||
| THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 57 | ||
| NERVOUS TISSUE REACTIONS TO INJURY | 62 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 63 | ||
| CHAPTER 5. Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials\r | 65 | ||
| MEMBRANE POTENTIALS | 65 | ||
| SUPRATHRESHOLD RESPONSE: THE ACTION POTENTIAL | 67 | ||
| CONDUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIALS | 73 | ||
| SENSORY TRANSDUCTION AND CODING | 77 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 80 | ||
| CHAPTER 6. Synaptic Transmission | 82 | ||
| ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES | 82 | ||
| CHEMICAL SYNAPSES | 84 | ||
| SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION | 91 | ||
| MODULATION OF SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY | 92 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 95 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS | 100 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 103 | ||
| CHAPTER 7. The Somatosensory System\r | 105 | ||
| SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM | 105 | ||
| THALAMIC AND CORTICAL SOMATOSENSORY AREAS | 113 | ||
| PAIN AND TEMPERATURE SENSATION | 114 | ||
| CENTRIFUGAL CONTROL OF SOMATOSENSATION | 120 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 121 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. The Special Senses\r | 123 | ||
| THE VISUAL SYSTEM | 123 | ||
| THE AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEMS | 138 | ||
| THE CHEMICAL SENSES | 151 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 155 | ||
| CHAPTER 9. Organization of Motor Function\r | 157 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF SPINAL CORD ORGANIZATION | 157 | ||
| DESCENDING MOTOR PATHWAYS | 168 | ||
| BRAINSTEM CONTROL OF POSTURE AND MOVEMENT | 173 | ||
| MOTOR CONTROL BY THE CEREBELLUM | 181 | ||
| MOTOR CONTROL BY THE BASAL GANGLIA | 188 | ||
| EYE MOVEMENT | 192 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 198 | ||
| CHAPTER 10. Higher Functions of the Nervous System\r | 201 | ||
| THE CEREBRAL CORTEX | 201 | ||
| HIGHER FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 205 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 216 | ||
| CHAPTER 11. The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control\r | 218 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 218 | ||
| AUTONOMIC GANGLIA | 222 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 222 | ||
| CENTRAL CONTROL OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTION | 225 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 230 | ||
| SECTION THREE: MUSCLE | 231 | ||
| CHAPTER 12. Skeletal Muscle Physiology\r | 233 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE | 233 | ||
| CONTROL OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY | 237 | ||
| SKELETAL MUSCLE TYPES | 243 | ||
| MODULATION OF THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION | 244 | ||
| MODULATION OF FORCE BY REFLEX ARCS | 246 | ||
| SKELETAL MUSCLE TONE | 246 | ||
| ENERGY SOURCES DURING CONTRACTION | 246 | ||
| OXYGEN DEBT | 247 | ||
| FATIGUE | 248 | ||
| GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 248 | ||
| DENERVATION, REINNERVATION, AND CROSS-INNERVATION | 250 | ||
| RESPONSE TO EXERCISE | 252 | ||
| DELAYED-ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS | 252 | ||
| BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE | 252 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 254 | ||
| CHAPTER 13. Cardiac Muscle\r | 256 | ||
| BASIC ORGANIZATION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS | 256 | ||
| CONTROL OF CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTIVITY | 259 | ||
| REGULATION OF THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION | 261 | ||
| CARDIAC MUSCLE METABOLISM | 264 | ||
| CARDIAC MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY | 264 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 266 | ||
| CHAPTER 14. Smooth Muscle\r | 268 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF SMOOTH MUSCLE | 268 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS | 268 | ||
| CONTROL OF SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIVITY | 273 | ||
| INNERVATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE | 273 | ||
| REGULATION OF CONTRACTION | 274 | ||
| REGULATION OF MYOPLASMIC CALCIUM CONCENTRATION | 277 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT AND HYPERTROPHY | 281 | ||
| SYNTHETIC AND SECRETORY FUNCTIONS | 282 | ||
| BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE | 283 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 285 | ||
| SECTION FOUR: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 287 | ||
| CHAPTER 15. Overview of Circulation\r | 289 | ||
| THE HEART | 289 | ||
| THE CARDIOVASCULAR CIRCUIT | 289 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS | 289 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 291 | ||
| CHAPTER 16.\r Elements of Cardiac Function | 292 | ||
| ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEART | 292 | ||
| CONDUCTION IN CARDIAC FIBERS | 299 | ||
| CARDIAC EXCITABILITY | 301 | ||
| EFFECTS OF CYCLE LENGTH | 301 | ||
| NATURAL EXCITATION OF THE HEART AND THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM | 302 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY | 310 | ||
| ARRHYTHMIAS | 313 | ||
| THE CARDIAC PUMP | 317 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 328 | ||
| CHAPTER 17. Properties of the Vasculature\r | 330 | ||
| HEMODYNAMICS | 330 | ||
| THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM | 336 | ||
| THE VENOUS SYSTEM | 342 | ||
| MICROCIRCULATION AND LYMPHATICS | 343 | ||
| CORONARY CIRCULATION | 353 | ||
| CUTANEOUS CIRCULATION | 358 | ||
| REGULATION OF SKIN BLOOD FLOW | 358 | ||
| SKELETAL MUSCLE CIRCULATION | 360 | ||
| CEREBRAL CIRCULATION | 362 | ||
| INTESTINAL CIRCULATION | 363 | ||
| HEPATIC CIRCULATION | 364 | ||
| FETAL CIRCULATION | 366 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 368 | ||
| CHAPTER 18. Regulation of the Heart and \rVasculature | 370 | ||
| REGULATION OF HEART RATE AND CONTRACTILITY | 370 | ||
| NERVOUS CONTROL OF THE HEART RATE | 370 | ||
| REGULATION OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE | 375 | ||
| REGULATION OF THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION | 383 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 390 | ||
| CHAPTER 19. Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular \rSystem | 393 | ||
| REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD PRESSURE | 393 | ||
| VASCULAR FUNCTION CURVE | 393 | ||
| RELATING THE CARDIAC FUNCTION CURVE TO THE VASCULAR FUNCTION CURVE | 397 | ||
| A MORE COMPLETE THEORETICAL MODEL: THE TWO-PUMP SYSTEM | 401 | ||
| ROLE OF THE HEART RATE IN CONTROL OF CARDIAC OUTPUT | 403 | ||
| ANCILLARY FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE VENOUS SYSTEM AND CARDIAC OUTPUT | 404 | ||
| INTERPLAY OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL FACTORS IN CONTROL OF THE CIRCULATION | 405 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 414 | ||
| SECTION FIVE: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 415 | ||
| CHAPTER 20. Structure and Function of the Respiratory System\r | 417 | ||
| LUNG ANATOMY | 417 | ||
| BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNG—PULMONARY AND BRONCHIAL CIRCULATIONS | 421 | ||
| INNERVATION | 423 | ||
| MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION—DIAPHRAGM, EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS, SCALENE | 425 | ||
| FLUIDS LINE THE LUNG EPITHELIUM AND PLAY IMPORTANT PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES | 426 | ||
| THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | 428 | ||
| LUNG DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH, AND AGING | 428 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 429 | ||
| CHAPTER 21. Mechanical Properties of the Lung and Chest Wall: Static and Dynamic\r | 430 | ||
| STATIC LUNG MECHANICS | 430 | ||
| DYNAMIC LUNG MECHANICS | 435 | ||
| WORK OF BREATHING | 441 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 443 | ||
| CHAPTER 22. Ventilation (V.), Perfusion (Q.), and V./Q. Relationships\r | 444 | ||
| VENTILATION | 444 | ||
| ALVEOLAR VENTILATION | 444 | ||
| DEAD SPACE | 447 | ||
| PERFUSION | 448 | ||
| PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE | 451 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW | 451 | ||
| ACTIVE REGULATION OF BLOOD FLOW | 452 | ||
| VENTILATION-PERFUSION RELATIONSHIPS | 453 | ||
| ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ABNORMALITIES | 454 | ||
| VENTILATION-PERFUSION IN A SINGLE ALVEOLUS | 454 | ||
| VENTILATION-PERFUSION MISMATCHING: LOW V./Q.\r | 455 | ||
| ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION | 456 | ||
| DIFFUSION ABNORMALITIES | 456 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF HYPERCAPNIA | 456 | ||
| EFFECT OF 100% OXYGEN ON ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ABNORMALITIES | 457 | ||
| EFFECT OF CHANGING CARDIAC OUTPUT | 457 | ||
| REGIONAL DIFFERENCES | 457 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 457 | ||
| CHAPTER 23. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport\r | 459 | ||
| GAS DIFFUSION | 459 | ||
| OXYGEN TRANSPORT | 461 | ||
| CO2 TRANSPORT | 464 | ||
| REGULATION OF H+ ION CONCENTRATION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE | 465 | ||
| THE CO2 DISSOCIATION CURVE | 466 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 466 | ||
| CHAPTER 24. Control of Respiration\r | 468 | ||
| VENTILATORY CONTROL: AN OVERVIEW | 468 | ||
| RESPONSE TO CO2 | 468 | ||
| CONTROL OF VENTILATION: THE DETAILS | 469 | ||
| EXERCISE | 474 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES IN THE CONTROL OF BREATHING | 474 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 476 | ||
| CHAPTER 25. Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung\r | 477 | ||
| MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE SYSTEM | 477 | ||
| PERICILIARY FLUID | 477 | ||
| METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE LUNG | 479 | ||
| IMMUNE DEFENSE SYSTEM | 479 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES IN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY | 483 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 483 | ||
| SECTION SIX: GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY | 485 | ||
| CHAPTER 26. Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract\r | 487 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY | 487 | ||
| REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 489 | ||
| RESPONSE OF THE GI TRACT TO A MEAL | 493 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 495 | ||
| CHAPTER 27. The Cephalic, Oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal\r | 496 | ||
| CEPHALIC AND ORAL PHASES | 496 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL PHASE | 502 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 502 | ||
| CHAPTER 28. The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal | 504 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH | 504 | ||
| GASTRIC SECRETION | 505 | ||
| DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH | 511 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY | 511 | ||
| GASTRIC MOTILITY | 513 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 514 | ||
| CHAPTER 29. The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal\r | 516 | ||
| GASTRIC EMPTYING IN THE SMALL INTESTINAL PHASE | 516 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATE ASSIMILATION | 522 | ||
| PROTEIN ASSIMILATION | 523 | ||
| UPTAKE OF PEPTIDES AND AMINO ACIDS | 526 | ||
| LIPID ASSIMILATION | 526 | ||
| WATER AND ELECTROLYTE SECRETION AND ABSORPTION | 528 | ||
| MOTOR PATTERNS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE | 530 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 531 | ||
| CHAPTER 30. The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal | 533 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE LARGE INTESTINE | 533 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 541 | ||
| CHAPTER 31. Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver\r | 542 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE LIVER AND ITS FUNCTIONS | 542 | ||
| STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM | 543 | ||
| BILE FORMATION AND SECRETION | 545 | ||
| AMMONIA HANDLING BY THE LIVER | 551 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF LIVER FUNCTION | 552 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 552 | ||
| SECTION SEVEN: THE RENAL SYSTEM | 555 | ||
| CHAPTER 32. Elements of Renal Function\r | 557 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF RENAL FUNCTION | 557 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS | 558 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION | 566 | ||
| GLOMERULAR FILTRATION | 568 | ||
| RENAL BLOOD FLOW | 571 | ||
| REGULATION OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW AND THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE | 573 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 576 | ||
| CHAPTER 33. Solute and Water Transport along the Nephron: Tubular Function\r | 578 | ||
| SOLUTE AND WATER REABSORPTION ALONG THE NEPHRON | 578 | ||
| REGULATION OF NaCl AND WATER REABSORPTION | 589 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 592 | ||
| CHAPTER 34. Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume\r | 594 | ||
| CONTROL OF BODY FLUID OSMOLALITY: URINE CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION | 594 | ||
| CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME AND REGULATION OF RENAL NaCl EXCRETION | 607 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 618 | ||
| CHAPTER 35. Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis\r | 619 | ||
| K+ HOMEOSTASIS | 619 | ||
| REGULATION OF PLASMA [K+] | 620 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN PLASMA [K+] | 620 | ||
| K+ EXCRETION BY THE KIDNEYS | 622 | ||
| CELLULAR MECHANISM OF K+ SECRETION BY PRINCIPAL CELLS IN THE DISTAL TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT | 623 | ||
| REGULATION OF K+ SECRETION BY THE DISTAL TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT | 623 | ||
| FACTORS THAT PERTURB K+ EXCRETION | 626 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS | 628 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 635 | ||
| CHAPTER 36. Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance\r | 636 | ||
| THE HCO3 BUFFER SYSTEM\r | 636 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF ACID-BASE BALANCE | 636 | ||
| NET ACID EXCRETION BY THE KIDNEYS | 637 | ||
| RESPONSE TO ACID-BASE DISORDERS | 645 | ||
| SIMPLE ACID-BASE DISORDERS | 647 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 650 | ||
| SECTION EIGHT: THE ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS | 651 | ||
| CHAPTER 37. Introduction to the Endocrine System\r | 653 | ||
| CONFIGURATION OF FEEDBACK LOOPS WITHIN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 653 | ||
| CHEMICAL NATURE OF HORMONES | 656 | ||
| TRANSPORT OF HORMONES IN THE CIRCULATION | 661 | ||
| CELLULAR RESPONSES TO HORMONES | 662 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 663 | ||
| CHAPTER 38. Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism\r | 664 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF ENERGY METABOLISM | 664 | ||
| ATP SYNTHESIS | 665 | ||
| STORAGE FORMS OF ENERGY | 668 | ||
| GLUCONEOGENESIS: SYNTHESIZING GLUCOSE FROM GLYCEROL, LACTATE, AND AMINO ACIDS | 674 | ||
| SUMMARY OF KEY METABOLIC PATHWAYS | 675 | ||
| KEY HORMONES INVOLVED IN METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS | 675 | ||
| METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS: THE INTEGRATED OUTCOME OF HORMONAL AND SUBSTRATE/PRODUCT REGULATION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS | 680 | ||
| RELEASE OF ENERGY DURING THE INTERDIGESTIVE PERIOD OR AN EXTENDED FAST | 688 | ||
| RELEASE OF ENERGY DURING EXERCISE | 688 | ||
| LEPTIN AND ADIPOSE TISSUE | 690 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 694 | ||
| CHAPTER 39. Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism\r | 696 | ||
| CRUCIAL ROLES OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE IN CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY | 696 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE: PARATHYROID HORMONE AND 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D | 696 | ||
| REGULATION OF [CA++] AND [PI] BY THE SMALL INTESTINE AND BONE | 700 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE | 702 | ||
| INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF CA++/PI METABOLISM | 704 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 705 | ||
| CHAPTER 40. The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland\r | 706 | ||
| ANATOMY | 706 | ||
| THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS | 706 | ||
| THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS | 709 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 724 | ||
| CHAPTER 41. The Thyroid Gland\r | 725 | ||
| ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND | 725 | ||
| PRODUCTION OF THYROID HORMONES | 725 | ||
| TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM OF THYROID HORMONES | 728 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE | 731 | ||
| REGULATION OF THYROID FUNCTION | 734 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 736 | ||
| CHAPTER 42. The Adrenal Gland\r | 738 | ||
| ANATOMY | 738 | ||
| ADRENAL MEDULLA | 738 | ||
| ADRENAL CORTEX | 742 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 757 | ||
| CHAPTER 43. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems\r | 758 | ||
| THE TESTIS | 758 | ||
| FATES AND ACTIONS OF ANDROGENS | 762 | ||
| HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-TESTICULAR AXIS\r | 765 | ||
| THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT | 765 | ||
| ANDROPAUSE | 769 | ||
| THE OVARY | 769 | ||
| THE OVIDUCT | 778 | ||
| THE UTERUS | 779 | ||
| HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE | 779 | ||
| THE CERVIX | 782 | ||
| THE VAGINA | 783 | ||
| THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA | 783 | ||
| BIOLOGY OF ESTRADIOL-17β AND PROGESTERONE | 783 | ||
| ONTOGENY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS | 784 | ||
| PREGNANCY | 785 | ||
| MAMMOGENESIS AND LACTATION | 793 | ||
| MENOPAUSE | 796 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS | 796 | ||
| INDEX | 799 |